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Thompson|the English barrister and High Court judge|John Thompson (judge)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2014}} {{Use Canadian English|date=September 2021}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = Sir John Thompson | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|KCMG|QC|size=100%}} | image = John Thompson.jpg | order1 = 4th [[Prime Minister of Canada]] | term_start1 = December 5, 1892 | term_end1 = December 12, 1894 | monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] | governor_general1 = [[Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby|The Lord Stanley of Preston]]<br />[[John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair|The Earl of Aberdeen]] | predecessor1 = [[John Abbott]] | successor1 = [[Mackenzie Bowell]] | order2 = 5th | office2 = Premier of Nova Scotia | term_start2 = May 25, 1882 | term_end2 = July 18, 1882 | predecessor2 = [[Simon Hugh Holmes]] | successor2 = [[William Thomas Pipes]] | monarch2 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] | lieutenant_governor2 = [[Adams George Archibald]] | office3 = [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly|MLA]] for [[Antigonish (provincial electoral district)|Antigonish County]] | term_start3 = December 4, 1877 | term_end3 = July 27, 1882 | predecessor3 = [[John J. McKinnon]] | successor3 = [[Charles B. Whidden]] | alongside3 = [[Daniel MacDonald (Nova Scotia politician)|Daniel MacDonald]], [[Angus McGillivray]] | riding4 = [[Antigonish (federal electoral district)|Antigonish]] | parliament4 = Canadian | predecessor4 = [[Angus McIsaac]] | successor4 = [[Colin Francis McIsaac]] | term_start4 = October 16, 1885 | term_end4 = December 12, 1894 | birth_date = {{birth date|1845|11|10}} | birth_place = [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], Nova Scotia | death_date = {{death date and age|1894|12|12|1845|11|10}} | death_cause = [[Heart attack]] | death_place = [[Windsor, Berkshire]], England | restingplace = [[Holy Cross Cemetery, Halifax]] | party = [[Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)|Conservative]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Annie Thompson|Annie Affleck]]|1870}} | children = 9 | signature = JSDTSignature.svg | caption = Thompson in 1891 }} '''Sir John Sparrow David Thompson''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|KCMG|QC}} (November 10, 1845 – December 12, 1894) was a Canadian lawyer, judge and politician who served as the fourth [[prime minister of Canada]] from 1892 until his death. He had previously been fifth [[premier of Nova Scotia]] for a brief period in 1882, and {{as of|2024|lc=on}}, is the only prime minister who was previously a provincial [[Premier (Canada)|premier]]. Thompson was born in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], Nova Scotia. He trained as a lawyer and was [[call to the bar|called to the bar]] in 1865. Thompson was elected to the [[Nova Scotia House of Assembly]] in 1877 as a representative of the [[Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)|Conservative Party]]. He became the provincial attorney general the following year, in [[Simon Hugh Holmes|Simon Holmes]]' government, replaced Holmes as premier in 1882. However, he served for only two months before losing the [[1882 Nova Scotia general election|1882 general election]] to the [[Nova Scotia Liberal Party|Liberal Party]]. After losing the premiership, he accepted an appointment to the [[Nova Scotia Supreme Court]]. In 1885, Thompson entered federal politics at the personal request of Prime Minister [[John A. Macdonald]], becoming [[Minister of Justice (Canada)|Minister of Justice]]. In that role he was the driving force behind the enactment of the [[Criminal Code (Canada)|''Criminal Code'']]. Thompson became prime minister in 1892, following the retirement of [[John Abbott]]. He was the first [[Roman Catholic]] to hold the position. On a trip to [[England]] in 1894, Thompson unexpectedly suffered a heart attack and died, aged 49. He is the second and most recent Canadian prime minister to have died in office, after John A. Macdonald. ==Early years== Born in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], Nova Scotia, to John Sparrow Thompson and Charlotte Pottinger, he was of [[Irish people|Irish]] descent. Some sources say he was born on November 10, 1845, though others say 1844. Thompson married [[Annie Affleck]] (1842–1913) in 1870. Annie Thompson was strong-willed and had the same kind of spirit that had driven [[Agnes Macdonald, 1st Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe|Agnes Macdonald]] (another prime minister's wife) to ride the cowcatcher of a [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] train through the [[British Columbia]] mountains. During their courtship, Thompson was forced to write love letters in shorthand because of his soon-to-be wife's disapproving parents. A daughter, Annie, died at 1, while youngest son David lived to be 2. Two other children died at birth, the Thompsons had five children survive childhood. ==Law, politics, and professorship== Thompson was called to the [[Nova Scotia]] Bar in July 1865, and from 1878 to 1882, he served as [[Attorney General]] in the provincial government of [[Simon H. Holmes]]. He briefly held the office of Nova Scotia premier in 1882, but his government was defeated in that year's election. Thompson was always a reluctant politician. After his resignation from government, Thompson was immediately appointed to the [[Nova Scotia Supreme Court]] by the Prime Minister Macdonald. In this role, he was instrumental in founding the [[Dalhousie Law School]] in 1883. He taught law courses at Dalhousie in its early years. ==Federal Minister of Justice== After several failed overtures, Macdonald finally recruited Thompson to [[Ottawa]] in 1885. Macdonald generally thought highly of Thompson, remarking, "My one great discovery was my discovery of Thompson". Macdonald poked some fun at his recruit as well: "Thompson is a little too fond of satire, and a little too much of a Nova Scotian."<ref>Hutchison</ref> However, his rise in government was probably because of the influence of [[Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair|Lady Aberdeen]], the wife of [[John Campbell Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair|Governor General Aberdeen]] and Macdonald's mentoring. She had great admiration for Thompson and wrote frequently about him in her "Canadian Journal".{{sfnp|Waite|1985|p=527}} Thompson was sworn in as [[Minister of Justice (Canada)|Minister of Justice]] in September 1885 and won a seat in Parliament in October, representing [[Antigonish]].{{sfnp|Chisholm|1911}} ===Louis Riel crisis=== When he returned to Ottawa, the [[Louis Riel]] crisis was in full swing. The question of what to do with Riel, who had been sentenced to hang for leading the 1885 [[North-West Rebellion]], was now the responsibility of Thompson. Although Thompson was ill with kidney stones at the time of Riel's execution, Thompson made his first major speech to Parliament during the subsequent debate by arguing that anyone who encouraged Canadians to act against the state could not escape justice. The speech was notable and helped to popularize Thompson, and he quickly rose to become a leading member of the [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative]] government.{{sfnp|Chisholm|1911}} His achievements as Minister of Justice included the first ''[[Criminal Code (Canada)|Criminal Code]]'', a consolidation and unification of the criminal law for [[Canada]].{{sfnp|Chisholm|1911}} ==Declines post of prime minister as a Roman Catholic== Thompson was the last minister to see Macdonald before his devastating stroke in May 1891. Following Macdonald's death a week later, there was a Cabinet crisis. The governor general, [[Lord Stanley of Preston]], asked Thompson to form a government, but Thompson declined because of religious prejudice against the [[Roman Catholicism]] to which he had converted at his marriage.<ref name="CanBio">{{cite DCB |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/thompson_john_sparrow_david_12E.html |title=Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David |first=P.B. |last=Waite |volume=12}}</ref> Thompson recommended [[John Abbott]], who ultimately accepted. After 1893 Prince Edward Island House of Assembly passage of the amalgamation "Bill respecting the Legislature," Thompson, still wary of a Protestant backlash, reported to the Canadian Governor General that almost every article of the Prince Edward Island "[[Amalgamation (politics)|amalgamation]]" statute, save for a punitive clause that violated with "little injury" the separation of powers between the Legislative Assembly and provincial court system, was "unobjectionable, and may be left to their operation." In a rejoinder to [[Neil McLeod (politician)|Neil McLeod]] (Leader of the Opposition in the provincial legislature), he concluded that there was as much probability of an amendment to increase the supermajority requirement to unanimity (for amending the bill) as there was probability that the entire "section itself may be repealed at any time by statute passed in the ordinary way." Then, in a demonstration that his tenure as Prime Minister would not result in a papal majority government, Thompson disregarded Conservative allegations of gerrymandering of French Acadian and otherwise Roman Catholic voters in Prince Edward Island. In 1894, Lord Stanley "approved" of this report months before Thompson's fatal heart attack.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hodgins |first1=W.E. |title=Correspondence and Reports of the Ministers of Justice and Orders In Council Upon the Subject of Dominion and Provincial Legislation, 1867-95 |date=1896 |publisher=Government Printing Bureau |location=Ottawa, Canada |pages=1226–27}}</ref> ==Prime Minister (1892–1894)== Thompson assumed the office of Prime Minister in 1892, a year later, when John Abbott retired. Thompson retained the post of Attorney General while he was prime minister.{{sfnp|Chisholm|1911}} He came very close to bringing [[Newfoundland]] into [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]], but was unsuccessful. His first major speech as Prime Minister was given in [[Toronto]] in January 1893 and covered the topics of tolerance and Canadian nationalism in conjunction with loyalty to the British crown. At the time, Thompson was concerned about the possibility of the annexation of Canada by the [[United States]], a goal that was being pursued within Canada by the [[Annexationist movements of Canada|Continental Union Association]], a group of Ontario and Quebec Liberals. Despite his concern, Thompson ultimately realized that the conspiracy to make Canada part of the United States was confined to a small and noisy minority within the opposition party. In March 1893, Thompson travelled to [[Paris]] as one of the judges on the tribunal to settle the [[Bering Sea Arbitration|dispute over the seal harvest in the Bering Sea]]. The tribunal ruled there was no justification for the American claim that the Bering Sea was closed to all but American seal hunters. Other matters of concern during Thompson's tenure as Prime Minister included the reduction of trade tariffs and questions over schooling in [[Manitoba]] and in the [[North West Territories]], where serious disputes existed over the role of [[Catholics]] and [[Protestants]] in administering the school system. The issue in the North West Territories would be resolved to Thompson's satisfaction but only after his death. ==Supreme Court appointments== While in office, Thompson chose the following jurists to sit as justices of the [[Supreme Court of Canada]]: * Sir [[Samuel Henry Strong]] (as Chief Justice, December 13, 1892 – November 18, 1902; appointed a [[Puisne Justice]] under Prime Minister [[Alexander Mackenzie (politician)|Mackenzie]], September 30, 1875) * [[Robert Sedgewick (jurist)|Robert Sedgewick]] – (February 18, 1893 – August 4, 1906) * [[George Edwin King]] – (September 21, 1893 – May 8, 1901) ==Death in office== [[File:John Thompson Grave, Holy Cross Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia.jpg|thumb|John Thompson Grave, [[Holy Cross Cemetery, Halifax|Holy Cross Cemetery]], [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]]]] Thompson had been [[Prime Minister of Canada]] for only two years when he died suddenly from a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] at the age of 49 on December 12, 1894. He was at England's [[Windsor Castle]], where [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] had just made him a member of her [[Imperial Privy Council|Privy Council]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26579 |date=December 14, 1894 |page=7347}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080607022457/http://leighrayment.com/pcouncil/pcouncil2.htm leighrayment.com]}}</ref> Thompson's physical condition had deteriorated during his time in Ottawa; he was significantly overweight when he died (standing {{convert|5|ft|7|in|m}}, he weighed about {{convert|225|lb|kg|lk=on}}), and had always pushed himself very hard in his work. Thompson was the second of two Canadian prime ministers to die in office (the first being John A. Macdonald), and the only one to die out of Canada. (Three retired prime ministers died out of Canada: [[Charles Tupper]], [[Richard Bedford Bennett]], and [[Brian Mulroney]]). He also lived the shortest lifespan that any Canadian Prime Minister has lived in history. After an elaborate funeral was staged for him in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] by [[Queen Victoria]], Thompson's remains were transported back to Canada aboard the armoured cruiser {{HMS|Blenheim|1890|6}}, which was painted black for the occasion. He was buried on January 3, 1895, in the [[Holy Cross Cemetery, Halifax|Holy Cross Cemetery]] in Halifax, Nova Scotia.<ref name="CanBio"/><ref name="Parks_Grave">{{cite web |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/culture/clmhc-hsmbc/sep-gra/thompson |website=Former Prime Ministers and Their Grave Sites |title=The Honourable Sir John David Sparrow Thompson |date=April 1, 2017|publisher=Parks Canada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211222252/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/culture/clmhc-hsmbc/sep-gra/thompson |archive-date=December 11, 2017}}</ref> Despite having held prime ministerial office, Thompson had little estate, so Parliament set up a fund to support his widow and children. The Canadian politician [[Margaret Mitchell (Canadian politician)|Margaret Mitchell]], who died March 8, 2017,<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.ndp.ca/news/ndp-statement-loss-margaret-mitchell |title=NDP statement on the loss of Margaret Mitchell |date=March 9, 2017}}</ref> is considered the last of Thompson's descendants. ==Family== [[File:Annie E Thompson by William James Topley.jpg|thumb|left|Annie E Thompson by [[William James Topley]]]] Thompson, then a young [[barrister]], married in 1870 Annie E. Affleck, daughter of John Affleck, of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and his wife, Catherine Saunders. Annie was born and educated in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The couple had nine children, only five of whom survived early childhood. After she was widowed December 12, 1894, a fund of $30,000 was raised for Lady Thompson, headed by [[Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal|Lord Strathcona]] with a subscription of $5,000; the Parliament of Canada contributed $25,000. The [[Governor-General]], the [[John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair|Earl of Aberdeen]] undertook the education of the sons. Lady Thompson cofounded, with the Countess of Aberdeen, the National Council of Women, and served as one of its presidents. She served as a governor of the [[Victorian Order of Nurses]]. As a widow, she lived at Derwent Lodge, 631 Sherbourne Street in Toronto.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Morgan |editor-first=Henry James |editor-link=Henry James Morgan |title=Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada |location=Toronto |publisher=Williams Briggs |date=1903 |url=https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft/page/331 331]}}</ref> ==Legacy== Thompson was designated a [[Persons of National Historic Significance|Person of National Historic Significance]] in 1937.<ref>{{DFHD|1103|Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David National Historic Person}}</ref> His collected papers were donated in 1949 to the [[National Archives of Canada]] by his son, Colonel John Thompson.{{sfnp|Waite|1985|pp=vii–ix}} A ranking of the Canadian Prime Ministers was published by [[J.L. Granatstein]] and [[Norman Hillmer]] in 1997. A survey of 26 Canadian historians determined that Thompson was ranked #10 of the 20 people who had at that time served as Canadian PM.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Granastein |first1=J.L |last2=Hillmer |first2=Norman |title=Historians Rank the Best and Worst Canadian Prime Ministers |magazine=[[Maclean's]] |date=April 21, 1997 |url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1997/4/21/historians-rank-the-best-and-worst-canadian-prime-ministers |access-date=September 11, 2019 |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802173133/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1997/4/21/historians-rank-the-best-and-worst-canadian-prime-ministers |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was identified as "The great "might-have-been" of Canadian Prime Ministers...", whose potentially promising career was cut short by his early death.<ref>Granatstein and Hillmer, p.42.</ref> A follow-up article co-authored by Hillmer in 2011 broadened the survey to include survey responses of over 100 historians; in this survey, Thompson was ranked 14th out the 22 who had by then served as PM.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canada's Best Prime Ministers |first1=Norman |last1=Hillmer |first2=Stephen |last2=Azzi |work=[[Maclean's]] |date=June 10, 2011 |url=https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/canadas-best-prime-ministers/}}</ref> The high school in the Canadian sitcom [[Life with Derek]], SJST, is named after Thompson.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bitesizecanada.org/wp/index.php/prime-ministers/sir-john-s-d-thompson/|title=Sir John S. D. Thompson|date=2016-08-30|work=BiteSizeCanada|access-date=2018-11-12|language=en-US}}</ref> Sir John Thompson Catholic Junior High School in Edmonton is named for him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecsd.net/schools/8207/Pages/default.aspx|title=Edmonton Catholic Schools|website=www.ecsd.net|access-date=July 27, 2019}}</ref> Thompson appears as a prominent character in [[Paul Marlowe]]'s novel ''Knights of the Sea'' (set in 1887 when Thompson was Minister of Justice). Since 1996, Sir John Thompson's former home in Ottawa at 237 Metcalfe Street has served as the national office of the Canadian Soccer Association.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Us |website=Canada Soccer |access-date=September 11, 2019 |url=https://www.canadasoccer.com/forms/csa_contact-f170 |archive-date=July 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730151815/https://www.canadasoccer.com/forms/csa_contact-f170 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nova Scotian artist [[William Valentine (painter)|William Valentine]] painted Thompson's portrait. {{clear left}} ==See also== {{Portal|Canada|Politics}} * [[List of prime ministers of Canada]] * [[List of books about prime ministers of Canada]] * [[Provincial premiers who have become Canadian MPs]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Thompson, Sir John Sparrow|volume=26|page=870}} * {{cite book|last=Waite|first=P.B.|author-link=Peter Busby Waite|title=The Man from Halifax: Sir John Thompson, Prime Minister|url=https://archive.org/details/manfromhalifaxsi0000wait|url-access=registration|year=1985|publisher=University of Toronto Press}} * J. P. Heisler, 1955, ''Sir John Thompson'', thesis, University of Toronto. * J. Castell Hopkins, 1895, ''Life and Work of the Rt. Hon. Sir John Thompson'', Toronto: United Publishing Houses. * {{cite DNB|wstitle=Thompson, John Sparrow David|volume=56|first=Charles Alexander |last=Harris|pages=217-218}} * {{cite ODNB|first=P.B.|last= Waite|title=Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David (1845–1894)|id=27272}} ===Attribution=== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Thompson, Sir John Sparrow|volume=26|page=870|ref=none}} ==External links== {{wikiquote}} {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Canadian Parliament links|ID=1860}} *[http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=104457&lang=eng Sir John Thompson fonds] at [[Library and Archives Canada]] *[http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?accessnumber=VIEW-7613&Lang=1&imageID=164491 Photograph: Funeral cortege of Sir John D. Thompson, 1895] – McCord Museum {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Alexander Campbell (Canadian politician)|Alexander Campbell]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Justice (Canada)|Minister of Justice and Attorney-General]]|years=1885–1894}} {{s-aft|after=[[Charles Hibbert Tupper|Charles H. Tupper]]}} {{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[John Joseph Caldwell Abbott|John Abbott]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Canada]]|years=1892–1894}} {{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Mackenzie Bowell]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Leader of the Conservative Party]]|years=1892–1894}} {{s-par|ca}} {{s-bef|before=[[Angus McIsaac]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Antigonish (federal electoral district)|Antigonish]]|years=1885–1894}} {{s-aft|after=[[Colin Francis McIsaac]]}} {{s-end}} {{canPM}} {{NSPremiers}} {{CA-Ministers of Justice and Attorneys General}} {{Canadian Conservative Leaders}} {{Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, John Sparrow David}} [[Category:1845 births]] [[Category:1894 deaths]] [[Category:Canadian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Category:Canadian King's Counsel]] [[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Methodism]] [[Category:Academic staff of Dalhousie University]] [[Category:Lawyers in Nova Scotia]] [[Category:Leaders of the Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)]] [[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia]] [[Category:Canadian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada]] [[Category:Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs]] [[Category:People from Halifax, Nova Scotia]] [[Category:Pre-Confederation Nova Scotia people]] [[Category:Attorneys general of Nova Scotia]] [[Category:Premiers of Nova Scotia]] [[Category:Prime ministers of Canada]] [[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]] [[Category:Nova Scotia political party leaders]] [[Category:19th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada]] [[Category:19th-century members of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div 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