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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Medical Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anesthesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anesthesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Anesthesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anesthesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_medical_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_medical_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Emergency medical services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_medical_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registered_nurses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registered_nurses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Registered nurses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registered_nurses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnostic_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnostic_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagnostic usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnostic_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Working mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capnogram_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capnogram_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Capnogram model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capnogram_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capnografia" title="Capnografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Capnografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapnometrie" title="Kapnometrie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kapnometrie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capnograf%C3%ADa" title="Capnografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capnografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="کاپنوگرافی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاپنوگرافی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capnographie" title="Capnographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Capnographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="קפנוגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קפנוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapnometer" title="Kapnometer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kapnometer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capnogram" title="Capnogram – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Capnogram" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%97%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3" title="カプノグラフィ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カプノグラフィ" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Monitoring of the concentration of carbon dioxide in respiratory gases</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Capnography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Capnogram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Capnogram.png/280px-Capnogram.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Capnogram.png/420px-Capnogram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Capnogram.png/560px-Capnogram.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="274" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Typical capnogram. Normal breath cycle.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">End tidal CO2 (PETCO2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D019296">D019296</a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1728669" class="extiw" title="d:Q1728669">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Capnography</b> is the monitoring of the concentration or <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>) in the respiratory gases. Its main development has been as a monitoring tool for use during <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive care">intensive care</a>. It is usually presented as a graph of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> (measured in kilopascals, "kPa" or millimeters of mercury, "mmHg") plotted against time, or, less commonly, but more usefully, expired volume (known as volumetric capnography). The plot may also show the inspired <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>, which is of interest when <a href="/wiki/Rebreathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebreathing">rebreathing</a> systems are being used. When the measurement is taken at the end of a breath (exhaling), it is called "end tidal" <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> (PETCO<sub>2</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capnogram is a direct monitor of the inhaled and exhaled concentration or partial pressure of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>, and an indirect monitor of the <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> partial pressure in the arterial <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>. In healthy individuals, the difference between arterial blood and expired gas <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> partial pressures is very small (normal difference 4-5 mmHg). In the presence of most forms of lung disease, and some forms of <a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital heart disease">congenital heart disease</a> (the cyanotic lesions) the difference between arterial blood and expired gas increases which can be an indication of new pathology or change in the cardiovascular-ventilation system.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_Use">Medical Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capnography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oxygenation and capnography, although related, remain distinct elements in the physiology of respiration. Ventilation refers to the mechanical process of which the lungs expand and exchange volumes of gasses, however respiration further describes the exchange of gasses (mainly <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> and <span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>) at the level of the alveoli. The process of respiration can be divided into two main functions: elimination of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> waste and replenishing tissues with fresh <span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>. Oxygenation (typically measured via <a href="/wiki/Pulse_oximetry" title="Pulse oximetry">pulse oximetry</a>) measures the latter portion of this system. Capnography measures the elimination of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> which may be of greater clinical usefulness than oxygenation status.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the normal cycle of <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a>, a single breath can be divided into two phases: inspiration and expiration. At the beginning of inspiration, the lungs expand and <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> free gasses fill the lungs. As the alveoli are filled with this new gas, the concentration of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> that fills the alveoli is dependent on the ventilation of the alveoli and the perfusion (blood flow) that is delivering the <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> for exchange. Once expiration begins to occur, the lung volume decreases as air is forced out the respiratory tract. The volume of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> that is exhaled at the end of exhalation is generated as a by product of metabolism from tissue throughout the body. The delivery of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> to the alveoli for exhalation is dependent on an intact cardiovascular system to ensure adequate blood flow from the tissue to the alveoli. If cardiac output (the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart) is decreased, the ability to transport <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> is also decreased which is reflected in a decreased expired amount of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>. The relationship of cardiac output and end tidal <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> is linear, such that as cardiac output increases or decreases, the amount of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> is also adjusted in the same manner. Therefore the monitoring of end tidal <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> can provide vital information on the integrity of the cardiovascular system, specifically how well the heart is able to pump blood.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amount of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> that is measured during each breath requires an intact cardiovascular system to delivery the <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> to the alveoli which is the functional unit of the lungs. During phase I of expiration, the <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> transported to the lungs gas occupies a given space that is not involved in gas exchange, called dead space. Phase II of expiration is when the <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> within the lungs is forced up the respiratory tract on its way to leave the body, which causes mixing of the air from the dead space with the air in the functional alveoli responsible for gas exchange. Phase III is the final portion of expiration which reflects <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> only from the alveoli and not the dead space. These three phases are important to understand in clinical scenarios since a change in the shape and absolute values can indicate respiratory and/or cardiovascular compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capnography_CO2_mixing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Capnography_CO2_mixing.png/348px-Capnography_CO2_mixing.png" decoding="async" width="348" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Capnography_CO2_mixing.png/522px-Capnography_CO2_mixing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Capnography_CO2_mixing.png/696px-Capnography_CO2_mixing.png 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Source of CO2 Content During Exhalation</figcaption></figure> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Capnogram on Monitor</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Capno3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Capno3.jpg/280px-Capno3.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Capno3.jpg/420px-Capno3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Capno3.jpg/560px-Capno3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1728669" class="extiw" title="d:Q1728669">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications">Applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capnography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Assessing Airway Integrity</li> <li>Confirmation of Endotracheal Tube Placement</li> <li>Predictor of Outcomes in the Intensive Care Unit</li> <li>Intraoperative Complications (ie. air embolism, thromboembolism, etc.)</li> <li>CPR use in ACLS (Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support)</li> <li>Procedural Sedation Monitoring</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capnography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anesthesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capnometry_parts_together.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Capnometry_parts_together.JPG/220px-Capnometry_parts_together.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Capnometry_parts_together.JPG/330px-Capnometry_parts_together.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Capnometry_parts_together.JPG/440px-Capnometry_parts_together.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Capnograph</figcaption></figure> <p>During anesthesia, there is interplay between two components: the patient and the anesthesia administration device (which is usually a breathing circuit and a <a href="/wiki/Ventilator" title="Ventilator">ventilator</a>). The critical connection between the two components is either an <a href="/wiki/Tracheal_tube" title="Tracheal tube">endotracheal tube</a> or a mask, and <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> is typically monitored at this junction. Capnography directly reflects the elimination of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> by the <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a> to the anesthesia device. Indirectly, it reflects the production of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> by tissues and the circulatory transport of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> to the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When expired <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> is related to expired volume rather than time, the area beneath the curve represents the volume of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> in the breath, and thus over the course of a minute, this method can yield the <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> per minute elimination, an important measure of metabolism. Sudden changes in <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> elimination during lung or heart surgery usually imply important changes in cardiorespiratory function.<sup id="cite_ref-GravensteinJaffeGravenstein2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GravensteinJaffeGravenstein2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Capnography has been shown to be more effective than clinical judgement alone in the early detection of adverse respiratory events such as <a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">hypoventilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">esophageal</a> intubation and circuit disconnection; thus allowing patient <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a> to be prevented. During procedures done under sedation, capnography provides more useful information, e.g. on the frequency and regularity of ventilation, than <a href="/wiki/Pulse_oximetry" title="Pulse oximetry">pulse oximetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Capnography provides a rapid and reliable method to detect life-threatening conditions (malposition of <a href="/wiki/Tracheal_tube" title="Tracheal tube">tracheal tubes</a>, unsuspected ventilatory failure, circulatory failure and defective breathing circuits) and to circumvent potentially irreversible patient injury. </p><p>Capnography and pulse oximetry together could have helped in the prevention of 93% of avoidable anesthesia mishaps according to an ASA (<a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Anesthesiologists" title="American Society of Anesthesiologists">American Society of Anesthesiologists</a>) closed claim study.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_medical_services">Emergency medical services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capnography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emergency medical services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Capnography is increasingly being used by <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">EMS</a> personnel to aid in their assessment and treatment of patients in the prehospital environment. These uses include verifying and monitoring the position of an <a href="/wiki/Endotracheal_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotracheal tube">endotracheal tube</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Blind_insertion_airway_device" title="Blind insertion airway device">blind insertion airway device</a>. A properly positioned tube in the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> guards the patient's airway and enables the <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedic</a> to breathe for the patient. A misplaced tube in the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> can lead to the patient's death if it goes undetected. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study in the March 2005 <i>Annals of Emergency Medicine,</i> comparing field <a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">intubations</a> that used continuous capnography to confirm intubations versus non-use showed zero unrecognized misplaced intubations in the monitoring group versus 23% misplaced tubes in the unmonitored group.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> (AHA) affirmed the importance of using capnography to verify tube placement in their 2005 <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">CPR</a> and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AHA also notes in their new guidelines that capnography, which indirectly measures cardiac output, can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of CPR and as an early indication of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Studies have shown that when a person doing CPR tires, the patient's end-tidal <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> (<b>PETCO2</b>, the level of carbon dioxide released at the end of expiration) falls, and then rises when a fresh rescuer takes over. Other studies have shown when a patient experiences return of spontaneous circulation, the first indication is often a sudden rise in the PETCO2 as the rush of circulation washes untransported <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> from the tissues. Likewise, a sudden drop in PETCO2 may indicate the patient has lost pulses and CPR may need to be initiated.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paramedics are also now beginning to monitor the PETCO2 status of nonintubated patients by using a special nasal <a href="/wiki/Cannula" title="Cannula">cannula</a> that collects the carbon dioxide. A high PETCO2 reading in a patient with altered mental status or severe difficulty breathing may indicate <a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">hypoventilation</a> and a possible need for the patient to be <a href="/wiki/Intubated" class="mw-redirect" title="Intubated">intubated</a>. Low PETCO2 readings on patients may indicate <a href="/wiki/Hyperventilation" title="Hyperventilation">hyperventilation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Capnography, because it provides a breath by breath measurement of a patient's ventilation, can quickly reveal a worsening trend in a patient's condition by providing paramedics with an early warning system into a patient's respiratory status. When compared to oxygenation which is measured by pulse oximetry, there are several disadvantages that capnography can help address to provide a more accurate reflection of cardiovascular integrity. One shortcoming of measuring pulse oximetry alone is that administration of supplemental oxygen (ie. via nasal cannula) can delay desaturation in a patient if they stopped breathing, therefore delaying medical intervention. Capnography provides a rapid way to directly assess ventilation status and indirectly assess cardiac function. Clinical studies are expected to uncover further uses of capnography in <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, circulatory shock, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary embolus">pulmonary embolus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a>, and other conditions, with potential implications for the prehospital use of capnography.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registered_nurses">Registered nurses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capnography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Registered nurses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Registered_nurse" title="Registered nurse">Registered nurses</a>, but more so RRTs (respiratory therapists), in critical care settings may use capnography to determine if a <a href="/wiki/Nasogastric_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric tube">nasogastric tube</a>, which is used for feeding, has been placed in the trachea as opposed to the esophagus.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually a patient will cough or gag if the tube is misplaced, but most patients in critical care settings are sedated or comatose. If a nasogastric tube is accidentally placed in the trachea instead of the esophagus, the tube feedings will go into the lungs, which is a life-threatening situation. If the monitor displays typical <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> waveforms then placement should be confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnostic_usage">Diagnostic usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capnography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diagnostic usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Capnography provides information about <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> production, <a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">pulmonary</a> (lung) perfusion, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveolar</a> ventilation, <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiratory patterns</a>, and elimination of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> from the anesthesia breathing circuit and ventilator. The shape of the curve is affected by some forms of lung disease; in general there are obstructive conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, in which the mixing of gases within the lung is affected.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a> and congenital heart disease, which affect perfusion of the lung, do not, in themselves, affect the shape of the curve, but greatly affect the relationship between expired <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> and arterial blood <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>. Capnography can also be used to measure carbon dioxide production, a measure of <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>. Increased <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> production is seen during fever and shivering. Reduced production is seen during anesthesia and <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Working_mechanism">Working mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capnography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Working mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capnometer-schema.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Capnometer-schema.jpg/148px-Capnometer-schema.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Capnometer-schema.jpg/222px-Capnometer-schema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Capnometer-schema.jpg/296px-Capnometer-schema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>Schematic overview of a capnograph</figcaption></figure> <p>Capnographs work on the principle that <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> is a polyatomic gas and therefore absorbs <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared radiation</a>. A beam of infrared light is passed across the gas sample to fall on a sensor. The presence of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> in the gas leads to a reduction in the amount of light falling on the sensor, which changes the voltage in a circuit. The analysis is rapid and accurate, but the presence of <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> in the gas mix changes the infrared absorption via the phenomenon of collision broadening.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This must be corrected for measuring the <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> in human breath by measuring its infrared absorptive power. This was established as a reliable technique by <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a> in 1864, though 19th and early 20th century devices were too cumbersome for everyday clinical use.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, technologies have since improved and are able to measure the values of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> near instantaneously and has become a standard practice in medical settings. There are currently two main types of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> sensors that are used in clinical practice: main-stream sensors and side-stream sensors. Both effectively serve the same function to quantify the amount of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> that is being exhaled in each breath. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capnogram_model">Capnogram model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capnography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Capnogram model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The capnogram waveform provides information about various respiratory and cardiac parameters. The capnogram <a href="/wiki/Double_exponential_function" title="Double exponential function">double-exponential</a> model attempts to quantitatively explain the relationship between respiratory parameters and the <a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">exhalatory</a> segment of a capnogram waveform.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the model, each exhalatory segment of capnogram waveform follows the analytical expression: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{D}(t)=p_{A}(1-e^{-\alpha }e^{\alpha e^{-t/\tau }})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>τ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{D}(t)=p_{A}(1-e^{-\alpha }e^{\alpha e^{-t/\tau }})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71d8f49faac64749f987257eccddf28a3720e7b2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:26.867ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{D}(t)=p_{A}(1-e^{-\alpha }e^{\alpha e^{-t/\tau }})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{D}(t)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{D}(t)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef08ed1806e04acf3e8e821011035a9b41f5c69f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:5.501ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{D}(t)}"></span>represents the <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> measured by the capnogram as a function of time <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"></span> since the beginning of exhalation.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{A}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{A}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86bb5c73d9c768935ec9e9683e4972cf02121588" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.724ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{A}}"></span>represents the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span>represents the inverse of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_space_fraction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dead space fraction (page does not exist)">dead space fraction</a> (i.e. the ratio of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_volume" title="Tidal volume">tidal volume</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">dead space</a> volume).</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }"></span>represents the pulmonary time constant (i.e. the product of <a href="/wiki/Airway_resistance" title="Airway resistance">pulmonary resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lung_compliance" title="Lung compliance">compliance</a>)</li></ul> <p>In particular, this model explains the rounded "shark-fin" shape of the capnogram observed in patients with <a href="/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">obstructive lung disease</a>. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capnography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pulmonary_index" title="Integrated pulmonary index">Integrated pulmonary index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical equipment">Medical equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_test" title="Medical test">Medical test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory monitoring">Respiratory monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetric_capnography" title="Colorimetric capnography">Colorimetric capnography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capnography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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Analg</i>. <b>107</b> (3): 890–904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1213%2Fane.0b013e31817ee3b3">10.1213/ane.0b013e31817ee3b3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18713902">18713902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15610449">15610449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anesth.+Analg.&rft.atitle=Infrared+measurement+of+carbon+dioxide+in+the+human+breath%3A+%22breathe-through%22+devices+from+Tyndall+to+the+present+day&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=890-904&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15610449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18713902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1213%2Fane.0b013e31817ee3b3&rft.au=Jaffe+MB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1213%252Fane.0b013e31817ee3b3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbid2017" class="citation journal cs1">Abid A (May 2017). "Model-Based Estimation of Respiratory Parameters from Capnography, With Application to Diagnosing Obstructive Lung Disease". <i>IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering</i>. <b>64</b> (12): 2957–2967. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTBME.2017.2699972">10.1109/TBME.2017.2699972</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F134854">1721.1/134854</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28475040">28475040</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206616144">206616144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Biomedical+Engineering&rft.atitle=Model-Based+Estimation+of+Respiratory+Parameters+from+Capnography%2C+With+Application+to+Diagnosing+Obstructive+Lung+Disease&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2957-2967&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F134854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206616144%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28475040&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTBME.2017.2699972&rft.aulast=Abid&rft.aufirst=Abubakar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capnography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capnobase.org/">CapnoBase.org: Respiratory signal database that contains clinical and simulated capnogram recordings</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_respiratory_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinoplasty" title="Rhinoplasty">Rhinoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Septoplasty" title="Septoplasty">Septoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Somnoplasty" title="Somnoplasty">Somnoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alarplasty" title="Alarplasty">Alarplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinectomy" title="Rhinectomy">Rhinectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinomanometry" title="Rhinomanometry">Rhinomanometry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_rhinometry" title="Acoustic rhinometry">Acoustic rhinometry</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinus</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinusotomy" title="Sinusotomy">Sinusotomy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngoscopy" title="Laryngoscopy">Laryngoscopy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngectomy" title="Laryngectomy">Laryngectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngotomy">Laryngotomy</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thyrotomy" title="Thyrotomy">Thyrotomy</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotracheal_reconstruction" title="Laryngotracheal reconstruction">Laryngotracheal reconstruction</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">Lower RT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cricothyrotomy" title="Cricothyrotomy">Cricothyrotomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheo-oesophageal_puncture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheo-oesophageal puncture">Tracheoesophageal puncture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheotomy" title="Tracheotomy">Tracheotomy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchus</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchoscopy" title="Bronchoscopy">Bronchoscopy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">lung</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pneumonectomy" title="Pneumonectomy">Pneumonectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lobectomy" title="Lobectomy">Lobectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wedge_resection" title="Wedge resection">Wedge resection</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lung_transplantation" title="Lung transplantation">Transplantation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Decortication_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Decortication of lung">Decortication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heart%E2%80%93lung_transplant" title="Heart–lung transplant">Heart–lung transplant</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_wall" title="Thoracic wall">Chest wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura">pleura</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura">pleura</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleural cavity</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thoracentesis" title="Thoracentesis">Thoracentesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pleurodesis" title="Pleurodesis">Pleurodesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thoracoscopy" title="Thoracoscopy">Thoracoscopy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thoracotomy" title="Thoracotomy">Thoracotomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">Chest tube</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mediastinoscopy" title="Mediastinoscopy">Mediastinoscopy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nuss_procedure" title="Nuss procedure">Nuss procedure</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchography" title="Bronchography">Bronchography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_pulmonary_angiogram" title="CT pulmonary angiogram">CT pulmonary angiogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">High-resolution computed tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral computed tomography">Spiral CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">Ventilation/perfusion scan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia_severity_index" title="Pneumonia severity index">Pneumonia severity index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURB-65" title="CURB-65">CURB-65</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lung_function_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung function test">Lung function test</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_plethysmography" class="mw-redirect" title="Body plethysmography">Body plethysmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirometry" title="Spirometry">Spirometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchial_challenge_test" title="Bronchial challenge test">Bronchial challenge test</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion capacity">Diffusion capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_oscillometry" title="Impulse oscillometry">Impulse oscillometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cytology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchoalveolar_lavage" title="Bronchoalveolar lavage">Bronchoalveolar lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_swab" title="Nasopharyngeal swab">Nasopharyngeal swab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputum_culture" title="Sputum culture">Sputum culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_gas_test" title="Blood gas test">Blood gas test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Oxygen_therapy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Intubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_airway_management" title="Surgical airway management">Surgical airway management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">Mechanical ventilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_pressure_ventilator" title="Negative pressure ventilator">Negative pressure ventilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive pressure ventilation">Positive pressure ventilation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapy">Respiratory therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial respiration">Artificial respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">CPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">Nebulizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_drainage" title="Postural drainage">Postural drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_therapy" title="Hyperinflation therapy">Hyperinflation therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hygiene" title="Pulmonary hygiene">Pulmonary hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_rehabilitation" title="Pulmonary rehabilitation">Pulmonary rehabilitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anesthesia_and_anesthesiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anesthesia" title="Template:Anesthesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anesthesia" title="Template talk:Anesthesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anesthesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anesthesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anesthesia_and_anesthesiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">anesthesiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthesia" title="General anaesthesia">General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">Sedation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_sedation_and_analgesia" title="Procedural sedation and analgesia">Procedural sedation and analgesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twilight_anesthesia" title="Twilight anesthesia">Twilight anesthesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthesia" title="Local anesthesia">Local</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wound_infiltration" title="Continuous wound infiltration">Continuous wound infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_anesthetic" title="Topical anesthetic">Topical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuraxial_blockade" title="Neuraxial blockade">Neuraxial blockade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_spinal_and_epidural_anaesthesia" title="Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia">Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidural_administration" title="Epidural administration">Epidural anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_anaesthesia" title="Spinal anaesthesia">Spinal anaesthesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_block" title="Nerve block">Nerve block</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus_block" title="Brachial plexus block">Brachial plexus block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascia_iliaca_block" title="Fascia iliaca block">Fascia iliaca block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve_block" title="Femoral nerve block">Femoral nerve block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_alveolar_nerve_anaesthesia" title="Inferior alveolar nerve anaesthesia">Inferior alveolar nerve block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerve_block" title="Intercostal nerve block">Intercostal nerve block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpleural_block" title="Interpleural block">Interpleural block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_regional_anesthesia" title="Intravenous regional anesthesia">Intravenous regional anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_nerve_block" title="Occipital nerve block">Occipital nerve block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracervical_block" title="Paracervical block">Paracervical block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudendal_anesthesia" title="Pudendal anesthesia">Pudendal nerve block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrobulbar_block" title="Retrobulbar block">Retrobulbar block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve_block" title="Sciatic nerve block">Sciatic nerve block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_abdominis_plane_block" title="Transverse abdominis plane block">Transverse abdominis plane block</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_intravenous_anaesthesia" title="Total intravenous anaesthesia">Total intravenous anaesthesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pharmacologic agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">Anticholinergics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrophenone" title="Butyrophenone">Butyrophenones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_benzodiazepines" title="List of benzodiazepines">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:General_anesthetics" title="Category:General anesthetics">General anesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anesthetic" title="Inhalational anesthetic">Inhalational anesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_local_anesthetics" title="List of local anesthetics">Local anesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular-blocking_drug" title="Neuromuscular-blocking drug">Neuromuscular-blocking drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opioids" title="List of opioids">Opioids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sedatives" title="Category:Sedatives">Sedatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airway_management" title="Airway management">Airway management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia_provision_in_the_United_States" title="Anesthesia provision in the United States">Anesthesia provision in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchoscopy" title="Bronchoscopy">Bronchoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogliotti%27s_principle" title="Dogliotti's principle">Dogliotti's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenous therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngoscopy" title="Laryngoscopy">Laryngoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Tracheal intubation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_sequence_induction" title="Rapid sequence induction">Rapid sequence induction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93gas_partition_coefficient" title="Blood–gas partition coefficient">Blood–gas partition coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_effect" title="Concentration effect">Concentration effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fink_effect" title="Fink effect">Fink effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_alveolar_concentration" title="Minimum alveolar concentration">Minimum alveolar concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_gas_effect" title="Second gas effect">Second gas effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASA_physical_status_classification_system" title="ASA physical status classification system">ASA physical status classification system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baricity" title="Baricity">Baricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispectral_index" title="Bispectral index">Bispectral index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">Body mass index</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_monitoring" title="Entropy monitoring">Entropy monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fick_principle" title="Fick principle">Fick principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldman_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldman index">Goldman index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guedel%27s_classification" title="Guedel's classification">Guedel's classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraoperative_neurophysiological_monitoring" title="Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring">Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallampati_score" title="Mallampati score">Mallampati score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_monitoring" title="Neuromuscular monitoring">Neuromuscular monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_scale" title="Pain scale">Pain scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyromental_distance" title="Thyromental distance">Thyromental distance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruments_used_in_anesthesiology" title="Instruments used in anesthesiology">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic_vaporizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthetic vaporizer">Anesthetic vaporizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial catheter">Arterial catheter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchial_blocker" title="Bronchial blocker">Bronchial blocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-lumen_endobronchial_tube" title="Double-lumen endobronchial tube">Double-lumen endobronchial tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_mask_airway" title="Laryngeal mask airway">Laryngeal mask airway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_tube" title="Laryngeal tube">Laryngeal tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magill_forceps" title="Magill forceps">Magill forceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_analgesia_machine" title="Relative analgesia machine">Relative analgesia machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_tube" title="Tracheal tube">Tracheal tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_reactions_to_anesthesia" title="Allergic reactions to anesthesia">Allergic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia_awareness" title="Anesthesia awareness">Anesthesia awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_amnesia" title="Drug-induced amnesia">Drug-induced amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_early-life_exposures_to_anesthesia_on_the_brain" title="Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain">Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence_delirium" title="Emergence delirium">Emergence delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Local anesthetic toxicity">Local anesthetic toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malignant_hyperthermia" title="Malignant hyperthermia">Malignant hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perioperative_mortality" title="Perioperative mortality">Perioperative mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanesthetic_shivering" title="Postanesthetic shivering">Postanesthetic shivering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postoperative_nausea_and_vomiting" title="Postoperative nausea and vomiting">Postoperative nausea and vomiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postoperative_residual_curarization" title="Postoperative residual curarization">Postoperative residual curarization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subspecialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_anesthesiology" title="Cardiothoracic anesthesiology">Cardiothoracic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_emergency_medicine" title="Critical emergency medicine">Critical emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_anesthesia" title="Geriatric anesthesia">Geriatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sedation_dentistry" title="Oral sedation dentistry">Oral sedation dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain medicine">Pain medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthesiologist">Anesthesiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiologist_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthesiologist assistant">Anesthesiologist assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_anesthetist" title="Nurse anesthetist">Nurse anesthetist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_department_practitioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating department practitioners">Operating department practitioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_anesthesia_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified anesthesia technician">Certified anesthesia technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_anesthesia_technologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified anesthesia technologist">Certified anesthesia technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthetic technician">Anaesthetic technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians%27_assistant_(anaesthesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)">Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_mixture" title="ACE mixture">ACE mixture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helsinki_Declaration_for_Patient_Safety_in_Anaesthesiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology (page does not exist)">Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general_anesthesia" title="History of general anesthesia">History of general anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_neuraxial_anesthesia" title="History of neuraxial anesthesia">History of neuraxial anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tracheal_intubation" title="History of tracheal intubation">History of tracheal intubation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Nurse_Anesthetists" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association of Nurse Anesthetists">American Association of Nurse Anesthetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Anesthesia_Technologists_%26_Technicians" title="American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians">American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Anesthesiologists" title="American Society of Anesthesiologists">American Society of Anesthesiologists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaesthesia_Trauma_and_Critical_Care&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care (page does not exist)">Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Anaesthetists_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland">Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Anaesthetists" title="Royal College of Anaesthetists">Royal College of Anaesthetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Veterinary_Anaesthetists" title="Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists">Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_College_of_Anaesthetists" title="Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists">Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Society_of_Anaesthetists" title="Australian Society of Anaesthetists">Australian Society of Anaesthetists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anesthesia_Research_Society" title="International Anesthesia Research Society">International Anesthesia Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Society_of_Anaesthesiology_and_Intensive_Care" title="European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care">European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anesthesiology" title="Category:Anesthesiology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anesthesia" title="Outline of anesthesia">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emergency_medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emergency_medicine" title="Template:Emergency medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emergency_medicine" title="Template talk:Emergency medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emergency_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emergency medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emergency_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emergency medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">Emergency department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_nursing" title="Emergency nursing">Emergency nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_psychiatry" title="Emergency psychiatry">Emergency psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hour_(medicine)" title="Golden hour (medicine)">Golden hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">Medical emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_emergency_medicine" title="International emergency medicine">International emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_emergency_medicine" title="Pediatric emergency medicine">Pediatric emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-hospital_emergency_medicine" title="Pre-hospital emergency medicine">Pre-hospital emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">Major trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">Trauma center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triage" title="Triage">Triage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medical_equipment" title="Category:Emergency medical equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_valve_mask" title="Bag valve mask">Bag valve mask</a> (BVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">Chest tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">Defibrillation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillator" title="Automated external defibrillator">AED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator" title="Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator">ICD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiogram</a> (ECG/EKG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous infusion</a> (IO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenous therapy</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Tracheal intubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_tube" title="Laryngeal tube">Laryngeal tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combitube" title="Combitube">Combitube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_airway" title="Nasopharyngeal airway">Nasopharyngeal airway</a> (NPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airway" title="Oropharyngeal airway">Oropharyngeal airway</a> (OPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_mask" title="Pocket mask">Pocket mask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine / Adrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">Magnesium sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">Sodium bicarbonate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine_organisations" title="Category:Emergency medicine organisations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="International Federation for Emergency Medicine">International Federation for Emergency Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Emergency_Medicine" title="International Conference on Emergency Medicine">International Conference on Emergency Medicine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Emergency_Physicians" title="American College of Emergency Physicians">American College of Emergency Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_College_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="Australasian College for Emergency Medicine">Australasian College for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Emergency_Physicians" title="Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians">Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Emergency_Medicine" title="Royal College of Emergency Medicine">Royal College of Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Society_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="European Society for Emergency Medicine">European Society for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Society_for_Emergency_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Society for Emergency Medicine">Asian Society for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Emergency_Medicine" title="American Academy of Emergency Medicine">American Academy of Emergency Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine_courses" title="Category:Emergency medicine courses">Courses</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_life_support" title="Category:Emergency life support">Life support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">Cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (CPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth-to-mouth_resuscitation" title="Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation">Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_life_support" title="Basic life support">Basic life support</a> (BLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_cardiac_life_support" title="Advanced cardiac life support">Advanced cardiac life support</a> (ACLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_trauma_life_support" title="Advanced trauma life support">Advanced trauma life support</a> (ATLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_Resuscitation_Program" title="Neonatal Resuscitation Program">Neonatal Resuscitation Program</a> (NRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_Care_of_at-Risk_Newborns" title="Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns">Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns</a> (ACoRN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_basic_life_support" title="Pediatric basic life support">Pediatric basic life support</a> (PBLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_Advanced_Life_Support" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric Advanced Life Support">Pediatric Advanced Life Support</a> (PALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Life_Support_in_Obstetrics" title="Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics">Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics</a> (ALSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_of_the_Critically_Ill_Surgical_Patient" title="Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient">Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient</a> (CCrISP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scoring systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NACA_score" title="NACA score">NACA score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_Severity_Score" title="Injury Severity Score">Injury Severity Score</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine" title="Category:Emergency medicine">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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