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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Drancy internment camp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_d%27internament_de_Drancy" title="Camp d'internament de Drancy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camp d'internament de Drancy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammellager_Drancy" title="Sammellager Drancy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sammellager Drancy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%AF" title="Στρατόπεδο του Ντρανσί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατόπεδο του Ντρανσί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_internamiento_de_Drancy" title="Campo de internamiento de Drancy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campo de internamiento de Drancy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentrejo_Drancy" title="Koncentrejo Drancy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koncentrejo Drancy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اردوگاه درانسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردوگاه درانسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_Drancy" title="Camp de Drancy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camp de Drancy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_di_internamento_di_Drancy" title="Campo di internamento di Drancy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campo di internamento di Drancy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99" title="מחנה הריכוז דראנסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחנה הריכוז דראנסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drancyi_gy%C5%B1jt%C5%91t%C3%A1bor" title="Drancyi gyűjtőtábor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Drancyi gyűjtőtábor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp_Drancy" title="Kamp Drancy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kamp Drancy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E5%8F%8E%E5%AE%B9%E6%89%80" title="ドランシー収容所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドランシー収容所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C3%B3z_w_Drancy" title="Obóz w Drancy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obóz w Drancy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_deporta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Drancy" title="Campo de deportação de Drancy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campo de deportação de Drancy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C)" title="Дранси (концентрационный лагерь) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дранси (концентрационный лагерь)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Drancy internment camp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drancy_(interneringsl%C3%A4ger)" title="Drancy (interneringsläger) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Drancy (interneringsläger)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80)" title="Дрансі (концентраційний табір) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дрансі (концентраційний табір)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%90%D6%B8%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="דראַנסי קאָנצענטראַציעלאַגער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דראַנסי קאָנצענטראַציעלאַגער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q247958#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Internment camp for Jews in occupied France during World War II</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Drancy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps#Types_of_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Transit camp</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919,_Frankreich,_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919%2C_Frankreich%2C_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg/225px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919%2C_Frankreich%2C_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919%2C_Frankreich%2C_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg/338px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919%2C_Frankreich%2C_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919%2C_Frankreich%2C_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B10919%2C_Frankreich%2C_Internierungslager_Drancy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="530" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The accommodation block at Drancy with French policeman on guard</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drancy internment camp is located in France"><img alt="Drancy internment camp is located in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/240px-France_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/360px-France_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/480px-France_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.516%;left:52.185%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Drancy internment camp"><img alt="Drancy internment camp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Drancy within France</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Drancy" title="Drancy">Drancy</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operated by</th><td class="infobox-data">French police (until 1943)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commandant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Dannecker" title="Theodor Dannecker">Theodor Dannecker</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original use</th><td class="infobox-data">Utopian urban community</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operational</th><td class="infobox-data">20 August 1941 – 17 August 1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">French, Polish, Czechoslovak, and German Jews</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">67,400 deported; 1,542 remaining at liberation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Liberated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> (indirectly <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> (Mainly the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>))</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable inmates</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Bernard" title="Tristan Bernard">Tristan Bernard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bloch" title="Eduard Bloch">Eduard Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Blum_(ballet)" class="mw-redirect" title="René Blum (ballet)">René Blum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_van_Dam" title="Max van Dam">Max van Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Max Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Salomon" title="Charlotte Salomon">Charlotte Salomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drancy.memorialdelashoah.org/en/">http://drancy.memorialdelashoah.org/en/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Drancy internment camp</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Camp d'internement de Drancy</i>) was an assembly and detention camp for confining <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> who were later deported to the <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a> during the <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">German occupation of France during World War II</a>. Originally conceived and built as a <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist</a> urban community under the name <i><b>La Cité de la Muette</b></i>, it was located in <a href="/wiki/Drancy" title="Drancy">Drancy</a>, a northeastern suburb of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. </p><p>Between 22 June 1942 and 31 July 1944, during its use as an internment camp, 67,400 French, Polish, and German Jews were deported from the camp in 64 <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">rail operations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-yadVashemMonthDecember_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yadVashemMonthDecember-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included 6,000 children. Only 1,542 prisoners remained alive at the camp when the German authorities in Drancy fled as <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> advanced and the Swedish Consul-General <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Nordling" title="Raoul Nordling">Raoul Nordling</a> took control of the camp on 17 August 1944, before handing it over to the French Red Cross to care for the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">survivors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drancy was under the control of the French police until 1943 when administration was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>, which placed officer <a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a> in charge of the camp. In 2001, Brunner's case was brought before a French court by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_hunter" title="Nazi hunter">Nazi hunter</a> <a href="/wiki/Serge_Klarsfeld" title="Serge Klarsfeld">Serge Klarsfeld</a>, which sentenced Brunner <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a> to a life sentence for crimes against humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drancy_internment_camp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operational history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_deportations_of_French_Jews_to_death_camps" title="Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps">Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps</a></div> <p>After the 1940 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">defeat by Germany</a> and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers to Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Republic</a> was abolished and <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> was proclaimed. The Vichy government cooperated with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, hunting down foreign and <a href="/wiki/French_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="French citizens">French</a> Jews and turning them over to the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> for transport to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>. </p><p>The Drancy internment camp became identified by the northeastern suburb of Paris in which it was located. It was originally conceived by the noted architects <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Lods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Lods (page does not exist)">Marcel Lods</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Lods" class="extiw" title="fr:Marcel Lods">fr</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Beaudouin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène Beaudouin (page does not exist)">Eugène Beaudouin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Beaudouin" class="extiw" title="fr:Eugène Beaudouin">fr</a>]</span> as a striking, <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist</a> urban community. The design was especially noteworthy for its integration of high-rise residential apartment towers, among the first of their kind in France. Poetically named <i>La Cité de la Muette</i> ("The Silent City") at its creation for its perceived peaceful ideals,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the name became twisted with bitterly ironic meaning. The entire complex was confiscated by Nazi authorities not long after the German occupation of France in 1940. It was used first as police barracks, then converted into the primary detention center in the Paris region for holding <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> and other people labeled as "undesirable" before deportation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png/280px-WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png/420px-WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png/560px-WW2-Holocaust-Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Map of Holocaust sites, with the Drancy camp and routes by Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 August 1941, French police conducted raids throughout the <a href="/wiki/11th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="11th arrondissement of Paris">11th arrondissement of Paris</a> and arrested more than 4,000 Jews, mainly foreign or stateless Jews. French authorities interned these Jews in Drancy, marking its official opening. French police enclosed the barracks and courtyard with barbed-wire fencing and provided guards for the camp. Drancy fell under the command of the Gestapo Office of Jewish Affairs in France and German SS Captain <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Dannecker" title="Theodor Dannecker">Theodor Dannecker</a>. Five subcamps of Drancy were located throughout Paris (three of which were the Austerlitz, Lévitan and Bassano camps).<sup id="cite_ref-Drancy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drancy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv Roundup</a> on 16 and 17 July 1942, more than 4,900 of the 13,152 victims of the mass arrest were sent directly to the camp at Drancy before their deportation to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>. </p><p>Drancy was under the control of the French police until 3 July 1943 when Germany took direct control of the Drancy camp. SS officer <a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a> became camp commandant as part of the major stepping up at all facilities needed for mass extermination. The French police carried out additional roundups of Jews throughout the war. Some Drancy inmates died as hostage pawns. In December 1941, 40 prisoners from Drancy were executed in retaliation for a French attack on German police officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Drancy_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drancy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1943 around 350 inmates of the <a href="/wiki/Borgo_San_Dalmazzo_concentration_camp" title="Borgo San Dalmazzo concentration camp">Borgo San Dalmazzo concentration camp</a> in Italy were deported by train to Drancy and, soon after, on to Auschwitz. The inmates from Borgo, Jewish refugees from a number of European countries, had been arrested after the Italian surrender in September 1943, having mostly come to Italy from France in search for safety from Nazi prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-Deportati_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deportati-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prisoners">Prisoners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drancy_internment_camp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prisoners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69243,_Frankreich,_Konzentrationslager_Drancy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69243%2C_Frankreich%2C_Konzentrationslager_Drancy.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69243%2C_Frankreich%2C_Konzentrationslager_Drancy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69243%2C_Frankreich%2C_Konzentrationslager_Drancy.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69243%2C_Frankreich%2C_Konzentrationslager_Drancy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69243%2C_Frankreich%2C_Konzentrationslager_Drancy.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69243%2C_Frankreich%2C_Konzentrationslager_Drancy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Jews at Drancy in 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>The Drancy camp was designed to hold 700 people, but at its peak held more than 7,000. There is documented evidence and testimony recounting the brutality of the French guards in Drancy and the harsh conditions imposed on the inmates. For example, upon their arrival, small children were immediately separated from their parents for deportation to the death camps.<sup id="cite_ref-Drancy_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drancy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 April 1944, SS First Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a> raided a children's home in <a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a>, France, where Jewish children had been hidden. Barbie arrested everyone present, all 44 children and 7 adult staff members. The next day, the Gestapo transported the arrestees to Drancy. From there, all the children and staff were deported to Auschwitz. None of the children survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Drancy_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drancy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69244,_Internierungslager_Drancy_in_Frankreich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69244%2C_Internierungslager_Drancy_in_Frankreich.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69244%2C_Internierungslager_Drancy_in_Frankreich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69244%2C_Internierungslager_Drancy_in_Frankreich.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69244%2C_Internierungslager_Drancy_in_Frankreich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69244%2C_Internierungslager_Drancy_in_Frankreich.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69244%2C_Internierungslager_Drancy_in_Frankreich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Weill-Raynal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Weill-Raynal (page does not exist)">Weill</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9odore_Valensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Théodore Valensi (page does not exist)">Théodore Valensi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Valensi" class="extiw" title="fr:Théodore Valensi">fr</a>]</span>, Azoulay, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Ulmo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Ulmo (page does not exist)">Albert Ulmo</a>, Cremieux, Eduard Bloch and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mass%C3%A9" title="Pierre Massé">Pierre Massé</a> held at Drancy in 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Many French Jewish intellectuals and artists were held in Drancy, including <a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Max Jacob</a> (who died there),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Bernard" title="Tristan Bernard">Tristan Bernard</a>, and the choreographer <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Blum_(ballet)" class="mw-redirect" title="René Blum (ballet)">René Blum</a>. Of the 75,000 Jews whom French and German authorities deported from France, more than 67,000 were sent directly from Drancy to Auschwitz.<sup id="cite_ref-Drancy_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drancy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch painter <a href="/wiki/Max_van_Dam" title="Max van Dam">Max van Dam</a>, captured in France en route to Switzerland, was briefly incarcerated in Drancy where he was able to paint and create print work. He was among the 1008 deportees on Transport 53 which left Drancy, on 25 March 1943, with the final destination of <a href="/wiki/Sobibor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibor">Sobibor</a>. Van Dam was spared upon arrival and survived for six months painting for the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> but was murdered in September 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish Austrian footballer <a href="/wiki/Max_Scheuer" title="Max Scheuer">Max Scheuer</a> was sent to Drancy, and then on to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>, where he was murdered in the early 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also many non-French Jews captured in France and deported to Drancy to await final deportation to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Death_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Death camps">death camps</a>. They included the noted German artist <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Salomon" title="Charlotte Salomon">Charlotte Salomon</a>, who had lived in the south of France after fleeing from the Nazis in Germany. By September 1943, Charlotte Salomon had married another German Jewish refugee, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Nagler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Nagler (page does not exist)">Alexander Nagler</a>. The two of them were dragged from their house and transported by rail from Nice to Drancy. By now, Charlotte Salomon was five months <a href="/wiki/Pregnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnant">pregnant</a>. She was transported to Auschwitz on 7 October 1943 and was probably murdered by gas on the same day that she arrived there (10 October). </p><p>The prisoners dug a tunnel to escape, but it was discovered before completion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A TV documentary was made about the attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Allies were approaching Paris in August 1944, the German officers fled, and the camp was liberated on 17 August when control of the camp was given over to the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> and Swedish diplomat <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Nordling" title="Raoul Nordling">Raoul Nordling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present-day">Present-day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drancy_internment_camp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Present-day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drancy_Wagon-T%C3%A9moin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Drancy_Wagon-T%C3%A9moin.jpg/220px-Drancy_Wagon-T%C3%A9moin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Drancy_Wagon-T%C3%A9moin.jpg/330px-Drancy_Wagon-T%C3%A9moin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Drancy_Wagon-T%C3%A9moin.jpg/440px-Drancy_Wagon-T%C3%A9moin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A railway wagon used to carry internees to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> and now displayed at Drancy</figcaption></figure> <p>The camp was used after the war for the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">internment of collaborationists</a>, then went back in 1946 to its original designation as <a href="/wiki/Low-income_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-income housing">low-income housing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, the Memorial to the Deportation at Drancy was created by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Shelomo_Selinger" title="Shelomo Selinger">Shelomo Selinger</a> to commemorate the French Jews imprisoned in the camp. </p><p>Until recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the official point of view of the French government was that the Vichy regime was an illegal government distinct from the French Republic. While the criminal behaviour of Vichy France and the collaboration of French officials were acknowledged, and some former Vichy officials prosecuted, this point of view denied any responsibility of the French Republic. This perspective, held by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> among others, underlined in particular the circumstances of the July 1940 vote of the full powers to <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Marshal Pétain</a>, who installed the "<a href="/wiki/French_State" class="mw-redirect" title="French State">French State</a>" and repudiated the Republic. With only the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_80" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy 80">Vichy 80</a> refusing this vote, historians have argued it was anti-Constitutional, most notably because of pressure on parliamentarians from <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drancy_Receipt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drancy Internment Camp Receipt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Drancy_Receipt.jpg/220px-Drancy_Receipt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Drancy_Receipt.jpg/330px-Drancy_Receipt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Drancy_Receipt.jpg/440px-Drancy_Receipt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Receipt for French francs taken from Jewish inmate at Drancy, stating that "the Aeltestenrat [Council of Elders] at the new place of settlement is under obligation to (re)pay its countervalue in [Polish] zloty"</figcaption></figure> <p>However, on 16 July 1995, president <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>, in a speech, recognized the responsibility of the French State, and in particular of the <a href="/wiki/French_police" class="mw-redirect" title="French police">French police</a> which organized the <a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv Roundup</a> (<i>Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv</i>) of July 1942, for seconding the "criminal folly of the occupying country".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 January 2005, arsonists set fire to some railroad <a href="/wiki/Freight_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight car">freight cars</a> in the former camp; a tract signed "<a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Bin Laden</a>" with an inverted <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> was found.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 11 April 2009, a swastika was painted on a train car used for the deportation of Jews, a permanent exhibit. This was condemned by the French Minister for the Interior, <a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie" title="Michèle Alliot-Marie">Michèle Alliot-Marie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_museum">New museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drancy_internment_camp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new <a href="/wiki/Shoah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoah">Shoah</a> memorial museum designed by Swiss architect Roger Diener was opened in September 2012<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just opposite the sculpture memorial and <a href="/wiki/Railway_wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway wagon">railway wagon</a> by the President of France, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>. It provides details of the persecution of the Jews in France and many personal mementos of inmates before their deportation to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> and their death. They include messages written on the walls, many <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>, aluminium drinking mugs and other personal belongings left by the prisoners, some of which are inscribed with the names of the owners. </p><p>The archive also includes the cards and letters written by the prisoners to their relatives before deportation, and they are a moving contribution to the memory of the camp, and the crime of their detention. The ground floor shows a changing exhibit of prisoners' faces and names, as a <a href="/wiki/Memorial" title="Memorial">memorial</a> to their imprisonment and murder by the Nazis, assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> of Occupied France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentary_films">Documentary films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drancy_internment_camp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Documentary films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Drancy: A Concentration Camp in Paris 1941–1944, <a href="/wiki/Worldview_Pictures" title="Worldview Pictures">Worldview Pictures</a>, 1994.</li> <li>Drancy Avenir, 1997.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drancy_internment_camp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolas Grenier, Cité de la Muette (poem), in honor of Max Jacob, who died in the Drancy camp, 2011. </p><p>The concentration camp also featured in a part of <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Faulks" title="Sebastian Faulks">Sebastian Faulks</a>' 1999 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Gray_(novel)" title="Charlotte Gray (novel)">Charlotte Gray</a></i>. The character of Levade was an inmate here, as well as young brothers André and Jacob Duguay. Charlotte was staying at a small hotel nearby to try and pass on a message to Levade. </p><p><i>Journal d'Helene Berr</i>, Editions Tallandier, 2008, (English translation <i>Journal Helene Berr</i>, MacLehose Press, 2008 and 2009). Berr was a young French Jewish graduate who kept a diary between April 1942 and February 1944. She was beaten to death, suffering <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, five days before the camp was liberated. She worked in Paris to save Jewish children by escorting them to the <a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">Free Zone</a>. </p><p>Andre Schwarz-Bart's The Last of the Just uses as reference De Drancy a Auschwitz, by Georges Wellers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drancy_internment_camp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_n%C2%B0_77_of_July_31,_1944" title="Convoy n° 77 of July 31, 1944">Convoy n° 77 of July 31, 1944</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drancy_internment_camp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-yadVashemMonthDecember-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yadVashemMonthDecember_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/this_month/december/07.asp">"This Month in Holocaust History – December – Drancy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Month+in+Holocaust+History+%E2%80%93+December+%E2%80%93+Drancy&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org%2Fyv%2Fen%2Fexhibitions%2Fthis_month%2Fdecember%2F07.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrancy+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span> The 61,000 deported to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> and remaining number to <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a> were murdered.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005215">"Drancy"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Drancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrancy+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bio-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bio_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010329235400/http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Holocaust/Brunner.html">"Alois Brunner"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/chicago-scholarship-online/book/19631/chapter-abstract/178392721?redirectedFrom=fulltext">https://academic.oup.com/chicago-scholarship-online/book/19631/chapter-abstract/178392721?redirectedFrom=fulltext</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fchicago-scholarship-online%2Fbook%2F19631%2Fchapter-abstract%2F178392721%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrancy+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drancy-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drancy_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drancy_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drancy_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drancy_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drancy_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?ModuleId=10005215&MediaId=1580">"Drancy"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deportati-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deportati_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180828170411/http://www.deportati.it/e_lager/en_borgo_sd/?lang=en%2F">"BORGO SAN DALMAZZO"</a>. ANED – National Association of Italian political deportees from Nazi concentration camps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deportati.it/e_lager/en_borgo_sd/?lang=en/">the original</a> on 28 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BORGO+SAN+DALMAZZO&rft.pub=ANED+%E2%80%93+National+Association+of+Italian+political+deportees+from+Nazi+concentration+camps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deportati.it%2Fe_lager%2Fen_borgo_sd%2F%3Flang%3Den%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrancy+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Drancy">"Drancy"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Drancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FDrancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrancy+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075441/http://www.vereniginghetmuseum.nl/default.asp?id=1093">"Wim Scholtz (ed.) et al (1986) <i>Max van Dam Joods Kunstenaar 1910–1943</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vereniginghetmuseum.nl/default.asp?id=1093">the original</a> on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wim+Scholtz+%28ed.%29+et+al+%281986%29+Max+van+Dam+Joods+Kunstenaar+1910%E2%80%931943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vereniginghetmuseum.nl%2Fdefault.asp%3Fid%3D1093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrancy+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> David Bolchover (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdKlDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Max+Scheuer%22+football&pg=PT32"><i>The Greatest Comeback: From Genocide To Football Glory; The Story of Béla Guttman</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeffernan2014" class="citation web cs1">Heffernan, Conor (20 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicalculturestudy.com/2014/11/20/hakoah-wien-and-muscular-judaism/">"Hakoah Wien and Muscular Judaism"</a>. <i>Physical Culture Study</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physical+Culture+Study&rft.atitle=Hakoah+Wien+and+Muscular+Judaism&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft.aulast=Heffernan&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicalculturestudy.com%2F2014%2F11%2F20%2Fhakoah-wien-and-muscular-judaism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrancy+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/drancy-camp">"The Drancy Camp | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance – Research Network"</a>. <i>www.sciencespo.fr</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>. 12 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191118193646/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/drancy-camp">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencespo.fr&rft.atitle=The+Drancy+Camp+%7C+Sciences+Po+Mass+Violence+and+Resistance+%E2%80%93+Research+Network&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fmass-violence-war-massacre-resistance%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fdrancy-camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrancy+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6587226/">"Les évadés de Drancy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>. 6 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Les+%C3%A9vad%C3%A9s+de+Drancy&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt6587226%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrancy+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patrimoine.seinesaintdenis.fr/Ensemble-de-logements-HBM-Cite-de-la-Muette">"Ensemble de logements HBM, Cité de la Muette – Patrimoine – Atlas de l'architecture et du patrimoine"</a>. 15 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ensemble+de+logements+HBM%2C+Cit%C3%A9+de+la+Muette+%E2%80%93+Patrimoine+%E2%80%93+Atlas+de+l%27architecture+et+du+patrimoine&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatrimoine.seinesaintdenis.fr%2FEnsemble-de-logements-HBM-Cite-de-la-Muette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrancy+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3224,36-395520,0.html">En 1995, la reconnaissance des « fautes commises par l'Etat »</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100212144141/http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=886000&clef=ARC-TRK-D_01">Archived</a> 12 February 2010 at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>, 25 January 2005 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=138808">Swastikas painted on French memorial</a>. Jerusalem Post. 11 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/depeches/0,14-0,39-38994369@7-37,0.html">Des croix gammées tracées au Mémorial de la déportation à Drancy</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. <i>Le Monde</i>, 11 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fondationshoah.org/en/memory/shoah-memorial-drancy">"Shoah Memorial in Drancy"</a>. <i>Fondation pour la Memoire de la Shoah</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fondation+pour+la+Memoire+de+la+Shoah&rft.atitle=Shoah+Memorial+in+Drancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fondationshoah.org%2Fen%2Fmemory%2Fshoah-memorial-drancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrancy+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drancy_internment_camp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2015" class="citation book cs1">Drake, David (2015). <i>Paris at War, 1939-1944</i> (Hardcover). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50481-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50481-3"><bdi>978-0-674-50481-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+at+War%2C+1939-1944&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-50481-3&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrancy+internment+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drancy_internment_camp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drancy_camp" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Drancy camp">Drancy camp</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114072931/http://www.camp-de-drancy.asso.fr/">le Conservatoire Historique du Camp de Drancy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005215">Drancy</a> – Holocaust Encyclopedia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/resource/gallery/DRAN.htm">Photos of the site today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/france/camps.asp">Drancy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215443/https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/france/camps.asp">Archived</a> 22 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <i>Holocaust in France</i> exhibition at <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130428033926/http://www.memorialdelashoah.org/index.php/en/the-memorial-in-drancy">Description of the new Museum at Drancy</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Drancy_internment_camp&params=48_55_12_N_2_27_18_E_scale:20000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°55′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°27′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.92000°N 2.45500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.92000; 2.45500</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vichy_France" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vichy_France" title="Template:Vichy France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vichy_France" title="Template talk:Vichy France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vichy_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vichy France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vichy_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>World War II collaboration in:</i> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_collaboration_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Wartime collaboration in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union" title="Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulangism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Fall of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">History of the Jews in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dorg%C3%A8res" title="Henry Dorgères">Henry Dorgères</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Beginnings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">Armistice of 22 June 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">French Constitutional Law of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighty_(Vichy_France)" title="The Eighty (Vichy France)">The Eighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_du_Parc" title="Hôtel du Parc">Hôtel du Parc</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">Zone libre</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Antignac" title="Joseph Antignac">Joseph Antignac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marie_Bergeret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Marie Bergeret (page does not exist)">Jean-Marie Bergeret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bergeret_(militaire)" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Bergeret (militaire)">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bousquet" title="René Bousquet">René Bousquet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Bourgain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Bourgain (page does not exist)">Louis Bourgain</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bourgain" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Bourgain">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Broc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Broc (page does not exist)">André Broc</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Broc" class="extiw" title="fr:André Broc">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Charpentier_(lawyer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Charpentier (lawyer) (page does not exist)">Jacques Charpentier</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Charpentier_(avocat)" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Charpentier (avocat)">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Henry Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Antoine_Cousteau" title="Pierre-Antoine Cousteau">Pierre-Antoine Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Darquier_de_Pellepoix" title="Louis Darquier de Pellepoix">Louis Darquier de Pellepoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_du_Paty_de_Clam" title="Charles du Paty de Clam">Charles du Paty de Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Pierre-Étienne Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Henriot" title="Philippe Henriot">Philippe Henriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Henry-Haye" title="Gaston Henry-Haye">Gaston Henry-Haye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Huntziger" title="Charles Huntziger">Charles Huntziger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Leguay" title="Jean Leguay">Jean Leguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Luchaire" title="Jean Luchaire">Jean Luchaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_M%C3%A9n%C3%A9trel" title="Bernard Ménétrel">Bernard Ménétrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montandon" title="George Montandon">George Montandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Papon" title="Maurice Papon">Maurice Papon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pucheu" title="Pierre Pucheu">Pierre Pucheu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sabiani" title="Simon Sabiani">Simon Sabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Touvier" title="Paul Touvier">Paul Touvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tulard" title="André Tulard">André Tulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Xavier Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carltheo_Zeitschel" title="Carltheo Zeitschel">Carltheo Zeitschel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France" title="Government of Vichy France">Government of Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#Pétain_and_the_French_State" title="Government of Vichy France">Pétain government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#First_Laval_administration_(1940)" title="Government of Vichy France">First Laval government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#Flandin_regime" title="Government of Vichy France">Flandin government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#Darlan_regime" title="Government of Vichy France">Darlan government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vichy_France#Second_Laval_administration_(1942-1944)" title="Government of Vichy France">Second Laval government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Parties and<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_League" title="French League">French League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_Fran%C3%A7aise_des_Combattants" title="Légion Française des Combattants">Légion Française des Combattants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Social_Movement" title="Revolutionary Social Movement">Revolutionary Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Corporation" title="Peasant Corporation">Peasant Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Legal and<br />treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Anti-Jewish laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Saint_Jean_d%27Acre" title="Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre">Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_constitutional_laws_of_the_Vichy_regime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime (page does not exist)">List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actes_constitutionnels_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Actes constitutionnels du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitutional_Law_of_1940" title="French Constitutional Law of 1940">French Constitutional Law of 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Protocols" title="Paris Protocols">Paris Protocols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riom_Trial" title="Riom Trial">Riom Trial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_du_travail_obligatoire" title="Service du travail obligatoire">Service du travail obligatoire</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Policy &<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">Collaboration with Imperial Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vichy_France" title="Foreign relations of Vichy France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_jeune_France" title="La jeune France">La jeune France</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_collaboration_in_Vichy_France" title="Police collaboration in Vichy France">Police collaboration in Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_situation_in_French_Africa_under_Vichy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political situation in French Africa under Vichy (page does not exist)">Political situation in French Africa</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_politique_en_Afrique_fran%C3%A7aise_lib%C3%A9r%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="fr:Situation politique en Afrique française libérée">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Sections" title="Special Sections">Special Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_Holocaust_collaboration_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline">Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Press and<br />propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_publications_in_France" title="Antisemitic publications in France">Antisemitic publications</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_under_the_German_occupation_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship under the German occupation in France (page does not exist)">Censorship under the occupation</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censure_sous_l%27occupation_allemande_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Censure sous l'occupation allemande en France">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_media_in_German-occupied_France" title="Underground media in German-occupied France">Underground media in German-occupied France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_Press_Ordinances_of_1944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944 (page does not exist)">Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordonnances_de_1944_sur_la_libert%C3%A9_de_la_presse" class="extiw" title="fr:Ordonnances de 1944 sur la liberté de la presse">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Juif_et_la_France" title="Le Juif et la France">Le Juif et la France</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chal,_nous_voil%C3%A0_!" title="Maréchal, nous voilà !">Maréchal, nous voilà !</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_newspapers_confiscated_for_collaboration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French newspapers confiscated for collaboration (page does not exist)">Newspapers confiscated for collaboration</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaux_confisqu%C3%A9s_pour_collaboration" class="extiw" title="fr:Journaux confisqués pour collaboration">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27information" title="Office français d'information">Office français d'information</a><br /></li> <li><b><span style="color:gray">Press:</span></b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Alerte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Alerte (page does not exist)">L'Alerte</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Alerte" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Alerte">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Appel" title="L'Appel">L'Appel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aujourd%27hui" title="Aujourd'hui">Aujourd'hui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Cahier_jaune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Cahier jaune (page does not exist)">Le Cahier jaune</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cahier_jaune" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Cahier jaune">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Cri_du_peuple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Cri du peuple (page does not exist)">Le Cri du peuple</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cri_du_peuple_(journal,_1940-1944)" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Cri du peuple (journal, 1940-1944)">fr</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cri_du_Peuple" class="extiw" title="it:Le Cri du Peuple">it</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combats_(Vichy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combats (Vichy) (page does not exist)">Combats</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combats" class="extiw" title="fr:Combats">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documents_ma%C3%A7onniques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Documents maçonniques (page does not exist)">Documents maçonniques</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documents_ma%C3%A7onniques" class="extiw" title="fr:Documents maçonniques">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89mancipation_nationale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Émancipation nationale (page does not exist)">L'Émancipation nationale</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89mancipation_nationale" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Émancipation nationale">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_France_(Sigmaringen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La France (Sigmaringen) (page does not exist)">La France</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_France_(Sigmaringen)" class="extiw" title="fr:La France (Sigmaringen)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=France,_revue_de_l%27%C3%89tat_nouveau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="France, revue de l'État nouveau (page does not exist)">France, revue de l'État nouveau</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France,_revue_de_l%27%C3%89tat_nouveau" class="extiw" title="fr:France, revue de l'État nouveau">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ici_la_France_(radio)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ici la France (radio) (page does not exist)">Ici la France</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ici_la_France_(Radio_Sigmaringen)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ici la France (Radio Sigmaringen)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Id%C3%A9es_(revue,_1941-1944)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idées (revue, 1941-1944) (page does not exist)">Idées</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id%C3%A9es_(revue,_1941-1944)" class="extiw" title="fr:Idées (revue, 1941-1944)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revivre_(periodical)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revivre (periodical) (page does not exist)">Revivre</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revivre_(p%C3%A9riodique)" class="extiw" title="fr:Revivre (périodique)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9volution_nationale_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Révolution nationale (newspaper) (page does not exist)"><i>Révolution nationale</i></a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale_(journal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Révolution nationale (journal)">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Semaine_(weekly)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Semaine (weekly) (page does not exist)">La Semaine</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Semaine_(hebdomadaire_de_spectacles)" class="extiw" title="fr:La Semaine (hebdomadaire de spectacles)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Union_fran%C3%A7aise_(hebdomadaire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Union française (hebdomadaire) (page does not exist)">L'Union française</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Union_fran%C3%A7aise_(hebdomadaire)" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Union française (hebdomadaire)">fr</a>]</sup></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">Zone libre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II#Occupation_zones" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Occupied zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria and Lebanon mandate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French_North_Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ivory_Coast#French_colonial_era" title="History of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Mauritania" title="Colonial Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Niger" title="Colony of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal#French_period" title="History of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">Togoland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">Middle Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">French protectorate of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Kouang-Tchéou-Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">Jewish<br />affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_status_of_Jews" title="Law on the status of Jews">Law on the status of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_regarding_foreign_nationals_of_the_Jewish_race" title="Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race">Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_law_on_the_status_of_Jews" title="Second law on the status of Jews">Second law on the status of Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissariat-General_for_Jewish_Affairs" title="Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs">Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_the_Order_of_Physicians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council of the Order of Physicians (page does not exist)">Order of Physicians</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_national_de_l%27ordre_des_m%C3%A9decins" class="extiw" title="fr:Conseil national de l'ordre des médecins">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_isra%C3%A9lites_de_France" title="Union générale des israélites de France">UGIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)#France" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundups_of_Jews_on_the_French_Riviera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roundups of Jews on the French Riviera (page does not exist)">French Riviera</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Brunner#Les_rafles_de_Juifs_de_la_Côte_d'Azur" class="extiw" title="fr:Alois Brunner">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ticket_roundup" title="Green ticket roundup">Green ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clermont-Ferrand_Roundup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clermont-Ferrand Roundup (page does not exist)">Clermont-Ferrand</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafle_du_25_novembre_1943" class="extiw" title="fr:Rafle du 25 novembre 1943">fr</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrellamento_di_Clermont-Ferrand" class="extiw" title="it:Rastrellamento di Clermont-Ferrand">it</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izieu#Site_of_World_War_II_Jewish_orphanage" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Sainte-Catherine_Roundup" title="Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villeurbanne_Roundup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villeurbanne Roundup (page does not exist)">Villeurbanne</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafle_des_Villeurbannais" class="extiw" title="fr:Rafle des Villeurbannais">fr</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrellamento_di_Villeurbanne" class="extiw" title="it:Rastrellamento di Villeurbanne">it</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discrimination<br />and plunder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanization#France" title="Aryanization">Aryanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow_badge_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yellow badge in France (page does not exist)">Yellow badge in France</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampon_%22JUIF%22_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Tampon "JUIF" en France">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France#Second_World_War_camps" title="Internment camps in France">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaune-la-Rolande_internment_camp" title="Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp">Beaune-la-Rolande</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_des_Milles" title="Camp des Milles">Milles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamps</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_No%C3%A9" title="Camp de Noé">Noé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithiviers_internment_camp" title="Pithiviers internment camp">Pithiviers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_du_R%C3%A9c%C3%A9b%C3%A9dou" title="Camp du Récébédou">Récébédou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rieucros_Camp" title="Rieucros Camp">Rieucros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Romainville" title="Fort de Romainville">Romainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royallieu-Compi%C3%A8gne_internment_camp" title="Royallieu-Compiègne internment camp">Royallieu-Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_Rivesaltes" title="Camp de Rivesaltes">Rivesaltes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Septfonds" title="Camp of Septfonds">Septfonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Vernet" title="Camp Vernet">Vernet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convoys_of_the_deportation_of_Jews_from_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convoys of the deportation of Jews from France (page does not exist)">Deportation convoys</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convois_de_la_d%C3%A9portation_des_Juifs_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Convois de la déportation des Juifs de France">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_deportations_of_French_Jews_to_death_camps" title="Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps">Deportation timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_Holocaust_collaboration_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline">Holocaust timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">The Holocaust in France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II#Vichy_Army_(1940–1944)" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Regiment_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Regiment of France (page does not exist)">1st Regiment</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_r%C3%A9giment_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Premier régiment de France">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Military_Division_(Vichy_France)" title="7th Military Division (Vichy France)">7th Military Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Military_Division_(Vichy_France)" title="14th Military Division (Vichy France)">14th Military Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Military_Division_(Vichy_France)" title="15th Military Division (Vichy France)">15th Military Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Army of the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_French_Air_Force" title="Vichy French Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_French_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_(Vichy_France)" title="Guard (Vichy France)">Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27ordre_l%C3%A9gionnaire" title="Service d'ordre légionnaire">Service d'ordre légionnaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Groupe_mobile_de_r%C3%A9serve" title="Groupe mobile de réserve">Groupe mobile de réserve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franc-Garde" title="Franc-Garde">Franc-Garde</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auxiliary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/33rd_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_Charlemagne" title="33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne">SS Charlemagne division</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carlingue" title="Carlingue">Carlingue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_imp%C3%A9riale" title="Légion impériale">Légion impériale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_French_Volunteers_Against_Bolshevism" title="Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism">Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>1940</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Mers-el-Kébir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II#Vichy_French_attacks:_1940" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Dakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ko_Chang" title="Battle of Ko Chang">Ko Chang</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>1941</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><b>1942</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Operation Bright Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna#World_War_II" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton"><i>Anton</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_at_Toulon" title="Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon">Toulon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">Sigmaringen enclave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_de_Brinon" title="Fernand de Brinon">Fernand de Brinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Luchaire" title="Jean Luchaire">Jean Luchaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Bridoux" title="Eugène Bridoux">Eugène Bridoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Aftermath<br />& Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_9_August_1944" title="Ordinance of 9 August 1944">Ordinance of 9 August 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators#France" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Épuration sauvage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France#Elections_of_May_1945" title="Liberation of France">Municipal elections of 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1946_French_legislative_election" title="November 1946 French legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain#Trial_in_High_Court" title="Philippe Pétain">Trial of Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie#Extradition,_trial_and_death" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie trial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_denial_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holocaust denial in France (page does not exist)">Holocaust denial in France</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gation_de_la_Shoah_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Négation de la Shoah en France">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Matt%C3%A9oli" title="Mission Mattéoli">Mission Mattéoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_syndrome" title="Vichy syndrome">Vichy syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">History<br />& Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_the_European_Jews" title="The Destruction of the European Jews">The Destruction of the European Jews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Defeat" title="Strange Defeat">Strange Defeat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bombing_the_Nazis" title="Bombing the Nazis">Bombing the Nazis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eye_of_Vichy" title="The Eye of Vichy">The Eye of Vichy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice,_film_noir" title="Milice, film noir">Milice, film noir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrow_and_the_Pity" title="The Sorrow and the Pity">The Sorrow and the Pity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(film)" title="Uranus (film)">Uranus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castle_to_Castle" title="Castle to Castle">Castle to Castle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Special_Section_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Section (film)">Section spéciale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Silence_de_la_mer" title="Le Silence de la mer">Le Silence de la mer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suite_fran%C3%A7aise_(N%C3%A9mirovsky_novel)" title="Suite française (Némirovsky novel)">Suite française</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Occupied France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a></li> <li>Year in France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_in_France" title="1940 in France">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_in_France" title="1941 in France">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_in_France" title="1942 in France">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_in_France" title="1943 in France">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_in_France" title="1944 in France">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vichy_France" title="Category:Vichy France">Category:Vichy France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust_in_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_France" title="Template:Holocaust France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_France" title="Template talk:Holocaust France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">The Holocaust in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> by country: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Libya_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of Libya during the Holocaust">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_ticket_roundup" title="Green ticket roundup">Green ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clermont-Ferrand_Roundup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clermont-Ferrand Roundup (page does not exist)">Clermont-Ferrand</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafle_du_25_novembre_1943" class="extiw" title="fr:Rafle du 25 novembre 1943">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izieu#Site_of_World_War_II_Jewish_orphanage" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundups_of_Jews_on_the_French_Riviera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roundups of Jews on the French Riviera (page does not exist)">French Riviera roundups</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Brunner#Les_rafles_de_Juifs_de_la_Côte_d'Azur" class="extiw" title="fr:Alois Brunner">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Sainte-Catherine_Roundup" title="Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villeurbanne_Roundup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villeurbanne Roundup (page does not exist)">Villeurbanne</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafle_des_Villeurbannais" class="extiw" title="fr:Rafle des Villeurbannais">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France#Second_World_War_camps" title="Internment camps in France">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaune-la-Rolande_internment_camp" title="Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp">Beaune-la-Rolande</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_des_Milles" title="Camp des Milles">Milles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamps</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithiviers_internment_camp" title="Pithiviers internment camp">Pithiviers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_du_R%C3%A9c%C3%A9b%C3%A9dou" title="Camp du Récébédou">Récébédou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rieucros_Camp" title="Rieucros Camp">Rieucros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Romainville" title="Fort de Romainville">Romainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royallieu-Compi%C3%A8gne_internment_camp" title="Royallieu-Compiègne internment camp">Royallieu-Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_Rivesaltes" title="Camp de Rivesaltes">Rivesaltes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Septfonds" title="Camp of Septfonds">Septfonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Vernet" title="Camp Vernet">Vernet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Archives, statutes, trial testimony, convoy records">Documentation</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Vichy anti-Jewish legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_deportations_of_French_Jews_to_death_camps" title="Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps">Timeline of deportations to death camps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Perpetrators of crimes against victims of the Holocaust in France">Perpetrators</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Otto Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Achenbach" title="Ernst Achenbach">Ernst Achenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ahnert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Ahnert (page does not exist)">Horst Ahnert</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Ahnert" class="extiw" title="es:Horst Ahnert">es</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Werner Best</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Blanke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Blanke (page does not exist)">Kurt Blanke</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Blanke" class="extiw" title="de:Kurt Blanke">de</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6melburg" title="Karl Bömelburg">Karl Bömelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_R%C3%B6thke" title="Heinz Röthke">Heinz Röthke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Dannecker" title="Theodor Dannecker">Theodor Dannecker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Dietrich_Ernst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Dietrich Ernst (page does not exist)">Hans-Dietrich Ernst</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Ernst" class="extiw" title="de:Hans-Dietrich Ernst">de</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hagen" title="Herbert Hagen">Herbert Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Heinrichsohn" title="Ernst Heinrichsohn">Ernst Heinrichsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Knochen" title="Helmut Knochen">Helmut Knochen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lischka" title="Kurt Lischka">Kurt Lischka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Oberg" title="Carl Oberg">Carl Oberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl-Heinrich_von_St%C3%BClpnagel" title="Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel">Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carltheo_Zeitschel" title="Carltheo Zeitschel">Carltheo Zeitschel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi occupation<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Devisenschutzkommando" title="Devisenschutzkommando">Devisenschutzkommando</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">Parti Populaire Français</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Anti-Jewish legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bousquet" title="René Bousquet">René Bousquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Darquier_de_Pellepoix" title="Louis Darquier de Pellepoix">Louis Darquier de Pellepoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tulard" title="André Tulard">André Tulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_Holocaust_collaboration_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline">Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_collaboration_in_Vichy_France" title="Police collaboration in Vichy France">Vichy Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy#France" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Darquier_de_Pellepoix" title="Louis Darquier de Pellepoix">Louis Darquier de Pellepoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_G%C3%A9rard_(propagandist)" title="René Gérard (propagandist)">René Gérard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mamy" title="Jean Mamy">Jean Mamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Papon" title="Maurice Papon">Maurice Papon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_du_Paty_de_Clam" title="Charles du Paty de Clam">Charles du Paty de Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Touvier" title="Paul Touvier">Paul Touvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Xavier Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_collaboration_in_Vichy_France" title="Police collaboration in Vichy France">Police collaboration in Vichy France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="French and non-French citizens arrested, deported, or otherwise victims of the Holocaust in France">Victims</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Abraham" title="Henri Abraham">Henri Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Basch" title="Victor Basch">Victor Basch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Berr" title="Hélène Berr">Hélène Berr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Blum_(impresario)" title="René Blum (impresario)">René Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadmi_Cohen" title="Kadmi Cohen">Kadmi Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cohn" title="Marianne Cohn">Marianne Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messaoud_El_Mediouni" title="Messaoud El Mediouni">Messaoud El Mediouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Feldbau" title="Jacques Feldbau">Jacques Feldbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Benjamin Fondane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Freundlich" title="Otto Freundlich">Otto Freundlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Gluck" title="Salomon Gluck">Salomon Gluck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Halbwachs" title="Maurice Halbwachs">Maurice Halbwachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_(composer)" title="Paul Hermann (composer)">Paul Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Max Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereck_Kofman" title="Bereck Kofman">Bereck Kofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Mandel" title="Georges Mandel">Georges Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Metzger" title="Hélène Metzger">Hélène Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Natan" title="Bernard Natan">Bernard Natan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_N%C3%A9mirovsky" title="Irène Némirovsky">Irène Némirovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Oberfeld" title="Casimir Oberfeld">Casimir Oberfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Olschanezky" title="Sonia Olschanezky">Sonia Olschanezky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Perez_(Tunisian_boxer)" title="Victor Perez (Tunisian boxer)">Victor Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice_Reinach" title="Béatrice Reinach">Béatrice Reinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Rodier" title="Claude Rodier">Claude Rodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ros%C3%A9" title="Alma Rosé">Alma Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Salomon" title="Charlotte Salomon">Charlotte Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sascha_Schapiro" title="Sascha Schapiro">Sascha Schapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Vogel_(author)" title="David Vogel (author)">David Vogel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Victims of the Holocaust in France who escaped or who survived arrest, deportation, or the camps until liberation">Survivors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Deutscher_(physicist)" title="Guy Deutscher (physicist)">Guy Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Elleinstein" title="Jean Elleinstein">Jean Elleinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Feuerwerker" title="Antoinette Feuerwerker">Antoinette Feuerwerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Feuerwerker" title="David Feuerwerker">David Feuerwerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ol%C3%A8re" title="David Olère">David Olère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Schwab" title="Léon Schwab">Léon Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Warfman" title="Rose Warfman">Rose Warfman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Anyone (victim or not) with first-hand knowledge of the Holocaust in France who testified or spoke out publicly about it">Witness<br />testimony</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Alcan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise Alcan (page does not exist)">Louise Alcan</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Alcan" class="extiw" title="fr:Louise Alcan">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Bialot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Bialot (page does not exist)">Joseph Bialot</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bialot" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Bialot">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Borlant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Borlant (page does not exist)">Henri Borlant</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Borlant" class="extiw" title="fr:Henri Borlant">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bulawko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Bulawko (page does not exist)">Henry Bulawko</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bulawko" class="extiw" title="fr:Henry Bulawko">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadine_Heftler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadine Heftler (page does not exist)">Nadine Heftler</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Heftler" class="extiw" title="fr:Nadine Heftler">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Holstein" title="Denise Holstein">Denise Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Kapel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Kapel (page does not exist)">René Kapel</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Kapel" class="extiw" title="fr:René Kapel">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kofman" title="Sarah Kofman">Sarah Kofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rogerie" title="André Rogerie">André Rogerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Claude_Vaillant-Couturier" title="Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier">Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Zyguel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léon Zyguel (page does not exist)">Léon Zyguel</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Zyguel" class="extiw" title="fr:Léon Zyguel">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among<br />the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bedane" title="Albert Bedane">Albert Bedane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Boegner" title="Marc Boegner">Marc Boegner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chabannes" title="Château de Chabannes">Château de Chabannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elmes" title="Mary Elmes">Mary Elmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Gerlier" title="Pierre-Marie Gerlier">Pierre-Marie Gerlier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Godart" title="Justin Godart">Justin Godart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Jacques" title="Père Jacques">Père Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Manen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Manen (page does not exist)">Henri Manen</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Manen" class="extiw" title="fr:Henri Manen">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Marie-Beno%C3%AEt" title="Père Marie-Benoît">Père Marie-Benoît</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Naurois" title="René de Naurois">René de Naurois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Paul Ramadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Ribi%C3%A8re" title="Germaine Ribière">Germaine Ribière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules-G%C3%A9raud_Sali%C3%A8ge" title="Jules-Géraud Saliège">Jules-Géraud Saliège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Th%C3%A9as" title="Pierre-Marie Théas">Pierre-Marie Théas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_and_Magda_Trocm%C3%A9" title="André and Magda Trocmé">André and Magda Trocmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varian_Fry" title="Varian Fry">Varian Fry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Museums, commemorations, memorials, any institution preserving the memory of the Holocaust in France">Memorials</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fondation_pour_la_M%C3%A9moire_de_la_D%C3%A9portation" title="Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation">Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_and_Daughters_of_Jewish_Deportees_from_France" title="Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France">Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_de_la_Shoah" title="Mémorial de la Shoah">Mémorial de la Shoah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_des_Martyrs_de_la_D%C3%A9portation" title="Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation">Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9morial_national_de_la_d%C3%A9portation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mémorial national de la déportation (page does not exist)">Mémorial national de la déportation</a> </i><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_national_de_la_d%C3%A9portation" class="extiw" title="fr:Mémorial national de la déportation">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_de_Rivesaltes" title="Camp de Rivesaltes">Rivesaltes Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums#France" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">List of Holocaust memorials and museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">Antisemitism in France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_Juive" title="Armée Juive">Armée Juive</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">History of the Jews in France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Occupied France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vichy_anti-Jewish_legislation" title="Vichy anti-Jewish legislation">Vichy anti-Jewish legislation</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_French_Resistance" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Resistance" title="Template:French Resistance"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Resistance" title="Template talk:French Resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_French_Resistance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg/23px-Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg/35px-Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg/45px-Naval_Jack_of_Free_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian resistance">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian resistance">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech resistance">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian resistance">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian resistance during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Partisans" title="Macedonian Partisans">Macedonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Creation<br />and control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_during_World_War_II" title="Charles de Gaulle during World War II">Charles de Gaulle during World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">Appeal of 18 June</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Departmental_Committee_of_Liberation" title="Departmental Committee of Liberation">Departmental Committee of Liberation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">French National Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Resistance" title="National Council of the Resistance">National Council of the Resistance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Consultative_Assembly" title="Provisional Consultative Assembly">Provisional Consultative Assembly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_Central_de_Renseignements_et_d%27Action" title="Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action">BCRA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_%C3%A9tudes_et_recherches" title="Direction générale des études et recherches">DGER</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Resistance.jpg/125px-Resistance.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Resistance.jpg/188px-Resistance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Resistance.jpg/250px-Resistance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">Free French Forces</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_French_Air_Forces" title="Free French Air Forces">Air Force</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Army of Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_French_Naval_Forces" title="Free French Naval Forces">Navy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">French Liberation Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Battles</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kufra" title="Capture of Kufra">Koufra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hakeim" title="Battle of Bir Hakeim">Bir Hakeim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Gazala</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1st_Free_French_Division" title="1st Free French Division">1st Free French Division</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Liberation" title="Companions of Liberation">Companions of Liberation</a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_companions_of_the_Liberation" title="List of companions of the Liberation">List</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Londres" title="Radio Londres">Radio Londres</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_French_Africa" title="Free French Africa">Free French Africa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_networks_and_movements_of_the_French_Resistance" title="List of networks and movements of the French Resistance">Domestic<br />operations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_networks_and_movements_of_the_French_Resistance" title="List of networks and movements of the French Resistance"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="a Resistance 'movement' was for educating and organizing the population">Movements</span></a>:</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combat_(French_Resistance)" title="Combat (French Resistance)">Combat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Franc-Tireur_(movement)" title="Franc-Tireur (movement)">Franc-Tireur</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></i></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Main-d%27%C5%93uvre_immigr%C3%A9e" title="Main-d'œuvre immigrée">FTP–Foreign Labour Force</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-Nord" title="Libération-Nord">Libération-Nord</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Libération-Sud">Libération-Sud</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvements_unis_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" title="Mouvements unis de la Résistance">Mouvements unis</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Groupe_du_mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Homme" title="Groupe du musée de l'Homme">Musée de l'Homme</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(French_Resistance)" title="National Front (French Resistance)">National Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ceux_de_la_Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Ceux de la Libération">Ceux de la Libération</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ceux_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" title="Ceux de la Résistance">Ceux de la Résistance</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_networks_and_movements_of_the_French_Resistance" title="List of networks and movements of the French Resistance"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="a Resistance 'network' had specific military goals: intelligence, sabotage, etc.">Networks</span></a>:</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_network_(French_resistance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance network (French resistance)">Alliance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Organisation_de_r%C3%A9sistance_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e" title="Organisation de résistance de l'armée">Organisation de résistance de l'armée</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brutus_Network" title="Brutus Network">Brutus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comet_Line" title="Comet Line">Comet Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_cin%C3%A9ma_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Comité de libération du cinéma français">CdL Cinéma</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Departmental_Committee_of_Liberation" title="Departmental Committee of Liberation">CLD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistance-Fer" title="Résistance-Fer">Fer</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mithridate_Network" title="Mithridate Network">Mithridate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Morhange" title="Réseau Morhange">Morhange</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Confr%C3%A9rie_Notre-Dame" title="Confrérie Notre-Dame">Confrérie Notre-Dame</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Others:</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Armée secrète">Armée secrète</a></i></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Organisation_civile_et_militaire" title="Organisation civile et militaire">Organisation civile et militaire</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jade-Amicol_network" title="Jade-Amicol network">Jade-Amicol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jade-Fitzroy_network" title="Jade-Fitzroy network">Jade-Fitzroy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Vercors" class="mw-redirect" title="Maquis du Vercors">Vercors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Resistance" title="Women in the French Resistance">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Housewives%27_demonstrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Housewives' demonstrations">Housewives' demonstrations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Union_des_femmes_fran%C3%A7aises" class="mw-redirect" title="Union des femmes françaises">Union des femmes françaises</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Underground_media_in_German-occupied_France" title="Underground media in German-occupied France">Underground<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bir-Hakeim_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bir-Hakeim (newspaper) (page does not exist)">Bir-Hakeim</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir-Hakeim_(journal_clandestin)" class="extiw" title="fr:Bir-Hakeim (journal clandestin)">fr</a>]</sup></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_(clandestine_press)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulletin (clandestine press) (page does not exist)">Bulletin</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_(r%C3%A9sistance)" class="extiw" title="fr:Bulletin (résistance)">fr</a>]</sup></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Combat_(newspaper)" title="Combat (newspaper)">Combat</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9fense_de_la_France" title="Défense de la France">Défense de la France</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_%C3%89ditions_de_Minuit" title="Les Éditions de Minuit">Les Éditions de Minuit</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Espoir_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Espoir (newspaper) (page does not exist)">L'Espoir</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Espoir_(journal)" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Espoir (journal)">fr</a>]</sup></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Franc-Tireur_(movement)" title="Franc-Tireur (movement)">Franc-Tireur</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(French_Resistance)" title="National Front (French Resistance)">Front National</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Lettres_Fran%C3%A7aises" title="Les Lettres Françaises">Les Lettres Françaises</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lib%C3%A9ration_(nord,_newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libération (nord, newspaper) (page does not exist)">Libération (nord)</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_(journal_de_Lib%C3%A9ration-Nord)" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération (journal de Libération-Nord)">fr</a>]</sup></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_(newspaper,_1941%E2%80%931964)" title="Libération (newspaper, 1941–1964)">Libération (sud)</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9sistance_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Résistance (journal) (page does not exist)">Résistance</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9sistance_(journal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Résistance (journal)">fr</a>]</sup></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9moignage_chr%C3%A9tien" class="mw-redirect" title="Témoignage chrétien">Témoignage chrétien</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_V%C3%A9rit%C3%A9_fran%C3%A7aise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Vérité française (page does not exist)">La Vérité française</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_V%C3%A9rit%C3%A9_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:La Vérité française">fr</a>]</sup></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_Voix_du_Nord" title="La Voix du Nord">La Voix du Nord</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Free_French_Africa" title="Free French Africa">Free<br />French<br />Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference" title="Brazzaville Conference">Brazzaville Conference</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazzaville manifesto">Brazzaville manifesto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">French Chad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_French_Africa" title="Free French Africa">Free French Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gabon">French Gabon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/March_battalion" title="March battalion">March battalions</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_March_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First March Battalion (page does not exist)">First</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataillon_de_marche_n%C2%B0_1" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataillon de marche n° 1">fr</a>]</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_March_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second March Battalion (page does not exist)">Second</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataillon_de_marche_n%C2%B0_2" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataillon de marche n° 2">fr</a>]</sup></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Marie">Operation Marie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation<br />of France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1er_Bataillon_de_Fusiliers_Marins_Commandos" title="1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos">Kieffer commandos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">French Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(France)" title="1st Army (France)">1st Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(France)" title="2nd Armored Division (France)">2nd DB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny" title="Jean de Lattre de Tassigny">General de Lattre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque" title="Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque">General Leclerc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Liberation of Strasbourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin" title="Jean Moulin">Jean Moulin</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_d%27Astier_de_La_Vigerie" title="Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie">Emmanuel d'Astier</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Brossolette" title="Pierre Brossolette">Pierre Brossolette</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Delestraint" title="Charles Delestraint">Charles Delestraint</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Frenay" title="Henri Frenay">Henri Frenay</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marie-Madeleine_Fourcade" title="Marie-Madeleine Fourcade">Marie-Madeleine Fourcade</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_L%C3%A9vy_(resistance_leader)" title="Jean-Pierre Lévy (resistance leader)">Jean-Pierre Lévy</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Villon" title="Pierre Villon">Pierre Villon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_Resistance_museums_and_memorials" title="List of French Resistance museums and memorials">Museums and<br />Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Liberation" title="Order of Liberation">Order of Liberation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companions_of_the_Liberation" title="List of companions of the Liberation">Companions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Medal" title="Resistance Medal">Resistance Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Medal of the Righteous</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_de_la_France_combattante" title="Mémorial de la France combattante">Mémorial de la France combattante</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_National_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of National Resistance">Museum of National Resistance</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance_nationale" class="extiw" title="fr:Musée de la Résistance nationale">fr</a>]</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_Resistance_museums_and_memorials" title="List of French Resistance museums and memorials">Museums and memorials</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Ordre_de_la_Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération">Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_France_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free France Foundation (page does not exist)">Free France Foundation</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondation_de_la_France_libre" class="extiw" title="fr:Fondation de la France libre">fr</a>]</sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li><li>Categories: (<a href="/wiki/Category:French_Resistance" title="Category:French Resistance">French Resistance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_the_French_Resistance" title="Category:Films about the French Resistance">Films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Resistance_members" title="Category:French Resistance members">Members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Resistance_networks_and_movements" title="Category:French Resistance networks and movements">Networks and movements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Category:French Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberation_of_France" title="Template talk:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway#Liberation" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 4.5em">Forces</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Army of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1er_Bataillon_de_Fusiliers_Marins_Commandos" title="1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos">Commando Kieffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(France)" title="1st Army (France)">First Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps_(France)" title="Cavalry Corps (France)">Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_Corps_(France)" title="3rd Army Corps (France)">3rd Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="4th Army Corps (France)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="5th Army Corps (France)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(France)" title="1st Armored Division (France)">1st Armored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(France)" title="32nd Infantry Division (France)">32nd Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">French Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Expeditionary_Corps_(1943%E2%80%9344)" title="French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)">French Expeditionary Corps</a> Divisions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Free_French_Division" title="1st Free French Division">1st Free French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Moroccan_Infantry_Division" title="2nd Moroccan Infantry Division">2nd Moroccan Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Algerian_Infantry_Division" title="3rd Algerian Infantry Division">3rd Algerian Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Moroccan_Mountain_Division" title="4th Moroccan Mountain Division">4th Moroccan Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(France)" title="2nd Army (France)">Second Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_West" title="French Forces of the West">French Forces of the West</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Free_France_(1940-1944).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 4.23em">Leaders</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin" title="Jean Moulin">Jean Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_O._Barton" title="Raymond O. Barton">Raymond O. Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque" title="Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque">Philippe Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny" title="Jean de Lattre de Tassigny">Jean de Lattre de Tassigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Kieffer" title="Philippe Kieffer">Philippe Kieffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 2.6em">Administration</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Civil_and_Military_High_Command" title="French Civil and Military High Command">French Civil and Military High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">French National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Consultative_Assembly" title="Provisional Consultative Assembly">Provisional Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">French<br />campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1940_in_France" title="1940 in France">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Battle of Gabon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun <a href="/wiki/1941_in_France" title="1941 in France">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Dec 1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1942_in_France" title="1942 in France">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Battle of Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept <a href="/wiki/1943_in_France" title="1943 in France">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Liberation" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Liberation of Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jan <a href="/wiki/1944_in_France" title="1944 in France">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Battle of Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Battle of Glières</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">March 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Battle of Mont Mouchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Battle of Carentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Battle of Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_massacre" title="Tulle massacre">Tulle massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oradour-sur-Glane_massacre" title="Oradour-sur-Glane massacre">Oradour-sur-Glane massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saint-Marcel" title="Maquis de Saint-Marcel">Maquis de Saint-Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saffr%C3%A9" title="Maquis de Saffré">Maquis de Saffré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Battle of Ushant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">July 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Liberation of Saint-Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont_Gargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mont Gargan (page does not exist)">Battle of Mont Gargan</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Mont_Gargan" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Mont Gargan">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aug 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brittany" title="Battle for Brittany">Battle for Brittany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Rennes" title="Liberation of Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Liberation of Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lioran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lioran (page does not exist)">Lioran</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Lioran" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Lioran">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C3%89gletons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Égletons (page does not exist)">Égletons</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27%C3%89gletons" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille d'Égletons">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Cros" title="Battle of Port Cros">Battle of Port Cros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Ciotat" title="Battle of La Ciotat">Battle of La Ciotat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Provence landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1944)" title="Battle of Toulon (1944)">Liberation of Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseille" title="Battle of Marseille">Liberation of Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maill%C3%A9_massacre" title="Maillé massacre">Maillé massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont%C3%A9limar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Montélimar (page does not exist)">Battle of Montélimar</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Mont%C3%A9limar" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Montélimar">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Nice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Nice (page does not exist)">Liberation of Nice</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Nice" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Nice">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)" title="Battle of Nancy (1944)">Liberation of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Operation Astonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Operation Undergo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt" title="Battle of Arracourt">Battle of Arracourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Meximieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Meximieux (page does not exist)">Battle of Meximieux</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Meximieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Meximieux">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov 1944 -<br />March 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alsace" title="Battle of Alsace">Battle of Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Liberation of Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Bitche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Bitche (page does not exist)">Bitche</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Bitche_en_1945" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Bitche en 1945">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Apr <a href="/wiki/1945_in_France" title="1945 in France">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 3.8em">Aftermath</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">End of Vichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France#Elections_of_May_1945" title="Liberation of France">1945 municipal elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Advance to the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators#France" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Épuration sauvage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1946_French_legislative_election" title="June 1946 French legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain#Trial_in_High_Court" title="Philippe Pétain">Trial of Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaus Barbie trial">Klaus Barbie trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">WW II theatres</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247958#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247958#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247958#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4406148122899795200003">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4294891-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96094627">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Drancy (koncentrační tábor)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=zmp2018983046&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007296217605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA93000015">Mérimée</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drancy_internment_camp&oldid=1252862579">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drancy_internment_camp&oldid=1252862579</a>"</div></div> 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