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id="toc-Environmental_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obstacles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obstacles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Obstacles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Obstacles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Obstacles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Obstacles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overfishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overfishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Overfishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overfishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Habitat modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_the_ecosystem_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_the_ecosystem_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Changing the ecosystem balance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_the_ecosystem_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Ocean pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases_and_toxins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases_and_toxins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Diseases and toxins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases_and_toxins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irrigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Irrigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remediation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remediation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Remediation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Remediation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Remediation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Remediation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fisheries_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisheries_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fisheries management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisheries_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecosystem_based_fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystem_based_fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ecosystem based fisheries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecosystem_based_fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Marine protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_Fish_Farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_Fish_Farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sustainable Fish Farming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_Fish_Farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_and_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_and_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Laws and treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_and_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconciling_fisheries_with_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconciling_fisheries_with_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Reconciling fisheries with conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconciling_fisheries_with_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awareness_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awareness_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Awareness campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awareness_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Global goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Data issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Data_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Data issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Data_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Data quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unreported_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unreported_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Unreported fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unreported_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shifting_baselines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shifting_baselines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Shifting baselines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shifting_baselines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" 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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable fishery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachhaltige_Fischerei" title="Nachhaltige Fischerei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nachhaltige Fischerei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4%C3%A4stev_kalandus" title="Säästev kalandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Säästev kalandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماهیگیری پایدار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهیگیری پایدار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAche_durable" title="Pêche durable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pêche durable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikanan_berkelanjutan" title="Perikanan berkelanjutan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perikanan berkelanjutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duurzame_visserij" title="Duurzame visserij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duurzame visserij" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sustainable fishing for the long term fishing</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seawifs_global_biosphere_Centered_on_the_Pacific.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Seawifs_global_biosphere_Centered_on_the_Pacific.jpg/400px-Seawifs_global_biosphere_Centered_on_the_Pacific.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Seawifs_global_biosphere_Centered_on_the_Pacific.jpg/600px-Seawifs_global_biosphere_Centered_on_the_Pacific.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Seawifs_global_biosphere_Centered_on_the_Pacific.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SeaWiFS" title="SeaWiFS">SeaWiFS</a> map showing the levels of <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a> in the world's oceans</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primary_production_to_sustain_global_marine_fisheries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Primary_production_to_sustain_global_marine_fisheries.png/400px-Primary_production_to_sustain_global_marine_fisheries.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="482" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Primary_production_to_sustain_global_marine_fisheries.png/600px-Primary_production_to_sustain_global_marine_fisheries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Primary_production_to_sustain_global_marine_fisheries.png/800px-Primary_production_to_sustain_global_marine_fisheries.png 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="2353" /></a><figcaption>Primary production required (PPR) to sustain global marine fisheries landings expressed as percentage of local primary production (PP). The maps represent total annual landings for 1950 (top) and 2005 (bottom). Note that PP estimates are static and derived from the synoptic observation for 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>A conventional idea of a <b>sustainable fishery</b> is that it is one that is harvested at a sustainable rate, where the fish population does not decline over time because of fishing practices. <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a> combines theoretical disciplines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">population dynamics of fisheries</a>, with practical strategies, such as avoiding <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> through techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">individual fishing quotas</a>, curtailing <a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">destructive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">illegal fishing practices</a> by lobbying for appropriate law and policy, setting up protected areas, restoring collapsed fisheries, incorporating all <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a> involved in harvesting marine ecosystems into fishery economics, educating stakeholders and the wider public, and developing independent certification programs. </p><p>Some primary concerns around sustainability are that heavy fishing pressures, such as <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Growth_overfishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth overfishing">growth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Recruitment_overfishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruitment overfishing">recruitment overfishing</a>, will result in the loss of significant <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">potential yield</a>; that <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">stock</a> structure will erode to the point where it loses diversity and resilience to environmental fluctuations; that ecosystems and their economic infrastructures will cycle between collapse and recovery; with each cycle less productive than its predecessor; and that changes will occur in the <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic</a> balance (<a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_marine_food_webs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing down marine food webs">fishing down marine food webs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilborn2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maximum-sustainable-yield-of-fish-with-addition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Maximum-sustainable-yield-of-fish-with-addition.png/400px-Maximum-sustainable-yield-of-fish-with-addition.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Maximum-sustainable-yield-of-fish-with-addition.png/600px-Maximum-sustainable-yield-of-fish-with-addition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Maximum-sustainable-yield-of-fish-with-addition.png/800px-Maximum-sustainable-yield-of-fish-with-addition.png 2x" data-file-width="5230" data-file-height="4910" /></a><figcaption>Sustainability can mean different things to different people. Some may view sustainable fishing to be catching very little in order for fish populations to return to their historical levels (represented by the upper left green area), while others consider sustainability to be the maximum amount of fish we can catch without depleting stocks any further (red dot). Most research, industry and policy backs the second view: viewing fish as a resource.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Global <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fisheries</a> are believed to have peaked and begun a decline, with valuable habitats, such as <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, in critical condition.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fish_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish farm">farming</a> of <a href="/wiki/Piscivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Piscivorous">piscivorous</a> fish, such as <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, does not solve the problem because farmed piscivores are fed products from wild fish, such as <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon farming</a> also has major <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon#Issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">negative impacts</a> on wild salmon.<sup id="cite_ref-Salmon_Run_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salmon_Run-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish that occupy the higher <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a> are less efficient sources of food energy. </p><p>A report at the <a href="/wiki/High-level_Political_Forum_on_Sustainable_Development" title="High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development">High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development</a> in 2021 stated that: "Sustainable fisheries accounted for approximately 0.1 per cent of global GDP in 2017".<sup id="cite_ref-:14_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defining_sustainability">Defining sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Defining sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div> <p>Three ways of defining a sustainable fishery exist: </p> <ul><li><i>Long term constant yield</i> is the idea that undisturbed nature establishes a steady state that changes little over time. Properly done, fishing at up to <a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">maximum sustainable yield</a> allows nature to adjust to a new steady state, without compromising future harvests. However, this view is naive, because constancy is not an attribute of marine ecosystems, which dooms this approach. Stock abundance fluctuates naturally, changing the potential yield over short and long-term periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilborn2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Preserving <a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">intergenerational equity</a></i> acknowledges natural fluctuations and regards as unsustainable only practices which damage the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_structure" title="Genetic structure">genetic structure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">destroy habitat</a>, or deplete <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">stock levels</a> to the point where rebuilding requires more than a single generation. Providing rebuilding takes only one generation, <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> may be economically foolish, but it is not unsustainable. This definition is widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilborn2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Maintaining a biological, social and economic system</i> considers the health of the human ecosystem as well as the marine ecosystem. A fishery which rotates among multiple species can deplete individual stocks and still be sustainable so long as the ecosystem retains its intrinsic integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a definition might consider as sustainable fishing practices that lead to the reduction and possible extinction of some species.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilborn2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_sustainability">Social sustainability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fisheries and aquaculture are, directly or indirectly, a source of livelihood for over 500 million people, mostly in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social sustainability can conflict with biodiversity. A fishery is socially sustainable if the fishery ecosystem maintains the ability to deliver products the society can use. Major species shifts within the ecosystem could be acceptable as long as the flow of such products continues.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilborn2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans have been operating such regimes for thousands of years, transforming many ecosystems, depleting or driving to extinction many species.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:410px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>To a great extent, sustainability is like good art, it is hard to describe but we know it when we see it. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hilborn" title="Ray Hilborn">Ray Hilborn</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilborn2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </cite></p> </div><p> According to Hilborn, the "loss of some species, and indeed transformation of the ecosystem is not incompatible with sustainable harvests."<sup id="cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilborn2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in recent years, <a href="/wiki/Barndoor_skate" title="Barndoor skate">barndoor skates</a> have been caught as <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a> in the western Atlantic. Their numbers have severely declined and they will probably go extinct if these catch rates continue.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if the barndoor skate goes extinct, changing the ecosystem, there could still be sustainable fishing of other commercial species.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilborn2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"></p><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:410px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Sustainable management of fisheries cannot be achieved without an acceptance that the long-term goals of fisheries management are the same as those of environmental conservation. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Daniel Pauly</a> and Dave Preikshot, <sup id="cite_ref-Preikshot&Pauly2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preikshot&Pauly2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </cite></p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_sustainability">Environmental sustainability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environmental sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The focus of sustainable fishing is often on the fish. Other factors are sometimes included in the broader question of sustainability. The use of <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">non-renewable resources</a> is not fully sustainable. This might include <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a> for the fishing ships and boats: there is even a debate about the long term sustainability of <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>. Modern <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">fishing nets</a> are usually made of artificial <a href="/wiki/Polyamides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyamides">polyamides</a> like <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>. Synthetic braided <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">ropes</a> are generally made from nylon, polyester, polypropylene or high performance fibers such as ultra high modulus polyethylene (<a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">HMPE</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">aramid</a>. </p><p>Energy and resources are employed in <a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">fish processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">packaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a>, etc. The methodologies of <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">life-cycle assessment</a> are useful to evaluate the sustainability of components and systems.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are part of the broad question of sustainability. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obstacles">Obstacles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Obstacles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_of_bathymetric_data_-_GEBCO_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/World_map_of_bathymetric_data_-_GEBCO_2014.jpg/350px-World_map_of_bathymetric_data_-_GEBCO_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/World_map_of_bathymetric_data_-_GEBCO_2014.jpg/525px-World_map_of_bathymetric_data_-_GEBCO_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/World_map_of_bathymetric_data_-_GEBCO_2014.jpg/700px-World_map_of_bathymetric_data_-_GEBCO_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AED9CF; color:black;"> </span>  Highlighted in light green are the continental shelves, home to the most productive fishing areas in the world. Large areas have been destroyed by heavy bottom trawls.</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overfishing">Overfishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overfishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></div> <p>Overfishing can be sustainable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sustainable_fishery#Dubious" title="Talk:Sustainable fishery">discuss</a></i>]</sup> According to Hilborn, overfishing can be "a misallocation of societies' resources", but it does not necessarily threaten conservation or sustainability".<sup id="cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilborn2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a> is traditionally defined as harvesting so many fish that the yield is less than it would be if fishing were reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilborn2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific salmon">Pacific salmon</a> are usually managed by trying to determine how many spawning salmon, called the "<a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a>", are needed each generation to produce the maximum harvestable surplus. The optimum escapement is that needed to reach that surplus. If the escapement is half the optimum, then normal fishing looks like overfishing. But this is still sustainable fishing, which could continue indefinitely at its reduced stock numbers and yield. There is a wide range of escapement sizes that present no threat that the stock might collapse or that the stock structure might erode.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilborn2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, overfishing can precede severe stock depletion and fishery collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hilborn points out that continuing to exert fishing pressure while production decreases, stock collapses and the fishery fails, is largely "the product of institutional failure".<sup id="cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilborn2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today over 70% of fish species are either fully exploited, overexploited, depleted, or recovering from depletion. If overfishing does not decrease, it is predicted that stocks of all species currently commercially fished for will collapse by 2048.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Hubbert linearization (<a href="/wiki/Hubbert_curve" title="Hubbert curve">Hubbert curve</a>) has been applied to the <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> industry, as well as charting the price of <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a>, which depends on <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> stocks.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a>. Comparing fisheries and mineral extraction tells us that human pressure on the environment is causing a wide range of resources to go through a Hubbert depletion cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg/220px-Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg/330px-Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg/440px-Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5433" data-file-height="3675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fishing down the <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_Fishing_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bangladesh_Fishing_2006.jpg/220px-Bangladesh_Fishing_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bangladesh_Fishing_2006.jpg/330px-Bangladesh_Fishing_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bangladesh_Fishing_2006.jpg/440px-Bangladesh_Fishing_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coastal fishing communities in Bangladesh are vulnerable to flooding from sea-level rises.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg/220px-Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg/330px-Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg/440px-Maldives_-_Kurumba_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Island with <a href="/wiki/Fringing_reef" title="Fringing reef">fringing reef</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a> are dying around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aralsee.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Aralsee.gif/220px-Aralsee.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Aralsee.gif/330px-Aralsee.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Aralsee.gif/440px-Aralsee.gif 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="817" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Shrinking of the Aral Sea</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_modification">Habitat modification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Habitat modification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of fishing">Environmental effects of fishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a></div> <p>Nearly all the world's <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelves</a>, and large areas of <a href="/wiki/Continental_slope" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental slope">continental slopes</a>, underwater ridges, and <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a>, have had heavy <a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">bottom trawls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_dredge" title="Fishing dredge">dredges</a> repeatedly dragged over their surfaces. For fifty years, governments and organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>, have encouraged the fishing industry to develop trawler fleets. Repeated <a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">bottom trawling</a> and dredging literally flattens diversity in the <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> habitat, radically changing the associated communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Watling2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watling2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_the_ecosystem_balance">Changing the ecosystem balance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Changing the ecosystem balance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">Fishing down the food web</a></div> <p>Since 1950, 90 percent of 25 species of big predator fish have gone. </p> <ul><li>How we are emptying our seas, <i>The Sunday Times</i>, May 10, 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Pauly, Daniel</a> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fisheries.org/bookstore/all-titles/afs-symposia/54049p">Reconciling Fisheries with Conservation: the Challenge of Managing Aquatic Ecosystems</a> Fourth World Fisheries Congress, Vancouver, 2004.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Climate change and fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Effects of climate change on oceans</a></div> <p>Rising ocean temperatures<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are radically altering <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a>. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> is modifying fish distribution<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the productivity of marine and freshwater species. This reduces sustainable catch levels across many habitats, puts pressure on resources needed for <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, on the communities that depend on fisheries, and on the oceans' ability to capture and store carbon (<a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biological pump</a>). <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a> puts coastal <a href="/wiki/Fishing_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing community">fishing communities</a> at risk, while changing rainfall patterns and water use impact on inland (freshwater) fisheries and aquaculture. As climate change causes oceans to warm up, fish are forced to move away, into cooler Northern waters. This can cause overcrowding in these areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_pollution">Ocean pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ocean pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></div> <p>A recent survey of global ocean health concluded that all parts of the ocean have been affected by human development and that 41 percent has been fouled with human polluted runoff, <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, and other abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a> is not easy to fix, because pollution sources are so dispersed, and are built into the economic systems we depend on. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP) mapped the impacts of stressors such as climate change, pollution, <a href="/wiki/Exotic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotic species">exotic species</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Over-exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-exploitation">over-exploitation</a> of resources on the oceans. The report shows at least 75 percent of the world's key fishing grounds may be affected.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases_and_toxins">Diseases and toxins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diseases and toxins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_blooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmful algal blooms">Harmful algal blooms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></div> <p>Large predator fish can contain significant amounts of mercury, a neurotoxin which can affect <a href="/wiki/Fetal_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal development">fetal development</a>, memory, mental focus, and produce tremors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irrigation">Irrigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Irrigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lakes are dependent on the inflow of water from its <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a>. In some areas, aggressive irrigation has caused this inflow to decrease significantly, causing water depletion and a shrinking of the lake. The most notable example is the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>, formerly among the four <a href="/wiki/Largest_lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest lakes">largest lakes</a> in the world, now only a tenth of its former surface area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remediation">Remediation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Remediation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisheries_management">Fisheries management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fisheries management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a> draws on <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">fisheries science</a> to enable sustainable exploitation. Modern fisheries management is often defined as mandatory rules based on concrete objectives and a mix of management techniques, enforced by a <a href="/wiki/Monitoring_control_and_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitoring control and surveillance">monitoring control and surveillance</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Ideas and rules: Economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a> believes <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable growth">sustainable growth</a> is possible providing the right ideas (technology) are combined with the right rules, rather than simply hectoring fishers. There has been no lack of innovative ideas about how to harvest fish. He characterizes failures as primarily failures to apply appropriate rules.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing subsidies">Fishing subsidies</a>: Government subsidies influence many of the world fisheries. Operating cost subsidies allow European and Asian <a href="/wiki/Fishing_fleet" title="Fishing fleet">fishing fleets</a> to fish in distant waters, such as West Africa. Many experts reject fishing subsidies and advocate restructuring incentives globally to help struggling fisheries recover.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Economics: Another focus of conservationists is on curtailing detrimental human activities by improving fisheries' market structure with techniques such as salable <a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">fishing quotas</a>, like those set up by the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Atlantic_Fisheries_Organization" title="Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization">Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization</a>, or laws such as those listed below.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Valorization of by-catch: helping to avoid discards (and their associated adverse ecological impacts) by valorizing by-catch products, as they are good sources for protein hydrolizates, peptones, enzymatic mixtures or fish oil being these products of interest different industrial sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_for_ecosystem_services" title="Payment for ecosystem services">Payment for Ecosystem Services</a>: Environmental economist Essam Y Mohammed argues that by creating direct economic incentives, whereby people are able to receive payment for the services their property provides, will help to establish sustainable fisheries around the world as well as inspire conservation where it otherwise would not.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sustainable fisheries certification: A promising direction is the independent certification programs for sustainable fisheries conducted by organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friend_of_the_Sea" title="Friend of the Sea">Friend of the Sea</a>. These programs work at raising consumer awareness and insight into the nature of their seafood purchases.</li> <li>Ecosystem based fisheries: See next section</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecosystem_based_fisheries">Ecosystem based fisheries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ecosystem based fisheries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>We propose that rebuilding ecosystems, and not sustainability per se, should be the goal of fishery management. Sustainability is a deceptive goal because human harvesting of fish leads to a progressive simplification of ecosystems in favour of smaller, high turnover, lower trophic level fish species that are adapted to withstand disturbance and habitat degradation. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Tony_J._Pitcher" title="Tony J. Pitcher">Tony Pitcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Daniel Pauly</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </cite></p> </div><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine ecology">marine ecologist</a> Chris Frid, the <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a> points to <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> as the causes of recent, unprecedented declines in fish populations. Frid counters that <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> has also altered the way the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> works:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Everybody would like to see the rebuilding of fish stocks and this can only be achieved if we understand all of the influences, human and natural, on fish dynamics. ... fish communities can be altered in a number of ways, for example they can decrease if particular-sized individuals of a species are targeted, as this affects <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries#Predator-prey_equations" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">predator and prey dynamics</a>. Fishing, however, is not the sole cause of changes to <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a>—pollution is another example.... No one factor operates in isolation and components of the ecosystem respond differently to each individual factor.</p></blockquote><p>The traditional approach to fisheries science and management has been to focus on a single species. This can be contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_Approach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem Approach">ecosystem-based approach</a>. Ecosystem-based fishery concepts have been implemented in some regions.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2007 effort to "stimulate much needed discussion" and "clarify the essential components" of ecosystem-based fisheries science, a group of scientists offered the following <b>ten commandments for ecosystem-based fisheries scientists:</b><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ul><li>Keep a perspective that is holistic, risk-averse and adaptive.</li> <li>Maintain an "old growth" structure in fish populations, since big, old and fat female fish have been shown to be the best spawners, but are also susceptible to overfishing.</li> <li>Characterize and maintain the natural spatial structure of fish stocks, so that management boundaries match natural boundaries in the sea.</li> <li>Monitor and maintain seafloor habitats to make sure fish have food and shelter.</li> <li>Maintain resilient ecosystems that are able to withstand occasional shocks.</li> <li>Identify and maintain critical food-web connections, including predators and forage species.</li> <li>Adapt to ecosystem changes through time, both short-term and on longer cycles of decades or centuries, including global climate change.</li> <li>Account for evolutionary changes caused by fishing, which tends to remove large, older fish.</li> <li>Include the actions of humans and their social and economic systems in all ecological equations.</li></ul> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_protected_areas">Marine protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marine protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine protected areas">Marine protected areas</a></div> <p>Strategies and techniques for marine conservation tend to combine theoretical disciplines, such as population biology, with practical conservation strategies, such as setting up protected areas, as with <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine Protected Areas</a> (MPAs) or <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="Voluntary Marine Conservation Area">Voluntary Marine Conservation Areas</a>. Each nation defines MPAs independently, but they commonly involve increased protection for the area from fishing and other threats.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marine life is not evenly distributed in the oceans. Most of the really valuable ecosystems are in relatively shallow coastal waters, above or near the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>, where the sunlit waters are often nutrient rich from <a href="/wiki/Land_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Land runoff">land runoff</a> or <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwellings</a> at the continental edge, allowing photosynthesis, which energizes the lowest trophic levels. In the 1970s, for reasons more to do with <a href="/wiki/Oil_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drilling">oil drilling</a> than with fishing, the U.S. extended its jurisdiction, then 12 miles from the coast, to 200 miles. This made huge shelf areas part of its territory. Other nations followed, extending national control to what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ). This move has had many implications for fisheries conservation, since it means that most of the most productive maritime ecosystems are now under national jurisdictions, opening possibilities for protecting these ecosystems by passing appropriate laws. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Daniel Pauly</a> characterises marine protected areas as "a conservation tool of revolutionary importance that is being incorporated into the fisheries mainstream."<sup id="cite_ref-Preikshot&Pauly2005_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preikshot&Pauly2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Pew_Charitable_Trusts" title="The Pew Charitable Trusts">The Pew Charitable Trusts</a> have funded various initiatives aimed at encouraging the development of MPAs and other ocean conservation measures.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_Fish_Farming">Sustainable Fish Farming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sustainable Fish Farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Salmon_farming_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmon farming issues">Salmon farming issues</a></div> <p>Over the years, fish farming has made a name for itself in the fishing industry as a means of ensuring that the world's fish supplies do not deplete so rapidly. Sometimes referred to as "aquaculture", fish farming, when done right, <i>can</i> be one a very environmentally-friendly way to harvest fish. Fish farms are regulated by laws and management plans, which prevents it from falling prey to the same phenomenon of overfishing, which cripples the fish populations and marine ecosystem as a whole. The basic premise of fish farming is just what it sounds like—to breed and raise fish in enclosed environments, then eventually sell the grown fish as food for consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salmon, cod, and halibut are three types of finfish that are often farm-raised. The actual enclosures in which the fish grow and swim are made of mesh "cages" submerged underwater. </p><p>Because they are not catching the fish out in the open ocean, fish farmers are able to control the environment in which the fish exist. Sustainable fish farming practices do not use dangerous chemicals, hormones, or antibiotics on their fish, which benefits the surrounding marine environment, and the human consumers themselves. In addition to this, sustainable fish farming is able to control what their fish eat: farmers will take care to keep the fish's diet healthy and balanced. Conversely, one of the most unsustainable practices within the fish farming industry occurs is when farmers feed the fish pellets of animal waste. The quality of ocean water in and around fish farms is up to the farmers to maintain, and due to the fact that the mesh cages take up only a certain amount of space in the ocean, fish farmers can ensure that waste and other byproducts are not polluting the water. Everything from fish oils to fish skin may be incorporated into something new: for example, fish oils can become a beneficiary supplement for both animals and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws_and_treaties">Laws and treaties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Laws and treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International laws and treaties related to <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">marine conservation</a> include the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Fishing_and_Conservation_of_Living_Resources_of_the_High_Seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas">Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> laws related to marine conservation include the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Marine_Mammal_Protection_Act_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972">Marine Mammal Protection Act</a>, as well as the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Dumping_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean Dumping Act">Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act</a> which established the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Marine_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Marine Sanctuary">National Marine Sanctuaries</a> program. <a href="/wiki/Magnuson-Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconciling_fisheries_with_conservation">Reconciling fisheries with conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reconciling fisheries with conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grizzly_bear_with_salmon_-_journal.pbio.1001304.g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Grizzly_bear_with_salmon_-_journal.pbio.1001304.g001.png/220px-Grizzly_bear_with_salmon_-_journal.pbio.1001304.g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Grizzly_bear_with_salmon_-_journal.pbio.1001304.g001.png/330px-Grizzly_bear_with_salmon_-_journal.pbio.1001304.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Grizzly_bear_with_salmon_-_journal.pbio.1001304.g001.png/440px-Grizzly_bear_with_salmon_-_journal.pbio.1001304.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Management goals might consider the <a href="/wiki/Salmon_run#Keystone_species" title="Salmon run">impact of salmon</a> on bear and river ecosystems.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the Fourth World Fisheries Congress in 2004, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Daniel Pauly</a> asked, "How can fisheries science and conservation biology achieve a reconciliation?", then answered his own question, "By accepting each other's essentials: that fishing should remain a viable occupation; and that aquatic ecosystems and their biodiversity are allowed to persist."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A relatively new concept is relationship farming. This is a way of operating farms so they restore the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> in their area. Re-establishing a healthy food chain can result in the farm automatically filtering out impurities from feed water and air, feeding its own food chain, and additionally producing high net yields for harvesting. An example is the large cattle ranch <a href="/wiki/Veta_La_Palma" title="Veta La Palma">Veta La Palma</a> in southern Spain. Relationship farming was first made popular by <a href="/wiki/Joel_Salatin" title="Joel Salatin">Joel Salatin</a> who created a 220 hectare relationship farm featured prominently in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pollan" title="Michael Pollan">Michael Pollan's</a> book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Omnivore%27s_Dilemma" title="The Omnivore's Dilemma">The Omnivore's Dilemma</a></i> (2006) and the documentary films, <i><a href="/wiki/Food,_Inc." title="Food, Inc.">Food, Inc.</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Fresh_(2009_film)" title="Fresh (2009 film)"><i>Fresh</i></a>. The basic concept of relationship farming is to put effort into building a healthy food chain, and then the food chain does the hard work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awareness_campaigns">Awareness campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Awareness campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood_advisory_lists_and_certification" title="Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification">Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification</a></div> <p>Various organizations promote sustainable fishing strategies, educate the public and stakeholders, and lobby for conservation law and policy. The list includes the Marine Conservation Biology Institute and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Frontier_Campaign" title="Blue Frontier Campaign">Blue Frontier Campaign</a> in the U.S., The U.K.'s Frontier (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontier.ac.uk/About-Us/Background-Mission.aspx">The Society for Environmental Exploration</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Marine_Conservation_Society" title="Marine Conservation Society">Marine Conservation Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Marine_Conservation_Society" title="Australian Marine Conservation Society">Australian Marine Conservation Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_the_Exploration_of_the_Sea" title="International Council for the Exploration of the Sea">International Council for the Exploration of the Sea</a> (ICES), <a href="/wiki/Langkawi_Declaration" title="Langkawi Declaration">Langkawi Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group)" title="Oceana (non-profit group)">Oceana</a>, <a href="/wiki/PROFISH" title="PROFISH">PROFISH</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Around_Us_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Around Us Project">Sea Around Us Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Collective_in_Support_of_Fishworkers" title="International Collective in Support of Fishworkers">International Collective in Support of Fishworkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Forum_of_Fish_Harvesters_and_Fish_Workers" title="World Forum of Fish Harvesters and Fish Workers">World Forum of Fish Harvesters and Fish Workers</a>, Frozen at Sea Fillets Association and <a href="/wiki/CEDO" title="CEDO">CEDO</a>. </p><p>Some organizations certify fishing industry players for sustainable or good practices, such as the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friend_of_the_Sea" title="Friend of the Sea">Friend of the Sea</a>. </p><p>Other organizations offer advice to members of the public who eat with an eye to sustainability. According to the marine conservation biologist <a href="/wiki/Callum_Roberts_(biologist)" title="Callum Roberts (biologist)">Callum Roberts</a>, four criteria apply when choosing seafood:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <ul><li>Is the species in trouble in the wild where the animals were caught?</li> <li>Does fishing for the species damage ocean habitats?</li> <li>Is there a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a> taken with the target species?</li> <li>Does the fishery have a problem with discards—generally, undersized animals caught and thrown away because their market value is low?</li></ul> </blockquote> <p>The following organizations have download links for wallet-sized cards, listing good and bad choices:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a> <a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a>, USA<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ocean_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Ocean Institute">Blue Ocean Institute</a>, USA<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Conservation_Society" title="Marine Conservation Society">Marine Conservation Society</a>, UK<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Marine_Conservation_Society" title="Australian Marine Conservation Society">Australian Marine Conservation Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Southern African Sustainable Seafood Initiative<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_goals">Global goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Global goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> (MDGs) include, as goal number 7: target 2, the intention to "reduce <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss", including improving fisheries management to reduce depletion of fish stocks.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the MDGs then evolved to become the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">Goal 14</a> aimed at conserving life below water.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its Target 14.7 states that "By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_issues">Data issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Data issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_quality">Data quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Data quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the major impediments to the rational control of marine resources is inadequate data. According to fisheries scientist Milo Adkison (2007), the primary limitation in fisheries management decisions is poor data. Fisheries management decisions are often based on population models, but the models need quality data to be accurate. Scientists and fishery managers would be better served with simpler models and improved data.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unreported_fishing">Unreported fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Unreported fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimates of illegal catch losses range between $10 billion and $23 billion annually,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing between 11 and 26 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_catch" title="Incidental catch">Incidental catch</a><sup id="cite_ref-Preikshot&Pauly2005_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preikshot&Pauly2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shifting_baselines">Shifting baselines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Shifting baselines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shifting_baseline" title="Shifting baseline">Shifting baselines</a> is the way significant changes to a system are measured against previous baselines, which themselves may represent significant changes from the original state of the system. The term was first used by the <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">fisheries scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pauly" title="Daniel Pauly">Daniel Pauly</a> in his paper "Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pauly developed the term in reference to <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">fisheries management</a> where fisheries scientists sometimes fail to identify the correct "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baseline" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:baseline">baseline</a>" population size (e.g. how abundant a fish species population was <i>before</i> human exploitation) and thus work with a <b>shifted baseline</b>. He describes the way that radically depleted fisheries were evaluated by experts who used the state of the fishery at the start of their careers as the baseline, rather than the fishery in its untouched state. Areas that swarmed with a particular species hundreds of years ago, may have experienced long-term decline, but it is the level of decades previously that is considered the appropriate reference point for current populations. In this way large declines in ecosystems or species over long periods of time were, and are, masked. There is a loss of <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> of change that occurs when each <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generation</a> redefines what is "natural".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>In the end, we will conserve only what we love; we will love only what we understand; and we will understand only what we are taught. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Senegalese conservationist <a href="/wiki/Baba_Dioum" title="Baba Dioum">Baba Dioum</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </cite></p> </div> <p>In his 1883 inaugural address to the International Fisheries Exhibition in London, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Huxley">Thomas Huxley</a> asserted that overfishing or "permanent exhaustion" was scientifically impossible, and stated that probably "all the great sea fisheries are inexhaustible".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, by 1883 marine fisheries were already collapsing. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_Commission" title="United States Fish Commission">United States Fish Commission</a> was established 12 years earlier for the purpose of finding why fisheries in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> were declining. At the time of Huxley's address, the Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a> fishery had already collapsed (and has never recovered).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_management_of_fisheries">Traditional management of fisheries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Traditional management of fisheries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">fisheries management</a> and the science underpinning it was distorted by its "narrow focus on <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">target populations</a> and the corresponding failure to account for ecosystem effects leading to declines of <a href="/wiki/Species_abundance" class="mw-redirect" title="Species abundance">species abundance</a> and diversity" and by perceiving the fishing industry as "the sole legitimate user, in effect the owner, of marine living resources." Historically, stock assessment scientists usually worked in government laboratories and considered their work to be providing services to the fishing industry. These scientists dismissed conservation issues and distanced themselves from the scientists and the science that raised the issues. This happened even as commercial fish stocks deteriorated, and even though many governments were signatories to binding conservation agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-Preikshot&Pauly2005_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preikshot&Pauly2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_fishery" title="Community-supported fishery">Community-supported fishery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Line:_How_Overfishing_Is_Changing_the_World_and_What_We_Eat" class="mw-redirect" title="The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat">The End of the Line</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seafood_Sustainability_Foundation" title="International Seafood Sustainability Foundation">International Seafood Sustainability Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute" title="Worldwatch Institute">Worldwatch Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Life_Protection_Act" title="Marine Life Protection Act">Marine Life Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Outcomes" title="Ocean Outcomes">Ocean Outcomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">List of commercially important fish species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_Stewardship_Council" title="Aquaculture Stewardship Council">Aquaculture Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwartzSalaTraceyWatson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Swartz, Wilf; Sala, Enric; Tracey, Sean; Watson, Reg; Pauly, Daniel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996307">"The Spatial Expansion and Ecological Footprint of Fisheries (1950 to Present)"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>5</b> (12): e15143. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...515143S">2010PLoSO...515143S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015143">10.1371/journal.pone.0015143</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996307">2996307</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21151994">21151994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Spatial+Expansion+and+Ecological+Footprint+of+Fisheries+%281950+to+Present%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e15143&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2996307%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21151994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015143&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...515143S&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Wilf&rft.au=Sala%2C+Enric&rft.au=Tracey%2C+Sean&rft.au=Watson%2C+Reg&rft.au=Pauly%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2996307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+fishery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilborn2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilborn2005_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Hilborn" title="Ray Hilborn">Hilborn, Ray</a> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-2JcCC_Yn0C&pg=PP1">"Are Sustainable Fisheries Achievable?"</a> Chapter 15, pp. 247–259, in Norse and Crowder (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/fish-and-overfishing">"Fish and Overfishing"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.york.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Unnatural+History+of+the+Sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fres%2Funnatural-history-of-the-sea%2Fbaselines%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+fishery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Norse & Crowder 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180430223634/https://books.google.com/books?id=J-2JcCC_Yn0C&pg=PR19&vq=%22In+the+end+we+will+conserve+only+what+we+love,+we+will+love+only+what+we+understand,+and+we+will%22&source=gbs_quotes_r&cad=6#v=onepage&q=%22In%20the%20end%20we%20will%20conserve%20only%20what%20we%20love%2C%20we%20will%20love%20only%20what%20we%20understand%2C%20and%20we%20will%22&f=false">Page xix</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Huxley, Thomas (1883)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/SM5/fish.html">Inaugural Address</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110829062507/http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/SM5/fish.html">Archived</a> 2011-08-29 at Wikiwix Fisheries Exhibition, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Goode GB and Collins JW (1887) "The fresh-halibut fishery". In: <i>The fisheries and fishery industry of the United States</i>. Section V. History and methods of the fisheries, Vol. I, Part I. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. p. 3–89.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_fishery&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinephotobank.org/photocenter/PhotoCenterElliottNorseProfile.php/">Norse, Elliott A.</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322122807/http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/crowder.html">Crowder, Larry B.</a> (Eds.) (2005) <i>Marine Conservation Biology: The Science of Maintaining the Sea's Biodiversity</i>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Press" title="Island Press">Island Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-662-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-662-9">978-1-55963-662-9</a></li> <li>Ray, G. Carleton and McCormick-Ray, Jerry (eds). (2004). "Coastal-marine conservation: science and policy". Malden, Ma: Blackwell.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcbi.org/">Marine Conservation Biology Institute</a> (MCBI <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mcbi.org/">[1]</a>) Bibliography of resources.</li> <li>McLeod, Karen and Leslie. Heather (Eds.) (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yn4mL6u35tMC&dq=%22Ecosystem-Based+Management+for+the+Oceans%22&pg=PT347"><i>Ecosystem-Based Management for the Oceans</i></a> Island Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-155-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-155-5">978-1-59726-155-5</a></li> <li>Berkes F, Mahon R, McConney P, Pollnac R and Pomeroy R (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RRMNaEFEAF4C&dq=%22Managing+Small-Scale+Fisheries:+Alternative+Directions+and+Methods%22&pg=PP1"><i>Managing Small-Scale Fisheries: Alternative Directions and Methods</i></a> IDRC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88936-943-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88936-943-6">978-0-88936-943-6</a></li> <li>Mann, Kenneth and Lazier, John (3rd Ed. 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uk0O_ckIfcYC&dq=%22Dynamics+of+Marine+Ecosystems:+Biological-Physical+Interactions+in+the+Oceans%22&pg=PP1"><i>Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems: Biological-Physical Interactions in the Oceans</i></a> Wiley-Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1118-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1118-8">978-1-4051-1118-8</a></li> <li>Norse EA and Crowder LB (Eds) (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-2JcCC_Yn0C&dq=%22Marine+conservation+biology:+the+science+of+maintaining+the+sea%27s+biodiversity%22&pg=PP1"><i>Marine conservation biology: the science of maintaining the sea's biodiversity</i></a> Island Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-662-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-662-9">978-1-55963-662-9</a></li> <li>Duffy, J. 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talk:Fishery science topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fishery_science_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fishery science topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fishery_science_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fishery</a> science topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fisheries_science_and_wild_fisheries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries<br />science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">Population dynamics of fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_baseline" title="Shifting baseline">Shifting baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">Fish stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_mortality" title="Fish mortality">Fish mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condition_index_in_fish" title="Condition index in fish">Condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_assessment" title="Stock assessment">Stock assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_measurement" title="Fish measurement">Fish measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_weight_in_fish" title="Standard weight in fish">Standard weight in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_counter" title="Fish counter">Fish counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_storage_tag" title="Data storage tag">Data storage tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_per_unit_effort" title="Catch per unit effort">Catch per unit effort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith_microchemical_analysis" title="Otolith microchemical analysis">Otolith microchemical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics" title="Fisheries acoustics">Fisheries acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_tag" title="Acoustic tag">Acoustic tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">Coded wire tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_satellite_archival_tag" title="Pop-up satellite archival tag">Pop-up satellite archival tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoSCOPE" title="EcoSCOPE">EcoSCOPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_class_structure" title="Age class structure">Age class structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">Trophic cascades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_containment" title="Hydrographic containment">Hydrographic containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match/mismatch" title="Match/mismatch">Match/mismatch hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Climate change and fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioeconomics_(fisheries)" title="Bioeconomics (fisheries)">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EconMult" title="EconMult">EconMult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_databases" title="Category:Fisheries databases">Fisheries databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_and_aquaculture_research_institutes" title="Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes">Institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science#Notable_contributors" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries scientists</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/140px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/210px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/280px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild<br />fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_life_history" title="Eel life history">Eel fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp#Kelp_in_history_and_culture" title="Kelp">Kelp fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Eel ladder">Eel ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_screen" title="Fish screen">Fish screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal blooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fisheries_law,_management,_sustainability_and_conservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">sustainability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fish_Stocks_Agreement" title="United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement">United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Convention" title="Fisheries Convention">Fisheries Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/140px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/210px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/280px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1106" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_monitoring_control_and_surveillance" title="Fisheries monitoring control and surveillance">Monitoring control and surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_monitoring_system" title="Vessel monitoring system">Vessel monitoring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery_Resources_Monitoring_System" title="Fishery Resources Monitoring System">Fishery Resources Monitoring System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_reporting" title="Catch reporting">Catch reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_observer" title="Fisheries observer">Fisheries observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_share" title="Catch share">Catch share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_landing_size" title="Minimum landing size">Minimum landing size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_fishing" title="Pulse fishing">Pulse fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_limit" title="Slot limit">Slot limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">EU Common Fisheries Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fishery_MLS" title="European Fishery MLS">EU MLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fisheries_Control_Agency" title="European Fisheries Control Agency">European Fisheries Control Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_body" title="Regional fishery body">Regional fishery body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_management_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional fishery management organisation">Regional fishery management organisation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Sustainability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">Maximum sustainable yield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">List of commercially important fish species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">Fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Marine_Animal_Populations" title="Future of Marine Animal Populations">Future of Marine Animal Populations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunken_Billions" title="The Sunken Billions">The Sunken Billions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Line_(book)" title="The End of the Line (book)">The End of the Line</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discards" title="Discards">Discards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_catch" title="Incidental catch">Incidental catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">Cetacean bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">Turtle excluder device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp-Turtle_Case" title="Shrimp-Turtle Case"><i>Shrimp-Turtle</i> case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">Marine reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Grey nurse shark conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">Shark sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Environmental_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Environmental Agency">European Environmental Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FishAct" title="FishAct">FishAct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_Stewardship_Council" title="Aquaculture Stewardship Council">Aquaculture Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_the_Sea" title="Friend of the Sea">Friend of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaChoice" title="SeaChoice">SeaChoice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Outcomes" title="Ocean Outcomes">Ocean Outcomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group)" title="Oceana (non-profit group)">Oceana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_Seas_Foundation" title="Save Our Seas Foundation">Save Our Seas Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Around_Us_(organization)" title="Sea Around Us (organization)">Sea Around Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldFish" title="WorldFish">WorldFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defying_Ocean%27s_End" title="Defying Ocean's End">Defying Ocean's End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROFISH" title="PROFISH">PROFISH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seafood_Sustainability_Foundation" title="International Seafood Sustainability Foundation">International Seafood Sustainability Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CalCOFI" title="CalCOFI">CalCOFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_culling" title="Shark culling">Shark culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">Threatened sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">Threatened rays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index of fishing articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary of fishery terms</a></li></ul> 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