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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denationalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Denationalization">Denationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interdependence" title="Economic interdependence">Economic interdependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">Marketization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">School vouchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">Shock therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_Adjustment_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Adjustment Programme">Structural Adjustment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranationalism">Supranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax cuts">Tax cuts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">Trickle-down</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_non-interventionism" title="Positive non-interventionism">Positive non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberalization in India">Economic liberalization in India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Governance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Arab Free Trade Area">Greater Arab Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERCOSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="MERCOSUR">MERCOSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago boys">Chicago boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_Institute" title="Adam Smith Institute">Adam Smith Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(United_States)" title="Third Way (United States)">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rougier" title="Louis Rougier">Louis Rougier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Yasuhiro Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Roger Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blatcherism" title="Blatcherism">Blatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_intellectual_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of intellectual property">Criticism of intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neoliberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Neoliberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neoliberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Neoliberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neoliberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neoliberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rogernomics</b> (a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i>Roger</i> and <i>economics</i> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a>) were the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reform">economic reforms</a> promoted by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Roger Douglas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Finance (New Zealand)">Minister of Finance</a> between 1984 and 1988 in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand</a>. Rogernomics featured market-led restructuring and <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and the control of <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> through tight <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>, accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate" title="Floating exchange rate">floating exchange-rate</a> and reductions in the <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscal deficit">fiscal deficit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalziel_Easton_1989_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalziel_Easton_1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early 1980s, Douglas transitioned from a traditional <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> politician advocating for <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a> to a proponent of neoliberal economics. After the Labour Party won government in 1984, Douglas and his associates implemented major policies including a 20% <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">dollar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatisation">corporatisation</a> of state-owned business, removal of subsidies to industries (particularly <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidies#New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural subsidies">agricultural subsidies</a>), reduction of tariff protection, and a significant overhaul of the <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">tax system</a>. Tax cuts were implemented, and a <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(New_Zealand)" title="Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand)">Goods and Services Tax</a> (initially set at 10%) was introduced. </p><p>Rogernomics represented a sharp departure from the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus#New_Zealand" title="Post-war consensus">post-war political consensus</a> that emphasised heavy interventionism, <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">full employment</a>. Instead, it embraced principles of <a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">small government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budgets" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanced budgets">balanced budgets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> policies influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a>. Douglas' adoption of policies more usually associated with the political right (or <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a>), and their implementation by the Fourth Labour Government, became the subject of lasting controversy. While proponents argued that Rogernomics brought about positive changes such as single-digit inflation and reduced tax rates, critics highlighted social challenges, including rising poverty and unemployment. The legacy of Rogernomics continues to shape discussions on economic policy in New Zealand. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogernomics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1985, journalists at the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Listener" title="New Zealand Listener">New Zealand Listener</a></i> coined the term <i>Rogernomics</i> as a portmanteau of <i>Roger</i> and <i>economics</i>. It echoes "<a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a>", similar neoliberal economic policies promoted by United States President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Douglas_and_the_development_of_economic_policy,_1969–1983"><span id="Douglas_and_the_development_of_economic_policy.2C_1969.E2.80.931983"></span>Douglas and the development of economic policy, 1969–1983</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogernomics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Douglas and the development of economic policy, 1969–1983"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Douglas,_1996_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Roger_Douglas%2C_1996_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Roger_Douglas%2C_1996_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Roger_Douglas%2C_1996_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Roger Douglas in 1996</figcaption></figure> <p>Douglas became a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> member of Parliament at the <a href="/wiki/1969_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1969 New Zealand general election">1969 general election</a>. He showed his interest in economic policy in his maiden speech, in which he argued against foreign investment in the domestic economy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His case for external protection of the domestic economy and government involvement in investment was characteristic of the Labour Party of the time. From 1972 to 1975, Douglas was a junior minister in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Third Labour Government of New Zealand">Third Labour Government</a>, where he won a reputation for his capacity for innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bassett_1976_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassett_1976-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This government followed a broadly <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> approach to economic management. </p><p>As a minister, Douglas was innovative in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a>. As Broadcasting Minister he devised an administrative structure in which two publicly owned television channels competed against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was among the government’s leading advocates of compulsory saving for retirement, which he saw not only as a supplement to public provision for retirement but as a source of funding for public investment in economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">superannuation</a> scheme he helped design became law in 1974, but was disestablished by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a> almost as soon as the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1975_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1975 New Zealand general election">1975 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas maintained his interest in economic issues in opposition. He framed his chief concern as the deep-seated problems in the structure of the economy that had contributed to deteriorating economic performance, and a <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> that was slipping in comparison to that of other developed countries. In 1980, he described New Zealand as a country living on borrowed money, unable – in spite of the record efforts of its exporters – to pay its own way in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_1980_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_1980-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a neoliberal point of view which promotes small government, balanced budgets and inflation targeting, the economic policy of successive governments had left the domestic economy sheltered and unresponsive to consumers; inflation, which was more than ten per cent a year throughout the 1970s, was high by the standards of the country's major trading partners; and there was a persistent fiscal deficit. It was thought a large part of the economy was controlled by regulation, some arbitrary or inconsistent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (February 2023)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rogernomics" title="Talk:Rogernomics">disputed</a></i>]</sup> The post-war political consensus had produced stability but Douglas viewed this as being at the cost of innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-Easton,_Brian_1997_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easton,_Brian_1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both major political parties maintained the high levels of protection introduced by the <a href="/wiki/First_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="First Labour Government of New Zealand">First Labour Government</a> from 1936 onwards, and since 1945 both parties had aimed at maintaining full employment. However, beneficiaries of the regulated economy had flourished in both public and private sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas argued that only radical action would improve the economic outlook. In 1980, he published an "Alternative Budget" that attacked what Douglas called the Muldoon government's "tinkering" with the economy. He wrote that twenty years of pandering to entrenched interests had dampened productive investment. The Labour leadership saw his proposals and their unauthorised publication as unfavourable comment on Labour policy. The Labour leader <a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a> publicly rebuked Douglas.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_1987_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas then published his thinking in the form of a book.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside far-reaching proposals for reform of taxation and government spending, it advocated a twenty per cent devaluation of the dollar to increase the competitiveness of exports. Although radical, it took an eclectic approach and did not hint at the abandonment of Labour's Keynesian policy framework.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver_1989_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver_1989-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas became increasingly frustrated by what he saw as the Labour Party's reluctance to deal with fundamental issues of economic policy. He claimed in 1981 that Labour had an image as a party that would promise the public anything to be elected. He argued that the party should agree on its economic policy before it agreed on anything else, and allow economic reality to play a part in its decision-making. Unable to convince Rowling of the merit of his case, a disillusioned Douglas decided to stand down from parliament at the <a href="/wiki/1981_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1981 New Zealand general election">1981 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of those who persuaded him to stay was Labour’s deputy leader <a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange">David Lange</a>, who offered to make Douglas <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Finance (New Zealand)">minister of finance</a> if Lange was prime minister after the 1984 election.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_after_the_1981_election">Events after the 1981 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogernomics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Events after the 1981 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Labour's narrow loss in the <a href="/wiki/1981_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1981 New Zealand general election">1981 election</a>, Douglas found a growing audience in the parliamentary party for his view that Labour's established approach to economic policy was deficient. His colleague <a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Mike Moore</a> claimed that there was a public perception that Labour policy sought "to reward the lazy and defend bludgers".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas's case for a radical approach was strengthened by the belief among many of his parliamentary colleagues that the economy's deep-seated problems could only be solved by extensive restructuring. It was understood that some restructuring must follow the <a href="/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">Closer Economic Relations</a> agreement with Australia, which took effect in 1981 and reduced barriers to trade between Australia and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, many economists were arguing for the greater use of competition as a tool of policy, and expressing concern about excessive or inappropriate regulation of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Jesson_1989_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jesson_1989-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, Lange succeeded Rowling as Labour leader. He gave Douglas responsibility for economic policy and made it clear that economic policy would determine other policy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Douglas was innovative in his approach, and his open disregard for Rowling had earned him a reputation as a maverick, he remained within the mainstream of economic thinking in the parliamentary Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued in 1982 that the government should actively support small business, and intervene to stop the aggregation of assets by big business. In his view, the government should use the tax system to encourage productive investment and discourage speculative investment. Until the end of 1983, Douglas saw exchange rate, tax and protection policies as means of actively shaping the business environment. In August 1982 he supported a contributory superannuation scheme as a means of funding industrial development and in February 1983 he wrote a paper called "Picking Winners for Investment" which proposed the establishment of local consultative groups to guide regional development. In a paper dated May 1983, Douglas argued that an <a href="/wiki/Unregulated_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Unregulated market">unregulated market</a> led to unhealthy concentrations of market power.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_new_direction,_1983–1984"><span id="A_new_direction.2C_1983.E2.80.931984"></span>A new direction, 1983–1984</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogernomics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A new direction, 1983–1984"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#d82a20;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lange_(1992).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/David_Lange_%281992%29.jpg/75px-David_Lange_%281992%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/David_Lange_%281992%29.jpg/113px-David_Lange_%281992%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/David_Lange_%281992%29.jpg/150px-David_Lange_%281992%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="277" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#d82a20;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">David Lange</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Lange#Early_life" title="David Lange">Early life and career</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><small><b>Member for <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ngere_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Māngere (New Zealand electorate)">Mangere</a></b></small></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1977_Mangere_by-election" title="1977 Mangere by-election">Mangere by-election, 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_David_Lange" title="Electoral history of David Lange">Electoral history</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party">Leader of the Labour Party</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Chip_Brigade" title="Fish and Chip Brigade">Fish and Chip Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_David_Lange" title="Shadow Cabinet of David Lange">Shadow Cabinet of David Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1983 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1983 leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1988 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1988 leadership election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a></b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_constitutional_crisis" title="1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis">1984 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">New Zealand nuclear-free zone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexual_Law_Reform_Act_1986" title="Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986">Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_Schools" title="Tomorrow's Schools">Tomorrow's Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lange_v_Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lange_v_Atkinson" title="Lange v Atkinson">Lange v Atkinson</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Elections</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1987 New Zealand general election">1987 general election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange's signature"><img alt="David Lange's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Lange_signature.png/90px-David_Lange_signature.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Lange_signature.png/135px-David_Lange_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Lange_signature.png/180px-David_Lange_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="494" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:David_Lange_sidebar" title="Template:David Lange sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:David_Lange_sidebar" title="Template talk:David Lange sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:David_Lange_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:David Lange sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the end of 1983 there was a marked change in Douglas's thinking. He prepared a caucus paper called the "Economic Policy Package" which called for a market-led restructuring of the economy. The key proposal was a 20 per cent devaluation of the dollar, to be followed by the removal of subsidies to industry, border protection and export incentives. The paper doubted the value of "picking winners" and saw only a limited place for government funding of economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His colleague <a href="/wiki/Stan_Rodger" title="Stan Rodger">Stan Rodger</a> described the paper as a "quite unacceptable leap to the right". It immediately polarised opinion in the Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas characterised the policy package as restrained and responsible, and an appropriate response to the country's economic difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He acknowledged the contribution to the package of Doug Andrew, a Treasury officer on secondment to the parliamentary opposition, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> W H Oliver noted the close alignment of the package and <i>Economic Management</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treasury's 1984 briefing to the incoming government.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His assessment was that Douglas was predisposed towards the Treasury view because its implementation required decisive action and because greater reliance on the market solved what Douglas saw as the problem of interest-group participation in policy-making.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Division in Labour over economic policy crystallised when a competing proposal was submitted to the Labour Party's Policy Council. Its proponents included Rowling and others who had resisted his replacement as leader. It argued for a <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> use of monetary and fiscal policy. It was sceptical about the ability of the private sector to promote economic development. Economic restructuring was to be led by the government, which would act within a consultative framework. In this way, the social costs of restructuring would be avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was stalemate in the Policy Council. As the <a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984 election</a> drew closer, Labour's deputy leader <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a> drafted a compromise that contained elements of both proposals. The Palmer paper was broadly worded, and it made no mention of devaluation. It anticipated some form of understanding between government and unions about <a href="/wiki/Incomes_policy" title="Incomes policy">wage restraint</a>. It allowed for extensive consultation about economic policy and stated that necessary structural change would be gradual and agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Muldoon unexpectedly called an early general election, the Labour Party adopted Palmer's paper as its economic policy. Lange said that Labour went into the election with an unfinished argument doing duty as its economic policy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minister_of_Finance,_1984–1988"><span id="Minister_of_Finance.2C_1984.E2.80.931988"></span>Minister of Finance, 1984–1988</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogernomics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Minister of Finance, 1984–1988"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand</a></div> <p>In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Roger Douglas</a> was made Minister of Finance, with two associate ministers of finance, <a href="/wiki/David_Caygill" title="David Caygill">David Caygill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Prebble" title="Richard Prebble">Richard Prebble</a>. They became known as the "Treasury Troika" or the "Troika", and became the most powerful group in Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas was the strategist, Prebble the tactician, while Caygill mastered the details. With Caygill <a href="/wiki/Good_cop/bad_cop" class="mw-redirect" title="Good cop/bad cop">the "nice cop" and Prebble the "nasty cop</a>", Douglas could sometimes appear as steering a considered middle course. Later <a href="/wiki/Trevor_de_Cleene" title="Trevor de Cleene">Trevor de Cleene</a> was made undersecretary to Douglas, with special responsibility for Inland Revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett2008108_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett2008108-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The key element of Douglas's economic thinking was implemented after Labour won the <a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984 election</a> but before it was formally sworn into office. This was the 20 per cent devaluation of the New Zealand dollar. The announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap election</a> immediately provoked selling of the dollar by dealers who anticipated that a change of government would lead to a substantial devaluation. The result was a <a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">currency crisis</a> that became a matter of public knowledge two days after the general election. Muldoon refused to accept official advice that devaluation was the only way to stop the currency crisis and provoked a brief <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_constitutional_crisis,_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand constitutional crisis, 1984">constitutional crisis</a> when he initially refused to implement the incoming government’s instruction that he devalue. Both crises were soon settled when accepted that he had no choice but to devalue after Muldoon's National Party colleagues threatened to approach the Governor General to dismiss him.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although devaluation was a contentious issue in the Labour Party and was not part of Labour's election policy, the decisiveness with which the incoming government acted won it popular acclaim and enhanced Douglas's standing in the new cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reformers argued that the speed with which the reforms were made was due to the fact that New Zealand had not adjusted to Britain's abandonment of the empire, and had to move quickly to "catch up" with the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas claimed in his 1993 book <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unfinished_Business_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unfinished Business (book) (page does not exist)">Unfinished Business</a></i> that speed was a key strategy for achieving radical economic change: "Define your objectives clearly, and move towards them in quantum leaps, otherwise the interest groups will have time to mobilise and drag you down".<sup id="cite_ref-bell_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bell-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political commentator <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Jesson" title="Bruce Jesson">Bruce Jesson</a> argued that Douglas acted fast to achieve a complete economic revolution within one parliamentary term, in case he did not get a second chance.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reforms can be summarised as the dismantling of the Australasian orthodoxy of state development that had existed for the previous 90 years, and its replacement by the Anglo-American neo-classical model based on the monetarist policies of <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_School_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago School (economics)">Chicago School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The financial market was deregulated and controls on foreign exchange removed. Subsidies to many industries, notably agriculture, were removed or significantly reduced, as was tariff protection. The top <a href="/wiki/Marginal_tax_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal tax rate">marginal tax rate</a> was halved over a number of years from 66% to 33%, and the standard rate was reduced from 42% in 1978 to 28% in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Politics_of_Greed:_The_Facts_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Politics_of_Greed:_The_Facts-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To compensate, the variable sales taxes that had been in effect until then were replaced by a single <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(New_Zealand)" title="Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand)">Goods and Services Tax</a>, initially set at 10%,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Politics_of_Greed:_The_Facts_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Politics_of_Greed:_The_Facts-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later 12.5% (and eventually in 2011, 15%), and a <a href="/wiki/Surtax" title="Surtax">surtax</a> on superannuation, which had been made universal from age 60 by the previous government.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immediate_results">Immediate results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogernomics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Immediate results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Zealand's leap into the neoliberal <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic globalisation">global economy</a> exposed both businesses and the wider workforce to the unregulated practices of private capital – this led to a decade of insignificant (and sometimes negative) growth with the "economic miracle" being experienced by only a relatively small proportion of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With no restrictions on overseas money coming into the country the focus in the economy shifted from the productive sector to finance.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finance capital outstripped industrial capital<sup id="cite_ref-smith_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and redundancies occurred in manufacturing industry; approximately 76,000 manufacturing jobs were lost between 1987 and 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-bell_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bell-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new state-owned enterprises created from 1 April 1987 began to shed thousands of jobs adding to unemployment: Electricity Corporation 3,000; Coal Corporation 4,000; Forestry Corporation 5,000; <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Post">New Zealand Post</a> 8,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1996119_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1996119-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly unfettered business environment created by the deregulation of the financial sector, David Grant writes, left New Zealanders "easy targets for speculators and their agents",<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exacerbating the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)#New_Zealand" title="Black Monday (1987)">October 1987 stock market crash</a>. </p><p>During wage bargaining in 1986 and 1987, employers started to bargain harder. <a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">Lock-outs</a> were not uncommon; the most spectacular occurred at a pulp and paper mill owned by <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Challenge" title="Fletcher Challenge">Fletcher Challenge</a> and led to changes to work practices and a no-strike commitment from the union. Later settlements drew further concessions from unions, including below-inflation wage increases, and an effective real wage cut.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a structural change in the economy from industry to services, which, along with the arrival of trans-Tasman retail chains and an increasingly cosmopolitan hospitality industry, led to a new ‘café culture’ enjoyed by more affluent New Zealanders. Some argue that for the rest of the population, Rogernomics failed to deliver the higher standard of living promised by its advocates.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 15 years, New Zealand's economy and social capital faced serious problems: the proliferation of food banks increased dramatically to an estimated 365 in 1994;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the number of New Zealanders estimated to be living in poverty grew by at least 35% between 1989 and 1992 while <a href="/wiki/Child_poverty" title="Child poverty">child poverty</a> doubled from 14% in 1982 to 29% in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those on low incomes failed to return to the 1984 standard of living until 1996; the lowest 30% did not recover their own 1980s living standards for twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The health of the New Zealand population was also especially hard-hit, leading to a significant deterioration in health standards among working and middle-class people.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, many of the promised economic benefits of the experiment never materialised.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1985 and 1992, New Zealand's economy grew by 4.7% during the same period in which the average <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> nation grew by 28.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2017)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> From 1984 to 1993 inflation averaged 9% per year and New Zealand's credit rating dropped twice.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelsey,_Jane_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelsey,_Jane-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1986 and 1992, the unemployment rate rose from 3.6% to 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rogernomics, however, has been credited with a number of other positive impacts on the New Zealand economy:<sup id="cite_ref-auto_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inflation, which had reached a high of 17.15% in 1980, has been in single digits every year since the end of Douglas' tenure as finance minister;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and income tax rates were halved,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while gross national income per capita almost doubled, from $6,950 USD in 1984 to $13,640 USD in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other supporters of Rogernomics have argued that many statistics don't take into account the improvements in consumer goods it brought,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transforming New Zealand from a country where permits were needed to buy overseas magazines, and where prices were high and choice was limited, into a country with a range of consumer goods available similar to those enjoyed by other western democracies.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas himself has claimed that the unwillingness of subsequent governments to alter any of his reforms is a testament to their quality.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogernomics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The policies of <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Richardson" title="Ruth Richardson">Ruth Richardson</a>, sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Ruthanasia" title="Ruthanasia">Ruthanasia</a>", were a continuation of Rogernomics.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richardson served as Finance Minister in the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a> government from 1990 to 1993. Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_all_Budgets" title="Mother of all Budgets">Mother of all Budgets</a>, the National Government expanded these policies by drastically cutting spending, deregulating labour markets, and further asset sales.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1990 <a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange">David Lange</a> said of the Government: </p><blockquote><p> "It is there to be the securer of its citizen[s'] welfare. Where the market works well, it should be given its head. Where the market results in manifest inequity, or poor economic performance, the Government must get involved."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After Rogernomics, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand Labour Party</a> was paralysed by infighting for much of their time in opposition, initially led by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Mike Moore</a> as leader of the Opposition (1990–1993). Moore was then followed by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a>, whose first term as leader of the Opposition was undermined by those who opposed her leadership. Some later left to form their own political parties <a href="/wiki/ACT_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT Party">ACT</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_(New_Zealand_political_party)" title="Alliance (New Zealand political party)">Alliance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_New_Zealand" title="United New Zealand">United</a> (later <a href="/wiki/United_Future" title="United Future">United Future</a>). Clark for her part survived these internal leadership scuffles and Labour stabilised under her leadership during the third and final term of the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bolger" title="Jim Bolger">Jim Bolger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Shipley" title="Jenny Shipley">Jenny Shipley</a> ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> in the United Kingdom, Clark assumed a compromise solution to social exclusion and poverty, combining advocacy of the <a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">open economy</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> with greater emphasis on fighting the consequences of neoliberal policies. Labour became loosely aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> between 1999 and 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/ACT_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT Party">ACT Party</a>, co-founded by Roger Douglas in 1993 to participate in the <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996 MMP election</a>, is the heir to Rogernomics and continues to advance free-market policies.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990s New Zealand, advocates of radical economic policies were often branded as "rogergnomes" by their opponents, linking their views to Douglas's and to the supposed baleful influence of international bankers, characterised as the "<a href="/wiki/Gnomes_of_Zurich" title="Gnomes of Zurich">Gnomes of Zurich</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 Treasury report said that inequality in New Zealand increased in the 1980s and 1990s but has been stable for the last 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, another 2015 article reported that New Zealand's rate of rise of inequality had been the highest in the OECD, and that New Zealand's inequality had previously been low by OECD standards.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogernomics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">Economy of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-war_displacement_of_Keynesianism" title="Post-war displacement of Keynesianism">Post-war displacement of Keynesianism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogernomics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dalziel_Easton_1989-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalziel_Easton_1989_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Dalziel, Paul in Easton, Brian ed <i>The Making of Rogernomics</i> Auckland University Press 1989 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86940-041-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86940-041-0">1-86940-041-0</a> p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_Rogernomics" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Rogernomics">"Rogernomics"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rogernomics&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DRogernomics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Zealand Parliamentary Debates Vol 365 pp. 123–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bassett_1976-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bassett_1976_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bassett, Michael <i>The Third Labour Government</i> Dunmore Press 1976 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908564-35-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-908564-35-X">0-908564-35-X</a> pp. 24–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bassett 1976 p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bassett 1976 p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustafson2000" class="citation book cs1">Gustafson, Barry (2000). <i>His Way: A Biography of Robert Muldoon</i>. Auckland: Auckland University Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86940-236-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86940-236-7"><bdi>1-86940-236-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Way%3A+A+Biography+of+Robert+Muldoon&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Auckland+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-86940-236-7&rft.aulast=Gustafson&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas_1980-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_1980_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1980" class="citation web cs1">Douglas, Roger (30 June 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313162807/http://www.rogerdouglas.org.nz/budget.htm">"Alternative Budget – A Personal View"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerdouglas.org.nz/budget.htm">the original</a> on 13 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alternative+Budget+%E2%80%93+A+Personal+View&rft.date=1980-06-30&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerdouglas.org.nz%2Fbudget.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Easton,_Brian_1997-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Easton,_Brian_1997_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Easton, Brian <i>The Commercialisation of New Zealand</i> Auckland University Press 1997 pp. 6–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bayliss, Len <i>Prosperity Mislaid</i> GP Publications 1994 pp. 42–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas_1987-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_1987_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas, Roger and Callan, Louise <i>Toward Prosperity</i> David Bateman Ltd 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908610-70-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-908610-70-X">0-908610-70-X</a> p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas, Roger <i>There's Got to Be a Better Way</i> Fourth Estate Books Limited Wellington 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliver_1989-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oliver_1989_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver, W H in Easton, Brian ed <i>The Making of Rogernomics</i> Auckland University Press 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86940-041-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86940-041-0">1-86940-041-0</a> p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas and Callan 1987 pp. 21–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lange, David <i>My Life</i> Viking 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-04556-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-04556-X">0-670-04556-X</a> p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver 1989 pp. 28–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver 1989 p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jesson_1989-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jesson_1989_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jesson, Bruce <i>Fragments of Labour</i> Penguin Books 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-012816-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-012816-6">0-14-012816-6</a> pp. 39–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver 1989 p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver 1989 p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver 1989 pp. 13–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver, 1989 pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver 1989 pp. 42–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas 1987 p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas 1987 pp. 29–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Treasury1984" class="citation web cs1">The Treasury (July 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.govt.nz/publications/briefings/1984i">"Economic Management: Briefing to the Incoming Government 1984"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Management%3A+Briefing+to+the+Incoming+Government+1984&rft.date=1984-07&rft.au=The+Treasury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.govt.nz%2Fpublications%2Fbriefings%2F1984i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver 1989 p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver 1989 pp. 42–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver 1989 pp. 43–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver 1989 pp. 48–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lange 2005 p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston1997" class="citation book cs1">Easton, Brian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYebMJhK-q8C&q=david%20lange&pg=PA74"><i>The Commercialisation of New Zealand</i></a>. Auckland: Auckland University Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86940-173-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86940-173-5"><bdi>1-86940-173-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commercialisation+of+New+Zealand&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Auckland+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-86940-173-5&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYebMJhK-q8C%26q%3Ddavid%2520lange%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett2008108-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett2008108_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett2008">Bassett 2008</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gustafson, Barry. <i>His way: a biography of Robert Muldoon</i>. Auckland University Press, 2000, pp. 384–395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lange, David, interviewed in <a href="/wiki/National_Business_Review" title="National Business Review">National Business Review</a>, Auckland, 11 July 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippa Mein Smith, <i>A Concise History of New Zealand</i>, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne: 2005, pp. 201–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bell-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bell_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bell_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith Bell, <i>I See Red</i>, Awa Press, Wellington: 2006, pp. 22–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Jesson, "The New Rights Network of Power" in <i>To Build a Nation: Collected Writings 1975–1999</i>, edited Andrew Sharp, Penguin Press: 2005, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Politics_of_Greed:_The_Facts-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Politics_of_Greed:_The_Facts_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Politics_of_Greed:_The_Facts_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newint.org/features/1988/10/05/facts/">"The Politics of Greed: The Facts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Internationalist" title="New Internationalist">New Internationalist</a></i> (188). October 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Internationalist&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Greed%3A+The+Facts&rft.issue=188&rft.date=1988-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewint.org%2Ffeatures%2F1988%2F10%2F05%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael King, <i>The Penguin History of New Zealand</i>, Penguin Books (NZ), Auckland: 2003, p. 490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keithrankin.co.nz/krnknMiracle.html">"New Zealand 1995: a Miracle Economy?"</a>. Policy Discussion Paper No.19, Department of Economics, University of Auckland. September 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+1995%3A+a+Miracle+Economy%3F&rft.date=1995-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeithrankin.co.nz%2FkrnknMiracle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Jesson" title="Bruce Jesson">Bruce Jesson</a>, "The Changing Face of New Zealand Capitalism" in <i>To Build a Nation</i> ibid., pp. 177–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1996119-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1996119_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1996">Russell 1996</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1997" class="citation book cs1">Grant, David Malcolm (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GljzNcev1AEC&pg=PP1"><i>Bulls, Bears and Elephants: A History of the New Zealand Stock Exchange</i></a>. Wellington: Victoria University Press. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86473-308-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86473-308-9"><bdi>0-86473-308-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulls%2C+Bears+and+Elephants%3A+A+History+of+the+New+Zealand+Stock+Exchange&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Victoria+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-86473-308-9&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=David+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGljzNcev1AEC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Colin_James_(journalist)" title="Colin James (journalist)">Colin James</a>, <i>The Quiet Revolution</i>, Allen & Unwin New Zealand Ltd in association with Port Nicholson Press, Wellington: 1986, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pub.maastrichtuniversity.nl/972e238b-20c5-4b28-9469-43a76ea3a76a?fid=592">"The future of the welfare state: reflections on Rogernomics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_University" title="Maastricht University">Maastricht University</a>. 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27mother+of+all+Budgets%27&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fphotograph%2F33885%2Fthe-mother-of-all-budgets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Business biting hand of nanny govt". <i>The National Business Review</i>. 7 March 1990. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Business+biting+hand+of+nanny+govt&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1990-03-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerMintrom2006" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Raymond; Mintrom, Michael (2006). <i>Political Leadership in New Zealand</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pundit&rft.atitle=The+emergence+of+the+Third+Way%3A+From+Douglas+to+Clark+%28via+Clinton+%26+Co%29&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft.aulast=Maharey&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pundit.co.nz%2Fcontent%2Fthe-emergence-of-the-third-way-from-douglas-to-clark-via-clinton-co&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatnagar2000" class="citation news cs1">Bhatnagar, Aaron (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0009/S00010/rogernomics-in-the-era-of-mmp.htm">"Rogernomics In The Era Of MMP"</a>. <i>www.scoop.co.nz</i>. <a href="/wiki/Scoop_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoop News">Scoop News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.scoop.co.nz&rft.atitle=Rogernomics+In+The+Era+Of+MMP&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bhatnagar&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoop.co.nz%2Fstories%2FPO0009%2FS00010%2Frogernomics-in-the-era-of-mmp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastonbh.ac.nz/1997/11/the_relevance_of_rogernomics/">"The Relevance Of Rogernomics | Brian Easton"</a>. Eastonbh.ac.nz. 1 November 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Relevance+Of+Rogernomics+%26%23124%3B+Brian+Easton&rft.pub=Eastonbh.ac.nz&rft.date=1997-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastonbh.ac.nz%2F1997%2F11%2Fthe_relevance_of_rogernomics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/69733931/inequality-in-nz-hasnt-risen-in-20-years-treasury-paper-says">"Inequality in NZ hasn't risen in 20 years Treasury paper says"</a>. Stuff (Fairfax). 26 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inequality+in+NZ+hasn%27t+risen+in+20+years+Treasury+paper+says&rft.pub=Stuff+%28Fairfax%29&rft.date=2015-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2F69733931%2Finequality-in-nz-hasnt-risen-in-20-years-treasury-paper-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/68600911/income-inequality-how-nz-is-one-of-the-worst-in-the-world">"Income inequality how NZ is one of the worst in the world"</a>. Stuff (Fairfax). 18 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Income+inequality+how+NZ+is+one+of+the+worst+in+the+world&rft.pub=Stuff+%28Fairfax%29&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2F68600911%2Fincome-inequality-how-nz-is-one-of-the-worst-in-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogernomics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bassett" title="Michael Bassett">Bassett, Michael</a> (1976). <i>The Third Labour Government</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dunmore_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunmore Press">Dunmore Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908564-35-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-908564-35-X"><bdi>0-908564-35-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Labour+Government&rft.pub=Dunmore+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-908564-35-X&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bassett" title="Michael Bassett">Bassett, Michael</a> (2008). <i>Working with David: Inside the Lange Cabinet</i>. Auckland: Hodder Moa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86971-094-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86971-094-1"><bdi>978-1-86971-094-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+with+David%3A+Inside+the+Lange+Cabinet&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Hodder+Moa&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86971-094-1&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2006" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Judith (2006). <i>I See Red: The shocking story of a battle against The Warehouse</i>. Wellington: Awa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9582509-7-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9582509-7-9"><bdi>0-9582509-7-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+See+Red%3A+The+shocking+story+of+a+battle+against+The+Warehouse&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Awa+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9582509-7-9&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Douglas, Roger</a> (1987). <i>Toward Prosperity</i>. Auckland: David Bateman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908610-70-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-908610-70-X"><bdi>0-908610-70-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+Prosperity&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=David+Bateman&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-908610-70-X&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_James_(journalist)" title="Colin James (journalist)">James, Colin</a> (1986). <i>The Quiet Revolution</i>. Wellington: Allen & Unwin New Zealand Ltd in association with Port Nicholson Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86861-722-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86861-722-9"><bdi>0-86861-722-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Revolution&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin+New+Zealand+Ltd+in+association+with+Port+Nicholson+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86861-722-9&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Kelsey" title="Jane Kelsey">Kelsey, Jane</a> (1995). <i>The New Zealand Experiment: A World Model for Structural Adjustment</i>. Auckland: Auckland University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86940-130-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86940-130-1"><bdi>1-86940-130-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Zealand+Experiment%3A+A+World+Model+for+Structural+Adjustment&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Auckland+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-86940-130-1&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Russell" title="Marcia Russell">Russell, Marcia</a> (1996). <i>Revolution: New Zealand from Fortress to Free Market</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hodder_Moa_Beckett" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodder Moa Beckett">Hodder Moa Beckett</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1869584287" title="Special:BookSources/1869584287"><bdi>1869584287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%3A+New+Zealand+from+Fortress+to+Free+Market&rft.pub=Hodder+Moa+Beckett&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1869584287&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARogernomics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogernomics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/treasury/page-3">"Economic management since 1980"</a>, story at <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/someone-elses-country-1996">"Someone Else's Country"</a>, a 1996 documentary about the impacts of Rogernomics at NZ On Screen</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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history">Māori history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Natural history of New Zealand">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Political history of New Zealand">Political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand%27s_links_with_Antarctica" title="Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica">New Zealand and Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" title="Geography of New Zealand">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical geography of New Zealand">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand" title="Biodiversity of New Zealand">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_New_Zealand" title="List of caves in New Zealand">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_Zealand" title="Climate of New Zealand">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_Zealand" title="Climate change in New Zealand">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_New_Zealand" title="List of earthquakes in New Zealand">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_Zealand" title="Environment of New Zealand">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_New_Zealand" title="Geology of New Zealand">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_New_Zealand" title="Lakes of New Zealand">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of New Zealand">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_New_Zealand" title="Protected areas of New Zealand">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reserves_of_New_Zealand" title="Marine reserves of New Zealand">Marine reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_New_Zealand" title="National parks of New Zealand">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of rivers of New Zealand">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_New_Zealand" title="Volcanism of New Zealand">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_in_New_Zealand" title="Water in New Zealand">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand" title="Hastings, New Zealand">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand" title="Napier, New Zealand">Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauranga" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei" title="Whangārei">Whangārei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting in New Zealand">Voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_New_Zealand" title="Foreign relations of New Zealand">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_New_Zealand" title="Gun law in New Zealand">Gun law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Human rights in New Zealand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Disability rights in New Zealand">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Intersex rights in New Zealand">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in New Zealand">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_Zealand" title="Law of New Zealand">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in New Zealand">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_politics" title="Māori politics">Māori politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Official Opposition (New Zealand)">Official Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_New_Zealand" title="Political funding in New Zealand">Political funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_sector_organisations_in_New_Zealand" title="List of public sector organisations in New Zealand">Public sector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_governments" title="List of New Zealand governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_New_Zealand" title="List of governors-general of New Zealand">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of prime ministers of New Zealand">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_New_Zealand" title="Dairy farming in New Zealand">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">Wine industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_New_Zealand" title="List of companies of New Zealand">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Energy in New Zealand">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Information technology industry in New Zealand">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_New_Zealand" title="Manufacturing in New Zealand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_New_Zealand" title="Mining in New Zealand">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Poverty in New Zealand">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Child poverty in New Zealand">Child poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_New_Zealand" title="Reserve Bank of New Zealand">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_New_Zealand" title="Welfare in New Zealand">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Transport in New Zealand">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">Rail transport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Society of New Zealand">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_Zealand" title="Abortion in New Zealand">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_Zealand" title="Crime in New Zealand">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" title="Demographics of New Zealand">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_origins_of_New_Zealanders" title="List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders">Ethnic origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_New_Zealand" title="Gender inequality in New Zealand">Gender inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_New_Zealand" title="Euthanasia in New Zealand">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender equality in New Zealand">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_New_Zealand" title="Health in New Zealand">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_Zealand" title="Healthcare in New Zealand">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_New_Zealand" title="Homelessness in New Zealand">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_New_Zealand" title="Housing in New Zealand">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand" title="Immigration to New Zealand">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_New_Zealand" title="Irreligion in New Zealand">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in New Zealand">LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_New_Zealand" title="Naturism in New Zealand">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(nickname)" title="Kiwi (nickname)">"Kiwi"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_New_Zealand" title="Prostitution in New Zealand">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination_in_New_Zealand" title="Structural discrimination in New Zealand">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_New_Zealand" title="Architecture of New Zealand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_New_Zealand" title="Mass media in New Zealand">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing arts of New Zealand">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" title="Public holidays in New Zealand">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_New_Zealand" title="Radio in New Zealand">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_New_Zealand" title="Sport in New Zealand">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_New_Zealand" title="National symbols of New Zealand">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_New_Zealand" title="Television in New Zealand">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_Zealand" title="Outline of New Zealand">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Zealand" title="Category:New Zealand">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_New_Zealand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Economy of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Economy of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_New_Zealand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">Economy of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Vogel_Era" title="The Vogel Era">Vogel Era, 1870s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_head_tax" title="New Zealand head tax">Head tax, 1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Conciliation_and_Arbitration_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act"> IC&A Act, 1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wool_boom" title="New Zealand wool boom">Wool boom, 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Budget_(New_Zealand)" title="Black Budget (New Zealand)">Black Budget, 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Big" title="Think Big">Think Big, 1979–84</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Rogernomics, 1984–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthanasia" title="Ruthanasia">Ruthanasia, 1990–93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_all_Budgets" title="Mother of all Budgets">Mother of all Budgets, 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_homes_crisis" title="Leaky homes crisis">Leaky homes crisis, 2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_company_collapses,_2006%E2%80%932012_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance company collapses, 2006–2012 (New Zealand)">Finance company collapses, 2006–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_property_bubble" title="New Zealand property bubble">New Zealand property bubble, 1987–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_New_Zealand_dollar" title="Banknotes of the New Zealand dollar">Dollar banknotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_five-dollar_note" title="New Zealand five-dollar note">$5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">$10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_twenty-dollar_note" title="New Zealand twenty-dollar note">$20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_fifty-dollar_note" title="New Zealand fifty-dollar note">$50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_one_hundred-dollar_note" title="New Zealand one hundred-dollar note">$100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_New_Zealand_dollar" title="Coins of the New Zealand dollar">Dollar coins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-cent_coin" title="New Zealand ten-cent coin">10c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_twenty-cent_coin" title="New Zealand twenty-cent coin">20c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_fifty-cent_coin" title="New Zealand fifty-cent coin">50c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_one_dollar_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand one dollar coin">$1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_two_dollar_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand two dollar coin">$2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_pound" title="New Zealand pound">New Zealand pound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Treasury" title="New Zealand Treasury">New Zealand Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand budget">New Zealand budget</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Trade_and_Enterprise" title="New Zealand Trade and Enterprise">New Zealand Trade and Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_New_Zealand" title="Reserve Bank of New Zealand">Reserve Bank of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_cash_rate" title="Official cash rate">Official cash rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Investment_Office" title="Overseas Investment Office">Overseas Investment Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Commission" title="Commerce Commission">Commerce Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiwiSaver" title="KiwiSaver">KiwiSaver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Meat_Board" title="New Zealand Meat Board">New Zealand Meat Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Dairy_Board" title="New Zealand Dairy Board">New Zealand Dairy Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wool_Board" title="New Zealand Wool Board">New Zealand Wool Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_New_Zealand" title="Beer in New Zealand">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Information technology industry in New Zealand">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Fishing industry in New Zealand">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Aquaculture in New Zealand">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_New_Zealand" title="Whaling in New Zealand">Whaling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_New_Zealand" title="Forestry in New Zealand">Forestry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodchipping_in_New_Zealand" title="Woodchipping in New Zealand">Woodchipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Hospitality industry in New Zealand">Hospitality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licensing_trust" title="Licensing trust">Licensing trust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_New_Zealand" title="Manufacturing in New Zealand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_New_Zealand" title="Mining in New Zealand">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Oil and gas industry in New Zealand">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_New_Zealand" title="Retailing in New Zealand">Retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Income in New Zealand">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Poverty in New Zealand">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_New_Zealand" title="International rankings of New Zealand">International rankings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">Closer Economic Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Malaysia–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Strategic_Economic_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership">Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification">Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions and lobbyists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Foreign_Control_of_Aotearoa" title="Campaign Against Foreign Control of Aotearoa">Campaign Against Foreign Control of Aotearoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Business_Roundtable" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Business Roundtable">New Zealand Business Roundtable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Council_of_Trade_Unions" title="New Zealand Council of Trade Unions">New Zealand Council of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Institute_(think_tank)" title="New Zealand Institute (think tank)">New Zealand Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Zealand_Labour_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#D82A20; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Template:New Zealand Labour Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Template talk:New Zealand Labour Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Zealand Labour Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Zealand_Labour_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">New Zealand Labour Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#D82A20; color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Leaders</span></a><br /><small>Names in bold served <br />as prime minister</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hindmarsh" title="Alfred Hindmarsh">Alfred Hindmarsh</a> (1916–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Holland" title="Harry Holland">Harry Holland</a> (1919–33)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a></b> (1933–40)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Peter Fraser</a></b> (1940–50)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Walter_Nash" title="Walter Nash">Walter Nash</a></b> (1950–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Nordmeyer" title="Arnold Nordmeyer">Arnold Nordmeyer</a> (1963–65)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Norman Kirk</a></b> (1965–74)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a></b> (1974–83)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange">David Lange</a></b> (1983–89)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a></b> (1989–90)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Mike Moore</a></b> (1990–93)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a></b> (1993–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Goff" title="Phil Goff">Phil Goff</a> (2008–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Shearer" title="David Shearer">David Shearer</a> (2011–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cunliffe" title="David Cunliffe">David Cunliffe</a> (2013–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Little_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)">Andrew Little</a> (2014–17)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a></b> (2017–23)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hipkins" title="Chris Hipkins">Chris Hipkins</a></b> (2023–present)</li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Deputy leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_McCombs" title="James McCombs">James McCombs</a> (1919–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a> (1923–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Peter Fraser</a> (1933–40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Nash" title="Walter Nash">Walter Nash</a> (1940–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Skinner" title="Jerry Skinner">Jerry Skinner</a> (1951–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hackett" title="Fred Hackett">Fred Hackett</a> (1962–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watt" title="Hugh Watt">Hugh Watt</a> (1963–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Tizard" title="Bob Tizard">Bob Tizard</a> (1974–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange">David Lange</a> (1979–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">Geoffrey Palmer</a> (1983–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> (1989–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Caygill" title="David Caygill">David Caygill</a> (1993–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cullen_(politician)" title="Michael Cullen (politician)">Michael Cullen</a> (1996–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_King" title="Annette King">Annette King</a> (2008–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Robertson" title="Grant Robertson">Grant Robertson</a> (2011–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Parker_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="David Parker (New Zealand politician)">David Parker</a> (2013–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_King" title="Annette King">Annette King</a> (2014–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Davis_(politician)" title="Kelvin Davis (politician)">Kelvin Davis</a> (2017–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Sepuloni" title="Carmel Sepuloni">Carmel Sepuloni</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1919 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1920 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1921 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1923 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1933 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1940 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1951 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1954 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1963 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1974 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1980 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1983 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1988 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1989 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1993 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1996 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="2008 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="2011 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="2013 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="2014 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="2017 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="2023 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#D82A20; color:white;"><div id="Internal_offices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Internal offices</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="President of the New Zealand Labour Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Party presidents</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_McCombs" title="James McCombs">James McCombs</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Walker_(politician)" title="Andrew Walker (politician)">Andrew Walker</a> (1917–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Paul_(politician)" title="Tom Paul (politician)">Tom Paul</a> (1918–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Peter Fraser</a> (1920–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cooke_(socialist)" title="Frederick Cooke (socialist)">Frederick Cooke</a> (1921–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Brindle_(politician)" title="Tom Brindle (politician)">Tom Brindle</a> (1922–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Semple" title="Bob Semple">Bob Semple</a> (1926–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archer_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="John Archer (New Zealand politician)">John Archer</a> (1928–29)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorn" title="Jim Thorn">Jim Thorn</a> (1929–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Mason" title="Rex Mason">Rex Mason</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Jordan_(politician)" title="Bill Jordan (politician)">Bill Jordan</a> (1932–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Langstone" title="Frank Langstone">Frank Langstone</a> (1933–34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Armstrong_(politician)" title="Tim Armstrong (politician)">Tim Armstrong</a> (1934–35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Nash" title="Walter Nash">Walter Nash</a> (1935–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Carr" title="Clyde Carr">Clyde Carr</a> (1936–37)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roberts_(trade_unionist)" title="James Roberts (trade unionist)">James Roberts</a> (1937–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Nordmeyer" title="Arnold Nordmeyer">Arnold Nordmeyer</a> (1950–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Moohan" title="Mick Moohan">Mick Moohan</a> (1955–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Finlay" title="Martyn Finlay">Martyn Finlay</a> (1960–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Norman Kirk</a> (1964–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Douglas_(politician)" title="Norman Douglas (politician)">Norman Douglas</a> (1966–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a> (1970–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bennett_(high_commissioner)" title="Charles Bennett (high commissioner)">Charles Bennett</a> (1973–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Faulkner" title="Arthur Faulkner">Arthur Faulkner</a> (1976–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Anderton" title="Jim Anderton">Jim Anderton</a> (1979–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wilson" title="Margaret Wilson">Margaret Wilson</a> (1984–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Jones" title="Rex Jones">Rex Jones</a> (1987–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Dyson" title="Ruth Dyson">Ruth Dyson</a> (1988–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryan_Street" title="Maryan Street">Maryan Street</a> (1993–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hirschfeld" title="Michael Hirschfeld">Michael Hirschfeld</a> (1995–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Harvey_(mayor)" title="Bob Harvey (mayor)">Bob Harvey</a> (1999–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Williams_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Williams (New Zealand politician)">Mike Williams</a> (2000–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Little_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)">Andrew Little</a> (2009–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moira_Coatsworth" title="Moira Coatsworth">Moira Coatsworth</a> (2011–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Haworth" title="Nigel Haworth">Nigel Haworth</a> (2015–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Szab%C3%B3" title="Claire Szabó">Claire Szabó</a> (2019–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Day_(politician)" title="Jill Day (politician)">Jill Day</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">General secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Glover_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="John Glover (New Zealand politician)">John Glover</a> (1916–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Ayrton" title="Moses Ayrton">Moses Ayrton</a> (1920–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Nash" title="Walter Nash">Walter Nash</a> (1922–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorn" title="Jim Thorn">Jim Thorn</a> (1932–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilson_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="David Wilson (New Zealand politician)">David Wilson</a> (1936–40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Moohan" title="Mick Moohan">Mick Moohan</a> (1940–48)</li> <li>Allan McDonald (1948–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wybrow" title="John Wybrow">John Wybrow</a> (1971–85)</li> <li>Tony Timms (1985–95)</li> <li>Rob Allen (1995–2000)</li> <li>Mike Smith (2001–08)</li> <li>Chris Flatt (2008–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Barnett_(politician)" title="Tim Barnett (politician)">Tim Barnett</a> (2012–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kirton" title="Andrew Kirton">Andrew Kirton</a> (2016–18)</li> <li>Andre Anderson (2018–20)</li> <li>Rob Salmond (2020–present)</li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Senior_Whip_of_the_Labour_Party" title="Senior Whip of the Labour Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Senior Whips</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Walker_(politician)" title="Andrew Walker (politician)">Andrew Walker</a> (1916–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McCombs" title="James McCombs">James McCombs</a> (1919–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Dan Sullivan (New Zealand politician)">Dan Sullivan</a> (1922–35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Jordan_(politician)" title="Bill Jordan (politician)">Bill Jordan</a> (1935–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McKeen" title="Robert McKeen">Robert McKeen</a> (1937–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Brien_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="James O'Brien (New Zealand politician)">James O'Brien</a> (1939–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Shapton_Richards" title="Arthur Shapton Richards">Arthur Shapton Richards</a> (1942–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Macfarlane_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Robert Macfarlane (New Zealand politician)">Robert Macfarlane</a> (1947–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Connolly" title="Phil Connolly">Phil Connolly</a> (1951–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cotterill" title="Joe Cotterill">Joe Cotterill</a> (1952–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_May_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Henry May (New Zealand politician)">Henry May</a> (1958–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Barclay" title="Ron Barclay">Ron Barclay</a> (1972–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Drayton" title="Roger Drayton">Roger Drayton</a> (1976–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Marshall" title="Russell Marshall">Russell Marshall</a> (1978–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hunt_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Jonathan Hunt (New Zealand politician)">Jonathan Hunt</a> (1980–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cullen_(politician)" title="Michael Cullen (politician)">Michael Cullen</a> (1984–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Austin" title="Margaret Austin">Margaret Austin</a> (1987–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Mallard" title="Trevor Mallard">Trevor Mallard</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hunt_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Jonathan Hunt (New Zealand politician)">Jonathan Hunt</a> (1990–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Burton_(politician)" title="Mark Burton (politician)">Mark Burton</a> (1996–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Barker" title="Rick Barker">Rick Barker</a> (1999–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Benson-Pope" title="David Benson-Pope">David Benson-Pope</a> (2002–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Pettis" title="Jill Pettis">Jill Pettis</a> (2004–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Barnett_(politician)" title="Tim Barnett (politician)">Tim Barnett</a> (2005–08)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Hughes" title="Darren Hughes">Darren Hughes</a> (2008–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Barker" title="Rick Barker">Rick Barker</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hipkins" title="Chris Hipkins">Chris Hipkins</a> (2011–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Moroney" title="Sue Moroney">Sue Moroney</a> (2013–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hipkins" title="Chris Hipkins">Chris Hipkins</a> (2014–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kris_Faafoi" title="Kris Faafoi">Kris Faafoi</a> (2016–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Dyson" title="Ruth Dyson">Ruth Dyson</a> (2017–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wood_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Michael Wood (New Zealand politician)">Michael Wood</a> (2019–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_McAnulty" title="Kieran McAnulty">Kieran McAnulty</a> (2020–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Webb" title="Duncan Webb">Duncan Webb</a> (2022–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangi_Utikere" title="Tangi Utikere">Tangi Utikere</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#D82A20; color:white;"><div id="Organisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organisation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">Current members <br />of parliament<small><br />Names without <br />electorates are <a href="/wiki/List_MP" title="List MP"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">list MPs</span></a></small><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_Labour_Party_MPs" title="List of New Zealand Labour Party MPs"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">List of former MPs</span></a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Leader:</b> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hipkins" title="Chris Hipkins">Chris Hipkins</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Remutaka_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Remutaka (New Zealand electorate)">Remutaka</a>)</span></li> <li><b>Deputy Leader:</b> <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Sepuloni" title="Carmel Sepuloni">Carmel Sepuloni</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kelston_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Kelston (New Zealand electorate)">Kelston</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginny_Andersen" title="Ginny Andersen">Ginny Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Belich" title="Camilla Belich">Camilla Belich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Bennett" title="Glen Bennett">Glen Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Boyack" title="Rachel Boyack">Rachel Boyack</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Nelson_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Nelson (New Zealand electorate)">Nelson</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Brooking" title="Rachel Brooking">Rachel Brooking</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Dunedin_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Dunedin (New Zealand electorate)">Dunedin</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Davidson" title="Reuben Davidson">Reuben Davidson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Christchurch_East" title="Christchurch East">Christchurch East</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Edmonds" title="Barbara Edmonds">Barbara Edmonds</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mana_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Mana (New Zealand electorate)">Mana</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanan_Halbert" title="Shanan Halbert">Shanan Halbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peeni_Henare" title="Peeni Henare">Peeni Henare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Jackson_(politician)" title="Willie Jackson (politician)">Willie Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Leary" title="Ingrid Leary">Ingrid Leary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Taieri_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Taieri (New Zealand electorate)">Taieri</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Luxton" title="Jo Luxton">Jo Luxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_McAnulty" title="Kieran McAnulty">Kieran McAnulty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracey_McLellan" title="Tracey McLellan">Tracey McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damien_O%27Connor" title="Damien O'Connor">Damien O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_O%27Connor_(politician)" title="Greg O'Connor (politician)">Greg O'Connor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ch%C4%81riu_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Ōhāriu (New Zealand electorate)">Ōhāriu</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Parker_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="David Parker (New Zealand politician)">David Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow-Jean_Prime" title="Willow-Jean Prime">Willow-Jean Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyanca_Radhakrishnan" title="Priyanca Radhakrishnan">Priyanca Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Rurawhe" title="Adrian Rurawhe">Adrian Rurawhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Russell" title="Deborah Russell">Deborah Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Salesa" title="Jenny Salesa">Jenny Salesa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Panmure-%C5%8Ct%C4%81huhu" title="Panmure-Ōtāhuhu">Panmure-Ōtāhuhu</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemauga_Lydia_Sosene" title="Lemauga Lydia Sosene">Lemauga Lydia Sosene</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ngere_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Māngere (New Zealand electorate)">Māngere</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushla_Tangaere-Manuel" title="Cushla Tangaere-Manuel">Cushla Tangaere-Manuel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Ikaroa-R%C4%81whiti" title="Ikaroa-Rāwhiti">Ikaroa-Rāwhiti</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinetti" title="Jan Tinetti">Jan Tinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Twyford" title="Phil Twyford">Phil Twyford</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Te_Atat%C5%AB_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Te Atatū (New Zealand electorate)">Te Atatū</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangi_Utikere" title="Tangi Utikere">Tangi Utikere</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Palmerston North (New Zealand electorate)">Palmerston North</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Verrall" title="Ayesha Verrall">Ayesha Verrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Webb" title="Duncan Webb">Duncan Webb</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Central" title="Christchurch Central">Christchurch Central</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_White_(politician)" title="Helen White (politician)">Helen White</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mount_Albert_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Mount Albert (New Zealand electorate)">Mount Albert</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Williams" title="Arena Williams">Arena Williams</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Manurewa_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Manurewa (New Zealand electorate)">Manurewa</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megan_Woods" title="Megan Woods">Megan Woods</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Wigram_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Wigram (New Zealand electorate)">Wigram</a>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">Related organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_Vision" title="City Vision">City Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_People%27s_Choice_(political_ticket)" title="The People's Choice (political ticket)">The People's Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princes_Street_Labour" title="Princes Street Labour">Princes Street Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Labour" title="Rainbow Labour">Rainbow Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VicLabour" title="VicLabour">VicLabour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Young_Labour" title="New Zealand Young Labour">Young Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#D82A20; color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">History and related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Labour_(New_Zealand)" title="Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)">Liberal–Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Unity_Conferences" title="Labour Unity Conferences">Labour Unity Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_affair" title="Lee affair">Lee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Budget_(New_Zealand)" title="Black Budget (New Zealand)">Black Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Affair" title="Mason Affair">Mason Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Time_(New_Zealand_campaign)" title="It's Time (New Zealand campaign)">It's Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Rowling" title="Citizens for Rowling">Citizens for Rowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyle_Affair" title="Moyle Affair">Moyle Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Chip_Brigade" title="Fish and Chip Brigade">Fish and Chip Brigade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_loan_affair" title="Māori loan affair">Māori loan affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backbone_club" title="Backbone club">Backbone club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closing_the_Gaps" title="Closing the Gaps">Closing the Gaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helengrad" title="Helengrad">Helengrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corngate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corngate">Corngate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_foreshore_and_seabed_controversy" title="New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy">Foreshore and seabed controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiwiSaver" title="KiwiSaver">KiwiSaver</a></li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">Labour governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="First Labour Government of New Zealand">First</a> (1935–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Second Labour Government of New Zealand">Second</a> (1957–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Third Labour Government of New Zealand">Third</a> (1972–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">Fourth</a> (1984–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand">Fifth</a> (1999–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand">Sixth</a> (2017–23)</li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">Shadow cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Norman_Kirk" title="Shadow Cabinet of Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Bill_Rowling" title="Shadow Cabinet of Bill Rowling">Rowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_David_Lange" title="Shadow Cabinet of David Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Mike_Moore" title="Shadow Cabinet of Mike Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Helen_Clark" title="Shadow Cabinet of Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Phil_Goff" title="Shadow Cabinet of Phil Goff">Goff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_David_Shearer" title="Shadow Cabinet of David Shearer">Shearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_David_Cunliffe" title="Shadow Cabinet of David Cunliffe">Cunliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Andrew_Little" title="Shadow Cabinet of Andrew Little">Little</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Jacinda_Ardern" title="Shadow Cabinet of Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Chris_Hipkins" title="Shadow Cabinet of Chris Hipkins">Hipkins</a></li></ul> <hr /> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D82A20; color:white;">Predecessor parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party" title="New Zealand Liberal Party">New Zealand Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Socialist_Party" title="New Zealand Socialist Party">New Zealand Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Political_Labour_League" title="Independent Political Labour League">Independent Political Labour League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party_(1910)" title="New Zealand Labour Party (1910)">New Zealand Labour Party (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Labour_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="United Labour Party (New Zealand)">United Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Social Democratic Party (New Zealand)">Social Democratic Party</a></li></ul> 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