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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stereoscopic displays</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stereoscopic_displays-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stereoscopic displays subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stereoscopic_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Side-by-side_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side-by-side_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Side-by-side images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side-by-side_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stereoscope_and_stereographic_cards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereoscope_and_stereographic_cards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Stereoscope and stereographic cards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereoscope_and_stereographic_cards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transparency_viewers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparency_viewers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Transparency viewers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparency_viewers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head-mounted_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head-mounted_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Head-mounted displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head-mounted_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head-mounted_projection_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head-mounted_projection_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Head-mounted projection displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head-mounted_projection_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D_glasses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D_glasses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>3D glasses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D_glasses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Active_shutter_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_shutter_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Active shutter systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_shutter_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anaglyph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anaglyph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Anaglyph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anaglyph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polarization_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polarization_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Polarization systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polarization_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interference_filter_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interference_filter_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Interference filter technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interference_filter_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autostereoscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autostereoscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Autostereoscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autostereoscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volumetric_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volumetric_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Volumetric display</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volumetric_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_field_/_holographic_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_field_/_holographic_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Light field / holographic display</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Light_field_/_holographic_display-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Light field / holographic display subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Light_field_/_holographic_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holographic_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holographic_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Holographic displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holographic_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integral_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integral_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Integral imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integral_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compressive_light_field_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressive_light_field_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Compressive light field displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressive_light_field_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantalla_3D" title="Pantalla 3D – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pantalla 3D" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_displej" title="3D displej – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="3D displej" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereodisplay" title="Stereodisplay – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stereodisplay" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Display device</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more information on 3D television, see <a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldier_Using_Virtual_Reality_Headset_MOD_45158483.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Soldier_Using_Virtual_Reality_Headset_MOD_45158483.jpg/220px-Soldier_Using_Virtual_Reality_Headset_MOD_45158483.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Soldier_Using_Virtual_Reality_Headset_MOD_45158483.jpg/330px-Soldier_Using_Virtual_Reality_Headset_MOD_45158483.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Soldier_Using_Virtual_Reality_Headset_MOD_45158483.jpg/440px-Soldier_Using_Virtual_Reality_Headset_MOD_45158483.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1945" /></a><figcaption>A person wearing a virtual reality headset, a type of near-eye 3D display</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>3D display</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">display device</a> capable of conveying <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth</a> to the viewer. Many 3D displays are <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoscopic">stereoscopic</a> displays, which produce a basic 3D effect by means of <a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">stereopsis</a>, but can cause eye strain and visual fatigue. Newer 3D displays such as <a href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">holographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_field_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Light field display">light field displays</a> produce a more realistic 3D effect by combining stereopsis and accurate <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> for the displayed content. Newer 3D displays in this manner cause less visual fatigue than classical stereoscopic displays. </p><p>As of 2021, the most common type of 3D display is a <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic display</a>, which is the type of display used in almost all <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> equipment. 3D displays can be near-eye displays like in VR headsets, or they can be in a device further away from the eyes like a 3D-enabled mobile device or <a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D movie theater</a>. </p><p>The term “3D display” can also be used to refer to a volumetric display which may generate content that can be viewed from all angles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first 3D display was created by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Wheatstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Wheatstone">Sir Charles Wheatstone</a> in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a stereoscopic display that had rudimentary ability for representing depth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stereoscopic_displays">Stereoscopic displays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stereoscopic displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></div> <p>Stereoscopic displays are commonly referred to as “stereo displays,” “stereo 3D displays,” “stereoscopic 3D displays,” or sometimes erroneously as just “3D displays.” </p><p>The basic technique of <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic</a> displays is to present offset images that are displayed separately to the left and right eye. Both of these 2D offset images are then combined in the brain to give the <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">perception</a> of 3D depth. Although the term "3D" is ubiquitously used, the presentation of dual 2D images is distinctly different from displaying a <a href="/wiki/Light_field" title="Light field">light field</a>, and is also different from displaying an image in <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three-dimensional space</a>. </p><p>The most notable difference to displays that can show full 3D is that the observer's head movements and change in <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">accommodation of the eyes</a> will not change the visuals seen by the viewer. For example, some <a href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">holographic displays</a> do not have such limitations. </p><p>It is an overstatement of capability to refer to dual 2D images as being "3D". The accurate term "stereoscopic" is more cumbersome than the common misnomer "3D", which has been entrenched after many decades of unquestioned misuse. 3D displays are often referred to as also stereoscopic displays because they meet the lower criteria of being stereoscopic as well. </p><p>Based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">stereopsis</a>, described by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Wheatstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Wheatstone">Sir Charles Wheatstone</a> in the 1830s, stereoscopic technology provides a different image to the viewer's left and right eyes. The following are some of the technical details and methodologies employed in some of the more notable stereoscopic systems that have been developed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side-by-side_images">Side-by-side images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Side-by-side images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg/220px-Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg/330px-Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg/440px-Early_bird_stereograph2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption><i>"The early bird catches the worm"</i> stereograph published in 1900 by North-Western View Co. of <a href="/wiki/Baraboo,_Wisconsin" title="Baraboo, Wisconsin">Baraboo, Wisconsin</a>, digitally restored</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional stereoscopic photography consists of creating a 3D illusion starting from a pair of 2D images, a <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereogram</a>. The easiest way to enhance <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth perception</a> in the brain is to provide the eyes of the viewer with two different images, representing two <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(visual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (visual)">perspectives</a> of the same object, with a minor deviation exactly equal to the perspectives that both eyes naturally receive in <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a>. </p><p>If eyestrain and distortion are to be avoided, each of the two 2D images preferably should be presented to each eye of the viewer so that any object at infinite distance seen by the viewer should be perceived by that eye while it is oriented straight ahead, the viewer's eyes being neither crossed nor diverging. When the picture contains no object at infinite distance, such as a horizon or a cloud, the pictures should be spaced correspondingly closer together. </p><p>The side-by-side method is extremely simple to create, but it can be difficult or uncomfortable to view without optical aids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stereoscope_and_stereographic_cards">Stereoscope and stereographic cards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stereoscope and stereographic cards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">Stereoscope</a></div> <p>A stereoscope is a device for viewing stereographic cards, which are cards that contain two separate images that are printed side by side to create the illusion of a three-dimensional image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transparency_viewers">Transparency viewers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transparency viewers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slide_viewer#Stereo_slide_viewer" title="Slide viewer">Slide viewer § Stereo slide viewer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View-Master_Model_E.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/View-Master_Model_E.JPG/220px-View-Master_Model_E.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/View-Master_Model_E.JPG/330px-View-Master_Model_E.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/View-Master_Model_E.JPG/440px-View-Master_Model_E.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="1403" /></a><figcaption>A View-Master Model E of the 1950s</figcaption></figure> <p>Pairs of stereo views printed on a transparent base are viewed by transmitted light. One advantage of transparency viewing is the opportunity for a wider, more realistic <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range#Photography" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> than is practical with prints on an opaque base; another is that a wider <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> may be presented since the images, being illuminated from the rear, may be placed much closer to the lenses. </p><p>The practice of viewing film-based stereoscopic transparencies dates to at least as early as 1931, when <a href="/wiki/Tru-Vue" title="Tru-Vue">Tru-Vue</a> began to market sets of stereo views on strips of <a href="/wiki/35mm_format" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm format">35 mm film</a> that were fed through a hand-held <a href="/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">Bakelite</a> viewer. In 1939, a modified and miniaturized variation of this technology, employing cardboard disks containing seven pairs of small <a href="/wiki/Kodachrome" title="Kodachrome">Kodachrome</a> color film transparencies, was introduced as the <a href="/wiki/View-Master" title="View-Master">View-Master</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Head-mounted_displays">Head-mounted displays</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Head-mounted displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></div> <p>The user typically wears a helmet or glasses with two small <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic light-emitting diode">OLED</a> displays with magnifying lenses, one for each eye. The technology can be used to show stereo films, images or games. Head-mounted displays may also be coupled with head-tracking devices, allowing the user to "look around" the virtual world by moving their head, eliminating the need for a separate controller. </p><p>Owing to rapid advancements in computer graphics and the continuing miniaturization of video and other equipment these devices are beginning to become available at more reasonable cost. Head-mounted or wearable glasses may be used to view a see-through image imposed upon the real world view, creating what is called <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a>. This is done by reflecting the video images through partially reflective mirrors. The real world can be seen through the partial mirror. </p><p>A recent development in holographic-waveguide or "waveguide-based optics" allows a stereoscopic images to be superimposed on real world without the uses of bulky reflective mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Head-mounted_projection_displays">Head-mounted projection displays</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Head-mounted projection displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Head-mounted projection displays (HMPD) is similar to head-mounted displays but with images projected to and displayed on a <a href="/wiki/Retroreflective_sheeting" title="Retroreflective sheeting">retroreflective screen</a>, The advantage of this technology over head-mounted display is that the <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">focusing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vergence" title="Vergence">vergence</a> issues didn't require fixing with corrective eye lenses. For image generation, <a href="/wiki/Pico_projector" class="mw-redirect" title="Pico projector">Pico-projectors</a> are used instead of <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic light-emitting diode">OLED</a> screens.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D_glasses">3D glasses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 3D glasses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Active_shutter_systems">Active shutter systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Active shutter systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system" title="Active shutter 3D system">Active shutter 3D system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg/220px-Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg/330px-Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg/440px-Xpand_LCD_shutter_glasses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>A pair of LCD shutter glasses used to view XpanD 3D films. The thick frames conceal the electronics and batteries.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the eclipse method, a shutter blocks light from each appropriate eye when the converse eye's image is projected on the screen. The display alternates between left and right images, and opens and closes the shutters in the glasses or viewer in synchronization with the images on the screen. This was the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Teleview" title="Teleview">Teleview</a> system which was used briefly in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-Amazing15-16_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amazing15-16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3dmovingpictures.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3dmovingpictures.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variation on the eclipse method is used in <a href="/wiki/LCD_shutter_glasses" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD shutter glasses">LCD shutter glasses</a>. Glasses containing <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystal</a> that will let light through in synchronization with the images on the cinema, television or computer screen, using the concept of <a href="/wiki/Alternate-frame_sequencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate-frame sequencing">alternate-frame sequencing</a>. This is the method used by nVidia, <a href="/wiki/XpanD_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="XpanD 3D">XpanD 3D</a>, and earlier <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> systems. A drawback of this method is the need for each person viewing to wear expensive, electronic glasses that must be synchronized with the display system using a wireless signal or attached wire. The shutter-glasses are heavier than most polarized glasses, though lighter models are no heavier than some sunglasses or deluxe polarized glasses.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However these systems do not require a silver screen for projected images. </p><p>Liquid crystal light valves work by rotating light between two polarizing filters. Due to these internal polarizers, LCD shutter-glasses darken the display image of any LCD, plasma, or projector image source, which has the result that images appear dimmer and contrast is lower than for normal non-3D viewing. This is not necessarily a usage problem; for some types of displays which are already very bright with poor grayish <a href="/wiki/Black_level" title="Black level">black levels</a>, LCD shutter glasses may actually improve the image quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anaglyph">Anaglyph</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anaglyph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">Anaglyph 3D</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anaglyph_glasses.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Anaglyph_glasses.png/220px-Anaglyph_glasses.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Anaglyph_glasses.png/330px-Anaglyph_glasses.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Anaglyph_glasses.png/440px-Anaglyph_glasses.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The archetypal 3D glasses, with modern red and cyan color filters, similar to the red/green and red/blue lenses used to view early anaglyph films</figcaption></figure> <p>In an anaglyph, the two images are <a href="/wiki/Superimposed" class="mw-redirect" title="Superimposed">superimposed</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive light</a> setting through two filters, one red and one cyan. In a <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive light</a> setting, the two images are printed in the same <a href="/wiki/Complementary_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary color">complementary colors</a> on white paper. Glasses with colored filters in each eye separate the appropriate image by canceling the filter color out and rendering the complementary color black. A compensating technique, commonly known as Anachrome, uses a slightly more transparent cyan filter in the patented glasses associated with the technique. Process reconfigures the typical anaglyph image to have less <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a>. </p><p>An alternative to the usual red and cyan filter system of anaglyph is <a href="/wiki/ColorCode_3-D" title="ColorCode 3-D">ColorCode 3-D</a>, a patented anaglyph system which was invented in order to present an anaglyph image in conjunction with the NTSC television standard, in which the red channel is often compromised. ColorCode uses the complementary colors of yellow and dark blue on-screen, and the colors of the glasses' lenses are amber and dark blue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polarization_systems">Polarization systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Polarization systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:REALD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/REALD.JPG/220px-REALD.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/REALD.JPG/330px-REALD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/REALD.JPG/440px-REALD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Resembling sunglasses, RealD circular polarized glasses are now the standard for theatrical releases and theme park attractions.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polarized_3D_system" title="Polarized 3D system">Polarized 3D system</a></div> <p>To present a stereoscopic picture, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through different <a href="/wiki/Polarizing_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarizing filter">polarizing filters</a>. The viewer wears eyeglasses which also contain a pair of polarizing filters oriented differently (clockwise/counterclockwise with circular polarization or at 90 degree angles, usually 45 and 135 degrees,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with linear polarization). As each filter passes only that light which is similarly polarized and blocks the light polarized differently, each eye sees a different image. This is used to produce a three-dimensional effect by projecting the same scene into both eyes, but depicted from slightly different perspectives. Additionally, since both lenses have the same color, people with one dominant eye, where one eye is used more, are able to see the colors properly, previously negated by the separation of the two colors. </p><p>Circular polarization has an advantage over linear polarization, in that the viewer does not need to have their head upright and aligned with the screen for the polarization to work properly. With linear polarization, turning the glasses sideways causes the filters to go out of alignment with the screen filters causing the image to fade and for each eye to see the opposite frame more easily. For circular polarization, the polarizing effect works regardless of how the viewer's head is aligned with the screen such as tilted sideways, or even upside down. The left eye will still only see the image intended for it, and vice versa, without fading or crosstalk. </p><p>Polarized light reflected from an ordinary motion picture screen typically loses most of its polarization. So an expensive <a href="/wiki/Silver_screen" title="Silver screen">silver screen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aluminized_screen" title="Aluminized screen">aluminized screen</a> with negligible polarization loss has to be used. All types of polarization will result in a darkening of the displayed image and poorer contrast compared to non-3D images. Light from lamps is normally emitted as a random collection of polarizations, while a polarization filter only passes a fraction of the light. As a result, the screen image is darker. This darkening can be compensated by increasing the brightness of the projector light source. If the initial polarization filter is inserted between the lamp and the image generation element, the light intensity striking the image element is not any higher than normal without the polarizing filter, and overall image contrast transmitted to the screen is not affected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interference_filter_technology">Interference filter technology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interference filter technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D#Interference_filter_systems" title="Anaglyph 3D">Anaglyph 3D § Interference filter systems</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a> uses specific wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the right eye, and different wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the left eye. Eyeglasses which filter out the very specific wavelengths allow the wearer to see a 3D image. This technology eliminates the expensive <a href="/wiki/Silver_screen" title="Silver screen">silver screens</a> required for polarized systems such as <a href="/wiki/RealD" title="RealD">RealD</a>, which is the most common 3D display system in theaters. It does, however, require much more expensive glasses than the polarized systems. It is also known as <b>spectral comb filtering</b> or <b>wavelength multiplex visualization</b> </p><p>The Omega 3D/<a href="/wiki/Panavision_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavision 3D">Panavision 3D</a> system also uses this technology, though with a wider spectrum and more "teeth" to the "comb" (5 for each eye in the Omega/Panavision system). The use of more spectral bands per eye eliminates the need to color process the image, required by the Dolby system. Evenly dividing the visible spectrum between the eyes gives the viewer a more relaxed "feel" as the light energy and color balance is nearly 50-50. Like the Dolby system, the Omega system can be used with white or silver screens. But it can be used with either film or digital projectors, unlike the Dolby filters that are only used on a digital system with a color correcting processor provided by Dolby. The Omega/Panavision system also claims that their glasses are cheaper to manufacture than those used by Dolby.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2012, the Omega 3D/Panavision 3D system was discontinued by DPVO Theatrical, who marketed it on behalf of Panavision, citing "challenging global economic and 3D market conditions".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although DPVO dissolved its business operations, Omega Optical continues promoting and selling 3D systems to non-theatrical markets. Omega Optical’s 3D system contains projection filters and 3D glasses. In addition to the passive stereoscopic 3D system, Omega Optical has produced enhanced anaglyph 3D glasses. The Omega’s red/cyan anaglyph glasses use complex metal oxide thin film coatings and high quality annealed glass optics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pulfrich_effect" title="Pulfrich effect">Pulfrich effect</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysical</a> <a href="/wiki/Percept" class="mw-redirect" title="Percept">percept</a> wherein <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lateral" class="extiw" title="wikt:lateral">lateral</a> motion of an object in the field of view is interpreted by the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a> as having a depth component, due to a relative difference in signal timings between the two eyes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">Prismatic</a> glasses make cross-viewing easier as well as over/under-viewing possible, examples include the <a href="/wiki/KMQ_viewer" title="KMQ viewer">KMQ viewer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Autostereoscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png/250px-Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png/375px-Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png/500px-Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> uses parallax barrier autostereoscopy to display a 3D image.</figcaption></figure> <p>In this method, glasses are not necessary to see the stereoscopic image. <a href="/wiki/Lenticular_lens" title="Lenticular lens">Lenticular lens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parallax_barrier" title="Parallax barrier">parallax barrier</a> technologies involve imposing two (or more) images on the same sheet, in narrow, alternating strips, and using a screen that either blocks one of the two images' strips (in the case of parallax barriers) or uses equally narrow lenses to bend the strips of image and make it appear to fill the entire image (in the case of lenticular prints). To produce the stereoscopic effect, the person must be positioned so that one eye sees one of the two images and the other sees the other. The optical principles of multiview auto-stereoscopy have been known for over a century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both images are projected onto a high-gain, corrugated screen which reflects light at acute angles. In order to see the stereoscopic image, the viewer must sit within a very narrow angle that is nearly perpendicular to the screen, limiting the size of the audience. Lenticular was used for theatrical presentation of numerous shorts in Russia from 1940 to 1948<sup id="cite_ref-Amazing104-105_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amazing104-105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1946 for the feature-length film <a href="/wiki/Robinzon_Kruzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Robinzon Kruzo">Robinzon Kruzo</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though its use in theatrical presentations has been rather limited, lenticular has been widely used for a variety of novelty items and has even been used in amateur 3D photography.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Son_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Son-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent use includes the <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_Real_3D" title="Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D">Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">autostereoscopic</a> display that was released in 2009. Other examples for this technology include autostereoscopic <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCD displays</a> on monitors, notebooks, TVs, mobile phones and gaming devices, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volumetric_display">Volumetric display</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Volumetric display"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric display</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG/220px-PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG/330px-PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG/440px-PerspectaRAD_mouse_Phantom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Volumetric 3D display</figcaption></figure> <p>Volumetric displays use some physical mechanism to display points of light within a volume. Such displays use <a href="/wiki/Voxel" title="Voxel">voxels</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>. Volumetric displays include multiplanar displays, which have multiple display planes stacked up, and rotating panel displays, where a rotating panel sweeps out a volume. </p><p>Other technologies have been developed to project light dots in the air above a device. An infrared laser is focused on the destination in space, generating a small bubble of plasma which emits visible light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Light_field_/_holographic_display"><span id="Light_field_.2F_holographic_display"></span>Light field / holographic display</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Light field / holographic display"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A light field display tries to recreate a "light field" on the surface of the display. In contrast to a 2D display which shows a distinct color on each pixel, a light field display shows a distinct color on each pixel <i>for each direction that the light ray emits to</i>. This way, eyes from different positions will see different pictures on the display, creating parallax and thus creating a sense of 3D. A light field display is like a glass window, people see 3D objects behind the glass, despite that all light rays they see come from (through) the glass. </p><p>The light field in front of the display can be created in two ways: 1) by emitting different light rays in different directions at each point on the display; 2) by recreating a <a href="/wiki/Wavefront" title="Wavefront">wavefront</a> in front of the display. Displays using the first method are called <b>ray-based</b> or <b>light field displays</b>. Displays using the second method are called <b>wavefront-based</b> or <b>holographic displays</b>. Wavefront-based displays work in the same way as <a href="/wiki/Holograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Holograms">holograms</a>. Compared to ray-based displays, a wavefront-based display not only reconstructs the light field, but also reconstructs the curvature of the plane waves, and the phase differences of the waves in different directions.<sup id="cite_ref-yama_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yama-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Integral_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral photography">Integral photography</a> is one of the ray-based methods with full-parallax information. However, there are also ray-based techniques developed with horizontal-parallax-only.<sup id="cite_ref-yama_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yama-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holographic_displays">Holographic displays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Holographic displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">Holographic display</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_holography" title="Computer-generated holography">Computer-generated holography</a></div> <p>Holographic display is a <a href="/wiki/Display_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Display technology">display technology</a> that has the ability to provide all four eye mechanisms: <a href="/wiki/Binocular_disparity" title="Binocular disparity">binocular disparity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_parallax" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion parallax">motion parallax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">accommodation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convergence_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergence (eye)">convergence</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">3D</a> objects can be viewed without wearing any special glasses and no <a href="/wiki/Asthenopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenopia">visual fatigue</a> will be caused to human eyes. </p><p>In 2013, a Silicon valley Company <a href="/wiki/LEIA_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="LEIA Inc">LEIA Inc</a> started manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">holographic displays</a> well suited for mobile devices (watches, smartphones or tablets) using a multi-directional backlight and allowing a wide full-<a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> angle view to see <a href="/wiki/Three_dimensional_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Three dimensional space">3D</a> content without the need of glasses.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first product was part of a mobile phone (<a href="/wiki/Red_Hydrogen_One" title="Red Hydrogen One">Red Hydrogen One</a>) and later on in their own Android tablet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integral_imaging">Integral imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Integral imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Integral_imaging" title="Integral imaging">Integral imaging</a></div> <p>Integral imaging is an <a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">autostereoscopic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multiscopy" title="Multiscopy">multiscopic</a> 3D display, meaning that it displays a 3D image without the use of special glasses on the part of the viewer. It achieves this by placing an array of <a href="/wiki/Microlens" title="Microlens">microlenses</a> (similar to a <a href="/wiki/Lenticular_lens" title="Lenticular lens">lenticular lens</a>) in front of the image, where each lens looks different depending on viewing angle. Thus rather than displaying a 2D image that looks the same from every direction, it reproduces a 3D <a href="/wiki/Light_field" title="Light field">light field</a>, creating stereo images that exhibit <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> when the viewer moves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compressive_light_field_displays">Compressive light field displays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Compressive light field displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new display technology called "compressive light field" is being developed. These prototype displays use layered LCD panels and compression algorithms at the time of display. Designs include dual<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and multilayer<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> devices that are driven by algorithms such as <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-negative_matrix_factorization" title="Non-negative matrix factorization">Non-negative matrix factorization</a> and non-negative <a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">tensor</a> factorization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems">Problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each of these display technologies can be seen to have limitations, whether the location of the viewer, cumbersome or unsightly equipment or great cost. The display of artifact-free 3D images remains difficult.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggle_stereoscopy" title="Wiggle stereoscopy">Wiggle stereoscopy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=3D_display&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHollimanDodgsonFavaloraPockett2011" class="citation journal cs1">Holliman, Nicolas S.; 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ubc.ca/labs/imager/tr/2011/Wetzstein_SIG2011_Layered3D/">"Layered 3D: Tomographic Image Synthesis for Attenuation-based Light Field and High Dynamic Range Displays"</a>. ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Layered+3D%3A+Tomographic+Image+Synthesis+for+Attenuation-based+Light+Field+and+High+Dynamic+Range+Displays&rft.pub=ACM+Transactions+on+Graphics+%28SIGGRAPH%29&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wetzstein&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Lanman%2C+D.&rft.au=Heidrich%2C+W.&rft.au=Raskar%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.ubc.ca%2Flabs%2Fimager%2Ftr%2F2011%2FWetzstein_SIG2011_Layered3D%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A3D+display" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanmanWetzstein,_G.Hirsch,_M.Heidrich,_W.2019" class="citation web cs1">Lanman, D.; Wetzstein, G.; Hirsch, M.; Heidrich, W.; Raskar, R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~dlanman/research/polarization-fields/">"Polarization Fields: Dynamic Light Field Display using Multi-Layer LCDs"</a>. ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH Asia).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polarization+Fields%3A+Dynamic+Light+Field+Display+using+Multi-Layer+LCDs&rft.pub=ACM+Transactions+on+Graphics+%28SIGGRAPH+Asia%29&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Lanman&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Wetzstein%2C+G.&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+M.&rft.au=Heidrich%2C+W.&rft.au=Raskar%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falumni.media.mit.edu%2F~dlanman%2Fresearch%2Fpolarization-fields%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A3D+display" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetzsteinLanman,_D.Hirsch,_M.Raskar,_R.2012" class="citation web cs1">Wetzstein, G.; Lanman, D.; Hirsch, M.; Raskar, R. 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ACM Transactions on Graphics (SIGGRAPH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tensor+Displays%3A+Compressive+Light+Field+Synthesis+using+Multilayer+Displays+with+Directional+Backlighting&rft.pub=ACM+Transactions+on+Graphics+%28SIGGRAPH%29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Wetzstein&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Lanman%2C+D.&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+M.&rft.au=Raskar%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.media.mit.edu%2F~gordonw%2FTensorDisplays%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A3D+display" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Past<br />generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eidophor" title="Eidophor">Eidophor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbotron" title="Jumbotron">Jumbotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescent_display" title="Electroluminescent display">Electroluminescent display</a> (ELD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-projection_television" title="Rear-projection television">Rear-projection display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">Plasma display panel</a> (PDP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_lighting_of_surfaces" title="Alternate lighting of surfaces">ALiS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Current <br />generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_display" title="Quantum dot display">Quantum dot display</a> (QLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">Electronic paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_Ink" title="E Ink">E Ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyricon" title="Gyricon">Gyricon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LED_display" title="LED display">Light-emitting diode display</a> (LED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMOLED" title="AMOLED">Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode</a> (AMOLED)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">Liquid-crystal display</a> (LCD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TFT_LCD" title="TFT LCD">TFT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_nematic_field_effect" title="Twisted nematic field effect">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPS_panel" title="IPS panel">IPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LED-backlit_LCD" title="LED-backlit LCD">LED-backlit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_phase_mode_LCD" title="Blue phase mode LCD">Blue Phase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Light_Processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Light Processing">Digital Light Processing</a> (DLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_on_silicon" title="Liquid crystal on silicon">Liquid crystal on silicon</a> (LCoS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Next_generation_of_display_technology" title="Next generation of display technology">Next <br />generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MicroLED" title="MicroLED">microLED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_display#Self-emissive_quantum_dot_diodes" title="Quantum dot display">Electroluminescent Quantum Dots</a> (ELQD/QD-LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic light-emitting transistor</a> (OLET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-conduction_electron-emitter_display" title="Surface-conduction electron-emitter display">Surface-conduction electron-emitter display</a> (SED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-emission_display" title="Field-emission display">Field-emission display</a> (FED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_TV" title="Laser TV">Laser TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_laser" title="Quantum dot laser">Quantum dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_laser" title="Liquid-crystal laser">Liquid crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a> display <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferometric_modulator_display" title="Interferometric modulator display">IMoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-multiplexed_optical_shutter" title="Time-multiplexed optical shutter">TMOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferroelectric_liquid_crystal_display" title="Ferroelectric liquid crystal display">Ferroelectric liquid crystal display</a> (FLCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick-film_dielectric_electroluminescent_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology">Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology</a> (TDEL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser-powered_phosphor_display" title="Laser-powered phosphor display">Laser-powered phosphor display</a> (LPD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flip-disc_display" title="Flip-disc display">Flip-dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-flap_display" title="Split-flap display">Split-flap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_display#Eggcrate_displays" title="Text display">Eggcrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_display" title="Fiber-optic display">Fiber-optic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">Vacuum fluorescent display</a> (VFD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_electrochemical_cell" title="Light-emitting electrochemical cell">Light-emitting electrochemical cell</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightguide_display" title="Lightguide display">Lightguide display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot-matrix_display" title="Dot-matrix display">Dot-matrix display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven-segment_display" title="Seven-segment display">Seven-segment display</a> (SSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-segment_display" title="Eight-segment display">Eight-segment display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-segment_display" title="Nine-segment display">Nine-segment display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen-segment_display" title="Fourteen-segment display">Fourteen-segment display</a> (FSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen-segment_display" title="Sixteen-segment display">Sixteen-segment display</a> (SISD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">3D display</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiscopy" title="Multiscopy">Multiscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Hologram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">Holographic display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_holography" title="Computer-generated holography">Computer-generated holography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_display" title="Fog display">Fog display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">Neon sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(projection)" title="Transparency (projection)">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_lighting_display" title="Laser lighting display">Laser beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display capabilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Display_Identification_Data" title="Extended Display Identification Data">EDID</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEA-861" class="mw-redirect" title="CEA-861">CEA-861</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayID" title="DisplayID">DisplayID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always-on_display" title="Always-on display">Always-on display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/See-through_display" title="See-through display">See-through display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">Scan line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_display_technology" title="History of display technology">History of display technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-screen_television_technology" title="Large-screen television technology">Large-screen television technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_HDTV_viewing_distance" title="Optimum HDTV viewing distance">Optimum HDTV viewing distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_television" title="High-dynamic-range television">High Dynamic Range</a> (HDR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Light_Output" title="Color Light Output">Color Light Output</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_display" title="Flexible display">Flexible display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_CRT,_LCD,_plasma,_and_OLED_displays" title="Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays">Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_display_technology" title="Comparison of display technology">Comparison of display technology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emerging_technologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emerging_technologies" title="Template talk:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emerging technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emerging_technologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Displays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Next_generation_of_display_technology" title="Next generation of display technology">Next generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-emission_display" title="Field-emission display">FED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferroelectric_liquid_crystal_display" title="Ferroelectric liquid crystal display">FLCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferometric_modulator_display" title="Interferometric modulator display">iMoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_TV" title="Laser TV">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser-powered_phosphor_display" title="Laser-powered phosphor display">LPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroLED" title="MicroLED">MicroLED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">OLET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_display" title="Quantum dot display">QD-LED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-conduction_electron-emitter_display" title="Surface-conduction electron-emitter display">SED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick-film_dielectric_electroluminescent_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology">TDEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-multiplexed_optical_shutter" title="Time-multiplexed optical shutter">TMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescopic_pixel_display&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telescopic pixel display (page does not exist)">TPD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Screenless_video" title="Screenless video">Screenless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bionic_contact_lens" title="Bionic contact lens">Bionic contact lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_head-mounted_display" title="Optical head-mounted display">Optical head-mounted display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_display" title="Flexible display">Flexible display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">Holographic display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_holography" title="Computer-generated holography">Computer-generated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stereoscopy_and_3D_display" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stereoscopy" title="Template:Stereoscopy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stereoscopy" title="Template talk:Stereoscopy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stereoscopy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stereoscopy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stereoscopy_and_3D_display" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">3D display</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_stereo_view" title="3D stereo view">3D stereo view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binocular_rivalry" title="Binocular rivalry">Binocular rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">Binocular vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromostereopsis" title="Chromostereopsis">Chromostereopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_insufficiency" title="Convergence insufficiency">Convergence insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_problem" title="Correspondence problem">Correspondence problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">Peripheral vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">Depth perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipolar_geometry" title="Epipolar geometry">Epipolar geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_depth_effect" title="Kinetic depth effect">Kinetic depth effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoblindness" title="Stereoblindness">Stereoblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">Stereopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereopsis_recovery" title="Stereopsis recovery">Stereopsis recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_acuity" title="Stereoscopic acuity">Stereoscopic acuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergence-accommodation_conflict" title="Vergence-accommodation conflict">Vergence-accommodation conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display<br />technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system" title="Active shutter 3D system">Active shutter 3D system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">Anaglyph 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubblegram" title="Bubblegram">Bubblegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_imaging" title="Integral imaging">Integral imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_lens" title="Lenticular lens">Lenticular lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiscopy" title="Multiscopy">Multiscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_barrier" title="Parallax barrier">Parallax barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_scrolling" title="Parallax scrolling">Parallax scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarized_3D_system" title="Polarized 3D system">Polarized 3D system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specular_holography" title="Specular holography">Specular holography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stereo display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">Stereoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectograph" title="Vectograph">Vectograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggle_stereoscopy" title="Wiggle stereoscopy">Wiggle stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2D_to_3D_conversion" title="2D to 3D conversion">2D to 3D conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D_plus_Delta" title="2D plus Delta">2D plus Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D-plus-depth" title="2D-plus-depth">2D-plus-depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_stereo_vision" title="Computer stereo vision">Computer stereo vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">Multiview Video Coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_scanning" title="Parallax scanning">Parallax scanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscope" title="Pseudoscope">Pseudoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_photography_techniques" title="Stereo photography techniques">Stereo photography techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoautograph" title="Stereoautograph">Stereoautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_depth_rendition" title="Stereoscopic depth rendition">Stereoscopic depth rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_rangefinder" title="Stereoscopic rangefinder">Stereoscopic rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_spectroscopy" title="Stereoscopic spectroscopy">Stereoscopic spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_video_coding" title="Stereoscopic video coding">Stereoscopic video coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product<br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_camcorder" title="3D camcorder">3D camcorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D-enabled mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4D_film" title="4D film">4D film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray 3D">Blu-ray 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_3D" title="Digital 3D">Digital 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_camera" title="Stereo camera">Stereo camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo_microscope" title="Stereo microscope">Stereo microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_video_game" title="Stereoscopic video game">Stereoscopic video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_HD3D" title="AMD HD3D">AMD HD3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_Real_3D" title="Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D">Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infitec" title="Infitec">Infitec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MasterImage_3D" title="MasterImage 3D">MasterImage 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Nintendo_3DS" title="New Nintendo 3DS">New 3DS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_3D_Vision" title="Nvidia 3D Vision">Nvidia 3D Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panavision_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavision 3D">Panavision 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealD_3D" title="RealD 3D">RealD 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Actius_RD3D_Notebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharp Actius RD3D Notebook">Sharp Actius RD3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View-Master" title="View-Master">View-Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XpanD_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="XpanD 3D">XpanD 3D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereographer" title="Stereographer">Stereographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_Displays_and_Applications" title="Stereoscopic Displays and Applications">Stereoscopic Displays and Applications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extended_reality_(XR)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extended_reality" title="Template:Extended reality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extended_reality" title="Template talk:Extended reality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extended_reality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extended reality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extended_reality_(XR)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality (XR)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality (AR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality (MR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality (VR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_virtual_reality" title="Cinematic virtual reality">Cinematic virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_reality" title="Computer-mediated reality">Computer-mediated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaverse" title="Metaverse">Metaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-set_virtual_production" title="On-set virtual production">On-set virtual production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_world" title="Persistent world">Persistent world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projection_augmented_model" title="Projection augmented model">Projection augmented model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_life" title="Real life">Real life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room-scale" title="Room-scale">Room-scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">Six degrees of freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_computing" title="Spatial computing">Spatial computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">Telepresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_applications" title="Virtual reality applications">Virtual reality applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_sickness" title="Virtual reality sickness">Virtual reality sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">Virtual world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTuber" title="VTuber">VTuber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EyeTap" title="EyeTap">EyeTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_head-mounted_display" title="Optical head-mounted display">optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_reality_headsets" title="List of virtual reality headsets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3D interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">Eye tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">Finger tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pose_tracking" title="Pose tracking">Pose tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_reprojection" title="Asynchronous reprojection">Asynchronous reprojection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveated_rendering" title="Foveated rendering">Foveated rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image-based_modeling_and_rendering" title="Image-based modeling and rendering">Image-based modeling and rendering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360-degree_video" title="360-degree video">360-degree video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_viewpoint_television" title="Free viewpoint television">Free viewpoint television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_(360-degree)_camera" title="Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera">Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_photography" title="VR photography">VR photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_suit" title="Haptic suit">Haptic suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_treadmill" title="Omnidirectional treadmill">Omnidirectional treadmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_accessories" title="Category:Virtual reality accessories">Peripherals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberith_Virtualizer" title="Cyberith Virtualizer">Cyberith Virtualizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_Motion" title="Leap Motion">Leap Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Touch" title="Oculus Touch">Oculus Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Move" title="PlayStation Move">PlayStation Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razer_Hydra" title="Razer Hydra">Razer Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuix_Omni" title="Virtuix Omni">Virtuix Omni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">Wired glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizdish_ROVR" title="Wizdish ROVR">Wizdish ROVR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_organizations" title="Category:Virtual reality organizations">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliant_Labs" title="Brilliant Labs">Brilliant Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reality_Labs" title="Reality Labs">Reality Labs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niantic,_Inc." title="Niantic, Inc.">Niantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokoko_(company)" title="Rokoko (company)">Rokoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varjo" title="Varjo">Varjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_headsets" title="Category:Virtual reality headsets">Devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Apple Vision Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden-i" title="Golden-i">Golden-i headsets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC_Vive" title="HTC Vive">HTC Vive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Leap" title="Magic Leap">Magic Leap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Quest_3" title="Meta Quest 3">Meta Quest 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Quest_3S" title="Meta Quest 3S">3S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_HoloLens" title="Microsoft HoloLens">Microsoft HoloLens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HoloLens_2" title="HoloLens 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Virtual_Reality" title="Open Source Virtual Reality">OSVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_4" title="Pico 4">PICO 4 Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimax" title="Pimax">Pimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_VR2" title="PlayStation VR2">PlayStation VR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_Index" title="Valve Index">Valve Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuzix" title="Vuzix">Vuzix Blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AntVR" title="AntVR">AntVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CastAR" title="CastAR">castAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPL_Research" title="VPL Research">EyePhone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Google Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Google Daydream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Image" title="Liquid Image">Liquid Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Go" title="Oculus Go">Oculus Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Quest" title="Oculus Quest">Oculus Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift" title="Oculus Rift">Oculus Rift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift_CV1" title="Oculus Rift CV1">CV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_Rift_S" title="Oculus Rift S">Rift S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_2" title="Quest 2">Meta Quest 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Quest_Pro" title="Meta Quest Pro">Pro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_4" title="Pico 4">PICO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_VR" title="PlayStation VR">PlayStation VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Gear_VR" title="Samsung Gear VR">Samsung Gear VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensorama" title="Sensorama">Sensorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SixthSense" title="SixthSense">SixthSense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_Damocles_(virtual_reality)" title="The Sword of Damocles (virtual reality)">The Sword of Damocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VFX1_Headgear" title="VFX1 Headgear">VFX1 Headgear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_fixture" title="Virtual fixture">Virtual fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuality_(product)" title="Virtuality (product)">Virtuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR-1" title="VR-1">VR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unreleased</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Iris" title="Project Iris">Project Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_VR" title="Sega VR">Sega VR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARCore" title="ARCore">ARCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARToolKit" title="ARToolKit">ARToolKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_graffiti" title="Virtual graffiti">virtual graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Horizon OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVR" title="OpenVR">OpenVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenXR" title="OpenXR">OpenXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_game" title="Pervasive game">Pervasive game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_related_to_augmented_reality" title="List of software related to augmented reality">Software related to augmented reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_game" title="Virtual reality game">Virtual reality game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuforia_Augmented_Reality_SDK" title="Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK">Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_games" title="Category:Virtual reality games">Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HTC_Vive_games" title="List of HTC Vive games">List of HTC Vive games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Meta_Quest_games" title="List of Meta Quest games">List of Meta Quest games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oculus_Rift_games" title="List of Oculus Rift games">List of Oculus Rift games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_VR_games" title="List of PlayStation VR games">List of PlayStation VR games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PlayStation_VR2_games" title="List of PlayStation VR2 games">VR2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_communities" title="Category:Virtual reality communities">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AltspaceVR" title="AltspaceVR">AltspaceVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Worlds" title="Horizon Worlds">Horizon Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeosVR" title="NeosVR">NeosVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec_Room_(video_game)" title="Rec Room (video game)"><i>Rec Room</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonite" title="Resonite">Resonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansar_(video_game)" title="Sansar (video game)"><i>Sansar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensorium_Corporation" title="Sensorium Corporation">Sensorium Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinespace" title="Sinespace">Sinespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRChat" title="VRChat">VRChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTime_XR" title="VTime XR">VTime XR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Virtual_reality_pioneers" title="Category:Virtual reality pioneers">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Bekaert" title="Philippe Bekaert">Philippe Bekaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Benayoun" title="Maurice Benayoun">Maurice Benayoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Birrell" title="Simon Birrell">Simon Birrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bolas" title="Mark Bolas">Mark Bolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Bradley_(actor)" title="Brendan Bradley (actor)">Brendan Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%A1tjan_Burger" title="Boštjan Burger">Boštjan Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Cruz-Neira" title="Carolina Cruz-Neira">Carolina Cruz-Neira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Darling" title="Ela Darling">Ela Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Davies" title="Char Davies">Char Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_K._Feiner" title="Steven K. Feiner">Steven K. Feiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Fisher_(technologist)" title="Scott Fisher (technologist)">Scott Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Foster_II" title="Jerome Foster II">Jerome Foster II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuchs" title="Henry Fuchs">Henry Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Furness_III" title="Thomas A. Furness III">Thomas A. Furness III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Heilig" title="Morton Heilig">Morton Heilig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Howlett" title="Eric Howlett">Eric Howlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Iribe" title="Brendan Iribe">Brendan Iribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_W._Krueger" title="Myron W. Krueger">Myron W. Krueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaron_Lanier" title="Jaron Lanier">Jaron Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Laurel" title="Brenda Laurel">Brenda Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_C._Lin" title="Ming C. Lin">Ming C. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Bowen_Loftin" title="R. Bowen Loftin">R. Bowen Loftin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Luckey" title="Palmer Luckey">Palmer Luckey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Stephen_Meadows" title="Mark Stephen Meadows">Mark Stephen Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_and_Uri_Kranot" title="Michelle and Uri Kranot">Michelle and Uri Kranot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Parisi_(software_developer)" title="Tony Parisi (software developer)">Tony Parisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonny_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Nonny de la Peña">Nonny de la Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Petridis" title="Elia Petridis">Elia Petridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Robinett" title="Warren Robinett">Warren Robinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Sandin" title="Daniel J. Sandin">Daniel J. Sandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Schmalstieg" title="Dieter Schmalstieg">Dieter Schmalstieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Sproull" title="Bob Sproull">Bob Sproull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stenger" title="Nicole Stenger">Nicole Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tachi" title="Susumu Tachi">Susumu Tachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpei_Yokoi" title="Gunpei Yokoi">Gunpei Yokoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_virtual_reality" title="Category:Fiction about virtual reality">In fiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accel_World" title="Accel World"><i>Accel World</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accel_World:_Infinite_Burst" title="Accel World: Infinite Burst"><i>Infinite Burst</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Some episodes of <a href="/wiki/Black_Mirror" title="Black Mirror"><i>Black Mirror</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Lyoko" title="Code Lyoko"><i>Code Lyoko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_Lyoko:_Evolution" title="Code Lyoko: Evolution"><i>Evolution</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digimon" title="Digimon"><i>Digimon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreamland_Chronicles" title="The Dreamland Chronicles"><i>The Dreamland Chronicles</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundam_Build_Divers" title="Gundam Build Divers"><i>Gundam Build Divers</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gundam_Build_Divers_Re:Rise" title="Gundam Build Divers Re:Rise"><i>Re:Rise</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundam_Build_Metaverse" title="Gundam Build Metaverse"><i>Gundam Build Metaverse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodeck" title="Holodeck">Holodeck</a></li> <li><i>Jumanji</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jumanji:_The_Next_Level" title="Jumanji: The Next Level"><i>The Next Level</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumanji:_Welcome_to_the_Jungle" title="Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle"><i>Welcome to the Jungle</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_Me_First_(TV_series)" title="Kiss Me First (TV series)"><i>Kiss Me First</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)" title="The Matrix (franchise)"><i>The Matrix</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netrunner" title="Netrunner"><i>Netrunner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer"><i>Neuromancer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready_Player_One" title="Ready Player One"><i>Ready Player One</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ready_Player_One_(film)" title="Ready Player One (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready_Player_Two" title="Ready Player Two"><i>Ready Player Two</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Crash" title="Snow Crash"><i>Snow Crash</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhot" title="Superhot"><i>Superhot</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superhot:_Mind_Control_Delete" title="Superhot: Mind Control Delete"><i>Mind Control Delete</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhuman_Samurai_Syber-Squad" title="Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad"><i>Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SSSS.Gridman" title="SSSS.Gridman"><i>SSSS.Gridman</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_Art_Online" title="Sword Art Online"><i>Sword Art Online</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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