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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="حكماء اليونان السبعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حكماء اليونان السبعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeddi_yunan_m%C3%BCdriki" title="Yeddi yunan müdriki – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yeddi yunan müdriki" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="গ্রিসের সাত ঋদ্ধ ব্যক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রিসের সাত ঋদ্ধ ব্যক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Сем мудрацоў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сем мудрацоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Седем мъдреци на Гърция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Седем мъдреци на Гърция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedam_Mudraca" title="Sedam Mudraca – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sedam Mudraca" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_savis_de_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Set savis de Grècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Set savis de Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedm_mudrc%C5%AF" title="Sedm mudrců – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sedm mudrců" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_syv_vise" title="De syv vise – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De syv vise" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieben_Weise_von_Griechenland" title="Sieben Weise von Griechenland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sieben Weise von Griechenland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seitse_tarka" title="Seitse tarka – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seitse tarka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AC_%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Επτά σοφοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επτά σοφοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siete_Sabios_de_Grecia" title="Siete Sabios de Grecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siete Sabios de Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sep_sa%C4%9Duloj" title="Sep saĝuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sep saĝuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greziako_Zazpi_Jakitunak" title="Greziako Zazpi Jakitunak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Greziako Zazpi Jakitunak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="فرزانگان هفتگانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرزانگان هفتگانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sept_sages_de_Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Sept sages de Grèce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sept sages de Grèce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sete_Sabios_de_Grecia" title="Sete Sabios de Grecia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sete Sabios de Grecia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_7%ED%98%84%EC%9D%B8" title="그리스 7현인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스 7현인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%A9_%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Յոթ իմաստուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոթ իմաստուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedam_mudraca_stare_Gr%C4%8Dke" title="Sedam mudraca stare Grčke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sedam mudraca stare Grčke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tujuh_Orang_Bijak_Yunani" title="Tujuh Orang Bijak Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tujuh Orang Bijak Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sette_savi" title="Sette savi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sette savi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="שבעת חכמי יוון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבעת חכמי יוון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septem_sapientes" title="Septem sapientes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Septem sapientes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septyni_i%C5%A1min%C4%8Diai" title="Septyni išminčiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Septyni išminčiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_h%C3%A9t_b%C3%B6lcs" title="A hét bölcs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A hét bölcs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Седум старогрчки мудреци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Седум старогрчки мудреци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%87" title="حكماء الاغريق السبعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حكماء الاغريق السبعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeven_Wijzen" title="Zeven Wijzen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeven Wijzen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E4%B8%83%E8%B3%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="ギリシャ七賢人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギリシャ七賢人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_sju_vise" title="De sju vise – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De sju vise" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sju_vise" title="Sju vise – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sju vise" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_savis_de_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Set savis de Grècia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Set savis de Grècia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siedmiu_m%C4%99drc%C3%B3w" title="Siedmiu mędrców – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siedmiu mędrców" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sete_S%C3%A1bios_da_Gr%C3%A9cia" title="Sete Sábios da Grécia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sete Sábios da Grécia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cei_%C8%98apte_%C3%8En%C8%9Belep%C8%9Bi_ai_Greciei_Antice" title="Cei Șapte Înțelepți ai Greciei Antice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cei Șapte Înțelepți ai Greciei Antice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Семь мудрецов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Семь мудрецов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtat%C3%AB_t%C3%AB_urtit" title="Shtatë të urtit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtatë të urtit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siedmi_mudrci" title="Siedmi mudrci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Siedmi mudrci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedem_gr%C5%A1kih_modrecev" title="Sedem grških modrecev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sedem grških modrecev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Седам мудраца – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Седам мудраца" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedam_mudraca" title="Sedam mudraca – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sedam mudraca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreikan_seitsem%C3%A4n_viisasta" title="Kreikan seitsemän viisasta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreikan seitsemän viisasta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greklands_sju_vise" title="Greklands sju vise – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Greklands sju vise" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitong_Paham_ng_Gresya" title="Pitong Paham ng Gresya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pitong Paham ng Gresya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedi_Bilge" title="Yedi Bilge – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yedi Bilge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of philosophers</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NMBSevenSagesMosaicBaalbekRectified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/NMBSevenSagesMosaicBaalbekRectified.jpg/310px-NMBSevenSagesMosaicBaalbekRectified.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/NMBSevenSagesMosaicBaalbekRectified.jpg/465px-NMBSevenSagesMosaicBaalbekRectified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/NMBSevenSagesMosaicBaalbekRectified.jpg/620px-NMBSevenSagesMosaicBaalbekRectified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of the Seven Sages, <a href="/wiki/Baalbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Baalbeck">Baalbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, century A.D., <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Beirut" title="National Museum of Beirut">National Museum of Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a> at the center, and clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilon">Chilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittacus">Pittacus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periander" title="Periander">Periander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleobulus" title="Cleobulus">Cleobulus</a> (damaged section), <a href="/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" title="Bias of Priene">Bias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Seven Sages</b> or <b>Seven Wise Men</b> was the title given to seven <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a>, statesmen, and law-givers of the 7th–6th centuries BC who were renowned for their <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">wisdom</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Seven_Sages">The Seven Sages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Sages_of_Greece&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Seven Sages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_60v_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_60v_1.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_60v_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_60v_1.png/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_60v_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_60v_1.png/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_60v_1.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>The Seven Sages (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Septem Sapientes</i>), depicted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The list of the seven sages given in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a></i> comprises: <sup id="cite_ref-Allen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales of Miletus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 624 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 546 BC</span>) is the first well-known Greek philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer. He was said to be of Phoenician descent. The ancient biographer <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius" title="Diogenes Laertius">Diogenes Laertius</a> attributes the aphorism, "<a href="/wiki/Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">Know thyself</a>", engraved on the front <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">facade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, to Thales,<sup id="cite_ref-Laërtius140_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laërtius140-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there was no ancient consensus on this attribution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittacus_of_Mytilene" title="Pittacus of Mytilene">Pittacus of Mytilene</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 640 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 568 BC</span>) governed <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>). He tried to reduce the power of the nobility and was able to govern with the support of the common people, whom he favoured.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" title="Bias of Priene">Bias of Priene</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">  6th century BC</span>) was a politician and legislator of the 6th century BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon of Athens</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 638 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 558 BC</span>) was a famous legislator and reformer from <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, framing the laws that shaped the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleobulus" title="Cleobulus">Cleobulus</a>, tyrant of <a href="/wiki/Lindos" title="Lindos">Lindos</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span></span>), reported as either the grandfather or father-in-law of Thales;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myson_of_Chenae" title="Myson of Chenae">Myson of Chenae</a> (6th century BC); and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilon_of_Sparta" title="Chilon of Sparta">Chilon of Sparta</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 555 BC</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> politician to whom the militarization of Spartan society was attributed.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> points out, however, that there was among his sources great disagreement over which figures should be counted among the seven.<sup id="cite_ref-Laërtius141_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laërtius141-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the two most common substitutions were to exchange <a href="/wiki/Periander" title="Periander">Periander of Corinth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anacharsis" title="Anacharsis">Anacharsis the Scythian</a> for Myson. On Diogenes' first list of seven, which he introduces with the words "These men are acknowledged wise", <a href="/wiki/Periander" title="Periander">Periander</a> appears instead of <a href="/wiki/Myson" class="mw-redirect" title="Myson">Myson</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Laërtius113_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laërtius113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same substitution appears in <i>The Masque of the Seven Sages</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Ephorus" title="Ephorus">Ephorus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Laërtius141_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laërtius141-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (in his <i>Banquet of the Seven Sages</i>) substituted Anacharsis for Myson. Diogenes Laërtius further states that <a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a> gave ten possible names,<sup id="cite_ref-Laërtius141_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laërtius141-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hippobotus" title="Hippobotus">Hippobotus</a> suggested twelve names,<sup id="cite_ref-Laërtius142_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laërtius142-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hermippus_of_Smyrna" title="Hermippus of Smyrna">Hermippus</a> enumerated seventeen possible sages from which different people made different selections of seven.<sup id="cite_ref-Laërtius142_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laërtius142-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leslie Kurke contends that "<a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a> was a popular contender for inclusion in the group"; an epigram of the 6th century AD poet <a href="/wiki/Agathias" title="Agathias">Agathias</a> (<i>Palatine Anthology</i> 16.332) refers to a statue of the Seven Sages, with Aesop standing before them.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Sages_of_Greece&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> says: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There some, both at present and of old, who recognized that <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartanizing</a> is much more a love of wisdom than a love of physical exercise, knowing that the ability to utter such [brief and terse] remarks belongs to a perfectly educated man. Among these were <a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales of Miletus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pittacus_of_Mytilene" title="Pittacus of Mytilene">Pittacus of Mytilene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" title="Bias of Priene">Bias of Priene</a>, and our own <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cleobulus" title="Cleobulus">Cleobulus</a> of Lindus, and <a href="/wiki/Myson_of_Chenae" title="Myson of Chenae">Myson of Chenae</a>, and the seventh of them was said to be <a href="/wiki/Chilon_of_Sparta" title="Chilon of Sparta">Chilon of Sparta</a>. They all emulated and admired and were students of Spartan education, could tell their wisdom was of this sort by the brief but memorable remarks they each uttered when they met and jointly the first fruits of their wisdom to Apollo in his shrine at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, writing what is on every man's lips: <i>Know thyself</i>, and <i>Nothing too much</i>. Why do I say this? Because this was the manner of philosophy among the ancients, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Laconic" class="mw-redirect" title="Laconic">laconic</a> brevity.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The section of the <i>Protagoras</i> in which this passage appears is "elaborately ironical", making it unclear which of its parts may be taken seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> writes in his account of the life of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a>, that the Seven Sages of Greece were considered to be precursors of Pyrrho's <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">philosophical skepticism</a> because the Delphic Maxims were skeptical. "The maxims of the Seven Wise Men, too, they call skeptical; for instance, 'Observe the Golden Mean', and 'A pledge is a curse at one's elbow', meaning that whoever plights his troth steadfastly and trustfully brings a curse on his own head."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_legends">Sources and legends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Sages_of_Greece&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources and legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explicit mention on record of a standard list of seven sages is in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)"><i>Protagoras</i></a>, quoted above. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> reported that there were seven individuals who were held in high esteem for their wisdom well before Plato's time. According to <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Phalereus" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Phalereus">Demetrius Phalereus</a>, it was during the <a href="/wiki/Archon_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Archon of Athens">archonship</a> of Damasias (582/81 BCE) that the seven first become known as "the wise men", Thales being the first so acknowledged.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later tradition ascribed to each sage a pithy saying of his own, but ancient as well as modern scholars have doubted the legitimacy of such ascriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A compilation of 147 maxims, inscribed at Delphi, was preserved by the fifth century AD scholar <a href="/wiki/Stobaeus" title="Stobaeus">Stobaeus</a> as "Sayings of the Seven Sages",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but "the actual authorship of the ... maxims set up on the Delphian temple may be left uncertain. Most likely they were popular proverbs, which tended later to be attributed to particular sages."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to being credited for pithy sayings, the wise men were also apparently famed for practical inventions; in Plato's <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)"><i>Republic</i></a> (600a), it is said that it "befits a wise man" to have "many inventions and useful devices in the crafts or sciences" attributed to him, citing Thales and <a href="/wiki/Anacharsis" title="Anacharsis">Anacharsis</a> the <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythian</a> as examples. </p><p>According to a number of moralistic stories, there was a golden tripod (or, in some versions of the story, a bowl or cup) which was to be given to the wisest. Allegedly, it passed in turn from one of the seven sages to another, beginning with Thales, until one of them (either Thales or Solon, depending on the story) finally dedicated it to <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> who was held to be wisest of all.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Diogenes, <a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a> claimed that the seven "were neither wise men nor philosophers, but merely shrewd men, who had studied legislation."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And according to at least one modern scholar, the claim is correct: "With the exception of Thales, no one whose life is contained in [Diogenes'] Book I [i.e. none of the above] has any claim to be styled a philosopher."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Sages_of_Greece&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sage_(sophos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sage (sophos)">Sage (sophos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptarishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptarishi">Saptarishi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Sages_of_Greece&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Allen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Protagoras</i> 342e–343b, trans. R.E. Allen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laërtius140-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laërtius140_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, i. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laërtius141-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laërtius141_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laërtius141_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laërtius141_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, i. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laërtius113-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laërtius113_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, i. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ausonius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/deciausonius01ausouoft#page/310/mode/2up"><i>The Masque of the Seven Sages</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laërtius142-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laërtius142_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laërtius142_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, i. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie Kurke, <i>Aesopic Conversations: Popular Tradition, Cultural Dialogue, and the Invention of Greek Prose</i>, Princeton University Press, 2010, pp. 131–32, 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 156, <a href="/wiki/James_Adam_(classicist)" title="James Adam (classicist)">James Adam</a>, <i>Platonis Protagoras</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1893; p. 83, C.C.W. Taylor, <i>Plato: Protagoras</i>, Oxford University Press, 2002. The words "elaborately ironical" are Adam's.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_IX#Pyrrho"><i>Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</i></a> Book IX, Chapter 11, Section 71 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Griffiths, "Seven Sages", in <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i> (3rd ed.). All the sources are collected in Bruno Snell, <i>Leben und Meinungen der Sieben Weisen. Griechische und lateinische Quellen erläutert und übertragen.</i> Munich, 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Kirk" title="Geoffrey Kirk">Kirk</a>, Raven, & Schofield, <i>The Presocratic Philosophers</i> (Cambridge, 1983, 2nd edition), p. 76, citing Diogenes Laërtius, i. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Parke and D. Wormell, <i>The Delphic Oracle</i>, (Basil Blackwell, 1956), vol. 1, pp. 387–389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurke, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parke & Wormell, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius i. 27ff.; R. Martin, "Seven Sages", <i>Encyclopedia of Classical Philosophy</i> (ed. D. Zeyl, 1997), p. 487; Parke & Wormell, pp. 387–388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laërtius, i. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 42 note a, R. Hicks, <i>Diogenes Laërtius: Lives of Eminent Philosophers</i>, vol. 1, Harvard University Press, 1925.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Sages_of_Greece&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seven_Sages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Seven Sages">Seven Sages</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLaërtius1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a> (1925). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book I"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_I_">"Book I: The Seven Sages" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a></i>. Vol. 1:1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Hicks, Robert Drew</a> (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+I%3A+The+Seven+Sages&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.edition=Two+volume&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&rft.aufirst=Diogenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Sages+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Plutarch's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Dinner_of_the_Seven*.html"><i>The Dinner of the Seven Wise Men</i></a>, in the Loeb Classical Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125074623/http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/LX/SevenSagesOfGreece.html">Seven Sages of Greece</a> with illustrations and further links.</li> <li>Jona Lendering's article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/people/seven-sages/">Seven Sages</a> includes a chart of various canonical lists.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.john-uebersax.com/delphi/delphi5.htm">Sentences of the Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/selectpapyriwith03huntuoft#page/514/mode/2up">Fragment of a poem</a> in which the Seven Wise Men were mentioned together, from <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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