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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Konsep_dasar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsep_dasar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Konsep dasar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Konsep_dasar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Konsep dasar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Konsep_dasar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pengeluaran_dan_pendapatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengeluaran_dan_pendapatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pengeluaran dan pendapatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengeluaran_dan_pendapatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengangguran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengangguran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pengangguran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengangguran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflasi_dan_deflasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflasi_dan_deflasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Inflasi dan deflasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflasi_dan_deflasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_ekonomi_makro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_ekonomi_makro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Model ekonomi makro</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Model_ekonomi_makro-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Model ekonomi makro</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Model_ekonomi_makro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Permintaan_agregat-Penawaran_agregat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permintaan_agregat-Penawaran_agregat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Permintaan agregat-Penawaran agregat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permintaan_agregat-Penawaran_agregat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IS-LM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IS-LM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>IS-LM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IS-LM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pendekatan_analitik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendekatan_analitik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pendekatan analitik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendekatan_analitik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permasalahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permasalahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Permasalahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permasalahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_Juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_Juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lihat Juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_Juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Referensi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Catatan kaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ekonomi makro</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 98 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makro-ekonomie" title="Makro-ekonomie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Makro-ekonomie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A" title="اقتصاد كلي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاد كلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%89" title="الاقتصاد الكلى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاقتصاد الكلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সমষ্টিবাদী অৰ্থনীতি – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সমষ্টিবাদী অৰ্থনীতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconom%C3%ADa" title="Macroeconomía – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Macroeconomía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroiqtisadiyyat" title="Makroiqtisadiyyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Makroiqtisadiyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بؤیوک ایقتیصاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بؤیوک ایقتیصاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Макроиҡтисад – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Макроиҡтисад" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макраэканоміка – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Макраэканоміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макраэканоміка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Макраэканоміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макроикономика – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Макроикономика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="मैक्रो इकोनॉमिक्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मैक्रो इकोनॉमिक्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সামষ্টিক অর্থনীতি – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামষ্টিক অর্থনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆེ་མཐོང་དཔལ་འབྱོར། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆེ་མཐོང་དཔལ་འབྱོར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomija" title="Makroekonomija – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Makroekonomija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomia" title="Macroeconomia – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Macroeconomia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomiks" title="Makroekonomiks – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Makroekonomiks" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%84" title="ئابوورناسیی زل – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئابوورناسیی زل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomie" title="Makroekonomie – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Makroekonomie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макроэкономика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Макроэкономика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makro%C3%B8konomi" title="Makroøkonomi – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Makroøkonomi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makro%C3%B6konomie" title="Makroökonomie – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Makroökonomie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomiye" title="Makroekonomiye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Makroekonomiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μακροοικονομία – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μακροοικονομία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Macroeconomics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomiko" title="Makroekonomiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Makroekonomiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconom%C3%ADa" title="Macroeconomía – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Macroeconomía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makro%C3%B6konoomika" title="Makroökonoomika – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Makroökonoomika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomia" title="Makroekonomia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Makroekonomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اقتصاد کلان – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد کلان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makrotaloustiede" title="Makrotaloustiede – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Makrotaloustiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro%C3%A9conomie" title="Macroéconomie – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Macroéconomie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconom%C3%ADa" title="Macroeconomía – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Macroeconomía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAng-th%C3%AD_K%C3%AEn-chi-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Chúng-thí Kîn-chi-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chúng-thí Kîn-chi-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95-%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מקרו-כלכלה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקרו-כלכלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समष्टि अर्थशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समष्टि अर्थशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomija" title="Makroekonomija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Makroekonomija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makro%C3%B6kon%C3%B3mia" title="Makroökonómia – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Makroökonómia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մակրոէկոնոմիկա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մակրոէկոնոմիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomiko" title="Makroekonomiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Makroekonomiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0hagfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Þjóðhagfræði – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðhagfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomia" title="Macroeconomia – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macroeconomia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="マクロ経済学 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マクロ経済学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მაკროეკონომიკა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაკროეკონომიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макроэкономика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Макроэкономика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85" title="ម៉ាក្រូសេដ្ឋកិច្ច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ាក្រូសេដ្ឋកិច្ច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಬೃಹದರ್ಥಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೃಹದರ್ಥಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EC%8B%9C%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="거시경제학 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거시경제학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макроэкономика – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Макроэкономика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrooeconomia" title="Macrooeconomia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Macrooeconomia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81" title="ເສດຖະສາດມະຫາພາກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເສດຖະສາດມະຫາພາກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomika" title="Makroekonomika – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Makroekonomika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomika" title="Makroekonomika – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Makroekonomika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Макроекономија – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Макроекономија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഥൂലസാമ്പത്തികശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഥൂലസാമ്പത്തികശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Макро эдийн засаг – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Макро эдийн засаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomi" title="Makroekonomi – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Makroekonomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="မေခရိုဘောဂဗေဒ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မေခရိုဘောဂဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="म्याक्रोइकोनोमिक्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="म्याक्रोइकोनोमिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-economie" title="Macro-economie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Macro-economie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makro%C3%B8konomi" title="Makroøkonomi – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Makroøkonomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makro%C3%B8konomi" title="Makroøkonomi – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Makroøkonomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomia" title="Macroeconomia – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Macroeconomia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Макроэкономикæ – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Макроэкономикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਮੱਸ਼ਟੀ ਅਰਥਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮੱਸ਼ਟੀ ਅਰਥਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomia" title="Makroekonomia – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Makroekonomia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="لوی اقتصاد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوی اقتصاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomia" title="Macroeconomia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Macroeconomia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomie" title="Macroeconomie – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Macroeconomie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макроэкономика – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макроэкономика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="स्थूल अर्थशास्त्र – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्थूल अर्थशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макроэкономика – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Макроэкономика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomija" title="Makroekonomija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Makroekonomija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සාර්ව ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාර්ව ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Macroeconomics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekon%C3%B3mia" title="Makroekonómia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Makroekonómia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomija" title="Makroekonomija – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Makroekonomija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomia" title="Makroekonomia – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Makroekonomia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Макроекономија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Макроекономија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89konomi_makro" title="Ékonomi makro – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ékonomi makro" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomi" title="Makroekonomi – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Makroekonomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பருப்பொருளியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பருப்பொருளியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="స్థూల ఆర్థిక శాస్త్రము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్థూల ఆర్థిక శాస్త్రము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Иқтисоди калон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иқтисоди калон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="เศรษฐศาสตร์มหภาค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เศรษฐศาสตร์มหภาค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomiya" title="Makroekonomiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Makroekonomiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikroekonomiks" title="Maikroekonomiks – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Maikroekonomiks" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomi" title="Makroekonomi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Makroekonomi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макроэкономика – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Макроэкономика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Макроекономіка – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Макроекономіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کلیاتی معاشیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلیاتی معاشیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroiqtisodiyot" title="Makroiqtisodiyot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Makroiqtisodiyot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_h%E1%BB%8Dc_v%C4%A9_m%C3%B4" title="Kinh tế học vĩ mô – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh tế học vĩ mô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makroekonomika" title="Makroekonomika – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Makroekonomika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="宏观经济学 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宏观经济学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="宏观经济学 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宏观经济学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3ng-th%C3%A9-keng-ch%C3%A8-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Chóng-thé-keng-chè-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chóng-thé-keng-chè-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%80%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="宏觀經濟學 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="宏觀經濟學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39680#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Circulation_in_macroeconomics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Circulation_in_macroeconomics.svg/325px-Circulation_in_macroeconomics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Circulation_in_macroeconomics.svg/488px-Circulation_in_macroeconomics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Circulation_in_macroeconomics.svg/650px-Circulation_in_macroeconomics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Sirkulasi Ekonomi Makro</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ekonomi makro</b> atau <b>makroekonomi</b> adalah studi tentang ekonomi secara keseluruhan.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Makroekonomi menjelaskan perubahan ekonomi yang mempengaruhi banyak masyarakat, perusahaan, dan pasar. Ekonomi makro dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis cara terbaik untuk memengaruhi target-target kebijaksanaan seperti <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_ekonomi" title="Pertumbuhan ekonomi">pertumbuhan ekonomi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stabilitas_harga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stabilitas harga (halaman belum tersedia)">stabilitas harga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_kerja" title="Tenaga kerja">tenaga kerja</a> dan pencapaian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keseimbangan_neraca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keseimbangan neraca (halaman belum tersedia)">keseimbangan neraca</a> yang berkesinambungan. </p><p>Meskipun ekonomi makro merupakan bidang pembelajaran yang luas. Ada dua area penelitian yang menjadi ciri khas disiplin ini: kegiatan untuk mempelajari sebab dan akibat dari fluktuasi penerimaan negara jangka pendek (<a href="/wiki/Siklus_bisnis" title="Siklus bisnis">siklus bisnis</a>), dan kegiatan untuk mempelajari faktor penentu dari <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_ekonomi" title="Pertumbuhan ekonomi">pertumbuhan ekonomi</a> jangka panjang (peningkatan pendapatan nasional). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_makroekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model makroekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Model makroekonomi</a> yang ada dan prediksi-prediksi yang ada jamak digunakan oleh pemerintah dan korporasi besar untuk membantu pengembangan dan evaluasi <a href="/wiki/Kebijakan_ekonomi" title="Kebijakan ekonomi">kebijakan ekonomi</a> dan strategi bisnis. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konsep_dasar">Konsep dasar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Konsep dasar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Konsep dasar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Makroekonomi meliputi berbagai konsep dan variabel, tetapi selalu ada tiga topik utama untuk penelitian makroekonomi.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teori-teori mengenai makroekonomi biasanya terhubung dengan fenomena keluaran, <a href="/wiki/Pengangguran" title="Pengangguran">pengangguran</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi">inflasi</a>. Di luar teori makroekonomi, topik-topik tersebut juga sangatlah penting untuk semua agen ekonomi termasuk pekerja, konsumen dan produsen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengeluaran_dan_pendapatan">Pengeluaran dan pendapatan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Pengeluaran dan pendapatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengeluaran dan pendapatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Keluaran_(ekonomi)" title="Keluaran (ekonomi)">Keluaran</a> nasional ialah total nilai seluruh produksi negara pada masa yang sudah ditentukan. Semua yang diproduksi dan dijual menghasilkan pendapatan. Maka dari itu, keluaran dan pendapatan biasanya dianggap setara dan dua istilah tersebut sering digunakan berganti-gantian. Keluaran bisa diukur sebagai jumlah pendapatan, atau, bisa dilihat dari sisi produksi dan diukur sebagai jumlah nilai <a href="/wiki/Barang_jadi" title="Barang jadi">barang jadi</a> dan jasa atau bisa juga dari penjumlahan seluruh <a href="/wiki/Nilai_tambah" title="Nilai tambah">nilai tambah</a> di dalam negeri.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keluaran ekonomi makro biasanya diukur dengan <a href="/wiki/Produk_Domestik_Bruto" class="mw-redirect" title="Produk Domestik Bruto">Produk Domestik Bruto</a> (PDB) atau salah satu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akun_nasional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akun nasional (halaman belum tersedia)">akun nasional</a>. Ekonom yang tertarik dengan kenaikan keluaran jangka panjang akan mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_ekonomi" title="Pertumbuhan ekonomi">pertumbuhan ekonomi</a>. Kemajuan teknologi, akumulasi mesin dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modal_(eknomi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modal (eknomi) (halaman belum tersedia)">modal</a> lainnya, serta pendidikan yang lebih baik dan <a href="/wiki/Modal_manusia" title="Modal manusia">modal manusia</a> semuanya akan berujung pada keluaran ekonomi lebih besar di selama berjalannya waktu. Tetapi, keluaran tidak selalu naik secara konsisten. <a href="/wiki/Siklus_bisnis" title="Siklus bisnis">Siklus bisnis</a> bisa menyebabkan penurunan keluaran jangka pendek yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Resesi" title="Resesi">resesi</a>. Ekonom mencari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebijakan_ekonomi_makro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebijakan ekonomi makro (halaman belum tersedia)">kebijakan ekonomi makro</a> yang bisa mencegah ekonomi anjlok ke jurang resesi dan akhirnya bisa memacu pertumbuhan jangka panjang dengan lebih cepat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengangguran">Pengangguran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Pengangguran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengangguran"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Pengangguran" title="Pengangguran">Pengangguran</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Okuns_law_differences_1948_to_mid_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Okuns_law_differences_1948_to_mid_2011.png/295px-Okuns_law_differences_1948_to_mid_2011.png" decoding="async" width="295" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Okuns_law_differences_1948_to_mid_2011.png/443px-Okuns_law_differences_1948_to_mid_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Okuns_law_differences_1948_to_mid_2011.png/590px-Okuns_law_differences_1948_to_mid_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah diagram menggunakan data dari AS menunjukkan hubungan antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pengangguran yang diekspresikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_Okun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum Okun (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum Okun</a>. Hubungan ini mendemostrasikan pengangguran siklikal. Pertumbuhan ekonomi berujung pada rasio pengangguran yang lebih rendah.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jumlah pengangguran di sebuah ekonomi diukur dengan angka pengangguran, yaitu persentase pekerja-pekerja tanpa pekerjaan yang ada di dalam <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_kerja" title="Angkatan kerja">angkatan kerja</a>. <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_kerja" title="Angkatan kerja">Angkatan kerja</a> hanya memasukan pekerja yang aktif mencari kerja. Orang-orang pensiunan, mengejar pendidikan atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekerja_tak_didukung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekerja tak didukung (halaman belum tersedia)">yang tidak mendapat dukungan mencari kerja</a> karena ketiadaan prospek kerja, tidaklah termasuk di dalam angkatan kerja. </p><p>Pengangguran sendiri bisa dibagi menjadi beberapa tipe yang semuanya berkaitan dengan sebab-sebab yang berbeda pula. Pengangguran klasikal terjadi ketika gaji karyawan terlalu tinggi sehingga pengusaha tidak berani memperkerjakan karyawan lebih dari yang sudah ada. Gaji bisa menjadi terlalu tinggi karena peraturan upah minimum atau adanya aktivitas serikat pekerja. Sama halnya dengan pengangguran klasikal, pengangguran friksional terjadi apabila ada lowongan pekerjaan untuk pekerja tetapi waktu untuk mencarinya menyebabkan adanya periode di mana si pekerja tersebut menjadi pengangguran.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pengangguran_struktural" title="Pengangguran struktural">Pengangguran struktural</a> meliputi beberapa jenis penyebab pengangguran termasuk ketidakcocokan antara kemampuan pekerja dan kemampuan yang dicari oleh pekerjaan yang ada.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengangguran besar-besaran bisa terjadi ketika sebuah ekonomi mengalami masa transisi industri dan kemampuan para pekerja menjadi tak terpakai. Pengangguran struktural itu juga cukup mirip dengan pengangguran friksional karena dua-duanya berkutat pada permasalahan ketidakcocokan kemampuan pekerja dengan lowongan pekerjaan, tetapi pengangguran struktural berbeda karena meliputi juga kebutuhan untuk menambah kemampuan diri, tidak hanya proses pencarian jangka pendek.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walaupun ada beberapa jenis pengangguran yang selalu ada saja mau bagaimanapun kedaaan ekonomi pada saat itu, pengangguran siklikan terjadi ketika pertumbuhan ekonomi menjadi stagnan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_Okun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum Okun (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum Okun</a> menunjukan hubungan empiris antara pengangguran dan pertumbuhan ekonomi.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Versi asli dari Hukum Okun menyatakan bahwa 3% kenaikan keluaran ekonomi akan mengakibatkan 1% penurunan angka pengangguran.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflasi_dan_deflasi">Inflasi dan deflasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Inflasi dan deflasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Inflasi dan deflasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:M2andInflation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/M2andInflation.png/220px-M2andInflation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/M2andInflation.png/330px-M2andInflation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/M2andInflation.png/440px-M2andInflation.png 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption><i>moving-average</i> periodik selama sepuluh tahun tentang perubahan tingkat harga dan pertumbuhan penawaran uang (menggunakan ukuran M2, penawaran dari kurs keras dan uang dipegang untuk sebagian besar jenis rekening bank) di Amerika dari tahun 1875 ke 2011. Dari sisi jangka panjang, kedua seri ini menunjukkan hubungan yang erat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kenaikan harga umum disebuah ekonomi disebut dengan <a href="/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi">inflasi</a>. Ketika harga menurun, maka terjadi <a href="/wiki/Deflasi" title="Deflasi">deflasi</a>. Ekonom mengukur perubahan harga ini menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Indeks_harga" title="Indeks harga">indeks harga</a>. Inflasi bisa terjadi ketika suhu ekonomi menjadi terlalu panas dan tumbuh terlalu cepat. Mirip dengan ini, ekonomi yang merosot bisa mengakibatkan deflasi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bank_Sentral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank Sentral">Bank Sentral</a> yang mengatur ketersediaan uang suatu negara, selalu mencoba menghindari adanya perubahan tingkat harga menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Kebijakan_moneter" title="Kebijakan moneter">kebijakan moneter</a>. Dengan menaikan tingkat <a href="/wiki/Suku_bunga" title="Suku bunga">suku bunga</a> atau menurunkan ketersediaan uang di dalam sebuah ekonomi akan menurunkan inflasi. Inflasi bisa mengakibatkan bertambahnya ketidakpastian dan konsekuensi negatif lainnya. Deflasi bisa menurunkan keluaran ekonomi. Bank sentral akan mengusahakan stabilnya harga untuk melindungi ekonomi dari akibat negatif atas fluktuasi harga. </p><p>Perubahan di tingkat harga bisa disebabkan oleh berbagai macam faktor. <a href="/wiki/Teori_kuantitas_uang" title="Teori kuantitas uang">Teori kuantitas uang</a> menyatakan bahwa pergerakan tingkat harga itu berhubungan langsung dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penawaran_uang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penawaran uang (halaman belum tersedia)">penawaran uang</a>. Fluktuasi jangka pendek bisa juga berhubungan dengan faktor moneter, tetapi perubahan pada permintaan agregat dan penawaran agregat bisa juga mempengaruhi tingkat harga. Contohnya, penurunan di permintaan karena adanya resesi bisa mengakibatkan indeks harga yang rendah dan deflasi. Syok penawaran negatif, seperti krisis minyak, akan menurunkan penawaran agregat dan menyebabkan inflasi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model_ekonomi_makro">Model ekonomi makro</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Model ekonomi makro" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Model ekonomi makro"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permintaan_agregat-Penawaran_agregat">Permintaan agregat-Penawaran agregat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Permintaan agregat-Penawaran agregat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Permintaan agregat-Penawaran agregat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_AD-AS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model AD-AS (halaman belum tersedia)">Model AD-AS</a> telah menjadi model panduan standar untuk menjelaskan ekonomi makro.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey200212_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey200212-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Model ini menunjukkan indeks harga dan indeks keluaran aktual di titik temu pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permintaan_agregat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permintaan agregat (halaman belum tersedia)">permintaan agregat</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penawaran_agregat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penawaran agregat (halaman belum tersedia)">penawaran agregat</a>. Kurva permintaan agregat yang melandai ke bawah menandakan bahwa banyak keluaran yang diminta pada tingkat harga yang lebih rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey200213_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey200213-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kurva melandai ke bawah ialah hasil yang terjadi karena tiga efek: <a href="/wiki/Efek_Pigou" title="Efek Pigou">Efek Pigou</a>, yang menyatakan bahwa ketika harga asli jatuh, kemakmuran asli naik, sehingga mengakibatkan naiknya permintaan barang oleh konsumen; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efek_Keynes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efek Keynes (halaman belum tersedia)">Efek Keynes</a>, yang menyatakan bahwa ketika harga turun maka permintaan uang akan turun dan akan mengakibatkan turunnya suku bunga, pinjaman investasi dan konsumsi akan naik; dan efek ekspor bersih, yang menyatakan bahwa ketika harga naik, barang domestik menjadi lebih mahal apabila dilihat dari sisi komparatif dengan konsumen asing dan akibat dari itu, ekspor menurun. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey200213_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey200213-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IS-LM">IS-LM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: IS-LM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: IS-LM"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Model <a href="/w/index.php?title=IS-LM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IS-LM (halaman belum tersedia)">IS-LM</a> memunculkan titik ekuilibrium tentang suku bunga dan pengeluaran diberikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Ekuilibrium" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ekuilibrium">ekulibrium</a> di dalam pasar barang dan uang. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurlaufHester2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurlaufHester2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasar_barang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasar barang (halaman belum tersedia)">Pasar barang</a> diwakilkan oleh ekuilibrium antara investasi dan tabungan (IS), dan pasar uang diwakilkan oleh penawaran uang dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preferensi_likuiditas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preferensi likuiditas (halaman belum tersedia)">preferensi likuiditas</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeston2002386-387_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeston2002386-387-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurva IS termasuk oleh titik-titik di mana investasi, berdasarkan suku bunga, setara dengan tabungan, berdasarkan keluaran. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeston2002387_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeston2002387-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kurva IS melandai ke bawah karena keluaran dan suku bunga memiliki hubungan berbanding terbalik di pasar barang: Apabila keluaran meningkat maka akan lebih banyak uang yang ditabung, yang artinya suku bunga haruslah diturunkan untuk mendorong investasi yang cukup sehingga sepantaran dengan tabungan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeston2002387_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeston2002387-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurva LM melandai ke atas karena suku bunga dan keluaran memiliki relasi positif di pasar uang. Dengan meningkatknya keluaran, permintaan untuk uang akan naik, dan suku bunga akan turut naik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeston2002387-388_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeston2002387-388-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Islm.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Islm.svg/220px-Islm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Islm.svg/330px-Islm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Islm.svg/440px-Islm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Dalam contoh grafik IS/LM ini, kurva IS bergerak ke kanan, menyebabkan suku bunga meningkat (i) dan ekspansi dari ekonomi "asli" (GDP asli, atau Y).</figcaption></figure> <p>Model IS/LM sering kali digunakan untuk mendemonstrasikan efek dari kebijakan moneter dan fiskal. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurlaufHester2008_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurlaufHester2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Buku teks sering kali menggunakan model IS/LM, tetapi model ini tidak menunjukkan kompleksitas dari model-model ekonomi-makro modern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurlaufHester2008_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurlaufHester2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun begitu, model-model modern ini masih tetap memiliki relasi yang mirip dengan IS/LM.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurlaufHester2008_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurlaufHester2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pendekatan_analitik">Pendekatan analitik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Pendekatan analitik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pendekatan analitik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pembedaan tradisional adalah antara dua pendekatan berbeda ke ekonomi: ekonomi Keynesian, memusatkan pada permintaan; dan ekonomi sisi-penyediaan (atau <a href="/wiki/Mazhab_ekonomi_neo-klasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazhab ekonomi neo-klasik">neo-klasik</a>) yang memusatkan pada persediaan. Keduanya tidak bisa berjalan sendiri, namun ini hanya permasalahan penekanan. <span> </span></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Permasalahan">Permasalahan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Permasalahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Permasalahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="line-height:140%; font-size: 95%; margin: 0.3em 0 0.6em 0.6em; border: 1px solid #BEBEBE; background-color:#f9f9f9; clear:right; float:right;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 75%; background:#ccccdd; border-bottom: 1px solid #BEBEBE; padding: 5px 5px 3px 5px;" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; background:#FFFFFF;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg/200px-GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg/300px-GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg/400px-GDP_PPP_Per_Capita_IMF_2008.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a></span><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="NavFrame" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; border-bottom: 0px;"><div class="NavHead" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; background:#FFFFFF; text-align: left; font-size: 11px; height:1.9em;">  <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_bangsa_dan_negara_saat_ini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi bangsa dan negara saat ini (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekonomi menurut kawasan</a></b> </div><div class="NavContent" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; background-color:transparent; font-size: 90%; text-align: center; display:none; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Afrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Afrika (halaman belum tersedia)">Afrika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Amerika_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Amerika Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Amerika</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Amerika_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Amerika Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Amerika Selatan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Asia (halaman belum tersedia)">Asia</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Eropa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Oseania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Oseania (halaman belum tersedia)">Oseania</a><br /> </p> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddddee; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; border-bottom: 1px solid #BEBEBE; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_Besar_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis Besar ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Kategori umum</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"><center> <p><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_mikro" title="Ekonomi mikro">Ekonomi mikro</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ekonomi makro</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_pemikiran_ekonomi" title="Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi">Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Metodologi_ekonomi" title="Metodologi ekonomi">Metodologi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_heterodoks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi heterodoks (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendekatan heterodoks</a> </p> </center></td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddddee; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; border-bottom: 1px solid #BEBEBE; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kode_klasifikasi_menurut_Journal_of_Economic_Literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kode klasifikasi menurut Journal of Economic Literature (halaman belum tersedia)">Bidang dan subbidang</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"> <center> <p><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_perilaku" title="Ekonomi perilaku">Perilaku</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Budaya_ekonomi" title="Budaya ekonomi">Budaya</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Evolusi</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_ekonomi" title="Pertumbuhan ekonomi">Pertumbuhan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengembangan_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengembangan ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengembangan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_ekonomi" title="Sejarah ekonomi">Sejarah</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Internasional" title="Ekonomi Internasional">Internasional</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sistem_ekonomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem ekonomi">Sistem ekonomi</a> <br /> <a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Ekonomi lingkungan">Lingkungan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_ekologis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekonomi ekologis">Ekologis</a> <br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografi_Ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geografi Ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Geografi Ekonomi</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_perkotaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi perkotaan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kota</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_pedesaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi pedesaan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pedesaan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_kawasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu kawasan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kawasan</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peta_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peta ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Peta ekonomi</a> </p> </center></td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddddee; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; border-bottom: 1px solid #BEBEBE; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=JEL_classification_codes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JEL classification codes (halaman belum tersedia)">Teknik</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"> <center> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_matematika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi matematika (halaman belum tersedia)">Matematika</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ekonometrika" title="Ekonometrika">Ekonometrika</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_eksperimental" title="Ekonomi eksperimental">Eksperimental</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neraca_nasional" title="Neraca nasional">Neraca nasional</a> </p> </center></td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ddddee; font-size: 95%; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; border-bottom: 1px solid #BEBEBE; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;" align="center"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Daftar_Ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Daftar Ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;" align="center"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_jurnal_ilmiah_dalam_ilmu_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar jurnal ilmiah dalam ilmu ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Jurnal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_publikasi_penting_dalam_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar publikasi penting dalam ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Publikasi</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ekonomi" title="Kategori:Ekonomi">Kategori</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_topik_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar topik ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Topik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Daftar_ekonom" title="Daftar ekonom">Ekonom</a> <br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="NavFrame" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; border-bottom: 0px;"><div class="NavHead" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; background:#ddddee; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; text-align: center; font-size: 11px; height:1.9em;"><b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideologi_ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideologi ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Ideologi ekonomi</a></b>  </div><div class="NavContent" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; background-color:transparent; font-size: 90%; text-align: center; display:none; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE;"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Anarkis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Anarkis (halaman belum tersedia)">Anarkisme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme">Kapitalisme</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme">Komunisme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Korporatisme" title="Korporatisme">Korporatisme</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_fasisme" title="Ekonomi fasisme">Fasisme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Georgisme" title="Georgisme">Georgisme</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_ekonomi_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum ekonomi Islam (halaman belum tersedia)">Islam</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalisasi_Ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalisasi Ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Globalisasi Ekonomi</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasar_sosialisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasar sosialisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Pasar sosialisme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Merkantilisme" title="Merkantilisme">Merkantilisme</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteksionis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteksionis (halaman belum tersedia)">Proteksionis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_sosialis" title="Ekonomi sosialis">Sosialisme</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sindikalisme" title="Sindikalisme">Sindikalisme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalan_Ketiga_(sentrisme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalan Ketiga (sentrisme) (halaman belum tersedia)">Jalan Ketiga</a> <br /> </p> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="NavHead" style="border-style: none; padding: 0px; background:#ddddee; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; text-align: center; font-size: 11px; height:1.9em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Perekonomian" class="mw-redirect" title="Perekonomian">Perekonomian: Konsep dan Sejarah</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ccccdd; line-height:120%; font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px solid #BEBEBE; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/15px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/23px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/30px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bisnis_dan_ekonomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Bisnis dan ekonomi">Portal Bisnis dan ekonomi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccccdd; line-height:110%; font-size: 80%; padding: 0 3px 0 3px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>Kotak ini: </span><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Ekonomi" title="Templat:Ekonomi"><span title="Lihat templat ini">lihat</span></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Ekonomi" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Ekonomi"><span title="Diskusikan templat ini">bicara</span></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Ekonomi&action=edit"><span title="Sunting templat ini">sunting</span></a></li></ul></div> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ekonomi makro membahas <a href="/wiki/Masalah" title="Masalah">permasalahan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">ekonomi</a> berikut:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemiskinanan_dan_pemerataan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemiskinanan dan pemerataan (halaman belum tersedia)">kemiskinanan dan pemerataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depresiasi" title="Depresiasi">depresiasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisis_nilai_tukar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisis nilai tukar (halaman belum tersedia)">krisis nilai tukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutang_luar_negeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutang luar negeri">hutang luar negeri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbankan,_kredit_macet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbankan, kredit macet (halaman belum tersedia)">perbankan, kredit macet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi">inflasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertumbuhan_ekonomi" title="Pertumbuhan ekonomi">pertumbuhan ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengangguran" title="Pengangguran">pengangguran</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_Juga">Lihat Juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat Juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat Juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26593761">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AP_Macroeconomics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AP Macroeconomics (halaman belum tersedia)">AP Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_stochastic_general_equilibrium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (halaman belum tersedia)">Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic development (halaman belum tersedia)">Economic development</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan kaki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan kaki"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Muchtolifah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.upnjatim.ac.id/3029/1/BUKU_makro_ekonomi.pdf"><i>Ekonomi Makro</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Unesa University Press. hlm. 3. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-979-028-241-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-979-028-241-4">978-979-028-241-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ekonomi+Makro&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Unesa+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-979-028-241-4&rft.au=Muchtolifah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.upnjatim.ac.id%2F3029%2F1%2FBUKU_makro_ekonomi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+makro" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanchard (2011), 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanchard (2011), 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwivedi, 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000311">http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000311</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwivedi, 444–445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwivedi, 445–446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neely, Christopher J. "Okun's Law: Output and Unemployment. <i>Economic Synopses</i>. Number 4. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/es/10/ES1004.pdf">http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/es/10/ES1004.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey200212-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey200212_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHealey2002">Healey 2002</a>, hlm. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey200213-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey200213_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey200213_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHealey2002">Healey 2002</a>, hlm. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurlaufHester2008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurlaufHester2008_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurlaufHester2008_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurlaufHester2008_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurlaufHester2008_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurlaufHester2008">Durlauf & Hester 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeston2002386-387-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeston2002386-387_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeston2002">Peston 2002</a>, hlm. 386-387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeston2002387-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeston2002387_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeston2002387_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeston2002">Peston 2002</a>, hlm. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeston2002387-388-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeston2002387-388_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeston2002">Peston 2002</a>, hlm. 387-388.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_makro&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard2000" class="citation">Blanchard, Olivier (2000), <i>Macroeconomics</i>, <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-13-013306-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-13-013306-X">0-13-013306-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macroeconomics&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-13-013306-X&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+makro" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard2011" class="citation book">Blanchard, Olivier (2011). <i>Macroeconomics Updated</i> (edisi ke-5th). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-13-215986-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-13-215986-9">978-0-13-215986-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macroeconomics+Updated&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-13-215986-9&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+makro" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Blaug, Mark (1986), <i>Great Economists before Keynes</i>, Brighton: Wheatsheaf.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBlaug2002" class="citation book">Blaug, Mark (2002). "Endogenous growth theory". Dalam Snowdon, Brian; Vane, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00bria"><i>An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics</i></a>. Northhampton, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84542-180-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84542-180-9">978-1-84542-180-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Endogenous+growth+theory&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Macroeconomics&rft.place=Northhampton%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-180-9&rft.aulast=Blaug&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofma00bria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+makro" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBoettke2001" class="citation">Boettke, Peter (2001), <i>Calculation and Coordination: Essays on Socialism and Transitional Political Economy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-415-77109-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-415-77109-9">0-415-77109-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calculation+and+Coordination%3A+Essays+on+Socialism+and+Transitional+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-77109-9&rft.aulast=Boettke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+makro" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li>Bouman, John: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inflateyourmind.com/">Principles of Macroeconomics – free fully comprehensive Principles of Microeconomics and Macroeconomics texts</a>. Columbia, Maryland, 2011</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Dimand, Robert W. (2008). Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E., ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000370">"Macroeconomics, origins and history of"</a>. <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230226203.1009">10.1057/9780230226203.1009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Macroeconomics%2C+origins+and+history+of&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230226203.1009&rft.aulast=Dimand&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionaryofeconomics.com%2Farticle%3Fid%3Dpde2008_M000370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+makro" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDurlaufHester2008" class="citation book">Durlauf, Steven N.; Hester, Donald D. (2008). "IS–LM". Dalam Durlauf, Lawrence E.; Blume. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000303"><i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i></a> (edisi ke-Second). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230226203.0855">10.1057/9780230226203.0855</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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November, 1979.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHealey2002" class="citation book">Healey, Nigel M. (2002). "AD-AS model". Dalam Snowdon, Brian; Vane, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamacr00snow_395"><i>An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics</i></a>. Northhampton, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamacr00snow_395/page/n31">11</a>–18. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84542-180-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84542-180-9">978-1-84542-180-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AD-AS+model&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Macroeconomics&rft.place=Northhampton%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=11-18&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-180-9&rft.aulast=Healey&rft.aufirst=Nigel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediamacr00snow_395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+makro" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHeijdra2002" class="citation">Heijdra, B. 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"Monetary polic: role of". Dalam Snowdon, Brian; Vane, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamacr00snow_395"><i>An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics</i></a>. 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(2004), <i>The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets</i>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Addison-Wesley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addison-Wesley (halaman belum tersedia)">Addison-Wesley</a>, hlm. 517</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Money%2C+Banking%2C+and+Financial+Markets&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=517&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Mishkin&rft.aufirst=Frederic+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+makro" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPeston2002" class="citation book">Peston, Maurice (2002). "IS-LM model: closed economy". Dalam Snowdon, Brian; Vane, Howard R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00bria"><i>An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics</i></a>. Edward Elgar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IS-LM+model%3A+closed+economy&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Macroeconomics&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Peston&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofma00bria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+makro" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSolow2002" class="citation book">Solow, Robert (2002). "Neoclassical growth model". Dalam Snowdon, Brian; Vane, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00bria"><i>An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics</i></a>. Northhampton, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84542-180-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84542-180-9">978-1-84542-180-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neoclassical+growth+model&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Macroeconomics&rft.place=Northhampton%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-180-9&rft.aulast=Solow&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofma00bria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+makro" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Snowdon, Brian, and Howard R. Vane, ed. (2002). <i>An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/bookentry_mainUS.lasso?id=2106">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722004651/http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/bookentry_mainUS.lasso?id=2106">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-07-22 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. & scroll to Contents-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OJM2mqWI-cYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">links.</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSnowdon2005" class="citation">Snowdon, Brian (2005), <i>Modern Macroeconomics: Its Origins, Development And Current State</i>, Edward Elgar Publishing, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-84376-394-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-84376-394-X">1-84376-394-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Macroeconomics%3A+Its+Origins%2C+Development+And+Current+State&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84376-394-X&rft.aulast=Snowdon&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+makro" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGärtner2006" class="citation">Gärtner, Manfred (2006), <i>Macroeconomics</i>, Pearson Education Limited, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-273-70460-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-273-70460-7">978-0-273-70460-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macroeconomics&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-273-70460-7&rft.aulast=G%C3%A4rtner&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+makro" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWarsh2006" class="citation">Warsh, David (2006), <i>Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations</i>, Norton, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-393-05996-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-393-05996-0">978-0-393-05996-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+and+the+Wealth+of+Nations&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05996-0&rft.aulast=Warsh&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkonomi+makro" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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