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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rapid application development</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="تطوير تطبيقات سريع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تطوير تطبيقات سريع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Application_Development" title="Rapid Application Development – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rapid Application Development" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Application_Development" title="Rapid Application Development – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rapid Application Development" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Application_Development" title="Rapid Application Development – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rapid Application Development" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desarrollo_r%C3%A1pido_de_aplicaciones" title="Desarrollo rápido de aplicaciones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desarrollo rápido de aplicaciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Application_Development" title="Rapid Application Development – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rapid Application Development" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B9_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="توسعه سریع نرم‌افزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توسعه سریع نرم‌افزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9veloppement_rapide_d%27applications" title="Développement rapide d'applications – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Développement rapide d'applications" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%86%8D_%EC%9D%91%EC%9A%A9_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%A8_%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C" title="고속 응용 프로그램 개발 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고속 응용 프로그램 개발" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rapid application development" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rapid application development" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyors_alkalmaz%C3%A1sfejleszt%C3%A9s" title="Gyors alkalmazásfejlesztés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyors alkalmazásfejlesztés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rapid application development" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Application_Development" title="Rapid Application Development – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Rapid Application Development" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurtig_applikasjonsutvikling" title="Hurtig applikasjonsutvikling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hurtig applikasjonsutvikling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rapid application development" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenvolvimento_r%C3%A1pido_de_aplica%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Desenvolvimento rápido de aplicações – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desenvolvimento rápido de aplicações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="RAD (программирование) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="RAD (программирование)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nopean_kehityksen_malli" title="Nopean kehityksen malli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nopean kehityksen malli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Швидка розробка програмного забезпечення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Швидка розробка програмного забезпечення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="快速應用程式開發 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="快速應用程式開發" 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<div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"RAD tool" and "Rapid Application Development Tool" redirect here. For development focused on making graphical user interfaces, see <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">graphical user interface builder</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Core activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom_software_engineering" title="Cleanroom software engineering">Cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Methodologies</a> and frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_software_development" title="Adaptive software development">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">DSDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature-driven_development" title="Feature-driven development">FDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">IID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)#Large-scale_Scrum" title="Scrum (software development)">LeSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Model-driven development">MDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solutions_Framework" title="Microsoft Solutions Framework">MSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_software_process" title="Personal software process">PSP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Unified Process">RUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_agile_framework" title="Scaled agile framework">SAFe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMAT" title="SEMAT">SEMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_software_process" title="Team software process">TSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supporting disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_management#Computer_science" title="Deployment management"> Deployment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_test%E2%80%93driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Acceptance test–driven development">ATDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior-driven_development" title="Behavior-driven development">BDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming_practices#Collective_code_ownership" title="Extreme programming practices">CCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">CI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">DDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_programming" title="Pair programming">PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specification_by_example" title="Specification by example">SBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_meeting" title="Stand-up meeting">Stand-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">GUI designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">Build automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-release_automation" title="Application-release automation">Release automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_code" title="Infrastructure as code">Infrastructure as code</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards and bodies of knowledge</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9001">ISO 9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">SWEBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Requirements_Engineering_Board" title="International Requirements Engineering Board">IREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Outlines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_software_development" title="Outline of software development">Outline of software development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_development_process" title="Template:Software development process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_development_process" title="Template talk:Software development process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_development_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software development process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rapid application development</b> (<b>RAD</b>), also called <b>rapid application building</b> (<b>RAB</b>), is both a general term for adaptive <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> approaches, and the name for <a href="/wiki/James_Martin_(author)" title="James Martin (author)">James Martin</a>'s method of rapid development. In general, RAD approaches to software development put less emphasis on planning and more emphasis on an adaptive process. <a href="/wiki/Software_prototype" class="mw-redirect" title="Software prototype">Prototypes</a> are often used in addition to or sometimes even instead of design specifications. </p><p>RAD is especially well suited for (although not limited to) developing <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> that is driven by <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_requirements" title="Software requirements">requirements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">Graphical user interface builders</a> are often called rapid application development tools. Other approaches to rapid development include the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_software_development" title="Adaptive software development">adaptive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">spiral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">unified</a> models. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_application_development&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapid application development was a response to plan-driven <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall</a> processes, developed in the 1970s and 1980s, such as the <a href="/wiki/Structured_Systems_Analysis_and_Design_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method">Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method</a> (SSADM). One of the problems with these methods is that they were based on a traditional engineering model used to design and build things like bridges and buildings. Software is an inherently different kind of artifact. Software can radically change the entire process used to solve a problem. As a result, knowledge gained from the development process itself can feed back to the requirements and design of the solution.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plan-driven approaches attempt to rigidly define the requirements, the solution, and the plan to implement it, and have a process that discourages changes. RAD approaches, on the other hand, recognize that software development is a knowledge intensive process and provide flexible processes that help take advantage of knowledge gained during the project to improve or adapt the solution. </p><p>The first such RAD alternative was developed by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Boehm" title="Barry Boehm">Barry Boehm</a> and was known as the <a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">spiral model</a>. Boehm and other subsequent RAD approaches emphasized developing prototypes as well as or instead of rigorous design specifications. Prototypes had several advantages over traditional specifications: </p> <ul><li>Risk reduction. A prototype could test some of the most difficult potential parts of the system early on in the <a href="/wiki/Software_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Software lifecycle">life-cycle</a>. This can provide valuable information as to the feasibility of a design and can prevent the team from pursuing solutions that turn out to be too complex or time-consuming to implement. This benefit of finding problems earlier in the life-cycle rather than later was a key benefit of the RAD approach. The earlier a problem can be found the cheaper it is to address.</li> <li>Users are better at using and reacting than at creating specifications. In the waterfall model it was common for a user to sign off on a set of requirements but then when presented with an implemented system to suddenly realize that a given design lacked some critical features or was too complex. In general most users give much more useful feedback when they can experience a prototype of the running system rather than abstractly define what that system should be.</li> <li>Prototypes can be usable and can evolve into the completed product. One approach used in some RAD methods was to build the system as a series of prototypes that evolve from minimal functionality to moderately useful to the final completed system. The advantage of this besides the two advantages above was that the users could get useful business functionality much earlier in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-dimap.ufrn.br_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimap.ufrn.br-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Starting with the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Barry_Boehm" title="Barry Boehm">Barry Boehm</a> and others, <a href="/wiki/James_Martin_(author)" title="James Martin (author)">James Martin</a> developed the rapid application development approach during the 1980s at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and finally formalized it by publishing a book in 1991, <i>Rapid Application Development</i>. This has resulted in some confusion over the term RAD even among IT professionals. It is important to distinguish between RAD as a general alternative to the waterfall model and RAD as the specific method created by Martin. The Martin method was tailored toward knowledge intensive and UI intensive business systems. </p><p>These ideas were further developed and improved upon by RAD pioneers like James Kerr and Richard Hunter, who together wrote the seminal book on the subject, Inside RAD,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which followed the journey of a RAD project manager as he drove and refined the RAD Methodology in real-time on an actual RAD project. These practitioners, and those like them, helped RAD gain popularity as an alternative to traditional systems project life cycle approaches. </p><p>The RAD approach also matured during the period of peak interest in <a href="/wiki/Business_process_re-engineering" title="Business process re-engineering">business re-engineering</a>. The idea of business process re-engineering was to radically rethink core business processes such as sales and customer support with the new capabilities of Information Technology in mind. RAD was often an essential part of larger business re engineering programs. The rapid prototyping approach of RAD was a key tool to help users and analysts "think out of the box" about innovative ways that technology might radically reinvent a core business process.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of James Martin's comfort with RAD stemmed from <a href="/wiki/DuPont_(1802%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont (1802–2017)">Dupont</a>'s Information Engineering division and its leader Scott Schultz and their respective relationships with John Underwood who headed up a bespoke RAD development company that pioneered many successful RAD projects in Australia and Hong Kong. </p><p>Successful projects that included <a href="/wiki/ANZ_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZ Bank">ANZ Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lend_Lease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend Lease">Lend Lease</a>, <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> Amatil, <a href="/wiki/Alcan" title="Alcan">Alcan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Jockey_Club" title="Hong Kong Jockey Club">Hong Kong Jockey Club</a> and numerous others. </p><p>Success that led to both Scott Shultz and James Martin both spending time in Australia with John Underwood to understand the methods and details of why Australia was disproportionately successful in implementing significant mission critical RAD projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="James_Martin_approach">James Martin approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_application_development&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: James Martin approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RADModel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/RADModel.JPG/320px-RADModel.JPG" decoding="async" width="320" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/RADModel.JPG/480px-RADModel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/RADModel.JPG/640px-RADModel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Phases in the James Martin approach to RAD</figcaption></figure> <p>The James Martin approach to RAD divides the process into four distinct phases: </p> <ol><li><b>Requirements planning phase</b> – combines elements of the system planning and systems analysis phases of the <a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">systems development life cycle</a> (SDLC). Users, managers, and IT staff members discuss and agree on <a href="/wiki/Business_requirements" title="Business requirements">business needs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scope_(project_management)" title="Scope (project management)">project scope</a>, constraints, and system requirements. It ends when the team agrees on the key issues and obtains management authorization to continue.</li> <li><b>User design phase</b> – during this phase, users interact with <a href="/wiki/Systems_analyst" title="Systems analyst">systems analysts</a> and develop <a href="/wiki/Model" title="Model">models</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypes</a> that represent all system processes, <a href="/wiki/Input_(computer_science)" title="Input (computer science)">inputs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Output_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Output (computing)">outputs</a>. The RAD groups or subgroups typically use a combination of <a href="/wiki/Joint_application_design" title="Joint application design">joint application design</a> (JAD) techniques and <a href="/wiki/CASE_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="CASE tools">CASE tools</a> to translate user needs into working models. <i>User design</i> is a continuous interactive process that allows users to understand, modify, and eventually approve a working model of the system that meets their needs.</li> <li><b>Construction phase</b> – focuses on program and application development task similar to the SDLC. In RAD, however, users continue to participate and can still suggest changes or improvements as actual screens or reports are developed. Its tasks are programming and application development, <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">coding</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">unit-integration</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_testing" title="System testing">system testing</a>.</li> <li><b>Cutover phase</b> – resembles the final tasks in the SDLC implementation phase, including data conversion, testing, changeover to the new system, and user training. Compared with traditional methods, the entire process is compressed. As a result, the new system is built, delivered, and placed in operation much sooner.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_application_development&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern Information Technology environments, many systems are now built using some degree of Rapid Application Development<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (not necessarily the James Martin approach). In addition to Martin's method, <a href="/wiki/Agile_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Agile methods">agile methods</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rational_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Unified Process">Rational Unified Process</a> are often used for RAD development. </p><p>The purported advantages of RAD include: </p> <ul><li>Better quality. By having users interact with evolving prototypes the business functionality from a RAD project can often be much higher than that achieved via a waterfall model. The software can be more <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usable</a> and has a better chance to focus on business problems that are critical to end users rather than technical problems of interest to developers. However, this excludes other categories of what are usually known as <a href="/wiki/Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirements</a> (AKA constraints or quality attributes) including <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">portability</a>.</li> <li>Risk control. Although much of the literature on RAD focuses on speed and user involvement a critical feature of RAD done correctly is risk mitigation. It's worth remembering that Boehm initially characterized the spiral model as a risk based approach. A RAD approach can focus in early on the key risk factors and adjust to them based on empirical evidence collected in the early part of the process. E.g., the complexity of prototyping some of the most complex parts of the system.</li> <li>More projects completed on time and within budget. By focusing on the development of incremental units the chances for catastrophic failures that have dogged large waterfall projects is reduced. In the Waterfall model it was common to come to a realization after six months or more of analysis and development that required a radical rethinking of the entire system. With RAD this kind of information can be discovered and acted upon earlier in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-dimap.ufrn.br_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimap.ufrn.br-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_application_development&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The purported disadvantages of RAD include: </p> <ul><li>The risk of a new approach. For most IT shops RAD was a new approach that required experienced professionals to rethink the way they worked. Humans are virtually always averse to change and any project undertaken with new tools or methods will be more likely to fail the first time simply due to the requirement for the team to learn.</li> <li>Lack of emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirements</a>, which are often not visible to the end user in normal operation.</li> <li>Requires time of scarce resources. One thing virtually all approaches to RAD have in common is that there is much more interaction throughout the entire life-cycle between users and developers. In the waterfall model, users would define requirements and then mostly go away as developers created the system. In RAD users are involved from the beginning and through virtually the entire project. This requires that the business is willing to invest the time of application domain experts. The paradox is that the better the expert, the more they are familiar with their domain, the more they are required to actually run the business and it may be difficult to convince their supervisors to invest their time. Without such commitments RAD projects will not succeed.</li> <li>Less control. One of the advantages of RAD is that it provides a flexible adaptable process. The ideal is to be able to adapt quickly to both problems and opportunities. There is an inevitable trade-off between flexibility and control, more of one means less of the other. If a project (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Life-critical_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-critical system">life-critical software</a>) values control more than agility RAD is not appropriate.</li> <li>Poor design. The focus on prototypes can be taken too far in some cases resulting in a "hack and test" methodology where developers are constantly making minor changes to individual components and ignoring system architecture issues that could result in a better overall design. This can especially be an issue for methodologies such as Martin's that focus so heavily on the user interface of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-PratImp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PratImp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lack of scalability. RAD typically focuses on small to medium-sized project teams. The other issues cited above (less design and control) present special challenges when using a RAD approach for very large scale systems.<sup id="cite_ref-SpecsOnLine_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpecsOnLine-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RAD2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAD2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RAD3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAD3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_application_development&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Practical concepts to implement RAD: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">Graphical user interface builder</a>, where main software tools for RAD are represented</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_language" title="Fourth-generation programming language">Fourth-generation programming language</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/FileMaker" title="FileMaker">FileMaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Dimension_(software)" title="4th Dimension (software)">4th Dimension</a>, <a href="/wiki/DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_FoxPro" title="Visual FoxPro">Visual FoxPro</a></li></ul> <p>Other similar concepts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flow-based_programming" title="Flow-based programming">Flow-based programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">Platform as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-code_development_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-code development platforms">Low-code development platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-code_development_platform" title="No-code development platform">No-code development platform</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_application_development&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1986" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Fred (1986). Kugler, H.J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~sklar/teaching/s10/cis20.2/papers/brooks-no-silver-bullet.pdf"><i>No Silver Bullet Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Information Processing '86. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V (North-Holland). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-70077-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-70077-3"><bdi>0-444-70077-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Silver+Bullet+Essence+and+Accidents+of+Software+Engineering&rft.series=Information+Processing+%2786&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science+Publishers+B.V+%28North-Holland%29&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-444-70077-3&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2F~sklar%2Fteaching%2Fs10%2Fcis20.2%2Fpapers%2Fbrooks-no-silver-bullet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+application+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dimap.ufrn.br-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dimap.ufrn.br_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dimap.ufrn.br_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehm1988" class="citation journal cs1">Boehm, Barry (May 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329032706/http://www.dimap.ufrn.br/~jair/ES/artigos/SpiralModelBoehm.pdf">"A Spiral Model of Software Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Computer</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F2.59">10.1109/2.59</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1781829">1781829</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dimap.ufrn.br/~jair/ES/artigos/SpiralModelBoehm.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computer&rft.atitle=A+Spiral+Model+of+Software+Development&rft.date=1988-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F2.59&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1781829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dimap.ufrn.br%2F~jair%2FES%2Fartigos%2FSpiralModelBoehm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+application+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr, James M.; Hunter, Richard (1993). Inside RAD: How to Build a Fully Functional System in 90 Days or Less. McGraw-Hill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-034223-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-034223-7">0-07-034223-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Drucker, Peter (3 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postcapitalistso00druc"><i>Post-Capitalist Society</i></a>. Harper Collins e-books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887306204" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887306204"><bdi>978-0887306204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Capitalist+Society&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+e-books&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft.isbn=978-0887306204&rft.aulast=Drucker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpostcapitalistso00druc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+application+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1991" class="citation book cs1">Martin, James (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rapidapplication00mart"><i>Rapid Application Development</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-376775-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-376775-8"><bdi>0-02-376775-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapid+Application+Development&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-02-376775-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frapidapplication00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+application+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1991" class="citation book cs1">Martin, James (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rapidapplication00mart/page/81"><i>Rapid Application Development</i></a>. Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rapidapplication00mart/page/81">81–90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-376775-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-376775-8"><bdi>0-02-376775-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapid+Application+Development&rft.pages=81-90&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-02-376775-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frapidapplication00mart%2Fpage%2F81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+application+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gartner.com.br/tecnologias_empresariais/pdfs/brl37l_a3.pdf">"The Disintegration of AD: Putting it Back Together Again"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. gartner.com.br<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Disintegration+of+AD%3A+Putting+it+Back+Together+Again&rft.pub=gartner.com.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gartner.com.br%2Ftecnologias_empresariais%2Fpdfs%2Fbrl37l_a3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+application+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2000" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Kent (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extremeprogrammi00beck/page/3"><i>Extreme Programming Explained</i></a>. Addison Wesley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extremeprogrammi00beck/page/3">3–7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201616416" title="Special:BookSources/0201616416"><bdi>0201616416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extreme+Programming+Explained&rft.pages=3-7&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0201616416&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fextremeprogrammi00beck%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+application+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PratImp-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PratImp_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerberVan_Der_MerweAlberts2007" class="citation conference cs1">Gerber, Aurona; Van Der Merwe, Alta; Alberts, Ronell (16–18 November 2007). "Practical Implications of Rapid Development Methodologies". <i>Proceedings of the Computer Science and Information technology Education Conference, CSITEd-2007</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csited.org/">Computer Science and IT Education Conference</a>. Mauritius. pp. 233–245. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.100.645">10.1.1.100.645</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99903-87-47-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-99903-87-47-6"><bdi>978-99903-87-47-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Practical+Implications+of+Rapid+Development+Methodologies&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Computer+Science+and+Information+technology+Education+Conference%2C+CSITEd-2007&rft.place=Mauritius&rft.pages=233-245&rft.date=2007-11-16%2F2007-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.100.645%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.isbn=978-99903-87-47-6&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Aurona&rft.au=Van+Der+Merwe%2C+Alta&rft.au=Alberts%2C+Ronell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+application+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpecsOnLine-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SpecsOnLine_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Begel2007" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Begel, Nachiappan Nagappan (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/56015/AgileDevatMS-ESEM07.pdf">"Usage and Perceptions of Agile Software Development in an Industrial Context: An Exploratory Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>First International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM 2007)</i>. pp. 255–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fesem.2007.12">10.1109/esem.2007.12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-2886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-2886-1"><bdi>978-0-7695-2886-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1941370">1941370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Usage+and+Perceptions+of+Agile+Software+Development+in+an+Industrial+Context%3A+An+Exploratory+Study&rft.btitle=First+International+Symposium+on+Empirical+Software+Engineering+and+Measurement+%28ESEM+2007%29&rft.pages=255-264&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1941370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fesem.2007.12&rft.isbn=978-0-7695-2886-1&rft.aulast=Andrew+Begel&rft.aufirst=Nachiappan+Nagappan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2Fpubs%2F56015%2FAgileDevatMS-ESEM07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+application+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAD2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RAD2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaximilienWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Maximilien, E.M.; Williams, L. (2003). "Assessing test-driven development at IBM". <i>25th International Conference on Software Engineering, 2003. Proceedings</i>. pp. 564–569. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ficse.2003.1201238">10.1109/icse.2003.1201238</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7695-1877-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7695-1877-X"><bdi>0-7695-1877-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16919353">16919353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assessing+test-driven+development+at+IBM&rft.btitle=25th+International+Conference+on+Software+Engineering%2C+2003.+Proceedings&rft.pages=564-569&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16919353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Ficse.2003.1201238&rft.isbn=0-7695-1877-X&rft.aulast=Maximilien&rft.aufirst=E.M.&rft.au=Williams%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+application+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAD3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RAD3_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensRosenberg2003" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, Matt; Rosenberg, Doug (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extremeprogrammi00matt"><i>Extreme Programming Refactored: The Case Against XP</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4302-0810-5">10.1007/978-1-4302-0810-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-096-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-096-6"><bdi>978-1-59059-096-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29042153">29042153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extreme+Programming+Refactored%3A+The+Case+Against+XP&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29042153%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4302-0810-5&rft.isbn=978-1-59059-096-6&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fextremeprogrammi00matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+application+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapid_application_development&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_McConnell" title="Steve McConnell">Steve McConnell</a> (1996). <i>Rapid Development: Taming Wild Software Schedules</i>, Microsoft Press Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55615-900-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55615-900-8">978-1-55615-900-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerrHunter1993" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, James M.; Hunter, Richard (1993). <i>Inside RAD: How to Build a Fully Functional System in 90 Days or Less</i>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-034223-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-034223-7"><bdi>0-07-034223-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+RAD%3A+How+to+Build+a+Fully+Functional+System+in+90+Days+or+Less&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-07-034223-7&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapid+application+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ellen Gottesdiener (1995). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebgconsulting.com/Pubs/Articles/RAD_Realities_Beyond_the_Hype_Gottesdiener.pdf">RAD Realities: Beyond the Hype to How RAD Really Works</a>" Application Development Trends</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Schwaber" title="Ken Schwaber">Ken Schwaber</a> (1996). <i>Agile Project Management with Scrum</i>, Microsoft Press Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-1993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-1993-7">978-0-7356-1993-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_McConnell" title="Steve McConnell">Steve McConnell</a> (2003). <i>Professional Software Development: Shorter Schedules, Higher Quality Products, More Successful Projects, Enhanced Careers</i>, Addison-Wesley, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-19367-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-19367-4">978-0-321-19367-4</a></li> <li>Dean Leffingwell (2007). <i>Scaling Software Agility: Best Practices for Large Enterprises</i>, Addison-Wesley Professional, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-45819-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-45819-3">978-0-321-45819-3</a></li> <li>Scott Stiner (2016). Forbes List: "Rapid Application Development (RAD): A Smart, Quick And Valuable Process For Software Developers"</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Software compatibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" title="Category:Software engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a 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