CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>奥斯陆 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"3018f243-5246-4366-88fa-69c2d172ee13","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"奥斯陆","wgTitle":"奥斯陆","wgCurRevisionId":84460522,"wgRevisionId":84460522,"wgArticleId":19944,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["使用WikiMiniAtlas小工具的页面","含有非数字formatnum参数的页面","CS1挪威语来源 (no)","CS1英语来源 (en)","Webarchive模板archiveis链接","维基数据存在坐标数据的页面","含有挪威語的條目","使用人口模板的頁面","自2017年12月带有失效链接的条目","条目有永久失效的外部链接","包含ISNI标识符的维基百科条目","包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目","包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目", "包含BIBSYS标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","包含NLA标识符的维基百科条目","包含NSK标识符的维基百科条目","包含MusicBrainz area标识符的维基百科条目","包含NARA标识符的维基百科条目","包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目","奥斯陆","挪威郡份","歐洲首都","大西洋沿海城市","冬季奥林匹克运动会主办城市"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"奥斯陆","wgRelevantArticleId":19944,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove" :[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":59.95,"lon":10.75},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q585","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled": false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png/1200px-Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png/800px-Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png/640px-Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="奥斯陆 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-奥斯陆 rootpage-奥斯陆 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-基本資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>基本資料</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-基本資料-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关基本資料子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-基本資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-城市名字起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#城市名字起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>城市名字起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-城市名字起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-市徽" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#市徽"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>市徽</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-市徽-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17世纪以前" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17世纪以前"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>17世纪以前</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17世纪以前-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-克里斯蒂安尼亚时期，1624-1814年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#克里斯蒂安尼亚时期，1624-1814年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>克里斯蒂安尼亚时期，1624-1814年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-克里斯蒂安尼亚时期，1624-1814年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-成为挪威首都，1814年-20世纪初" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#成为挪威首都，1814年-20世纪初"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>成为挪威首都，1814年-20世纪初</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-成为挪威首都，1814年-20世纪初-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-更名奥斯陆，20世纪至今" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#更名奥斯陆，20世纪至今"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>更名奥斯陆，20世纪至今</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-更名奥斯陆，20世纪至今-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>地理</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-地理-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关地理子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-地理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-基本状况" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本状况"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>基本状况</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基本状况-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-气候" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#气候"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>气候</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-气候-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人口状况" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人口状况"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>人口状况</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人口状况-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治和政府" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治和政府"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>政治和政府</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政治和政府-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关政治和政府子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-政治和政府-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-行政区划" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行政区划"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>行政区划</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-行政区划-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-行政區列表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行政區列表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>行政區列表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-行政區列表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经济" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>经济</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经济-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>文化</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关文化子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-博物馆和画廊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#博物馆和画廊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>博物馆和画廊</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-博物馆和画廊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音乐和文化活动" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音乐和文化活动"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>音乐和文化活动</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音乐和文化活动-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-表演艺术" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#表演艺术"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>表演艺术</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-表演艺术-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>文学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-媒体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#媒体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>媒体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-媒体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-体育运动" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#体育运动"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>体育运动</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-体育运动-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>教育</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-教育-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关教育子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-教育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-高等教育机构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#高等教育机构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>高等教育机构</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-高等教育机构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-城市景观" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#城市景观"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>城市景观</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-城市景观-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关城市景观子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-城市景观-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-建筑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#建筑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>建筑</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-建筑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-公园和娱乐区" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公园和娱乐区"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>公园和娱乐区</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公园和娱乐区-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-交通" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#交通"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>交通</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-交通-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-旅游景点" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#旅游景点"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>旅游景点</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-旅游景点-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-国际关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国际关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>国际关系</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-国际关系-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关国际关系子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-国际关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-友好城市/地区" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#友好城市/地区"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>友好城市/地区</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-友好城市/地区-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-作为礼物的圣诞树" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#作为礼物的圣诞树"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>作为礼物的圣诞树</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-作为礼物的圣诞树-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">奥斯陆</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。202种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-202" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">202种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8E" title="ኦስሎ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦስሎ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osleah" title="Osleah – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Osleah" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88" title="أوسلو – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوسلو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%A0%DC%98" title="ܐܘܣܠܘ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܣܠܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88" title="أوسلو – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أوسلو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88" title="اوسلو – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوسلو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslu" title="Oslu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oslu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoslos" title="Uoslos – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uoslos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Осла – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Осла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%91" title="Осьлё – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Осьлё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="ओस्लो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ओस्लो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B" title="অসলো – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অসলো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨོ་སི་ལོ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨོ་སི་ལོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B" title="ওসলো – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ওসলো" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%86" title="ئۆسلۆ – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆسلۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslu" title="Oslu – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Oslu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 埃维语" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="埃维语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Όσλο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όσλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92%C5%9Blo" title="Òślo – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Òślo" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslu" title="Oslu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Oslu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88" title="اسلو – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osl%C3%B3" title="Osló – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Osló" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 加告兹语" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="加告兹语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌻𐍉 – 哥特语" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌻𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B" title="ઓસ્લો – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઓસ્લો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95" title="אוסלו – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסלו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="ओस्लो – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओस्लो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%B8" title="Օսլո – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսլո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93sl%C3%B3" title="Ósló – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ósló" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD" title="オスロ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オスロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ოსლო – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსლო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86s%C9%A9loo" title="Ɔsɩloo – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɔsɩloo" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%AC%EB%A1%9C" title="오슬로 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오슬로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osloa" title="Osloa – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Osloa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslas" title="Oslas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oslas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Choro" title="Ōhoro – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ōhoro" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8A" title="ഓസ്ലൊ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓസ്ലൊ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="ओस्लो – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओस्लो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အော့စလိုမြို့ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော့စလိုမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Осло ош – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Осло ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88" title="اسلو – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسلو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="ओस्लो – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ओस्लो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AF%CC%81haltsoo%C3%AD" title="Tsį́į́haltsooí – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsį́į́haltsooí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92slo" title="Òslo – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Òslo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B" title="ਓਸਲੋ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਸਲੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 賓夕法尼亞德文" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="賓夕法尼亞德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92slo" title="Òslo – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òslo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88" title="اوسلو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوسلو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88" title="اوسلو – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوسلو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uslu" title="Uslu – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uslu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslu" title="Oslu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Oslu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88" title="اوسلو – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اوسلو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 伊纳里萨米语" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊纳里萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aw-s-lu" title="Aw-s-lu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Aw-s-lu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B" title="ஒசுலோ – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒசுலோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5" title="ออสโล – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออสโล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 通布卡语" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="通布卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 契维语" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="契维语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 塔希提语" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="塔希提语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88" title="ئوسلو – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوسلو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Осло – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Осло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88" title="اوسلو – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوسلو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" title="奥斯陆 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥斯陆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ოსლო – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოსლო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90" title="אסלא – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אסלא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oslo" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8" title="奧斯陸 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧斯陸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q585#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&oldid=84460522" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&id=84460522&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25A5%25A5%25E6%2596%25AF%25E9%2599%2586"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25A5%25A5%25E6%2596%25AF%25E9%2599%2586"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oslo" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" hreflang="zh"><span>维基导游</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q585" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="地理坐标">坐标</a>：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&params=59_57_N_10_45_E_region:NO-03_type:city（693491）"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">59°57′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">59.950°N 10.750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">59.950; 10.750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><span class="fn org">奥斯陆</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#cddeff; font-weight:bold;"><span class="category"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="挪威行政區劃">首都</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=";font-weight:bold;">Oslo</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div style="background-color:Color of spacing between the images (default:black);border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid Color of border surrounding the montage (default:black);width:275px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:Color of spacing between the images (default:black);border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png/275px-Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png/413px-Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png/550px-Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png 2x" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="1737" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:Color of spacing between the images (default:black);border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oslo_-_Parliament_(14131199086).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Oslo_-_Parliament_%2814131199086%29.jpg/137px-Oslo_-_Parliament_%2814131199086%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Oslo_-_Parliament_%2814131199086%29.jpg/206px-Oslo_-_Parliament_%2814131199086%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Oslo_-_Parliament_%2814131199086%29.jpg/274px-Oslo_-_Parliament_%2814131199086%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NO-oslo-akershus-blick-von-schiff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NO-oslo-akershus-blick-von-schiff.jpg/137px-NO-oslo-akershus-blick-von-schiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NO-oslo-akershus-blick-von-schiff.jpg/206px-NO-oslo-akershus-blick-von-schiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/NO-oslo-akershus-blick-von-schiff.jpg/274px-NO-oslo-akershus-blick-von-schiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:Color of spacing between the images (default:black);border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrup_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Astrup_Museum.jpg/275px-Astrup_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Astrup_Museum.jpg/413px-Astrup_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Astrup_Museum.jpg/550px-Astrup_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:Color of spacing between the images (default:black);border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SL79_112_at_Uranienborgveien_holdeplass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SL79_112_at_Uranienborgveien_holdeplass.jpg/137px-SL79_112_at_Uranienborgveien_holdeplass.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SL79_112_at_Uranienborgveien_holdeplass.jpg/206px-SL79_112_at_Uranienborgveien_holdeplass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SL79_112_at_Uranienborgveien_holdeplass.jpg/274px-SL79_112_at_Uranienborgveien_holdeplass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oslo_Royal_Palace_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Oslo_Royal_Palace_01.JPG/137px-Oslo_Royal_Palace_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="137" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Oslo_Royal_Palace_01.JPG/206px-Oslo_Royal_Palace_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Oslo_Royal_Palace_01.JPG/274px-Oslo_Royal_Palace_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><small><b>从顶向下，每行从左向右</b> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%84%E7%B6%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="比約維卡">比约维卡</a>的都市区，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%BB%88" title="挪威國會大廈">挪威国会大厦</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="阿克斯胡斯城堡">阿克斯胡斯城堡</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E6%A5%9A%E6%99%AE%E8%B2%BB%E6%81%A9%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="阿斯楚普費恩利現代藝術博物館">阿斯楚普费恩利现代艺术博物馆</a>，奥斯陆有轨电车布里斯克比线，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%AE" title="奧斯陸王宮">奥斯陆王宫</a></small></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84040992">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Oslo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="奥斯陆旗幟"><img alt="奥斯陆旗幟" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Oslo.svg/100px-Flag_of_Oslo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Oslo.svg/150px-Flag_of_Oslo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Oslo.svg/200px-Flag_of_Oslo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br /><small>旗幟</small></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oslo_komm.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="奥斯陆官方標誌"><img alt="奥斯陆官方標誌" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Oslo_komm.svg/100px-Oslo_komm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Oslo_komm.svg/150px-Oslo_komm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Oslo_komm.svg/200px-Oslo_komm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="611" /></a></span><br /><small>市徽</small></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">格言：<i>Unanimiter et constanter</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>）<br /><small>（United and constant）</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r66786032">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="奥斯陆在挪威的位置"><img alt="奥斯陆在挪威的位置" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Norway_location_map.svg/250px-Norway_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Norway_location_map.svg/375px-Norway_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Norway_location_map.svg/500px-Norway_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="2353" /></a></span><div class="od notheme mw-no-invert" style="top:83.094%;left:24.182%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="奥斯陆"><img alt="奥斯陆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div>奥斯陆</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><small>奥斯陆在挪威的位置</small></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">坐标：<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&params=59_57_N_10_45_E_region:NO-03_type:city（693491）"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">59°57′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">59.950°N 10.750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">59.950; 10.750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">地区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="東挪威">东挪威</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">郡</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">奥斯陆</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">建城时间</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1048年</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">政府<span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 市长</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="玛丽安·博根" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marianne Borgen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玛丽安·博根（页面不存在）">玛丽安·博根</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Borgen" class="extiw" title="en:Marianne Borgen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marianne Borgen</span></a></span>）</span></span> （<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E5%85%9A" class="mw-disambig" title="社会主义左翼党">社会主义左翼党</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 执行市长</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷蒙德·约翰森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Raymond Johansen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷蒙德·约翰森（页面不存在）">雷蒙德·约翰森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Johansen" class="extiw" title="en:Raymond Johansen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Raymond Johansen</span></a></span>）</span></span> （<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="工党">工党</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">面积<span style="font-weight:normal"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="挪威行政區劃">首都</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">480.75 平方公里（185.62 平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 陸地</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">454.12 平方公里（175.34 平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 水域</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">26.64 平方公里（10.29 平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">海拔<span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">23 公尺（75 英尺）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">人口<span style="font-weight:normal">（2020年2月27日）<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="挪威行政區劃">首都</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">693,491人</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="人口密度">密度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1,443人/平方公里（3,736人/平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%BA" title="市区">市区</a><span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1,019,513</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9C%83%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="都會區">都會區</a><span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1,588,457</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">族群<span style="font-weight:normal"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E4%BA%BA" title="挪威人">挪威人</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">71.5%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BA%BA" title="巴基斯坦人">巴基斯坦人</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">3.6%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E4%BA%BA" title="瑞典人">瑞典人</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2.2%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%BA" title="索馬里人">索马里人</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2.0%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="波兰人">波兰人</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1.7%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E5%8C%BA" title="时区">时区</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="欧洲中部时间">欧洲中部时间</a>（<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%97%B6%E5%88%B6" title="夏时制">夏时制</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%8F%E4%BB%A4%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="欧洲中部夏令时间">欧洲中部夏令时间</a>（<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">邮政编码</th><td class="infobox-data adr" style=""><span class="postal-code">0001 – 1299<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D%E5%8C%BA%E5%8F%B7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="国际电话区号列表">電話區號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">(+47) 00</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">網站</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oslo.kommune.no">www<wbr />.oslo<wbr />.kommune<wbr />.no</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>奥斯陆</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="挪威語">挪威語</a>：<span lang="no">Oslo</span>，<small>发音：</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:挪威語國際音標">[ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ]</a></span><small>  <span class="nowrap">(<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Oslo.ogg" class="internal" title="Oslo.ogg">听</a>)</span></small>），1624年—1925年間被稱爲<b>克里斯蒂安尼亞</b>（<span lang="no">Kristiania</span>），是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>首都和最大城市，全国政治、经济、文化中心，也是挪威的贸易、银行业、工业和航运枢纽，位于挪威东南部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E5%B3%BD%E7%81%A3" title="奧斯陸峽灣">奥斯陆峡湾</a>内侧，人口666, 759人（截至2017年1月1日）。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>包括邻近的10个市镇在内的城市区人口为975, 744人（截至2016年1月1日），<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而整个大奥斯陆地区人口数为1, 546, 706。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>奥斯陆因其奇特的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地理学">地理学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学">地质学</a>特征而闻名。它被森林和田野所环绕，许多种类的动植物生活在其中。奥斯陆市镇内三分之二的面积是森林和水域，使得实际人口密度达到了5, 221.6人/平方公里。城市核心区的形状像是一个被植被茂密的丘陵所环绕的砂锅，许多河流从丘陵中流出，經過市区汇入奥斯陆峡湾。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="維京時代">维京时代</a>奥斯陆所处的地区为丹麦最北方的省份<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="维肯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Viken (region)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E8%82%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维肯（页面不存在）">维肯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viken_(region)" class="extiw" title="en:Viken (region)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Viken (region)</span></a></span>）</span></span>的一部分。在维京时代后期公元1040年奥斯陆以<b>安斯陆</b>（<span lang="no">Ánslo</span>）名字建城。奥斯陆老城区是北欧除了<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E6%AF%94" title="維斯比">维斯比</a>以外最大的中世纪城市，而且至今保存完好。奥斯陆于1048年获得集镇（<span lang="no">kaupstad</span>）的地位。1070年，奥斯陆被提升为主教辖区。在大约1300年，挪威国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BA%B7%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="哈康五世">哈康五世</a>将奥斯陆定为挪威首都。在挪威从1397至1523年和1536至1814年与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a>，以及1814至1905年与<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a>建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%BB%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="共主邦聯">共主邦联</a>期间，尽管<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9" title="哥本哈根">哥本哈根</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9" title="斯德哥尔摩">斯德哥尔摩</a>先后成为了国家行政机构的所在地，奥斯陆仍然保有着一部分首都职能。 </p><p>奥斯陆是14世纪挪威受到<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病">黑死病</a>影响最严重的地区，在15和16世纪其人口和经济状况又经受了进一步的衰退。1624年，奥斯陆曾被一场大火摧毁，之后，在丹麦国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="克里斯蒂安四世">克里斯蒂安四世</a>统治期间，城区被迁移到了一个新的城市在更靠近<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="阿克斯胡斯城堡">阿克斯胡斯城堡</a>的地方建立，并以国王的名字命名为克里斯蒂安尼亚（Christiania）。1838年1月1日，克里斯蒂安尼亚成为了一个市镇。在1814至1905年间<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8-%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="瑞典-挪威联盟">瑞典-挪威联盟</a>时期，克里斯蒂安尼亚行使挪威首都的功能。尽管在19世纪以前，克里斯蒂安尼亚在欧洲范围内只是一座小城市，但从第二次工业革命之后，这座城市开始高速发展。在1900年前后，克里斯蒂安尼亚已经成为了一个发达的工业中心，有着近25万名居民。1925年，它的名字从克里斯蒂安尼亚改为了奥斯陆。 </p><p>奥斯陆是欧洲重要的航海工业和航海贸易中心，是许多航运企业总部的所在地，其中包括一些世界级的航运公司、船舶经纪公司和海上保险经纪公司。奥斯陆也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="欧洲委员会">欧洲委员会</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="欧洲联盟委员会">欧洲联盟委员会</a>的跨文化城市项目的试点城市。 </p><p>奥斯陆被认为是一座<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="全球城市">全球城市</a>，在2012年fDi杂志发表的欧洲大城市生活品質排名中名列第一位。<sup id="cite_ref-fdiintelligence.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdiintelligence.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ecma%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85" title="Ecma国际">ECA国际</a>2011年进行的一项调查显示，奥斯陆是全球生活成本第二高的城市，仅次于东京。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 根据经济学人智库（EIU）的统计，2013年奥斯陆也名列全球生活和教育成本最高的四座城市之一。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1952年，奥斯陆曾举办过<a href="/wiki/1952%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%90%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="1952年冬季奥运会">冬季奧運會</a>。1993年5月，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>的主导下，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="巴勒斯坦民族權力機構">巴勒斯坦</a>在这里签订了著名的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E5%8D%94%E8%AD%B0" title="奧斯陸協議">奧斯陸協議</a>》。另外，奥斯陆也是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔和平奖">诺贝尔和平奖</a>的颁奖地，每年的颁奖仪式在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E5%B8%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BB%B3" title="奧斯陸市政廳">奥斯陆市政厅</a>举行。 </p><p>21世纪初，奥斯陆的人口以创纪录的速度增长，使其成为了当时全欧洲人口增长速度最快的城市之一。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 这一高增长率主要和国际移民的流入和高生育率有关，但也离不开国内人口流动的影响。目前，奥斯陆的移民人口增长速度略高于本国人口增长速度，<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 在市区部分，这一差异更为显著。2012年1月1日的数据显示，奥斯陆人口的23%是移民，<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>市内最大的少数族裔是挪威瑞典人和挪威<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BA%BA" title="巴基斯坦人">巴基斯坦人</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本資料"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>基本資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：基本資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="城市名字起源"><span id=".E5.9F.8E.E5.B8.82.E5.90.8D.E5.AD.97.E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>城市名字起源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：城市名字起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“奥斯陆”这一名字的起源一直充满争议。可以确定这个名字来自于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古諾爾斯語">古諾爾斯語</a>，而且很可能是从前一座位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%84%E7%B6%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="比約維卡">比约维卡</a>的大农场的名字。但这个名字的含义也没有定论。现代语言学家通常将<i>Óslo</i>、<i>Áslo</i>或<i>Ánslo</i>解释为“山脚下的草场”或者“献给神的草场”，二者的可能性基本相等。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>以前有一种错误的观点，认为“奥斯陆”指的是“Lo河（阿尔纳河的假想旧称）的河口”。然而，一方面，人们没有发现任何证据证明在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佩德·克劳森·弗里斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peder Claussøn Friis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佩德·克劳森·弗里斯（页面不存在）">佩德·克劳森·弗里斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peder_Clauss%C3%B8n_Friis" class="extiw" title="en:Peder Claussøn Friis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peder Claussøn Friis</span></a></span>）</span></span>第一次提出这一假设之前，有人将阿尔纳河称为“Lo”河，另一方面，这个名字也不合乎挪威语的语法。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 现在一般认为，“Lo”这个名字是弗里斯为了支持他对于“奥斯陆”词源的观点而造出来的逆构词。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="市徽"><span id=".E5.B8.82.E5.BE.BD"></span>市徽</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：市徽"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>奥斯陆是挪威除了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%B9" title="卑爾根">卑爾根</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%95%E6%96%AF%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC" title="滕斯贝格">滕斯贝格</a>以外，少数的几个没有正式盾徽的城市之一，而是使用一枚圆形市徽代替。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 在奥斯陆的市徽中，展示了这座城市的守护神<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈尔瓦德·韦比约恩松" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hallvard Vebjørnsson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E6%AF%94%E7%BA%A6%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈尔瓦德·韦比约恩松（页面不存在）">圣哈尔瓦德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallvard_Vebj%C3%B8rnsson" class="extiw" title="en:Hallvard Vebjørnsson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hallvard Vebjørnsson</span></a></span>）</span></span>，以及他的磨石和箭，在他的脚下还有一个裸体的女人。他坐在配有狮子形装饰的王座上，这种王座也是从前挪威国王所经常使用的。<sup id="cite_ref-Heraldry_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heraldry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17世纪以前"><span id="17.E4.B8.96.E7.BA.AA.E4.BB.A5.E5.89.8D"></span>17世纪以前</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：17世纪以前"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Town,_Oslo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Town, Oslo（页面不存在）">奥斯陆老城区</a></i> </p><p>奥斯陆已发现的最早的人类聚落位于艾克贝格，大约可以追溯到公元前8400年的新石器时代。该地区还发现了许多黄铜时代和铁器时代的遗迹。 </p><p>根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%AB%BE%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%BE%B7%E5%91%82%E6%9D%BE" title="斯諾里·斯蒂德呂松">斯诺里·斯蒂德吕松</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E8%BF%A6_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="薩迦 (文學)">薩迦</a>记载，奥斯陆是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%83%85%E8%80%85%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94" title="无情者哈拉尔">无情者哈拉尔</a>于1048年前后建立的。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 但是，20世纪70年代的考古发掘发现了公元1000年前后的早期城市结构。1070年，天主教会在奥斯陆设立教区，圣赫沃德教堂作为最早的城市大教堂在12世纪初建成，而奥斯陆大教堂学校在1153年设立。在挪威国王奥拉夫三世统治期间，奥斯陆成为了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="東挪威">东挪威</a>的文化中心。哈尔沃德·韦布约森（Hallvard Vebjørnsson）成为了这座城市的守护神，被描绘在了城市的纹章上。 </p><p>1174年，Hovedøya修道院建成。教会和修道院成为了大片土地的主要拥有者，这对于城市的经济发展产生了较大的影响，特别是在黑死病肆虐之前。 </p><p>1197年7月25日，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E7%9A%84%E6%96%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="挪威的斯维尔（页面不存在）">挪威的斯维尔</a>和他的士兵从Hovedøya袭击了奥斯陆。<sup id="cite_ref-AttackFromHovedøya_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AttackFromHovedøya-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在中世纪期间，奥斯陆的人口数翻了一番，达到约3, 500人。在1300年前后的几十年里，中世纪的奥斯陆城市规模达到了顶峰。挪威国王哈康五世于1299年即位，他选择了奥斯陆作为举行加冕礼的城市，并在此后进行了一系列的城市建设工作，包括扩建圣玛丽教堂和新建<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="阿克斯胡斯城堡">阿克斯胡斯城堡</a>（Akershus Festning）等。1308年，奥斯陆被南曼兰公爵埃里克·马格努松劫掠和焚烧。到了1314年，挪威王国的权力中心正式转移到奥斯陆。<sup id="cite_ref-NRK310114_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRK310114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在中世纪的黑死病肆虐期间，奥斯陆的人口大约减少了三分之一。1536年，随着挪威和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a>组成<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%BB%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="共主邦聯">共主邦联</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9" title="哥本哈根">哥本哈根</a>成为邦联的首都，奥斯陆的首都地位则降至<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="首府">省会</a>地位，经济发展也陷入了停滞。同时期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>降低了教堂作为经济活动因素的重要性，奥斯陆的大部分教堂和修道院变得多余无用，随之而来的失业潮更进一步加剧了这座城市的衰退。在1567年瑞典对奥斯陆的围攻中，奥斯陆市民自行焚烧了城市，之后他们又开展了重建工作。 </p><p>奥斯陆在中世纪有着良好的学术和教育氛围。当时的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥斯陆人文主义（页面不存在）">奥斯陆人文主义</a>是一个多产的学术圈子。由于他们的工作，奥斯陆在1580年至1610年间成为了挪威的文化中心。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristian_IV_av_Danmark,_malning_av_Pieter_Isaacsz_1611-1616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kristian_IV_av_Danmark%2C_malning_av_Pieter_Isaacsz_1611-1616.jpg/220px-Kristian_IV_av_Danmark%2C_malning_av_Pieter_Isaacsz_1611-1616.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kristian_IV_av_Danmark%2C_malning_av_Pieter_Isaacsz_1611-1616.jpg/330px-Kristian_IV_av_Danmark%2C_malning_av_Pieter_Isaacsz_1611-1616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kristian_IV_av_Danmark%2C_malning_av_Pieter_Isaacsz_1611-1616.jpg/440px-Kristian_IV_av_Danmark%2C_malning_av_Pieter_Isaacsz_1611-1616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5-%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="丹麥-挪威">丹麦-挪威</a>国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="克里斯蒂安四世">克里斯蒂安四世</a>，克里斯蒂安尼亚就是以他的名字命名的</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="克里斯蒂安尼亚时期，1624-1814年"><span id=".E5.85.8B.E9.87.8C.E6.96.AF.E8.92.82.E5.AE.89.E5.B0.BC.E4.BA.9A.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F.EF.BC.8C1624-1814.E5.B9.B4"></span>克里斯蒂安尼亚时期，1624-1814年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：克里斯蒂安尼亚时期，1624-1814年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akershus_castle_Oslo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Akershus_castle_Oslo.jpg/220px-Akershus_castle_Oslo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Akershus_castle_Oslo.jpg/330px-Akershus_castle_Oslo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Akershus_castle_Oslo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>阿克斯胡斯城堡摄影：Samuli Lintula </figcaption></figure> <p>在17世纪，由于城市里的许多建筑物完全由木材制成，频繁发生的火灾多次在城市的大部分地区造成破坏。1624年8月，奥斯陆发生了一场巨大的火灾。大火持续了三天三夜，给城市带来的毁灭性的破坏，只有两座大型建筑得以幸存：Hallvard大教堂和bispegård。火灾过后，丹麦国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="克里斯蒂安四世">克里斯蒂安四世</a>决定不再重建旧城区。根据他的命令，他的部下在阿克斯胡斯城堡附近的Akershagen地区建设了新的道路网。国王还要求所有市民将他们的商店和工作场所搬迁到新建的城区，同时，新城被以国王的名字命名为克里斯蒂安尼亚（Christiania）。 </p><p>克里斯蒂安尼亚在建设过程中特别注重防御工事的修建。城市被<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B1%E5%A0%A1" title="菱堡">棱堡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="阿克斯胡斯城堡">阿克斯胡斯城堡</a>环绕。受到文艺复兴思潮的影响，城市内的街道宽阔笔直，划分出了方正的街区，这种布局也有利于防火。克里斯蒂安尼亚相互正交的街道网络成为了挪威语<i>Kvartal</i>（街区）一词的词源，被堡垒环绕的克里斯蒂安尼亚也因此而被成为<i>quarters</i>，直到1900年被改为一个专有名词<i>Kvadraturen</i>。 </p><p>克里斯蒂安四世还引入了新建房屋的防火规范。他命令所有贵族和富有居民的新建房屋都必须具有砖墙，而普通居民可以修建<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6" title="木骨架">木骨架</a>房屋。木骨架房屋自此成为了当地最常见的建筑形式。在17和18世纪的之后几次大火中，老式的木结构房屋受到了更严重的损害而逐渐被淘汰。 </p><p>在克里斯蒂安尼亚周边有许多自给自足的郊区城镇，许多工人住在相对便宜的木制房屋中。在1686年火灾后，围绕城市的堡垒被拆除，而城市外围建造起了新的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="奧斯陸主教座堂">奥斯陆主教座堂</a>。1736年，奥斯陆广场上的集市搬迁到了邻近主教座堂的地方，即现在的<i>Stortorvet</i>。郊区的房屋开始向北方扩展。在整个18世纪，随着航运贸易的蓬勃发展，克里斯蒂安尼亚的经济状况逐渐好转，城市人口也开始接近丹麦与挪威合并前夕的规模。 </p><p>中世纪的奥斯陆市议会由市长和议员组成，在这一时期逐渐转变成了新的形式，包括一名地方长官和一批皇室官员。城市居民慢慢地取得了一定的参政权力，从1730年开始，克里斯蒂安尼亚实行了“选举十二人团制度”，被选出的市民将在市议会中具有一定影响力。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Christiania_(JW_Edy_plate_49).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/City_of_Christiania_%28JW_Edy_plate_49%29.jpg/220px-City_of_Christiania_%28JW_Edy_plate_49%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/City_of_Christiania_%28JW_Edy_plate_49%29.jpg/330px-City_of_Christiania_%28JW_Edy_plate_49%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/City_of_Christiania_%28JW_Edy_plate_49%29.jpg/440px-City_of_Christiania_%28JW_Edy_plate_49%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>1849年的克里斯蒂安尼亚。由John William Edy绘制</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="成为挪威首都，1814年-20世纪初"><span id=".E6.88.90.E4.B8.BA.E6.8C.AA.E5.A8.81.E9.A6.96.E9.83.BD.EF.BC.8C1814.E5.B9.B4-20.E4.B8.96.E7.BA.AA.E5.88.9D"></span>成为挪威首都，1814年-20世纪初</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：成为挪威首都，1814年-20世纪初"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在丹麦-挪威邦联于1814年解体后，克里斯蒂安尼亚成为了独立的挪威的首都。新成立的国家行政机构为新的经济增长奠定了基础，而从19世纪40年代开始的工业化进程则为其提供了强劲的动力。在19世纪，克里斯蒂安尼亚快速扩张，许多新的公共建筑开始建造——包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%AE" title="奧斯陸王宮">奥斯陆王宫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%BB%88" title="挪威國會大廈">挪威国会大厦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8A%87%E9%99%A2_(%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8)" title="國家劇院 (奧斯陸)">国家剧院</a>等。克里斯蒂安尼亚建成区西面的一批公共建筑隶属于建筑师汉斯·林斯道尔（Hans Ditlev Franciscus von Linstow）于1838年制定的规划，其中卡尔·约翰大街将成为主轴，新城区吸引了许多富裕阶层的市民入住。与此同时，城市东边的阿克尔河沿岸的工业迅猛发展，这使得工人们都尽可能居住在附近地区。这导致了城市东部和西部的社会落差，也成为了这座城市此后的一个重要特征。 </p><p>在19世纪下半叶，克里斯蒂安尼亚建造了新的城区以供就职于工厂的移民居住。1854年，克里斯蒂安尼亚的第一个火车站建成。1859年1月1日，Bymarken和Aker市镇的部分地区以及9, 551名居民被并入克里斯蒂安尼亚。1878年1月1日，Aker的其他地区和18, 970名居民也被并入。当局希望透过行政区划调整，弥补不同地区的城建和社会差异，同时向更多地区引入防火规范以减少火灾的发生。19世纪80和90年代，城市建设工作发展到了高潮，大批租屋被修建，1894年城市还修建了第一条电车线路。但1899年的股災让這項計畫戛然而止，直到1910年，新的建设工作才逐步展开。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="更名奥斯陆，20世纪至今"><span id=".E6.9B.B4.E5.90.8D.E5.A5.A5.E6.96.AF.E9.99.86.EF.BC.8C20.E4.B8.96.E7.BA.AA.E8.87.B3.E4.BB.8A"></span>更名奥斯陆，20世纪至今</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：更名奥斯陆，20世纪至今"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在1877年到1925年之间，城市的名字拼写改为了Kristiania。1925年，克里斯蒂安尼亚恢复了它旧有的名字——奥斯陆。 </p><p>20世纪初，城市经济继续缓慢发展。此时城市已经有了近25万名居民。在20世纪的前十年，几乎没有新的房屋建成，同时高房价和贫困成为了十分严峻的社会问题。市政府着力解决这一问题，从1912年开始，一批大型房屋开始在19世纪城墙外缘的条形地带上修建，直到1931年，市内建成了大约11, 000间新的房屋，其中80%都是由政府资助修建的。在这一过程中，政府不再直接修建房屋，而是转而扶持一批住宅合作社，由它们来完成建设工作。 </p><p>1931年，新成立的住房合作社OBOS建成了它的第一个大型项目Etterstadslottet。从20世纪30年代中期开始，OBOS接手了许多房屋建设项目。与此同时，许多私人产权住宅开始修建。奥斯陆保存下来了许多30年代的功能主义建筑，例如Sogn haveby。 </p><p>在整个20世纪30年代，人们一直在为城市的扩展方向争执不休，这很大程度上是因为，1878年确定的城市边界内部已经没有多少可供建设的地块了。合并奥斯陆和阿克尔市镇的想法被提出，但一开始，只有很少一部分人支持这个主意。随着城市建设空间变得越来越小，更多的人开始转变看法。到了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="二戰">二戰</a>，1940年，德國<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%91%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="威瑟演習行動">佔領丹麦</a>后攻佔了<a class="mw-selflink selflink">奥斯陸</a>及各重要城市挪威全境淪陷，1945年才光復。最终，阿克尔市镇于1948年1月1日并入奥斯陆，这使得奥斯陆的城市面积增加了108%，人口数增加了46%（超过13万人）。 </p><p>20世纪50年代，奥斯陆开始在原先的东阿克尔地区开发卫星城，旨在进一步解决住房短缺问题。一些社区内建设了新的别墅和半独立式住房。1966年，奥斯陆地铁开通，将市中心和几个卫星城区连接在一起。1993年，奥斯陆地铁东线和西线间的共同隧道建成，两线贯通營運。 </p><p>奥斯陆于2000年举行了建城1, 000周年庆典，而仅仅50年前的1950年，奥斯陆还举办了建城900年庆典。这主要是因为，新的考古发掘工作将奥斯陆的建城史向前移动到了公元1000年前后。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E5%92%8C%E6%9E%AA%E5%87%BB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="2011年挪威爆炸和枪击事件">2011年挪威爆炸和枪击事件</a>中，奥斯陆受到了炸弹爆炸的袭击，政府大楼的一角受到袭击，包括总理办公室在内的几座建筑物受到破坏。共有8人遇难，30人受伤。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_Oslo_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="中世纪奥斯陆的地图"><img alt="中世纪奥斯陆的地图" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Medieval_Oslo_map.jpg/257px-Medieval_Oslo_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Medieval_Oslo_map.jpg/386px-Medieval_Oslo_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Medieval_Oslo_map.jpg/514px-Medieval_Oslo_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">中世纪奥斯陆的地图</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbour_of_Christiania_(JW_Edy_plate_50).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1800年前后的克里斯蒂安尼亚港口"><img alt="1800年前后的克里斯蒂安尼亚港口" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Harbour_of_Christiania_%28JW_Edy_plate_50%29.jpg/329px-Harbour_of_Christiania_%28JW_Edy_plate_50%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Harbour_of_Christiania_%28JW_Edy_plate_50%29.jpg/494px-Harbour_of_Christiania_%28JW_Edy_plate_50%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Harbour_of_Christiania_%28JW_Edy_plate_50%29.jpg/658px-Harbour_of_Christiania_%28JW_Edy_plate_50%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2291" data-file-height="1463" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1800年前后的克里斯蒂安尼亚港口</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 239.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 237.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christiania_Norway_in_1814_by_MK_Tholstrup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1814年的克里斯蒂安尼亚"><img alt="1814年的克里斯蒂安尼亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Christiania_Norway_in_1814_by_MK_Tholstrup.jpg/356px-Christiania_Norway_in_1814_by_MK_Tholstrup.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Christiania_Norway_in_1814_by_MK_Tholstrup.jpg/534px-Christiania_Norway_in_1814_by_MK_Tholstrup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Christiania_Norway_in_1814_by_MK_Tholstrup.jpg/711px-Christiania_Norway_in_1814_by_MK_Tholstrup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1129" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1814年的克里斯蒂安尼亚</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tallship_Christiania_Oslo_Norway_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="奥斯陆的高桅横帆船"><img alt="奥斯陆的高桅横帆船" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tallship_Christiania_Oslo_Norway_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/247px-Tallship_Christiania_Oslo_Norway_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tallship_Christiania_Oslo_Norway_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/370px-Tallship_Christiania_Oslo_Norway_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tallship_Christiania_Oslo_Norway_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/494px-Tallship_Christiania_Oslo_Norway_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="1912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">奥斯陆的高桅横帆船</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bjorvika_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="从港口远眺Barcode地区的天际线"><img alt="从港口远眺Barcode地区的天际线" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bjorvika_skyline.jpg/320px-Bjorvika_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bjorvika_skyline.jpg/479px-Bjorvika_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bjorvika_skyline.jpg/639px-Bjorvika_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="631" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">从港口远眺Barcode地区的天际线</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地理"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E7.90.86"></span>地理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：地理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p><i>参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0%E5%A0%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥斯陆地堑（页面不存在）">奥斯陆地堑</a></i></p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tettstedet_Oslo_2005.png"><img resource="/wiki/File:Tettstedet_Oslo_2005.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tettstedet_Oslo_2005.png/300px-Tettstedet_Oslo_2005.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tettstedet_Oslo_2005.png/450px-Tettstedet_Oslo_2005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tettstedet_Oslo_2005.png/600px-Tettstedet_Oslo_2005.png 2x" data-file-width="985" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>2005年的奥斯陆都市区地图，中部的灰色区域代表奥斯陆市中心。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基本状况"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E7.8A.B6.E5.86.B5"></span>基本状况</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：基本状况"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>奥斯陆位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E5%B3%BD%E7%81%A3" title="奧斯陸峽灣">奥斯陆峡湾</a>北面的一片弧形陆地上。奥斯陆峡湾出口向南，整体几乎被内索登半岛一分为二。奥斯陆在其他方向上被植被茂盛的山脉所包围。在城市的行政边界以内有40座岛屿，其中最大的是马尔姆岛（面积约0.56平方公里）。奥斯陆有343个湖泊，其中最大的是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%9B%E5%88%A9%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玛利达尔斯湖（页面不存在）">玛利达尔斯湖</a>（面积约3.91平方公里）。这些湖泊是奥斯陆大部分地区主要的饮用水来源。 </p><p>尽管东挪威地区有很多河流，但没有一条从奥斯陆入海。而奥斯陆有两条较小的河流：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿克河" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Akerselva"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿克河（页面不存在）">阿克河</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akerselva" class="extiw" title="en:Akerselva"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Akerselva</span></a></span>）</span></span>（从玛利达尔斯湖流出，注入奥斯陆峡湾）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="阿爾納河">阿尔纳河</a>。阿克塞尔瓦河上的瀑布在19世纪40年代为奥斯陆的第一批现代工业提供了动力。而在19世纪之后的时间里，这条河流成为了稳定和持续发展的经济的象征，也成为了城市东区和西区的分界。劳工们的社区位于河流两岸。阿尔纳河流经奥斯陆主要的郊区和工业区<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E8%BE%BE%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格鲁达伦（页面不存在）">格鲁达伦</a>。其他重要河流包括<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莱萨克河" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lysakerelven"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%B1%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莱萨克河（页面不存在）">莱萨克河</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysakerelven" class="extiw" title="en:Lysakerelven"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lysakerelven</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="言恩河" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ljanselva"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%80%E6%81%A9%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="言恩河（页面不存在）">言恩河</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljanselva" class="extiw" title="en:Ljanselva"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ljanselva</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Hovinbekken" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hovinbekken"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hovinbekken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hovinbekken（页面不存在）">Hovinbekken</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovinbekken" class="extiw" title="en:Hovinbekken"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hovinbekken</span></a></span>）</span></span>。除此之外，城中有很多条溪流从地下穿过。 </p><p> 奥斯陆市的最高点是海拔629米的Kirkeberget（这同时也是奥斯陆的最北点）。尽管这座城市的人口比大部分欧洲国家的首都要少，它拥有一片相当广大的陆地区域，其中三分之二是布满森林、山丘和湖泊的自然保护区。城市边界附近有很多的公园和开放区域。</p><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tjuvholmen_Aker_brygge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿克尔码头全景"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tjuvholmen_Aker_brygge.jpg/900px-Tjuvholmen_Aker_brygge.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tjuvholmen_Aker_brygge.jpg/1350px-Tjuvholmen_Aker_brygge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tjuvholmen_Aker_brygge.jpg/1800px-Tjuvholmen_Aker_brygge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="855" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tjuvholmen_Aker_brygge.jpg" title="File:Tjuvholmen Aker brygge.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E7%A2%BC%E9%A0%AD" title="阿克爾碼頭">阿克尔码头</a>全景</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="气候"><span id=".E6.B0.94.E5.80.99"></span>气候</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：气候"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由于奥斯陆地处高纬度地区，白昼时间在一年之中差异很大，盛夏时节，每天的白昼时长超过18小时，且在夜间，天空不会变得完全黑暗（不会比海上的暮光更黑）；而到了冬天，每天的白昼仅有6小时左右。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>奥斯陆为温带湿润大陆性气候，但有着较为温和的冬天。七月份的奥斯陆每三天内有两天都相当温暖，温度高于20°C，而平均每四天就有一天高温达到25°C以上。<sup id="cite_ref-met.no_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met.no-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1901年7月是奥斯陆有记录以来的最热月份，月平均气温为24.7°C（72.9°F）。在1982年8月3日，Blindern曾观测到的最高温纪录是34.2°C（94°F）。1901年7月21日，奥斯陆市中心的“观测站”记录下了35°C（95°F）的高温。<sup id="cite_ref-temprekord_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temprekord-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在1月，平均每四天里有三天温度都会低于冰点（0°C），平均每四天中有一天温度低于-10°C。<sup id="cite_ref-met.no2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met.no2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1941年1月3日和19日，曾观测到的最冷温度为-26°C。<sup id="cite_ref-mintemp_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mintemp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>近年来，奥斯陆的平均气温呈上升趋势，尤其是冬季气温。 </p><p> 奥斯陆的年平均降水量约为802.9毫米，降水日数约为166天，冬天会比夏天略干燥一些。</p><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em; margin:;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">奥斯陆1981至2010年 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">月份 </th> <th scope="col">1月 </th> <th scope="col">2月 </th> <th scope="col">3月 </th> <th scope="col">4月 </th> <th scope="col">5月 </th> <th scope="col">6月 </th> <th scope="col">7月 </th> <th scope="col">8月 </th> <th scope="col">9月 </th> <th scope="col">10月 </th> <th scope="col">11月 </th> <th scope="col">12月 </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">全年 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">历史最高温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(59) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35<br />(95) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35<br />(95) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均高温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">日均气温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均低温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.3<br />(22.5) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.3<br />(22.5) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7<br />(23.5) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">历史最低温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.6<br />(−21.3) </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.2<br />(−13.4) </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.3<br />(−6.3) </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.1<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4<br />(24.1) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.2<br />(11.8) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.0<br />(3.2) </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.7<br />(−10.7) </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−29.6<br />(−21.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8F" title="降水量">降水量</a> mm（英寸） </th> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.9<br />(2.16) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.4<br />(1.98) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.9<br />(1.85) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.1<br />(2.13) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.5<br />(2.78) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.7<br />(3.33) </td> <td style="background: #6DFF6D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.8<br />(3.85) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.6<br />(3.17) </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.4<br />(3.56) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.1<br />(3.11) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.4<br />(2.06) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">802.8<br />(31.58) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均降水天数<span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">（≥ 1 mm）</span> </th> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">114 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">月均<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%85%A7%E6%99%82%E6%95%B8" title="日照時數">日照時數</a> </th> <td style="background: #494949; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #989898; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">126 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">178 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">250 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">246 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">216 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144 </td> <td style="background: #9D9D9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #606060; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #3F3F3F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">35 </td> <td style="background: #C0C024; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,668 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%85%A7%E6%99%82%E6%95%B8" title="日照時數">可照</a>百分比 </th> <td style="background: #C0C021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.9 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.5 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.4 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.0 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.5 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">数据来源1：Norwegian Meteorological Institute eklima.met.no </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">数据来源2：Meteo-climat 1981-2010 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p159.php">http://meteo-climat</a> /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="人口状况"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3.E7.8A.B6.E5.86.B5"></span>人口状况</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：人口状况"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oslo_population.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Oslo_population.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oslo_population.svg/220px-Oslo_population.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oslo_population.svg/330px-Oslo_population.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oslo_population.svg/440px-Oslo_population.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>1801至2006年的奥斯陆人口，其中1950至2006年有每年的数据</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84365018">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="toccolours" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;border-left:1px #aaa solid;border-right:1px #aaa solid;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,lavender);padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold;color:inherit">历史人口</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-interactive,black);padding:1px;width:3em">年份</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-interactive,black);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right">人口</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-interactive,black);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="变化百分比">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1500</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1801</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,931</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+257.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1855</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">31,715</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+255.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">151,239</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+376.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">434,365</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+187.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">475,663</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">481,548</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.2%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-interactive,black);padding:1px;width:3em">年份</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-interactive,black);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right">人口</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-interactive,black);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="变化百分比">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">452,023</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">461,644</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">508,726</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">599,230</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2014</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">634,463</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">647,676</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.1%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-interactive,black);font-size:85%;text-align:left"><b>来源</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/02/folkendrhist_en/tables/tab/03.html">Statistics Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stats2015_a_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stats2015_a-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div class="skin-invert" style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: ;color: #000;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd;color: inherit;"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">奥斯陆的宗教<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">宗教</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">百分比</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Purple; width:70%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">70%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:0.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">其它</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:26%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">26%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div><p>在2010年前的一段时间，奥斯陆的人口以每年近2％的速度增长（过去15年里增长了17％），是斯堪的纳维亚国家的首都中增长最快的。根据挪威统计局的年度报告，在2015年，奥斯陆有647, 676名永久性居民，其中628, 719人居住在主城区。在整个城市区范围内有942, 084名居民，<sup id="cite_ref-Stats2015_a2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stats2015_a2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 而距市中心100公里（62英里）以内整个大奥斯陆地区，估计有177万人口。 </p><table class="infobox" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>2015年奥斯陆的少数族群人口（第</b> <p><b>1和第2代），以来源地国家划分<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>国籍 </th> <th>人口（2015年） </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a> </td> <td>22,864 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波蘭</a> </td> <td>15,862 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a> </td> <td>13,911 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="索马里">索马里</a> </td> <td>13,789 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a> </td> <td>7,854 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a> </td> <td>7,272 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/33px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/44px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a> </td> <td>6,569 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a> </td> <td>6,397 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a> </td> <td>6,192 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a> </td> <td>6,164 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾">菲律賓</a> </td> <td>5,917 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a> </td> <td>5,246 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a> </td> <td>3,777 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a> </td> <td>3,678 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a> </td> <td>3,607 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>根据最近的人口普查，432, 000名奥斯陆居民（占城市总人口的70.4%）在种族上属于<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E4%BA%BA" title="挪威人">挪威人</a>，与2002年（409, 000人）相比增长了6％。<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 从相对和绝对数量来看，奥斯陆都有着全挪威最多的新出生移民人口。奥斯陆有189, 400人的移民或父母为移民的人口，占全市人口的30.4％。奥斯陆所有的郊区移民人口比例均高于14.1％的全国平均水準。移民人口比例最高的郊区包括SøndreNordstrand和Stovner og Alna，他们占据了大约50％的移民人口。<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>巴基斯坦人是人口数量最大的少数族群，其次是<a href="/wiki/Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden">瑞典人</a>，索马里人和波兰人。其他人口较多的族群包括斯里兰卡人，越南人，土耳其人，摩洛哥人，伊拉克人和伊朗人。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2012年，在奥斯陆约有48,000名注册的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>，占全市人口的8％，同时约有33, 000名注册的罗马天主教徒。<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在2013年，奥斯陆的小学生中有40％的人注册了<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="挪威语">挪威语</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="萨米语">萨米语</a>以外的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">第一语言</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 城市西部居民主要是种族上的挪威人，这里的几所学校的移民背景的学生比例不到5％。而奥斯陆的东部族群构成较为复杂，有一些学校有着高达97％的移民背景学生比例。<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 学校也越来越多地以族群划分，而在城市东北部的郊区已经出现了<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA%E7%BE%A4%E9%A3%9E" title="白人群飞">白人群飞</a>现象。<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 例如，2008年在在Groruddalen，种族上的挪威人口减少了1, 500，而移民人口增加了1, 600。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>奥斯陆有许多宗教社区。2016年，奥斯陆51.6％的人口是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="挪威教會">挪威教会</a>成员，低于全国平均水準的71.5％。<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2011年，近20％的人口在其他宗教或生活立场社区登记注册。<sup id="cite_ref-utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治和政府"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E5.92.8C.E6.94.BF.E5.BA.9C"></span>政治和政府</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：政治和政府"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>奥斯陆是挪威首都，也是挪威国家政府所在地。大部分政府部门，包括首相办公室，都在国家议会附近的一个建筑群中。 </p><p>奥斯陆既是挪威一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="挪威行政區劃">郡</a>，也是该郡唯一的市镇。它在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="挪威議會">挪威議會</a>中由19名议员代表。 </p><p>奥斯陆自1986年起开始实施议会制的政府系统。城市的最高权力是由市议会（Bystyret）掌握，目前有59个席位。市议员每4年选举一次。市议会有五个委员会，各有分工监管的领域。自2015年选举之后，市议会里最大的两个政党为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%9A_(%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81)" title="工党 (挪威)">工党</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E5%85%9A_(%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81)" title="保守党 (挪威)">保守党</a>。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stortinget,_Oslo,_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Stortinget%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg/200px-Stortinget%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Stortinget%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg/300px-Stortinget%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Stortinget%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg/400px-Stortinget%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4167" data-file-height="2773" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="挪威议会">挪威议会</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oslo_r%C3%A5dhus_(by_alexao).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Oslo_r%C3%A5dhus_%28by_alexao%29.jpg/200px-Oslo_r%C3%A5dhus_%28by_alexao%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Oslo_r%C3%A5dhus_%28by_alexao%29.jpg/300px-Oslo_r%C3%A5dhus_%28by_alexao%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Oslo_r%C3%A5dhus_%28by_alexao%29.jpg/400px-Oslo_r%C3%A5dhus_%28by_alexao%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E5%B8%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BB%B3" title="奧斯陸市政廳">奥斯陆市政厅</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>奥斯陆市长是市议会的主席和级别最高的市议员。这个职位曾经是奥斯陆最有权力的政治职位，但随着议会制的实施，市长变得更像是国家议会主席一般，是一种仪式性的角色。现任奥斯陆市长是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="玛丽安·博根" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marianne Borgen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玛丽安·博根（页面不存在）">玛丽安·博根</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Borgen" class="extiw" title="en:Marianne Borgen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marianne Borgen</span></a></span>）</span></span>。 </p><p>自2015年地方选举以来，市政府一直由工党、绿党和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E5%85%9A_(%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81)" title="社会主义左翼党 (挪威)">社会主义左翼党</a>组成的联盟所把持。由于获得了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%85%9A_(%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81)" title="红党 (挪威)">红党</a>的支持，这一联盟在市议会中勉强保持多数席位。 </p><p>奥斯陆的执行市长是市政府的首脑。这一职位是随着议会制的实行而设立的，与总理在国家一级的作用类似。现任执行市长是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷蒙德·约翰森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Raymond Johansen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷蒙德·约翰森（页面不存在）">雷蒙德·约翰森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Johansen" class="extiw" title="en:Raymond Johansen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Raymond Johansen</span></a></span>）</span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-nrkvr2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrkvr2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="行政区划"><span id=".E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF.E5.8C.BA.E5.88.92"></span>行政区划</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：行政区划"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>截至2016年1月1日，奥斯陆市的人口为658, 390人。奥斯陆都会区的范围已经越过了奥斯陆市镇的边界，到达了周边的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E9%83%A1" title="阿克什胡斯郡">阿克什胡斯郡</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94" title="阿斯克尔">阿斯克尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E9%AD%AF%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="貝魯姆">贝鲁姆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%A5%E8%82%AF" title="略肯">略肯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E9%9D%88%E6%81%A9" title="雷靈恩">雷灵恩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%A0%BC" title="勒倫斯科格">勒倫斯科格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE" title="尼特達爾">尼特达尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%AB" title="謝斯莫">谢斯莫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%A6%8F%E6%B4%9B" title="北福洛">北福洛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9F%E5%91%82%E5%A7%86" title="瑟呂姆">瑟呂姆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%88%BE%E5%91%82%E5%A7%86" title="耶爾呂姆">耶尔吕姆</a>等市镇）。整个都会区的总人口达到了942,084人。<sup id="cite_ref-Stats2015_a_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stats2015_a-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>奥斯陆市中心位于奥斯陆峡湾的尽头，以此为基点，城区沿着三条“走廊”发展——一条向东北方向的内陆区域延伸，另两条向南，沿着东侧和西侧的峡湾沿岸发展。在这种发展模式下形成的奥斯陆都会区的形状看起来像一个上下颠倒的“Y”字形。 </p><p>在城区的北边和东边，广阔的森林丘陵（Marka）缓缓抬升，让这一区域如同一个圆形露天剧场的形状。奥斯陆市镇和奥斯陆郡，是同一个实体的两个部分，使得奥斯陆成为了挪威唯一一座集成了两级行政级别的城市。在奥斯陆的总面积中，包括了130平方公里的建成区和7平方公里的农业区。在建成区中，开放区域的面积是22平方公里。 </p><p>奥斯陆于1838年1月3日作为一个市镇成立。1842年，它与阿克什胡斯郡分离，成为了一个独立的郡。郊区市镇阿克爾于1948年1月1日与奥斯陆合并（同时从阿克斯胡斯郡转移到了奥斯陆郡）。此外，奥斯陆郡与阿克斯胡斯郡具有一些共同的职能。 </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>奥斯陆市议会2015至2019年席位</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%9A_(%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81)" title="工党 (挪威)">工党</a> </td> <td>20 (+0) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E5%85%9A_(%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81)" title="保守党 (挪威)">保守党</a> </td> <td>19 <span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent">0</span>(−3) </td></tr> <tr> <td>绿党 </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent">0</span>5 (+4) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%85%9A_(%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81)" title="自由党 (挪威)">自由党</a> </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent">0</span>4 (−1) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E9%BB%A8_(%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81)" title="進步黨 (挪威)">进步党</a> </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent">0</span>4 (+0) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E5%85%9A_(%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81)" title="社会主义左翼党 (挪威)">社会主义左派党</a> </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent">0</span>3 (−1) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%85%9A_(%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81)" title="红党 (挪威)">红党</a> </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent">0</span>3 (+1) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A_(%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81)" title="基督教民主党 (挪威)">基督教民主党</a> </td> <td><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent">0</span>1 <span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent">0</span>(+0) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>总计</b> </td> <td><b>59</b><sup id="cite_ref-nrkvr_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrkvr-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="行政區列表"><span id=".E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF.E5.8D.80.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8"></span>行政區列表</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：行政區列表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>来源于2004年1月奥斯陆市议会的规定</i> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>行政區 </th> <th>人口（2015年）<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>面积（平方公里） </th> <th>编号 </th></tr> <tr style="background:#edf3fe;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D_(%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8)" title="阿爾納 (奧斯陸)">阿爾納區</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,770 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%80%B6%E5%85%8B" title="比耶克">比耶克區</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,502 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#edf3fe;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%BE%99%E8%AE%B7" title="弗龙讷">弗龙讷区</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,965 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8" title="舊奧斯陸">舊奧斯陸區</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,854 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#edf3fe;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%91%82" title="格魯呂">格魯呂區</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,283 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%90%95%E7%BA%B3%E5%8B%92%E5%8D%A1" title="格吕纳勒卡">格吕纳勒卡区</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,701 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#edf3fe;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE" title="北阿克爾">北阿克爾區</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,337 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%BB%A9_(%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86)" title="北滩 (奥斯陆)">北滩区</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,428 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#edf3fe;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC%E8%AE%B7" title="萨格讷">萨格讷区</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">39,918 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8E%E6%A0%B9" title="圣汉斯海于根">圣汉斯海于根区</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,218 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#edf3fe;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%E8%AE%B7" title="斯托夫讷">斯托夫讷区</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">31,669 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E5%8C%97%E7%81%98" title="南部北灘">南部北灘區</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,913 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#edf3fe;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E5%8B%92%E6%81%A9" title="于勒恩">于勒恩區</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,124 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE" title="西阿克爾">西阿克爾區</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,024 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#edf3fe;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E6%96%AF%E6%BB%95%E8%88%8D" title="厄斯滕舍">厄斯滕舍区</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,133 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td><b>总计</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>647,676</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>151.8</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="经济"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E"></span>经济</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：经济"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oslo_at_night.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Oslo_at_night.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oslo_at_night.jpg/220px-Oslo_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oslo_at_night.jpg/330px-Oslo_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oslo_at_night.jpg/440px-Oslo_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3876" data-file-height="2740" /></a><figcaption>Bjørvika的办公大楼和公寓</figcaption></figure> <p>奥斯陆有着多样化的强劲经济，在fDi杂志发表的报告“2012年度欧洲未来城市”中，奥斯陆名列欧洲大城市经济潜力排名第一。<sup id="cite_ref-fdiintelligence.com2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdiintelligence.com2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 在商业友好度方面，奥斯陆排名第二，仅次于阿姆斯特丹。 </p><p>奥斯陆拥有2654家挪威全国級的大公司。在欧洲最大城市排名中，以注册公司数量为指标，奥斯陆排名第五。一批石油和天然气集团公司也位于奥斯陆。 </p><p>奥斯陆是欧洲重要的海事知识中心，拥有大约1980家相关领域公司和8,500名员工。其中包括一些世界上最大的航运公司，船舶经纪人和船舶保险经纪人。总部设在奥斯陆外的挪威船级社，是全世界三个主要<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E7%B4%9A%E7%A4%BE" title="船級社">船级社</a>之一，世界船队中的16.5％在此注册。<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 奥斯陆港是挪威最大的货运港口和主要的客运门户。每年有近6000艘船舶在此停靠，运输600万吨货物和500多万人次的乘客。 </p><p>2003年，奥斯陆国内生产总值达到了2, 680.47亿挪威克朗，占全国GDP的17％。<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 而1995年，奥斯陆的GDP是1, 659.15亿挪威克朗。2003年，奥斯陆都会区、莫斯和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%97%A8" title="德拉门">德拉门</a>也贡献了全国GDP的25%和税收的四分之一强。相比之下，挪威大陆架石油和天然气行业的税收总额占比约为16％。<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>奥斯陆是全球生活成本最高的城市之一。<sup id="cite_ref-priciest_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priciest-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 根据<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E9%93%B6%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" title="瑞银集团">瑞士银行</a>2006年8月份编制的报告，奥斯陆和伦敦是世界上最昂贵的城市。同年，根据美世人力资源咨询公司发布的“全球生活成本调查” ，奥斯陆排名世界城市第十；<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 而在经济学人智库（EIU）发表的排名中，奥斯陆更是高居首位。<sup id="cite_ref-priciest2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priciest2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 造成两项排名间差异的原因是，EIU在最终的指数计算过程中忽略了某些因素，特别是住房因素。在EIU于2015年发布的调查更新版本中，奥斯陆现在排名全球第三。<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 尽管奥斯陆确实有着挪威最昂贵的住宅市场，但其房价还是比榜单上的其他城市便宜得多。但同时，奥斯陆的商品和服务价格在世界城市中处于最高水準。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文化"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>文化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>奥斯陆有许多不同类型的文化景点，包括存放有爱德华·蒙克（Edvard Munch）和其他国际知名艺术家作品的博物馆。一些世界知名作家曾在奥斯陆出生或居住，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B1%89%E5%A7%86%E7%94%9F" title="克努特·汉姆生">克努特·汉姆生</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%98%93%E5%8D%9C%E7%94%9F" title="亨里克·易卜生">亨里克·易卜生</a>。政府近期在奥斯陆市的文化设施建设方面投入了大量资金。市中心外的Bygdøy是这座城市和挪威维京人的历史中心，该地区拥有许多公园，海滨和博物馆。奥斯陆每年举办奥斯陆自由论坛，被“经济学人”称为“人权领域的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87" title="世界經濟論壇">达沃斯论坛</a>”。<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 奥斯陆也因每年颁发<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔和平奖">诺贝尔和平奖</a>而闻名。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="博物馆和画廊"><span id=".E5.8D.9A.E7.89.A9.E9.A6.86.E5.92.8C.E7.94.BB.E5.BB.8A"></span>博物馆和画廊</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：博物馆和画廊"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MUNCH_Museum_front_(2020)_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/MUNCH_Museum_front_%282020%29_4.jpg/220px-MUNCH_Museum_front_%282020%29_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/MUNCH_Museum_front_%282020%29_4.jpg/330px-MUNCH_Museum_front_%282020%29_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/MUNCH_Museum_front_%282020%29_4.jpg/440px-MUNCH_Museum_front_%282020%29_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E9%A4%A8" title="蒙克美術館">蒙克博物馆</a></figcaption></figure> <p>奥斯陆有几座主要的博物馆和画廊。<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E9%A4%A8" title="蒙克美術館">蒙克博物馆</a>收藏了“呐喊”和爱德华·蒙克的其他一些作品。蒙克在死后将所有作品捐赠给了奥斯陆。<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 市议会正在计划修建一座新的蒙克博物馆，最有可能建在城市东南部的Bjørvika。<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 博物馆将被命名为Munch/Stenersen。<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated52_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated52-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 城市里还有50座不同类型的博物馆。<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="挪威文化史博物館">挪威文化历史博物馆</a>位于比格迪半岛，致力于展示挪威民间艺术、民间服饰、萨米文化和海盗文化。户外博物馆包括挪威各地的155座正宗的古老建筑，其中包括一座木条教堂。<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>国家博物馆持有并保存，展示和宣传挪威最广泛的艺术品。<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 博物馆有关于本馆藏品的常设展览，还有展示从其他地方借来的展品的临时展览。<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated62_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated62-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 新的国家博物馆将在未来10年内建成，将位于诺贝尔和平中心后面的维斯塔芬。<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telemarkstunet_Norsk_Folkemuseum_0.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Telemarkstunet_Norsk_Folkemuseum_0.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Telemarkstunet_Norsk_Folkemuseum_0.jpg/220px-Telemarkstunet_Norsk_Folkemuseum_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Telemarkstunet_Norsk_Folkemuseum_0.jpg/330px-Telemarkstunet_Norsk_Folkemuseum_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Telemarkstunet_Norsk_Folkemuseum_0.jpg/440px-Telemarkstunet_Norsk_Folkemuseum_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年12月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="挪威文化史博物館">挪威文化历史博物馆</a>中的历史建筑</figcaption></figure> <p>位于青蛙公园的维吉兰博物馆可以免费进入，包含由古斯塔夫·维吉兰创作的的超过212座雕塑，包括方尖碑和生命之轮。<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 另一座受欢迎的雕塑是Sinnataggen（小孩），刻画了一个男婴在愤怒中冲压着他的脚。这座雕塑作为奥斯陆的象征之一，在这座城市里非常有名。<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 奥斯陆还有一座较新的园林雕塑公园，Ekebergparken雕塑公园，其中有一些挪威和其他国家艺术家如<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%88%A9" title="萨尔瓦多·达利">萨尔瓦多·达利</a>的作品。<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>海盗船博物馆有三艘在Oseberg，Gokstad和Tune发现的海盗船，以及从维京时代保存下来的一些独特的物品。<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="奧斯陸城市博物館">奥斯陆城市博物馆</a>有关于奥斯陆城市发展史和奥斯陆居民的常设展览。<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>康提基号博物馆保存了<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="托尔·海尔达尔">托尔·海尔达尔</a>的木筏康提基号和Ra2号。<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>诺贝尔和平中心是一个独立组织，于2005年6月11日由哈拉尔五世国王宣布开放，作为庆祝挪威作为独立国家成立一百周年庆祝活动的一部分。<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 这座建筑包含一个永久性展览，每年在宣布新的诺贝尔和平奖得主时都会扩大，它包含历史上每位得主的資訊。该建筑主要用作文化交流中心。<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated42_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated42-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音乐和文化活动"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E4.B9.90.E5.92.8C.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E6.B4.BB.E5.8A.A8"></span>音乐和文化活动</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：音乐和文化活动"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_peace_center.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Nobel_peace_center.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nobel_peace_center.jpg/220px-Nobel_peace_center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nobel_peace_center.jpg/330px-Nobel_peace_center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nobel_peace_center.jpg/440px-Nobel_peace_center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年12月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="諾貝爾和平中心">诺贝尔和平中心</a></figcaption></figure> <p>每年，奥斯陆会举办许多文化活动，例如奥斯陆爵士音乐节，这是一个为期六天的爵士音乐节，在过去25年里的每年8月举行。<sup id="cite_ref-OJF_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OJF-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 奥斯陆最大的摇滚音乐节是Øyafestivalen或简称“Øya”，它每次举办持续4天，每次吸引约6万人前往奥斯陆东部的中世纪公园参加活动。<sup id="cite_ref-Øya_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Øya-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>奥斯陆国际教会音乐节<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 自2000年以来每年举行一次。奥斯陆世界音乐节给那些在自己国家闻名、但在挪威不出名的明星一个展示自己的机会。奥斯陆室内音乐节在每年的八月举行，世界级的独奏家聚集在奥斯陆进行表演。挪威森林摇滚音乐节每年六月也在奥斯陆举行。 </p><p>诺贝尔和平奖颁奖典礼于每年的十二月十日在奥斯陆市政厅举行。<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 尽管萨米人的住处离奥斯陆很远，但挪威文化史博物馆也会在每年的萨米族节举办一系列文化和娱乐活动。 </p><p>霍门科伦的冬季两项世界杯每年举行，男性和女性运动员在各个项目上与对手相互竞争。<sup id="cite_ref-Biathlon_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biathlon-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>其他年度活动包括Desucon，一个专注于日本文化的会议，<sup id="cite_ref-Desucon_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desucon-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 和Færderseilasen，这是世界上最大的过夜帆船赛，每年有1100多艘船只参加。<sup id="cite_ref-Færderseilasen_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Færderseilasen-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>挪威国歌作曲家R. 诺拉克于1842年在奥斯陆出生。 </p><p>挪威最重要的交响乐团是奥斯陆爱乐乐团，自1977年以来设立在奥斯陆音乐厅。尽管乐团始建于1919年，但它的历史可以追溯至由<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%BC" title="爱德华·格里格">爱德华·格里格</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%A3%AE" title="约翰·斯文森">约翰·斯文森</a>在1879年成立的克里斯蒂安尼亚音乐家协会时期。 </p><p>1996年和2010年，奥斯陆举办了两届<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%8C%E5%94%B1%E5%A4%A7%E8%B3%BD" title="歐洲歌唱大賽">欧洲歌唱大赛</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="表演艺术"><span id=".E8.A1.A8.E6.BC.94.E8.89.BA.E6.9C.AF"></span>表演艺术</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：表演艺术"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nationaltheatret_Oslo_Front_at_Night.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Nationaltheatret_Oslo_Front_at_Night.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nationaltheatret_Oslo_Front_at_Night.jpg/220px-Nationaltheatret_Oslo_Front_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nationaltheatret_Oslo_Front_at_Night.jpg/330px-Nationaltheatret_Oslo_Front_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nationaltheatret_Oslo_Front_at_Night.jpg/440px-Nationaltheatret_Oslo_Front_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4484" data-file-height="3415" /></a><figcaption><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年12月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8A%87%E9%99%A2_(%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8)" title="國家劇院 (奧斯陸)">国家剧院</a>是挪威最大的剧院</figcaption></figure> <p>奥斯陆有20多家剧院，例如挪威剧院和位于卡尔约翰街的国家剧院。位于皇宫和挪威议会大厦之间的国家剧院是挪威最大的剧院。<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated32_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated32-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%B6%AD%C2%B7%E9%83%9D%E7%88%BE%E6%8B%9C" title="路維·郝爾拜">路维·郝尔拜</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%98%93%E5%8D%9C%E7%94%9F" title="亨里克·易卜生">亨里克·易卜生</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%BA%A6%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%BD%BB%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E6%98%82%E6%9D%BE" title="比约恩斯彻纳·比昂松">比约恩斯彻纳·比昂松</a>的名字被刻在剧院主入口上方的外墙上。国家剧院代表了挪威国家级的演员和剧作家，而作曲家，歌手和舞者的最高殿堂是位于Bjørvika的奥斯陆歌剧院。由<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%AB%BE%E8%B5%AB%E5%A1%94%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E6%89%80" title="斯諾赫塔建築事務所">斯诺赫塔建筑事务所</a>设计的歌剧院于2008年开幕，也是挪威的一个国家地标。剧院共有两间剧场，2000多个座位。该建筑耗资5亿欧元并花了五年时间建成，被誉为世界上第一座让人们走上建筑屋顶的歌剧院。门厅和屋顶也被音乐会所使用。<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文学"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.A6"></span>文学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：文学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibsen_sitat_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ibsen_sitat_1.jpg/220px-Ibsen_sitat_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ibsen_sitat_1.jpg/330px-Ibsen_sitat_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ibsen_sitat_1.jpg/440px-Ibsen_sitat_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>“易卜生名言”中的一个例子，引用了《一封写给布兰德斯的信》中的名言“财产，我不在乎”</figcaption></figure> <p>大多数著名的挪威作家都曾在奥斯陆生活过一段时间。例如，诺贝尔文学奖得主<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BD%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E5%A1%9E%E7%89%B9" title="西格丽德·温塞特">西格丽德·温塞特</a>在奥斯陆长大，并在自传体小说<i>Elleve år</i>中描述了她在奥斯陆的生活。 </p><p>剧作家亨里克·易卜生可能是最著名的挪威作家。易卜生写作了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%B8%83%E4%B9%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海达·高布乐（页面不存在）">海达·高布乐</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B9%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E7%89%B9" title="培尔·金特">培尔·金特</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%A9%E5%81%B6%E4%B9%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="玩偶之家">玩偶之家</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="海上夫人">海上夫人</a>等戏剧。2008年完成的“易卜生名言（Ibsen quotes, Oslo）”是一件包括69条易卜生名言的不锈钢刻字艺术品，这些名言被镶嵌在了奥斯陆市中心的花岗岩人行道上。<sup id="cite_ref-okland_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okland-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>近年来，像<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%AF%94%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%BB%95%E6%A3%AE" title="拉斯·萨比·克里斯滕森">拉斯·萨比·克里斯滕森</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托弗·尼尔森（页面不存在）">托弗·尼尔森</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%9A" title="尤·奈斯博">尤·奈斯博</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伊·雅各布森（页面不存在）">罗伊·雅各布森</a>等小说作家在他们的小说中描绘了奥斯陆及其市民。20世纪早期提到奥斯陆的作家包括诗人<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鲁道夫·尼尔森（页面不存在）">鲁道夫·尼尔森</a>（Rudolf Nilsen）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E6%8B%9C%E6%9D%B0%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安德烈·拜杰克（页面不存在）">安德烈·拜杰克</a>（André Bjerke）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="媒体"><span id=".E5.AA.92.E4.BD.93"></span>媒体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：媒体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>奥斯陆出版的报纸包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E9%82%AE%E6%8A%A5" title="晚邮报">晚邮报</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="挪威日报（页面不存在）">挪威日报</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="世界之路報">世界之路报</a>，Dagens Næringsliv， Dagsavisen，晨报，Vårt Land，Nationen和阶级斗争报等。挪威国家广播公司NRK的主要办公室位于奥斯陆的Marienlyst，在Majorstuen附近，NRK也提供当地的广播和电视服务。TVNorge（TVNorway）也位于奥斯陆，而TV 2（位于卑尔根）和TV3（位于伦敦）在奥斯陆市中心设有分支机构。奥斯陆还有各种专业出版商和小型媒体公司。奥斯陆还出版许多杂志。这一领域的两家主要公司是Aller Media和Hjemmet Mortensen AB。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="体育运动"><span id=".E4.BD.93.E8.82.B2.E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8"></span>体育运动</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：体育运动"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LIverpool_VS_Lyn_Bislett_Stadion.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:LIverpool_VS_Lyn_Bislett_Stadion.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/LIverpool_VS_Lyn_Bislett_Stadion.jpg/220px-LIverpool_VS_Lyn_Bislett_Stadion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/LIverpool_VS_Lyn_Bislett_Stadion.jpg/330px-LIverpool_VS_Lyn_Bislett_Stadion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/LIverpool_VS_Lyn_Bislett_Stadion.jpg/440px-LIverpool_VS_Lyn_Bislett_Stadion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>在<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年12月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="畢斯雷特體育場">毕斯雷特体育场</a>举办的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E9%97%AA%E7%94%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥斯陆闪电（页面不存在）">奥斯陆闪电</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%A6%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E4%BF%B1%E4%B9%90%E9%83%A8" title="利物浦足球俱乐部">利物浦</a>队之间的足球友谊赛</figcaption></figure> <p>奥斯陆有霍门科伦国家体育场和Holmenkollbakken，后者是挪威主要的冬季两项和北欧滑雪项目场地。Holmenkollbakken每年举办世界杯锦标赛，包括霍门科伦滑雪节。奥斯陆在1986年，1990年，2000年，2002年和2016年主办了冬季两项世界锦标赛。FIS北欧世界滑雪锦标赛于1930年，1966年，1982年和2011年举办。同时，奥斯陆还举办了1952年冬季奥运会。 </p><p>奥斯陆是挪威联赛中几家足球俱乐部的所在地。瓦勒伦加，奥斯陆闪电和斯基德赢得过挪威联赛和杯赛，而Mercantile和Frigg赢得过杯赛。 </p><p>乌利华球场是挪威国家足球队的主场对和挪威杯决赛的比赛场地。体育场在1987年和1997年还举办过欧洲女子足球锦标赛决赛，以及2002年欧洲U19足球锦标赛。<sup id="cite_ref-historikk_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historikk-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Røa IL是奥斯陆唯一的女子足球联赛队伍。每年，国际青年足球赛挪威杯在埃克贝格莱塔和城市中的其他场地举行。 </p><p>由于气候寒冷，再加上靠近城郊的森林，滑雪是奥斯陆热门的娱乐活动。Tryvann滑雪场是挪威最受欢迎的滑雪胜地。<sup id="cite_ref-obl1_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obl1-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 挪威最成功的冰球队，Vålerenga Ishockey，也位于奥斯陆。Manglerud Star是另一支在顶级联赛征战的奥斯陆冰球队。 </p><p>毕斯雷特体育场是奥斯陆主要的田径场地，每年举办毕斯雷特运动会，这是国际田联钻石联赛的一部分。Bjerke Travbane是挪威主要的赛车场所。奥斯陆Spektrum主要用于举办大型冰球和手球比赛。Nordstrand HE和Oppsal IF在女子手球联赛中征战，而Bækkelaget HE参加男子联赛。Jordal Amfi是冰球队Vålerenga Ishockey和国家队的主场。1999年IIHF冰球世界锦标赛在奥斯陆举行，在1961年，1977年和1985年奥斯陆还举行了三届世界锦标赛。UCI公路自行车世锦赛1993年在这里举办。 </p><p>奥斯陆曾经申办过2022年冬季奥运会，但随后于2014年10月2日放弃申办。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="教育"><span id=".E6.95.99.E8.82.B2"></span>教育</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：教育"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Universitetet_i_Oslo_sentrum.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Universitetet_i_Oslo_sentrum.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Universitetet_i_Oslo_sentrum.jpg/220px-Universitetet_i_Oslo_sentrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Universitetet_i_Oslo_sentrum.jpg/330px-Universitetet_i_Oslo_sentrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Universitetet_i_Oslo_sentrum.jpg/440px-Universitetet_i_Oslo_sentrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年12月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="奥斯陆大学">奥斯陆大学</a>法学院</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BI_Norwegian_School_of_Management_Nydalen_Oslo.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:BI_Norwegian_School_of_Management_Nydalen_Oslo.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BI_Norwegian_School_of_Management_Nydalen_Oslo.jpg/220px-BI_Norwegian_School_of_Management_Nydalen_Oslo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BI_Norwegian_School_of_Management_Nydalen_Oslo.jpg/330px-BI_Norwegian_School_of_Management_Nydalen_Oslo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BI_Norwegian_School_of_Management_Nydalen_Oslo.jpg/440px-BI_Norwegian_School_of_Management_Nydalen_Oslo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>挪威管理学院（BI）主楼</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UiO_004.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:UiO_004.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/UiO_004.jpg/220px-UiO_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/UiO_004.jpg/330px-UiO_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/UiO_004.jpg/440px-UiO_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年12月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="奥斯陆大学">奥斯陆大学</a>图书馆</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="高等教育机构"><span id=".E9.AB.98.E7.AD.89.E6.95.99.E8.82.B2.E6.9C.BA.E6.9E.84"></span>高等教育机构</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：高等教育机构"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="奥斯陆大学">奥斯陆大学</a>（Universitetet i Oslo, UiO） - 提供大多数领域的本科，研究生和博士课程。</li> <li>奥斯陆和阿克斯胡斯大学应用科学学院（Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus, HiOA），前奥斯陆大学学院。提供3-4年的专业学位课程。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BI%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E5%95%86%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="BI挪威商學院">BI挪威商学院</a>（Handelshøyskolen BI） - 经济和工商管理课程。</li> <li>挪威信息技术学院（Norges Informasjonsteknologiske Hysyskole, NITH）</li> <li>奥斯陆建筑与设计学院（Arkitektur-ogdesignhøgskolen i Oslo, AHO）</li> <li>挪威运动科学学院（Norges idrettshøgskole, NIH） - 提供学士，硕士和博士学位课程<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>挪威音乐学院（Norges musikkhøgskole）</li> <li>MF挪威神学院（Det teologiske Menighetsfakultet - MF）</li> <li>奥斯陆国家艺术学院（KunsthøgskolenI Oslo - KHIO）<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>挪威生命科学大学（Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet - NMBU）位于奥斯陆城外的Ås <sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>挪威军事学院（Krigsskolen）</li> <li>挪威国防大学学院（Forsvarets høgskole）</li> <li>挪威警察大学学院（Politihøgskolen - PHS）</li> <li>挪威兽医学院（Norges Veterinærhøgskole）<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>奥斯陆美术学院（Statens kunstakademi）<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>奥斯陆管理学院（Markedshøyskolen - MH）位于克里斯蒂安尼亚教育中心。</li></ul> <p>挪威的劳动力平均教育水平和生产力水平很高。挪威高等教育机构的近一半居位于奥斯陆地区，使其成为了欧洲三大教育地区之一。2008年，奥斯陆地区（5个郡）的总劳动力数量为102万人。大奥斯陆地区拥有几所高等教育机构，共有73,000多名学生。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="奥斯陆大学">奥斯陆大学</a>是挪威最大的高等教育机构，共有27,400名学生和7,028名员工。<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="城市景观"><span id=".E5.9F.8E.E5.B8.82.E6.99.AF.E8.A7.82"></span>城市景观</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：城市景观"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:388px;max-width:388px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holmenkollen_Jump_Tower_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Holmenkollen_Jump_Tower_01.jpg/190px-Holmenkollen_Jump_Tower_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Holmenkollen_Jump_Tower_01.jpg/285px-Holmenkollen_Jump_Tower_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Holmenkollen_Jump_Tower_01.jpg/380px-Holmenkollen_Jump_Tower_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E9%97%A8%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍门科伦（页面不存在）">霍门科伦</a>跳台滑雪场</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bryggetorget1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bryggetorget1.JPG/190px-Bryggetorget1.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bryggetorget1.JPG/285px-Bryggetorget1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bryggetorget1.JPG/380px-Bryggetorget1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Bryggetorget" data-lang-code="no" data-lang-name="書面挪威語" data-foreign-title="Bryggetorget (Oslo)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryggetorget&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryggetorget（页面不存在）">Bryggetorget</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">書面挪威語</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryggetorget_(Oslo)" class="extiw" title="no:Bryggetorget (Oslo)"><span lang="no" dir="auto">Bryggetorget (Oslo)</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></div></div></div></div><p>奥斯陆正在逐渐被重新组织为一座具有各种接入点，一个四通八达的地铁系统，一个新的金融区和一座文化城的现代化城市。2008年，在伦敦举办的一个展览介绍了屡获殊荣的奥斯陆歌剧院，奥斯陆海滨城市更新计划，Munch/Stenersen（规划中的蒙克博物馆新址）和新的Deichman图书馆。城市和邻近区域的大部分建筑物的高度都很低，只有Plaza，Postgirobygget和Bjørvika的高层建筑相对高一些。<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="建筑"><span id=".E5.BB.BA.E7.AD.91"></span>建筑</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：建筑"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-393.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="奥斯陆港"><img alt="奥斯陆港" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-393.jpg/317px-14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-393.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-393.jpg/475px-14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-393.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-393.jpg/633px-14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-393.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">奥斯陆港</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B8rvika_TRS_060605.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="奥斯陆中央车站"><img alt="奥斯陆中央车站" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bj%C3%B8rvika_TRS_060605.jpg/270px-Bj%C3%B8rvika_TRS_060605.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bj%C3%B8rvika_TRS_060605.jpg/405px-Bj%C3%B8rvika_TRS_060605.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bj%C3%B8rvika_TRS_060605.jpg/540px-Bj%C3%B8rvika_TRS_060605.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%BD%A6%E7%AB%99" title="奥斯陆中央车站">奥斯陆中央车站</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oslo_Opera_House_seen_from_Langkaia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="奥斯陆歌剧院"><img alt="奥斯陆歌剧院" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Oslo_Opera_House_seen_from_Langkaia.JPG/330px-Oslo_Opera_House_seen_from_Langkaia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Oslo_Opera_House_seen_from_Langkaia.JPG/495px-Oslo_Opera_House_seen_from_Langkaia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Oslo_Opera_House_seen_from_Langkaia.JPG/660px-Oslo_Opera_House_seen_from_Langkaia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3726" data-file-height="2035" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87%E9%99%A2" title="奧斯陸歌劇院">奥斯陆歌剧院</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akershus_festning.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿克斯胡斯城堡"><img alt="阿克斯胡斯城堡" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Akershus_festning.jpg/270px-Akershus_festning.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Akershus_festning.jpg/405px-Akershus_festning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Akershus_festning.jpg/540px-Akershus_festning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="1478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="阿克斯胡斯城堡">阿克斯胡斯城堡</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oslo_(11634147396).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一个典型的奥斯陆街区"><img alt="一个典型的奥斯陆街区" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Oslo_%2811634147396%29.jpg/270px-Oslo_%2811634147396%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Oslo_%2811634147396%29.jpg/405px-Oslo_%2811634147396%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Oslo_%2811634147396%29.jpg/540px-Oslo_%2811634147396%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一个典型的奥斯陆街区</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aker_Brygge_(with_City_Hall).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿克尔码头"><img alt="阿克尔码头" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aker_Brygge_%28with_City_Hall%29.jpg/270px-Aker_Brygge_%28with_City_Hall%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aker_Brygge_%28with_City_Hall%29.jpg/405px-Aker_Brygge_%28with_City_Hall%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aker_Brygge_%28with_City_Hall%29.jpg/540px-Aker_Brygge_%28with_City_Hall%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E7%A2%BC%E9%A0%AD" title="阿克爾碼頭">阿克尔码头</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrup_Fearnley_009.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="阿斯楚普费恩利现代艺术博物馆的画廊"><img alt="阿斯楚普费恩利现代艺术博物馆的画廊" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Astrup_Fearnley_009.JPG/270px-Astrup_Fearnley_009.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Astrup_Fearnley_009.JPG/405px-Astrup_Fearnley_009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Astrup_Fearnley_009.JPG/540px-Astrup_Fearnley_009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E6%A5%9A%E6%99%AE%E8%B2%BB%E6%81%A9%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="阿斯楚普費恩利現代藝術博物館">阿斯楚普费恩利现代艺术博物馆</a>的画廊</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bjorvika_mars2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="奥斯陆都市区天际线"><img alt="奥斯陆都市区天际线" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bjorvika_mars2013.JPG/240px-Bjorvika_mars2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bjorvika_mars2013.JPG/360px-Bjorvika_mars2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bjorvika_mars2013.JPG/480px-Bjorvika_mars2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">奥斯陆都市区天际线</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StOlavsOsloFeb2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="聖奧拉夫主教座堂"><img alt="聖奧拉夫主教座堂" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/StOlavsOsloFeb2009.jpg/120px-StOlavsOsloFeb2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/StOlavsOsloFeb2009.jpg/180px-StOlavsOsloFeb2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/StOlavsOsloFeb2009.jpg/240px-StOlavsOsloFeb2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%A5%A7%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="聖奧拉夫主教座堂">聖奧拉夫主教座堂</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamle_Aker_kirke.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="舊阿克爾教堂"><img alt="舊阿克爾教堂" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gamle_Aker_kirke.JPG/240px-Gamle_Aker_kirke.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gamle_Aker_kirke.JPG/360px-Gamle_Aker_kirke.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gamle_Aker_kirke.JPG/480px-Gamle_Aker_kirke.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="舊阿克爾教堂">舊阿克爾教堂</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="公园和娱乐区"><span id=".E5.85.AC.E5.9B.AD.E5.92.8C.E5.A8.B1.E4.B9.90.E5.8C.BA"></span>公园和娱乐区</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：公园和娱乐区"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frogner_Park_with_Vigeland_Sculpture_Arrangement.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Frogner_Park_with_Vigeland_Sculpture_Arrangement.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frogner_Park_with_Vigeland_Sculpture_Arrangement.jpg/220px-Frogner_Park_with_Vigeland_Sculpture_Arrangement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frogner_Park_with_Vigeland_Sculpture_Arrangement.jpg/330px-Frogner_Park_with_Vigeland_Sculpture_Arrangement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frogner_Park_with_Vigeland_Sculpture_Arrangement.jpg/440px-Frogner_Park_with_Vigeland_Sculpture_Arrangement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>弗羅格納公園</figcaption></figure> <p>奥斯陆在城市核心区域和城郊都有许多的公园和绿地。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%B2%81%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" title="弗鲁格纳公园">弗魯格納公園</a>是一个大型公园，距离市中心步行只需几分钟。它是挪威最大，最知名的公园，其中有着由古斯塔夫·维格兰（Gustav Vigeland）所收藏的许多雕塑作品。</li> <li>Bygdøy是一块大型绿地，通常被称为“奥斯陆博物馆半岛”。该地区被海包围，是挪威最昂贵的地区之一。</li> <li>圣汉斯胡根公园（St. Hanshaugen Park）是奥斯陆市中心一座小山上的公共公园。“圣汉斯胡根”也是周边社区的名称，和包括奥斯陆市中心主要部分在内的行政区（市镇）的名字。<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tøyen公园延伸到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙克博物馆（页面不存在）">蒙克博物馆</a>的后面，包括一大片草地。在公园北部，有一个被称为Ola Narr的观景区。Tøyen地区还包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="奥斯陆大学">奥斯陆大学</a>的植物园和博物馆。</li></ul> <p>奥斯陆（和邻近的桑德维卡 - 阿斯克地区）建在奥斯陆峡湾岸边的马蹄形陆地上，从多个方向被丘陵和森林所包围。因此，城市内的任何一点都相当靠近森林。奥斯陆城边主要有两片森林：<i>Østmarka</i>（字面含义为“东方的森林”，在城市的东部），以及面积广大的<i>Nordmarka</i>（字面含义为“北方的森林”，从城市北部边缘深入到内陆）。 </p><p>奥斯陆市政当局经营着八个公共游泳池。<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tøyenbadet是奥斯陆最大的室内游泳设施，也是挪威少数几个提供50米主泳道的游泳池。室外游泳池Frognerbadet也有50米的长度。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="交通"><span id=".E4.BA.A4.E9.80.9A"></span>交通</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：交通"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oslo_S_aerial.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Oslo_S_aerial.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oslo_S_aerial.jpg/220px-Oslo_S_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oslo_S_aerial.jpg/330px-Oslo_S_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oslo_S_aerial.jpg/440px-Oslo_S_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3154" data-file-height="2113" /></a><figcaption><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年12月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%BD%A6%E7%AB%99" title="奥斯陆中央车站">奥斯陆中央车站</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>奥斯陆附近的机场 </th> <th>机场名 </th> <th>IATA/ICAO </th> <th>客流量（2013年） </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OslDomEn.JPG"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/OslDomEn.JPG/150px-OslDomEn.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/OslDomEn.JPG/225px-OslDomEn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/OslDomEn.JPG/300px-OslDomEn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="938" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E7%A9%86%E6%81%A9%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="奥斯陆加勒穆恩机场">加勒穆恩机场</a> </td> <td><b>OSL/ENGM</b> </td> <td>22,956,540 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandefjord_Lufthavn.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sandefjord_Lufthavn.jpg/150px-Sandefjord_Lufthavn.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sandefjord_Lufthavn.jpg/225px-Sandefjord_Lufthavn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sandefjord_Lufthavn.jpg/300px-Sandefjord_Lufthavn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="771" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA_(%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%E6%99%AE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桑德尔福德机场 (托尔普)（页面不存在）">桑德尔福德机场</a> </td> <td><b>TRF/ENTO</b> </td> <td>1,856,897 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Incheckning_Moss_Airport,_Rygge.JPG"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Incheckning_Moss_Airport%2C_Rygge.JPG/150px-Incheckning_Moss_Airport%2C_Rygge.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Incheckning_Moss_Airport%2C_Rygge.JPG/225px-Incheckning_Moss_Airport%2C_Rygge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Incheckning_Moss_Airport%2C_Rygge.JPG/300px-Incheckning_Moss_Airport%2C_Rygge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span> </td> <td>莫斯机场 <p><small>（2016年关闭）</small> </p> </td> <td><b>RYG/ENRY</b> </td> <td>1,849,294 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>奥斯陆拥有挪威最大的公共交通系统，由Ruter进行管理。<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 其中包括拥有六条线路的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B5" title="奧斯陸地鐵">奥斯陆地铁</a>（世界上人均里程最长的城市轨道交通系统），<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 拥有六条线路的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E6%9C%89%E8%BD%A8%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥斯陆有轨电车（页面不存在）">奥斯陆有轨电车</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 和八条线路的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oslo_Commuter_Rail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oslo Commuter Rail（页面不存在）">奥斯陆通勤铁路</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有轨电车在靠近市中心的区域内运行，而地铁从地下穿过市中心，运行到更远的郊区；其中两条线路可以运行到较远的Bærum地区，而环线连接了市中心以北的区域。<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 奥斯陆的公共汽车系统有32条城市线路，以及到邻近的阿克斯胡斯县的跨区域线路。<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%BD%A6%E7%AB%99" title="奥斯陆中央车站">奥斯陆中央车站</a>是城市交通的中心枢纽，并为挪威南部的大部分主要城市，以及瑞典的<a href="/wiki/Stockholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm">斯德哥尔摩</a>和<a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothenburg">哥德堡</a>提供铁路运输服务。<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 机场快线列车沿加勒穆恩线运转。德拉门线通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥斯陆隧道（页面不存在）">奥斯陆隧道</a>下穿市中心。<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 而城市的一些岛屿和邻近的市镇通过渡轮连接。<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 每天的跨海渡轮服务通达丹麦的<a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen">哥本哈根</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E6%B8%AF_(%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6)" title="腓特烈港 (丹麦)">腓特烈港</a>，还可以到达德国的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%94" title="基尔">基尔</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>多条高速公路以隧道形式穿过市中心和城市的其它部分。政府通过收费道路的形式支持道路的建设工作。通过奥斯陆的主要高速公路是欧洲<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2E6%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF" title="欧洲E6公路">E6</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2E18%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF" title="欧洲E18公路">E18</a>公路。奥斯陆有三条环线公路，其中，最里面的一条是城市街道，而最外面的一条是高速公路。 </p><p> 服务城市的主要机场是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="奥斯陆机场">奥斯陆加勒穆恩机场</a>（Oslo lufthavn, Gardermoen <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81" class="mw-disambig" title="机场代码">机场代码</a> OSL），座落在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E5%80%AB%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE" title="于倫薩克爾">于伦萨克尔</a>，距离奥斯陆市中心47公里（29英里）。它是挪威的主要国际门户，<sup id="cite_ref-stat2010_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat2010-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 也是欧洲第六大的国内机场。奥斯陆机场是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="北歐航空">北欧航空</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%BF%AB%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="挪威航空快線">挪威航空快线</a>的枢纽机场。奥斯陆也有两个二级机场：莫斯机场（于2016年关闭<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_(%E6%89%98%E7%88%BE%E6%99%AE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桑德爾福德機場 (托爾普)（页面不存在）">桑德尔福德机场</a>，后者距离城市约110公里（68英里）。<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 这两个机场是一些<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="低成本航空公司">低成本航空公司</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%AE%89%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="瑞安航空公司">瑞安航空公司</a>）所使用的机场。<sup id="cite_ref-ryanairhub_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryanairhub-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GMB_BFM_71104_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="奥斯陆机场快线，连接市区和奥斯陆加登摩恩机场。"><img alt="奥斯陆机场快线，连接市区和奥斯陆加登摩恩机场。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/GMB_BFM_71104_1.jpg/270px-GMB_BFM_71104_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/GMB_BFM_71104_1.jpg/405px-GMB_BFM_71104_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/GMB_BFM_71104_1.jpg/540px-GMB_BFM_71104_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="1278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">奥斯陆机场快线，连接市区和奥斯陆加登摩恩机场。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nationaltheatret_station_Oslo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="国家剧院站的地铁列车正在开出"><img alt="国家剧院站的地铁列车正在开出" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nationaltheatret_station_Oslo.jpg/269px-Nationaltheatret_station_Oslo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nationaltheatret_station_Oslo.jpg/404px-Nationaltheatret_station_Oslo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nationaltheatret_station_Oslo.jpg/538px-Nationaltheatret_station_Oslo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">国家剧院站的地铁列车正在开出</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Postgirobygget_fra_Gunerius.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="奥斯陆中央车站附近的Postgirobygget大楼"><img alt="奥斯陆中央车站附近的Postgirobygget大楼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Postgirobygget_fra_Gunerius.jpg/135px-Postgirobygget_fra_Gunerius.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Postgirobygget_fra_Gunerius.jpg/202px-Postgirobygget_fra_Gunerius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Postgirobygget_fra_Gunerius.jpg/270px-Postgirobygget_fra_Gunerius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">奥斯陆中央车站附近的Postgirobygget大楼</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CyclePickandDrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="自行车中心的公共自行车站"><img alt="自行车中心的公共自行车站" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/CyclePickandDrop.jpg/240px-CyclePickandDrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/CyclePickandDrop.jpg/360px-CyclePickandDrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/CyclePickandDrop.jpg/480px-CyclePickandDrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">自行车中心的公共自行车站</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akrobaten_gang_og_sykkelbro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="跨越奥斯陆中央车站的表演者大桥"><img alt="跨越奥斯陆中央车站的表演者大桥" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Akrobaten_gang_og_sykkelbro.jpg/259px-Akrobaten_gang_og_sykkelbro.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Akrobaten_gang_og_sykkelbro.jpg/388px-Akrobaten_gang_og_sykkelbro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Akrobaten_gang_og_sykkelbro.jpg/517px-Akrobaten_gang_og_sykkelbro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1337" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">跨越奥斯陆中央车站的表演者大桥</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-457.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jernbanetorget的公交车"><img alt="Jernbanetorget的公交车" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-457.jpg/271px-14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-457.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-457.jpg/407px-14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-457.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-457.jpg/542px-14-09-02-oslo-RalfR-457.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4126" data-file-height="2741" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jernbanetorget的公交车</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="旅游景点"><span id=".E6.97.85.E6.B8.B8.E6.99.AF.E7.82.B9"></span>旅游景点</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：旅游景点"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oslo_City_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Oslo_City_hall.jpg/250px-Oslo_City_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Oslo_City_hall.jpg/375px-Oslo_City_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Oslo_City_hall.jpg/500px-Oslo_City_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>奥斯陆市政厅</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havnelageret,_Oslo_(Norway).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Havnelageret%2C_Oslo_%28Norway%29.jpg/250px-Havnelageret%2C_Oslo_%28Norway%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Havnelageret%2C_Oslo_%28Norway%29.jpg/375px-Havnelageret%2C_Oslo_%28Norway%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Havnelageret%2C_Oslo_%28Norway%29.jpg/500px-Havnelageret%2C_Oslo_%28Norway%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4120" data-file-height="2318" /></a><figcaption>晚上的Havnelageret，1921年完工的當時，它是歐洲最大的混凝土建築物。<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="维格兰雕塑公园">维格兰雕塑公园</a>（Vigelansparken）位于挪威的奥斯陆，是一个以雕像为主题的公园，也被人们叫做人体公园。公园内的212座雕像是挪威雕像家古斯塔夫·维格兰的作品。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E9%A4%A8" title="蒙克美術館">爱德华·蒙克博物馆</a>（Munchmuseet）-<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E5%85%8B" title="爱德华·蒙克">爱德华·蒙克</a>是挪威著名画家。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="阿克斯胡斯城堡">阿克斯胡斯城堡</a>（Akershus Festning）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E5%B8%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BB%B3" title="奧斯陸市政廳">奥斯陆市政厅</a>（Oslo rådhus）-<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔和平奖">诺贝尔和平奖</a>的颁奖地<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="諾貝爾和平中心">诺贝尔和平中心</a>（Nobels Fredssenter）-展示与<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔和平奖">诺贝尔和平奖</a>有关的文物。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%AE" title="奧斯陸王宮">奥斯陆王宫</a>（Det Kongelige Slott）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="奥斯陆大教堂">奥斯陆大教堂</a>（Oslo Domkirke）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%BC%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="比格迪半島">比格迪半岛</a>（Bygdøy）-半岛上有5个博物馆，包括挪威民俗博物馆（Norsk Folkemuseum），维京船博物馆（Vikingskipshuset）等。</li> <li>Holmenkollen滑雪场</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="国际关系"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E9.99.85.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>国际关系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：国际关系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>奥斯陆是欧洲委员会和欧洲联盟委员会的“跨文化城市计划”试点城市。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="友好城市/地区"><span id=".E5.8F.8B.E5.A5.BD.E5.9F.8E.E5.B8.82.2F.E5.9C.B0.E5.8C.BA"></span>友好城市/地区</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：友好城市/地区"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>奥斯陆与以下城市或地区签署了合作协议：<sup id="cite_ref-int_coop_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int_coop-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1" title="哥德堡">哥德堡</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC-%E8%8D%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0" title="石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因">石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82" title="上海市">上海</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84%E5%B8%82" title="高雄市">高雄</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1" title="圣彼得堡">圣彼得堡</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="维尔纽斯">维尔纽斯</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="冰岛">冰島</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%85%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B" title="雷克雅維克">雷克雅維克</a></li></ul> <p>奥斯陆曾经和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E8%BF%AA%E9%80%8A" class="mw-disambig" title="麦迪逊">麦迪逊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%AB" title="特拉维夫">特拉维夫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="维尔纽斯">维尔纽斯</a>是姐妹城市，但现在已经废除了姐妹城市这一概念。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="作为礼物的圣诞树"><span id=".E4.BD.9C.E4.B8.BA.E7.A4.BC.E7.89.A9.E7.9A.84.E5.9C.A3.E8.AF.9E.E6.A0.91"></span>作为礼物的圣诞树</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：作为礼物的圣诞树"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>奥斯陆每年都有向其他城市赠送圣诞树的传统。被赠送的城市有：纽约，伦敦，爱丁堡，鹿特丹，安特卫普和雷克雅未克。<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 自1947年以来，奥斯陆已经送出了一棵65至80英尺（20至24米）高的几十岁的云杉，作为对英国在第二次世界大战期间给予挪威支援的感谢。<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419002302/http://kartverket.no/kunnskap/fakta-om-norge/Arealstatistikk/Oversikt/">Arealstatistikk for Norge | Kartverket</a>. web.archive.org. 2016-04-19 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-04-17</span>]</span>. 原始内容存档于2016-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Arealstatistikk+for+Norge+%7C+Kartverket&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkartverket.no%2Fkunnskap%2Ffakta-om-norge%2FArealstatistikk%2FOversikt%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-per-1-januar/2016-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=256001">Mannsoverskotet auka òg i 2015</a>. ssb.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-04-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207062130/http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-per-1-januar/2016-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=256001">存档</a>于2017-12-07） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Mannsoverskotet+auka+%C3%B2g+i+2015&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssb.no&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fbefolkning%2Fstatistikker%2Ffolkemengde%2Faar-per-1-januar%2F2016-02-19%3Ffane%3Dtabell%26sort%3Dnummer%26tabell%3D256001&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/beftett/aar/2015-04-09?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=222371">Continued growth in the largest urban settlements</a>. ssb.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-04-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308055220/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/beftett/aar/2015-04-09?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=222371">存档</a>于2021-03-08） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Continued+growth+in+the+largest+urban+settlements&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssb.no&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fen%2Fbefolkning%2Fstatistikker%2Fbeftett%2Faar%2F2015-04-09%3Ffane%3Dtabell%26sort%3Dnummer%26tabell%3D222371&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkendrkv/kvartal/2015-08-20?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=236795">Lower net migration</a>. ssb.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-04-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308053839/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkendrkv/kvartal/2015-08-20?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=236795">存档</a>于2021-03-08） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Lower+net+migration&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssb.no&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fen%2Fbefolkning%2Fstatistikker%2Ffolkendrkv%2Fkvartal%2F2015-08-20%3Ffane%3Dtabell%26sort%3Dnummer%26tabell%3D236795&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2011-04-28-10-en.html">Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents by country of birth1,(the 20 largest groups).Selected municipalities.1 January 2011</a>. Statistics Norway. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-04-28</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318002259/http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2011-04-28-10-en.html">存档</a>于2012-03-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Immigrants+and+Norwegian-born+to+immigrant+parents+by+country+of+birth1%2C%28the+20+largest+groups%29.Selected+municipalities.1+January+2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Statistics+Norway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Finnvbef_en%2Ftab-2011-04-28-10-en.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adressesok.posten.no/nb/postal_codes/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=oslo">Finn postnummer og adresser i Norge og utlandet</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-02-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141211080043/http://adressesok.posten.no/nb/postal_codes/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=oslo">存档</a>于2014-12-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Finn+postnummer+og+adresser+i+Norge+og+utlandet&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadressesok.posten.no%2Fnb%2Fpostal_codes%2Fsearch%3Futf8%3D%25E2%259C%2593%26q%3Doslo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Statistics Norway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324063027/https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-per-1-januar/2016-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=256001">«Mixedness 1 January. Entire country, county and municipality</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-03-29</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-per-1-januar/2016-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=256001">原始内容</a>存档于2019-03-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.au=Statistics+Norway&rft.btitle=%C2%ABMixedness+1+January.+Entire+country%2C+county+and+municipality&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssb.no%2Fbefolkning%2Fstatistikker%2Ffolkemengde%2Faar-per-1-januar%2F2016-02-19%3Ffane%3Dtabell%26sort%3Dnummer%26tabell%3D256001&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Statistics Norway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/286024/tettsteder.folkemengde-og-areal-etter-kommune.1.januar-2016"><span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Towns. Population and area, by municipality.</a>. 2016-12-06 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-12-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322105251/https://www.ssb.no/286024/tettsteder.folkemengde-og-areal-etter-kommune.1.januar-2016">存档</a>于2019-03-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.au=Statistics+Norway&rft.btitle=%22Towns.+Population+and+area%2C+by+municipality.&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2F286024%2Ftettsteder.folkemengde-og-areal-etter-kommune.1.januar-2016&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fdiintelligence.com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fdiintelligence.com_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rachel Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2012-13">European Cities and Regions of the Future 2012/13</a>. fDiIntelligence.com. 2012-02-13 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-03-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173401/https://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2012-13">存档</a>于2018-12-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.au=Rachel+Craig&rft.btitle=European+Cities+and+Regions+of+the+Future+2012%2F13&rft.date=2012-02-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=fDiIntelligence.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdiintelligence.com%2FLocations%2FEurope%2FEuropean-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2012-13&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120903182604/http://www.eca-international.com/news/press_releases/7355/Sydney_rockets_up_the_list_of_the_world_s_most_expensive_cities">Sydney rockets up the list of the world's most expensive cities</a>. ECA International. 2011-06-08 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eca-international.com/news/press_releases/7355/Sydney_rockets_up_the_list_of_the_world_s_most_expensive_cities">原始内容</a>存档于2012-09-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Sydney+rockets+up+the+list+of+the+world%27s+most+expensive+cities&rft.date=2011-06-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ECA+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eca-international.com%2Fnews%2Fpress_releases%2F7355%2FSydney_rockets_up_the_list_of_the_world_s_most_expensive_cities&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">George Arnett; Chris Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/datablog/2014/feb/14/most-expensive-cities">The world's most expensive cities</a>. The Guardian. 2014-02-14 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-02-23</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308053925/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/datablog/2014/feb/14/most-expensive-cities">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+most+expensive+cities&rft.au=Chris+Michael&rft.au=George+Arnett&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2Fdatablog%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F14%2Fmost-expensive-cities&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501191333/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article4070772.ece">Oslo europamester i vekst – Nyheter – Oslo</a>. Aftenposten.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article4070772.ece">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Oslo+europamester+i+vekst+%E2%80%93+Nyheter+%E2%80%93+Oslo&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Aftenposten.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fnyheter%2Foslo%2Farticle4070772.ece&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155245/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article3424942.ece">Ola og Kari flytter fra innvandrerne – Nyheter – Oslo</a>. Aftenposten.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article3424942.ece">原始内容</a>存档于2011-06-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Ola+og+Kari+flytter+fra+innvandrerne+%E2%80%93+Nyheter+%E2%80%93+Oslo&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Aftenposten.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fnyheter%2Foslo%2Farticle3424942.ece&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Statistics Norway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/innvandring/">Statistics of Immigration and Immigrants</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-02-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218220901/http://www.ssb.no/innvandring/">存档</a>于2013-02-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.au=Statistics+Norway&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+Immigration+and+Immigrants&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Finnvandring%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Bjorvand, Harald (2008): "Oslo." I: Namn och bygd 2008;Volum 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Jørgensen, Jon G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Peder_Clauss%C3%B8n_Friis/utdypning">Peder Claussøn Friis</a>. Helle, Knut (编). Store norske leksikon. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515040125/http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Peder_Clauss%c3%b8n_Friis/utdypning">存档</a>于2013-05-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Peder+Clauss%C3%B8n+Friis&rft.aufirst=Jon+G.&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8rgensen&rft.btitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Kunnskapsforlaget&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snl.no%2F.nbl_biografi%2FPeder_Clauss%25C3%25B8n_Friis%2Futdypning&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snl.no/Alna/elv_i_Oslo">Alna – elv i Oslo</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20161019011703/http://www.snl.no/Alna/elv_i_Oslo">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Store Norske Leksikon (in Norwegian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014174658/http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/government/">Government – Oslo kommune</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oslo.kommune.no/the_city_of_oslo/government/">原始内容</a>存档于2014-10-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Government+%E2%80%93+Oslo+kommune&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oslo.kommune.no%2Fthe_city_of_oslo%2Fgovernment%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heraldry-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heraldry_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Heraldry of the World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728135507/http://www.ngw.nl/int/nor/o/oslo.htm">Oslo byvåpen</a>. ngw.nl. 2010 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-05</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngw.nl/int/nor/o/oslo.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Oslo+byv%C3%A5pen&rft.au=Heraldry+of+the+World&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ngw.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngw.nl%2Fint%2Fnor%2Fo%2Foslo.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g190479-s1/Oslo:Norway:Inside.html">Inside Oslo : Inside</a>. TripAdvisor. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-03-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054007/https://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g190479-s1/Oslo:Norway:Inside.html">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Inside+Oslo+%3A+Inside&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=TripAdvisor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripadvisor.com%2FTravel-g190479-s1%2FOslo%3ANorway%3AInside.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AttackFromHovedøya-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AttackFromHovedøya_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leif_Gjerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leif Gjerland（页面不存在）">Leif Gjerland</a>. Kongen som angrep Oslo fra Hovedøya. Aftenposten. 2014-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Kongen+som+angrep+Oslo+fra+Hoved%C3%B8ya&rft.au=Leif+Gjerland&rft.date=2014-07-25&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRK310114-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NRK310114_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/hordaland/_-bergen-har-aldri-vaert-hovedstad-1.11510138">«Bergen har aldri vært hovedstad i Norge»</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160919074944/http://www.nrk.no/hordaland/_-bergen-har-aldri-vaert-hovedstad-1.11510138">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, artikkel fra NRK 31. januar 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norgeshistorie.no&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norgeshistorie.no（页面不存在）">Norgeshistorie.no</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Eivind_Myhre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Eivind Myhre（页面不存在）">Jan Eivind Myhre</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norgeshistorie.no/bygging-av-stat-og-nasjon/artikler/1414-christiania-hovedstaden.html">«Christiania – hovedstaden»</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200218172320/http://www.norgeshistorie.no/bygging-av-stat-og-nasjon/artikler/1414-christiania-hovedstaden.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Hentet 19. des. 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oslo bys historie, bind 1, sidene 14-34, Oslo 1991, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Bokkilder/8202091411&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/8202091411（页面不存在）">ISBN 82-02-09141-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">«… går tilbake til ca.1025. Det er bygårder som har ligget mellom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestre_strete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestre strete（页面不存在）">Vestre strete</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98stre_strete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Østre strete（页面不存在）">Østre strete</a>» : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khm.uio.no/utstillinger/oslo1000/side2.htm">Kilder til kunnskap om Oslo for 1000 år siden</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120426211326/http://www.khm.uio.no/utstillinger/oslo1000/side2.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.163.com/11/0722/21/79JMC0IL00014JB5.html">挪威首都大楼爆炸案已有2人死亡多人受伤</a>. 网易. 2011-07-22 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-23</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109064012/https://news.163.com/11/0722/21/79JMC0IL00014JB5.html">存档</a>于2021-01-09） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%BC%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E6%A1%88%E5%B7%B2%E6%9C%892%E4%BA%BA%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E5%A4%9A%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%97%E4%BC%A4&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E7%BD%91%E6%98%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.163.com%2F11%2F0722%2F21%2F79JMC0IL00014JB5.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/astronomy.html?n=187">Oslo Daylight</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140122230007/http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/astronomy.html?n=187">存档</a>于2014-01-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Oslo+Daylight&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fworldclock%2Fastronomy.html%3Fn%3D187&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-met.no-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-met.no_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215143202/http://met.no/Klima/Klimastatistikk/Vanlig_var/Sor-_og_Austlandet/Blindern_Oslo/">Blindern (Oslo)</a>. Norwegian Meteorological Institute. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-01-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://met.no/Klima/Klimastatistikk/Vanlig_var/Sor-_og_Austlandet/Blindern_Oslo/">原始内容</a>存档于2010-12-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Blindern+%28Oslo%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwegian+Meteorological+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmet.no%2FKlima%2FKlimastatistikk%2FVanlig_var%2FSor-_og_Austlandet%2FBlindern_Oslo%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-temprekord-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-temprekord_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Kilde_www&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Kilde www（页面不存在）">Template:Kilde www</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-met.no2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-met.no2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215143202/http://met.no/Klima/Klimastatistikk/Vanlig_var/Sor-_og_Austlandet/Blindern_Oslo/">Blindern (Oslo)</a>. Norwegian Meteorological Institute. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-01-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://met.no/Klima/Klimastatistikk/Vanlig_var/Sor-_og_Austlandet/Blindern_Oslo/">原始内容</a>存档于2010-12-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Blindern+%28Oslo%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwegian+Meteorological+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmet.no%2FKlima%2FKlimastatistikk%2FVanlig_var%2FSor-_og_Austlandet%2FBlindern_Oslo%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mintemp-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mintemp_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Kilde_www&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Kilde www（页面不存在）">Template:Kilde www</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stats2015_a-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stats2015_a_32-0"><sup><b>32.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stats2015_a_32-1"><sup><b>32.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125714/http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar/2015-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=218738">Population, 1 January 2015</a>. Statistics Norway. 2015-02-19 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-10-13</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar/2015-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=218738">原始内容</a>存档于2015-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Population%2C+1+January+2015&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Norway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fen%2Fbefolkning%2Fstatistikker%2Ffolkemengde%2Faar%2F2015-02-19%3Ffane%3Dtabell%26sort%3Dnummer%26tabell%3D218738&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023110552/http://statbank.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/Default_FR.asp?PXSid=0&nvl=true&PLanguage=0&tilside=selecttable%2FhovedtabellHjem.asp&KortnavnWeb=folkfram">Projected population – Statistics Norway</a>. Statbank.ssb.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-23</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statbank.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/Default_FR.asp?PXSid=0&nvl=true&PLanguage=0&tilside=selecttable/hovedtabellHjem.asp&KortnavnWeb=folkfram">原始内容</a>存档于2013-10-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Projected+population+%E2%80%93+Statistics+Norway&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Statbank.ssb.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatbank.ssb.no%2Fstatistikkbanken%2FDefault_FR.asp%3FPXSid%3D0%26nvl%3Dtrue%26PLanguage%3D0%26tilside%3Dselecttable%2FhovedtabellHjem.asp%26KortnavnWeb%3Dfolkfram&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716151336/http://statbank.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/Default_FR.asp?PXSid=0&nvl=true&PLanguage=0&tilside=selecttable/hovedtabellHjem.asp&KortnavnWeb=kirke_kostra">Statistics Norway – Church of Norway.</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-07-16</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statbank.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/Default_FR.asp?PXSid=0&nvl=true&PLanguage=0&tilside=selecttable%2FhovedtabellHjem.asp&KortnavnWeb=kirke_kostra">原始内容</a>存档于2012-07-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Statistics+Norway+%E2%80%93+Church+of+Norway.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatbank.ssb.no%2Fstatistikkbanken%2FDefault_FR.asp%3FPXSid%3D0%26nvl%3Dtrue%26PLanguage%3D0%26tilside%3Dselecttable%252FhovedtabellHjem.asp%26KortnavnWeb%3Dkirke_kostra&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stats2015_a2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stats2015_a2_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125714/http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar/2015-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=218738">Population, 1 January 2015</a>. Statistics Norway. 2015-02-19 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-10-13</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar/2015-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=218738">原始内容</a>存档于2015-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Population%2C+1+January+2015&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Norway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fen%2Fbefolkning%2Fstatistikker%2Ffolkemengde%2Faar%2F2015-02-19%3Ffane%3Dtabell%26sort%3Dnummer%26tabell%3D218738&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/selectvarval/Define.asp?subjectcode=&ProductId=&MainTable=FolkInnvkatLand&nvl=&PLanguage=1&nyTmpVar=true&CMSSubjectArea=befolkning&KortNavnWeb=innvbef&StatVariant=&checked=true">Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by immigration category, country background and percentages of the population</a>. ssb.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-06-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702101705/https://www.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/selectvarval/Define.asp?subjectcode=&ProductId=&MainTable=FolkInnvkatLand&nvl=&PLanguage=1&nyTmpVar=true&CMSSubjectArea=befolkning&KortNavnWeb=innvbef&StatVariant=&checked=true">存档</a>于2015-07-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Immigrants+and+Norwegian-born+to+immigrant+parents%2C+by+immigration+category%2C+country+background+and+percentages+of+the+population&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ssb.no&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fstatistikkbanken%2Fselectvarval%2FDefine.asp%3Fsubjectcode%3D%26ProductId%3D%26MainTable%3DFolkInnvkatLand%26nvl%3D%26PLanguage%3D1%26nyTmpVar%3Dtrue%26CMSSubjectArea%3Dbefolkning%26KortNavnWeb%3Dinnvbef%26StatVariant%3D%26checked%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no/getfile.php/byrådsavdeling%20for%20finans%20(FIN)/Internett%20(FIN)/Dokumenter/statistikk/planxogxanalyseseksjonen/statistikk/statistikk2002/pdf2002/aarbok_2002_kap02.pdf">utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kristoffer Fredriksen: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/en/innvbef">Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January 2013</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170720163426/http://www.ssb.no/en/innvbef">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） SSB, January 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="挪威語">（挪威文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article2526653.ece">25 prosent av alle som bor i Oslo er innvandrere – Nyheter – Oslo – Aftenposten.no</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080709135929/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article2526653.ece">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef">Polakker den største innvandrergruppen</a>. Ssb.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-06-27</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215042313/http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/">存档</a>于2013-02-15） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Polakker+den+st%C3%B8rste+innvandrergruppen&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ssb.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Femner%2F02%2F01%2F10%2Finnvbef&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200427/http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/arkiv/tab-2009-04-30-11.html">Tabell 11 Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre, etter landbakgrunn (de 20 største gruppene). Utvalgte kommuner. 1. januar 2009</a>. Ssb.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-01-22</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/arkiv/tab-2009-04-30-11.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-06-28） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Tabell+11+Innvandrere+og+norskf%C3%B8dte+med+innvandrerforeldre%2C+etter+landbakgrunn+%28de+20+st%C3%B8rste+gruppene%29.+Utvalgte+kommuner.+1.+januar+2009&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ssb.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Femner%2F02%2F01%2F10%2Finnvbef%2Farkiv%2Ftab-2009-04-30-11.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nyhuus.deich.folkebibl.no/deichman/dfb/sprakland.html">Folkebibl.no</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070609164119/http://nyhuus.deich.folkebibl.no/deichman/dfb/sprakland.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="挪威語">（挪威文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Slettholm: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Na-er-det-flere-katolikker-enn-muslimer-i-Norge-7033287.html">Nå er det flere katolikker enn muslimer i Norge</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121205221337/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Na-er-det-flere-katolikker-enn-muslimer-i-Norge-7033287.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Aftenposten, 3 December 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Oslo kommune, Undervisningsetaten. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utdanningsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/getfile.php/utdanningsetaten%20(UDE)/Internett%20(UDE)/EFP/Dokumenter/Antall%20elever%20fra%20språklige%20minoriteter%20i%20grunnskolen%2020122013.pdf">Minoritetsspråklige elever i Osloskolen 2012/2013</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Undervisningsetaten. 2013-01-04 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-09-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131062114/http://www.utdanningsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/getfile.php/utdanningsetaten%20%28UDE%29/Internett%20%28UDE%29/EFP/Dokumenter/Antall%20elever%20fra%20spr%C3%A5klige%20minoriteter%20i%20grunnskolen%2020122013.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2013-01-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Minoritetsspr%C3%A5klige+elever+i+Osloskolen+2012%2F2013&rft.aufirst=Undervisningsetaten&rft.aulast=Oslo+kommune&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Undervisningsetaten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utdanningsetaten.oslo.kommune.no%2Fgetfile.php%2Futdanningsetaten%2520%28UDE%29%2FInternett%2520%28UDE%29%2FEFP%2FDokumenter%2FAntall%2520elever%2520fra%2520spr%C3%A5klige%2520minoriteter%2520i%2520grunnskolen%252020122013.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Avhilde Lundgaard  . <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826184905/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article3228559.ece">Foreldre flytter barna til "hvitere" skoler – Nyheter – Innenriks</a>. Aftenposten.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-03-25</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article3228559.ece">原始内容</a>存档于2009-08-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.au=Avhilde+Lundgaard+&rft.btitle=Foreldre+flytter+barna+til+%22hvitere%22+skoler+%E2%80%93+Nyheter+%E2%80%93+Innenriks&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Aftenposten.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fnyheter%2Firiks%2Farticle3228559.ece&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bredeveien, Jo Moen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091208050013/http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/article418561.ece">Rømmer til hvitere skoler</a>. Dagsavisen. 2009-06-02 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/article418561.ece">原始内容</a>存档于2009-12-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=R%C3%B8mmer+til+hvitere+skoler&rft.aufirst=Jo+Moen&rft.aulast=Bredeveien&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dagsavisen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagsavisen.no%2Finnenriks%2Farticle418561.ece&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lundgaard, Hilde. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826184905/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article3228559.ece">Foreldre flytter barna til "hvitere" skoler</a>. Aftenposten. 2009-08-22 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article3228559.ece">原始内容</a>存档于2009-08-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Foreldre+flytter+barna+til+%22hvitere%22+skoler&rft.aufirst=Hilde&rft.aulast=Lundgaard&rft.date=2009-08-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fnyheter%2Firiks%2Farticle3228559.ece&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Slettholm, Andreas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155245/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article3424942.ece">Ola og Kari flytter fra innvandrerne</a>. Aftenposten. 2009-12-15 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/oslo/article3424942.ece">原始内容</a>存档于2011-06-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Ola+og+Kari+flytter+fra+innvandrerne&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.aulast=Slettholm&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fnyheter%2Foslo%2Farticle3424942.ece&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kirken.no/nb-NO/om-kirken/bakgrunn/om-kirkestatistikk/medlemsstatistikk/">Medlemsstatistikk</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210308054237/https://kirken.no/nb-NO/om-kirken/bakgrunn/om-kirkestatistikk/medlemsstatistikk/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） 10.4.2017 Den Norske Kirke</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no/oslostatistikken/article217012-42123.html?articleID=217012&categoryID=42123&printMe=1">1 av 5 osloborgere tilhører et tros- eller livssynssamfunn utenfor Den norske kirke</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141014160048/http://www.utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no/oslostatistikken/article217012-42123.html?articleID=217012&categoryID=42123&printMe=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Utviklings- og kompetanseetaten, Oslo kommune. (in Norwegian) Retrieved 7 December 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrkvr2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrkvr2_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/valg2015/1.12499895">Resultater valg 2015</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160101092921/http://www.nrk.no/valg2015/1.12499895">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <a href="/wiki/NRK" class="mw-redirect" title="NRK">NRK</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="挪威語">（挪威文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/ostlandssendingen/slik-blir-den-nye-byregjeringen-i-oslo-1.12613767">Slik blir den nye byregjeringen i Oslo</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160304060326/http://www.nrk.no/ostlandssendingen/slik-blir-den-nye-byregjeringen-i-oslo-1.12613767">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <a href="/wiki/NRK" class="mw-redirect" title="NRK">NRK</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="挪威語">（挪威文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrkvr-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrkvr_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/valg2015/1.12499895">Resultater valg 2015</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160101092921/http://www.nrk.no/valg2015/1.12499895">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="挪威廣播公司">NRK</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="挪威語">（挪威文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no/webview/index.jsp?catalog=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no%3A80%2Fobj%2FfCatalog%2FCatalog48&submode=catalog&mode=documentation&top=yes"><i>Befolkningen etter bydel, delbydel, grunnkrets, kjønn og alder</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200430050044/http://statistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no/webview/index.jsp?catalog=http%3A%2F%2Fstatistikkbanken.oslo.kommune.no%3A80%2Fobj%2FfCatalog%2FCatalog48&submode=catalog&mode=documentation&top=yes">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Utviklings- og kompetanseetaten, Oslo kommune (avlest 23. oktober 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fdiintelligence.com2-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fdiintelligence.com2_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rachel Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2012-13">European Cities and Regions of the Future 2012/13</a>. fDiIntelligence.com. 2012-02-13 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-03-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173401/https://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2012-13">存档</a>于2018-12-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.au=Rachel+Craig&rft.btitle=European+Cities+and+Regions+of+the+Future+2012%2F13&rft.date=2012-02-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=fDiIntelligence.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdiintelligence.com%2FLocations%2FEurope%2FEuropean-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2012-13&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dnv.com/publications/annual_reports/ar_2005/thisis_dnv/index.asp">[1]</a><a href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120729221055/http://www.dnv.com/publications/annual_reports/ar_2005/thisis_dnv/index.asp">存檔</a>，存档日期2012-07-29[1] </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/09/01/fnr_en/">Regional accounts</a>. Ssb.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-06-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113192504/http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/09/01/fnr_en/">存档</a>于2012-11-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Regional+accounts&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ssb.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fenglish%2Fsubjects%2F09%2F01%2Ffnr_en%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318200658/http://www.skatteetaten.no/upload/skd%20sm03_engelsk.pdf">Norwegian Tax Administration Annual Report 2003</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-07-08</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skatteetaten.no/upload/skd%20sm03_engelsk.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2009-03-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Norwegian+Tax+Administration+Annual+Report+2003&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skatteetaten.no%2Fupload%2Fskd%2520sm03_engelsk.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-priciest-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-priciest_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/4669400.stm">Oslo 'priciest city in the world<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span></a>. BBC News. 2006-02-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-06-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054332/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/4669400.stm">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Oslo+%27priciest+city+in+the+world%27&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2F4669400.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516034338/http://www.mercerhr.com/pressrelease/details.jhtml/dynamic/idContent/1142150">Mercer: Consulting. Outsourcing. Investments</a>. Mercerhr.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-06-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercerhr.com/pressrelease/details.jhtml/dynamic/idContent/1142150">原始内容</a>存档于2008-05-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Mercer%3A+Consulting.+Outsourcing.+Investments&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Mercerhr.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercerhr.com%2Fpressrelease%2Fdetails.jhtml%2Fdynamic%2FidContent%2F1142150&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-priciest2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-priciest2_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/4669400.stm">Oslo 'priciest city in the world<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span></a>. BBC News. 2006-02-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-06-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054332/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/4669400.stm">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Oslo+%27priciest+city+in+the+world%27&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2F4669400.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">EIU digital solutions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=WCOL2015">Worldwide Cost of Living February 2015 – The Economist Intelligence Unit</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728025610/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=WCOL2015">存档</a>于2020-07-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.au=EIU+digital+solutions&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Cost+of+Living+February+2015+%E2%80%93+The+Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiu.com%2Fpublic%2Fthankyou_download.aspx%3Factivity%3Ddownload%26campaignid%3DWCOL2015&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/16219707?story_id=16219707">A crowded field</a>. The Economist. 2010-05-27 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629210338/http://www.economist.com/node/16219707?story_id=16219707">存档</a>于2011-06-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=A+crowded+field&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F16219707%3Fstory_id%3D16219707&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501174229/http://www.edvardmunch.info/biography-3/">Edvard Munch» Edvard Munch Biography 3</a>. Edvardmunch.info. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edvardmunch.info/biography-3/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Edvard+Munch%C2%BB+Edvard+Munch+Biography+3&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Edvardmunch.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edvardmunch.info%2Fbiography-3%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529114335/http://www.haveiendom.no/filestore/uppdateringar__og__mars/MUNCH.pdf">Archived copy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-11-29</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haveiendom.no/filestore/uppdateringar__og__mars/MUNCH.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2012-05-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haveiendom.no%2Ffilestore%2Fuppdateringar__og__mars%2FMUNCH.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated52-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated52_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529114335/http://www.haveiendom.no/filestore/uppdateringar__og__mars/MUNCH.pdf">Archived copy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-11-29</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haveiendom.no/filestore/uppdateringar__og__mars/MUNCH.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2012-05-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haveiendom.no%2Ffilestore%2Fuppdateringar__og__mars%2FMUNCH.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Tone:. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitoslo.com/en/attractions-and-sights.49105.en.html">Attractions: Museums and sights of Oslo, Norway</a>. Visitoslo.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054413/https://www.visitoslo.com/en/attractions-and-sights.49105.en.html">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.au=Tone%3A&rft.btitle=Attractions%3A+Museums+and+sights+of+Oslo%2C+Norway&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Visitoslo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitoslo.com%2Fen%2Fattractions-and-sights.49105.en.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501174343/http://www.world66.com/europe/norway/oslo/museums">Oslo Museums</a>. World66.com. 2005-03-18 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world66.com/europe/norway/oslo/museums">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Oslo+Museums&rft.date=2005-03-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World66.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world66.com%2Feurope%2Fnorway%2Foslo%2Fmuseums&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515153818/http://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/about_the_national_museum/about_the_national_museum/">About the National Museum : Nasjonalmuseet</a>. Nasjonalmuseet.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/about_the_national_museum/about_the_national_museum/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=About+the+National+Museum+%3A+Nasjonalmuseet&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nasjonalmuseet.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasjonalmuseet.no%2Fen%2Fabout_the_national_museum%2Fabout_the_national_museum%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated62-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated62_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515153818/http://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/about_the_national_museum/about_the_national_museum/">About the National Museum : Nasjonalmuseet</a>. Nasjonalmuseet.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/about_the_national_museum/about_the_national_museum/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=About+the+National+Museum+%3A+Nasjonalmuseet&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nasjonalmuseet.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasjonalmuseet.no%2Fen%2Fabout_the_national_museum%2Fabout_the_national_museum%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515153730/http://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/about_the_national_museum/the_national_museum_at_vestbanen/">The National Museum at Vestbanen : Nasjonalmuseet</a>. Nasjonalmuseet.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/about_the_national_museum/the_national_museum_at_vestbanen/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=The+National+Museum+at+Vestbanen+%3A+Nasjonalmuseet&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nasjonalmuseet.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasjonalmuseet.no%2Fen%2Fabout_the_national_museum%2Fthe_national_museum_at_vestbanen%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501173409/http://www.cosmotourist.com/travel/d/i/2424901/t/oslo/frognerparken-and-vigeland-park/">Frognerparken and Vigeland Park – Oslo</a>. Cosmotourist. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosmotourist.com/travel/d/i/2424901/t/oslo/frognerparken-and-vigeland-park/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Frognerparken+and+Vigeland+Park+%E2%80%93+Oslo&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Cosmotourist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosmotourist.com%2Ftravel%2Fd%2Fi%2F2424901%2Ft%2Foslo%2Ffrognerparken-and-vigeland-park%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oslosurf.com/innhold/00000038.shtml">Sinnataggen</a>. Oslosurf.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310215920/http://www.oslosurf.com/innhold/00000038.shtml">存档</a>于2012-03-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Sinnataggen&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Oslosurf.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oslosurf.com%2Finnhold%2F00000038.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekebergparken.com/en/">Ekebergparken Sculpture Park</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210308054448/http://www.ekebergparken.com/en/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Homepage <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Norway dot com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527145046/http://www.norway.com/directories/d_company.asp?id=671">The Viking Ship Museum (Vikingskipshuset), Museums, Oslo Norway Directory</a>. Norway.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norway.com/directories/d_company.asp?id=671">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.au=Norway+dot+com&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Ship+Museum+%28Vikingskipshuset%29%2C+Museums%2C+Oslo+Norway+Directory&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Norway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norway.com%2Fdirectories%2Fd_company.asp%3Fid%3D671&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Norway dot com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501174550/http://www.norway.com/directories/d_company.asp?id=1742">Oslo City Museum, Museums, Oslo Norway Directory</a>. Norway.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norway.com/directories/d_company.asp?id=1742">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.au=Norway+dot+com&rft.btitle=Oslo+City+Museum%2C+Museums%2C+Oslo+Norway+Directory&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Norway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norway.com%2Fdirectories%2Fd_company.asp%3Fid%3D1742&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitnorway.com/en/Product/?pid=28951">The Kon-Tiki Museum – Norway official travel guide</a>. visitnorway.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024052821/http://www.visitnorway.com/en/Product/?pid=28951">存档</a>于2013-10-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=The+Kon-Tiki+Museum+%E2%80%93+Norway+official+travel+guide&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=visitnorway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitnorway.com%2Fen%2FProduct%2F%3Fpid%3D28951&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608151543/http://www.norway.org/ARCHIVE/policy/peace/peacecenter/">Nobel Peace Center Opens in Oslo</a>. Norway.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norway.org/ARCHIVE/policy/peace/peacecenter/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-06-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Nobel+Peace+Center+Opens+in+Oslo&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Norway.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norway.org%2FARCHIVE%2Fpolicy%2Fpeace%2Fpeacecenter%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated42-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated42_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608151543/http://www.norway.org/ARCHIVE/policy/peace/peacecenter/">Nobel Peace Center Opens in Oslo</a>. Norway.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norway.org/ARCHIVE/policy/peace/peacecenter/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-06-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Nobel+Peace+Center+Opens+in+Oslo&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Norway.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norway.org%2FARCHIVE%2Fpolicy%2Fpeace%2Fpeacecenter%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OJF-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OJF_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">OJF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110701021437/http://www.oslojazz.no/indexENG.php">Oslo Jazzfestival</a>. oslojazz.no. 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-05</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oslojazz.no/indexENG.php">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Oslo+Jazzfestival&rft.au=OJF&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oslojazz.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oslojazz.no%2FindexENG.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Øya-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Øya_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Øya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717001546/http://www.oyafestivalen.com/pages/eng/1-news">Øyafestivalen – News</a>. oyafestivalen.com. 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-05</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oyafestivalen.com/pages/eng/1-news">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=%C3%98yafestivalen+%E2%80%93+News&rft.au=%C3%98ya&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oyafestivalen.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyafestivalen.com%2Fpages%2Feng%2F1-news&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517105645/http://www.kirkemusikkfestivalen.no/index.php?lang=en">Oslo Internasjonale kirkemusikkfestival</a>. Kirkemusikkfestivalen.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-03-12</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirkemusikkfestivalen.no/index.php?lang=en">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Oslo+Internasjonale+kirkemusikkfestival&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Kirkemusikkfestivalen.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkemusikkfestivalen.no%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Den&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelPrize-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">NobelPrize.Org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/award-video.html">The Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony 2010</a>. nobelprize.org. 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814153844/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/award-video.html">存档</a>于2017-08-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+Award+Ceremony+2010&rft.au=NobelPrize.Org&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F2010%2Faward-video.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biathlon-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biathlon_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">VisitOslo.Com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917133809/http://www.visitoslo.com/en/world-cup-biathlon.77706.242653rd17.tlp.html">World Cup Biathlon – Official Travel & Visitor's Guide to Oslo, Norway</a>. visitoslo.com. 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-05</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitoslo.com/en/world-cup-biathlon.77706.242653rd17.tlp.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-09-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=World+Cup+Biathlon+%E2%80%93+Official+Travel+%26+Visitor%27s+Guide+to+Oslo%2C+Norway&rft.au=VisitOslo.Com&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitoslo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitoslo.com%2Fen%2Fworld-cup-biathlon.77706.242653rd17.tlp.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desucon-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Desucon_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Desu.No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110803022917/http://www.desu.no/">Desu</a>. desu.no. 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-05</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desu.no/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-03） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Desu&rft.au=Desu.No&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=desu.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desu.no%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Færderseilasen-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Færderseilasen_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">KNS.No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075423/http://kns.no/nor/Regatta/Regattasider/Fokus_Bank_Farderseilasen/">Fokus Bank Færderseilasen – KNS</a>. kns.no. 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-05</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kns.no/nor/Regatta/Regattasider/Fokus_Bank_Farderseilasen/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Fokus+Bank+F%C3%A6rderseilasen+%E2%80%93+KNS&rft.au=KNS.No&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kns.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkns.no%2Fnor%2FRegatta%2FRegattasider%2FFokus_Bank_Farderseilasen%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated32-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated32_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701044312/http://wiki.worldflicks.org/nationaltheatret_-_national_theatre.html">Nationaltheatret – National Theatre: Photos and videos on Google Maps, the WIKI-way</a>. 59.914386,10.7342595: Wiki.worldflicks.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.worldflicks.org/nationaltheatret_-_national_theatre.html">原始内容</a>存档于2017-07-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Nationaltheatret+%E2%80%93+National+Theatre%3A+Photos+and+videos+on+Google+Maps%2C+the+WIKI-way&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=59.914386%2C10.7342595&rft.pub=Wiki.worldflicks.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.worldflicks.org%2Fnationaltheatret_-_national_theatre.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501173223/http://www.globetales.com/7-of-the-best-tourist-attractions-in-oslo-norway">7 of the Best Tourist Attractions in Oslo, Norway</a>. Globe Tales. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globetales.com/7-of-the-best-tourist-attractions-in-oslo-norway">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=7+of+the+Best+Tourist+Attractions+in+Oslo%2C+Norway&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Globe+Tales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globetales.com%2F7-of-the-best-tourist-attractions-in-oslo-norway&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-okland-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-okland_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Økland, Ingunn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504062414/http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/article2645410.ece">Ibsen som jålete graffiti</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftenposten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aftenposten（页面不存在）">Aftenposten</a>. 2008-09-10 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/article2645410.ece">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-04） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Ibsen+som+j%C3%A5lete+graffiti&rft.aufirst=Ingunn&rft.aulast=%C3%98kland&rft.date=2008-09-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fmeninger%2Fdebatt%2Farticle2645410.ece&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historikk-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historikk_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ullevaal Stadion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5qtiMxZhb?url=http://www.ullevaal-stadion.no/index.asp?id=26090">Historikk</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-06-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ullevaal-stadion.no/index.asp?id=26090">原始内容</a>存档于2010-07-01） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.au=Ullevaal+Stadion&rft.btitle=Historikk&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ullevaal-stadion.no%2Findex.asp%3Fid%3D26090&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obl1-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obl1_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tvedt,_Knut_Are&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tvedt, Knut Are（页面不存在）">Tvedt, Knut Are</a> (编). Tryvann Vinterpark. Oslo byleksikon 5th. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget: 582. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-82-573-1760-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-82-573-1760-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-82-573-1760-7</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Tryvann+Vinterpark&rft.au=Tvedt%2C+Knut+Are&rft.btitle=Oslo+byleksikon&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-82-573-1760-7&rft.pages=582&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Kunnskapsforlaget&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nih.no/">Norges idrettshøgskole — forskning og høyere utdanning innenfor idrettsvitenskap — NIH</a>. Nih.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-06-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309152658/https://www.nih.no//">存档</a>于2021-03-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Norges+idrettsh%C3%B8gskole+%E2%80%94+forskning+og+h%C3%B8yere+utdanning+innenfor+idrettsvitenskap+%E2%80%94+NIH&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nih.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nih.no%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626204859/http://hio.no/">Kunsthøgskolen i Oslo</a>. Khio.no. 2000-08-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-06-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khio.no/">原始内容</a>存档于2007-06-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Kunsth%C3%B8gskolen+i+Oslo&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Khio.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khio.no%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umb.no/">Universitetet for miljø- og biovitenskap — UMB</a>. Umb.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-06-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309124428/http://www.umb.no//">存档</a>于2021-03-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Universitetet+for+milj%C3%B8-+og+biovitenskap+%E2%80%94+UMB&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Umb.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umb.no%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veths.no/">Internett – Norges veterinærhøgskole</a>. Veths.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-06-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105012744/http://veths.no/">存档</a>于2014-01-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Internett+%E2%80%93+Norges+veterin%C3%A6rh%C3%B8gskole&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Veths.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veths.no%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010095815/https://www.ska-wiki.no/">Ska-Wiki – Ska-Wiki</a>. ska-wiki.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ska-wiki.no/">原始内容</a>存档于2007-10-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Ska-Wiki+%E2%80%93+Ska-Wiki&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ska-wiki.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ska-wiki.no%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uio.no/om/tall-og-fakta/uio-i-tall/">UiO i tall</a>. uio.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-03-22</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054710/https://www.uio.no/om/tall-og-fakta/uio-i-tall/">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=UiO+i+tall&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=uio.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uio.no%2Fom%2Ftall-og-fakta%2Fuio-i-tall%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsinenglish.no/2011/06/23/oslos-developing-waterfront-in-a-photo-collage/">Oslo’s developing waterfront, in a photo collage</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225200956/https://www.newsinenglish.no/2011/06/23/oslos-developing-waterfront-in-a-photo-collage/">存档</a>于2021-02-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Oslo%E2%80%99s+developing+waterfront%2C+in+a+photo+collage&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsinenglish.no%2F2011%2F06%2F23%2Foslos-developing-waterfront-in-a-photo-collage%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friluftsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/parker_friomrader/parker/st_hanshaugen/">City of Oslo parks</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20111225044938/http://www.friluftsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/parker_friomrader/parker/st_hanshaugen/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="挪威語">（挪威文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idrettsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/oslobadene/">Municipal swimming pools</a>. Idrettsetaten.oslo.kommune.no. 2010-06-16 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-06-27</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227034221/http://www.idrettsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/oslobadene">存档</a>于2011-12-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Municipal+swimming+pools&rft.date=2010-06-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Idrettsetaten.oslo.kommune.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idrettsetaten.oslo.kommune.no%2Foslobadene%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307000751/http://ruter.no/Om-Ruter-As/">Om Ruter</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruter（页面不存在）">Ruter</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruter.no/Om-Ruter-As/">原始内容</a>存档于2010-03-07） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Om+Ruter&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ruter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruter.no%2FOm-Ruter-As%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206002112/http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/T-bane/">T-banen – forstadsbane og storbymetro</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruter（页面不存在）">Ruter</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/T-bane/">原始内容</a>存档于2010-12-06） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=T-banen+%E2%80%93+forstadsbane+og+storbymetro&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ruter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruter.no%2FRutetilbud%2FT-bane%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206090439/http://ruter.no/Rutetilbud/Trikk/">Trikk</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruter（页面不存在）">Ruter</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/Trikk/">原始内容</a>存档于2010-12-06） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Trikk&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ruter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruter.no%2FRutetilbud%2FTrikk%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029104215/http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/Lokaltogkart%20A4.pdf">Network map commuter trains</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_State_Railways&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwegian State Railways（页面不存在）">Norwegian State Railways</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/Lokaltogkart%20A4.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2013-10-29） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Network+map+commuter+trains&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Norwegian+State+Railways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsb.no%2Fgetfile.php%2Fwww.nsb.no%2Fnsb.no%2FBilder%2FRutetabeller%2FLokaltogkart%2520A4.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501173155/http://www.avinet.no/Oslopakke2/database/faktaark_ny.aspx?id=46">T-baneringen</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oslo_Package_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oslo Package 2（页面不存在）">Oslo Package 2</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avinet.no/Oslopakke2/database/faktaark_ny.aspx?id=46">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-01） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=T-baneringen&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Oslo+Package+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avinet.no%2FOslopakke2%2Fdatabase%2Ffaktaark_ny.aspx%3Fid%3D46&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124090717/http://ruter.no/Documents/Rutetabeller/Oslo/linjekart_bybuss_121209.pdf">City Bus Network Map</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 2013 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruter.no/Documents/Rutetabeller/Oslo/linjekart_bybuss_121209.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2013-01-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=City+Bus+Network+Map&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruter.no%2FDocuments%2FRutetabeller%2FOslo%2Flinjekart_bybuss_121209.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100827025855/http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/NSB%20Map.pdf">Network map</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_State_Railways&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwegian State Railways（页面不存在）">Norwegian State Railways</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/NSB%20Map.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2010-08-27） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Network+map&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Norwegian+State+Railways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsb.no%2Fgetfile.php%2Fwww.nsb.no%2Fnsb.no%2FBilder%2FRutetabeller%2FNSB%2520Map.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holøs, Bjørn. Stasjoner i sentrum. Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlagg. 1990: 182. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/82-05-19082-8" title="Special:网络书源/82-05-19082-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 82-05-19082-8</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B8rn&rft.aulast=Hol%C3%B8s&rft.btitle=Stasjoner+i+sentrum&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=82-05-19082-8&rft.pages=182&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Gyldendal+Norsk+Forlagg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101211041834/http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/Bat/">Båt til jobb og skole, eller bad og utflukt</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruter（页面不存在）">Ruter</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruter.no/Rutetilbud/Bat/">原始内容</a>存档于2010-12-11） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=B%C3%A5t+til+jobb+og+skole%2C+eller+bad+og+utflukt&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ruter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruter.no%2FRutetilbud%2FBat%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501174323/http://www.oslohavn.no/passasjerer/">Passasjer/turist</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Oslo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Oslo（页面不存在）">Port of Oslo</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oslohavn.no/passasjerer/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-01） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Passasjer%2Fturist&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Port+of+Oslo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oslohavn.no%2Fpassasjerer%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat2010-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stat2010_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091124135225/http://www.osl.no/en/osl/businesstobusiness/_airlines/10_Market">Market</a>. Oslo Lufthavn. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-01-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osl.no/en/osl/businesstobusiness/_airlines/10_Market">原始内容</a>存档于2009-11-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Market&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Oslo+Lufthavn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osl.no%2Fen%2Fosl%2Fbusinesstobusiness%2F_airlines%2F10_Market&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160831085451/http://www.en.ryg.no/post/4872415/">Oslo Rygge Airport closing business November 1st 2016</a>. www.en.ryg.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-01-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.en.ryg.no/post/4872415/">原始内容</a>存档于2016-08-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Oslo+Rygge+Airport+closing+business+November+1st+2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.en.ryg.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.en.ryg.no%2Fpost%2F4872415%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sandefjord Lufthavn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316072052/http://www.torp.no/Pages/Artikkel.aspx?pkMenu=131&pksMenu=143&Language=EN">How do I get to Sandefjord Airport Torp?</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-10-24</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torp.no/Pages/Artikkel.aspx?pkMenu=131&pksMenu=143&Language=EN">原始内容</a>存档于2009-03-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.au=Sandefjord+Lufthavn&rft.btitle=How+do+I+get+to+Sandefjord+Airport+Torp%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torp.no%2FPages%2FArtikkel.aspx%3FpkMenu%3D131%26pksMenu%3D143%26Language%3DEN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryanairhub-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ryanairhub_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rygge-London for én krone. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akershus_Amtstidende&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akershus Amtstidende（页面不存在）">Akershus Amtstidende</a>. 2009-07-17 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到挪威语网页">（挪威语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Rygge-London+for+%C3%A9n+krone&rft.date=2009-07-17&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Akershus+Amtstidende&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bygg.no/article/40761">Havnelageret（挪威文）</a>. bygg.no. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-09-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054920/http://www.bygg.no/article/40761">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=Havnelageret%EF%BC%88%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E6%96%87%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=bygg.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bygg.no%2Farticle%2F40761&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061104044201/http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/ceremony_oslo/index.html">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-10-29</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/ceremony_oslo/index.html">原始内容</a>存档于2006-11-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Faward_ceremonies%2Fceremony_oslo%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-int_coop-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-int_coop_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101029/http://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/international_cooperation/cooperating_cities_and_regions/">Co-operating cities and regions</a>. Oslo.kommune.no. Oslo Kommune. 2012-02-12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-04-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/international_cooperation/cooperating_cities_and_regions/">原始内容</a>存档于2014-04-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=Co-operating+cities+and+regions&rft.date=2012-02-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oslo.kommune.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oslo.kommune.no%2Fenglish%2Finternational_cooperation%2Fcooperating_cities_and_regions%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordforeren.oslo.kommune.no/_juletrar_til_utlandet/">Juletrær til utland</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141014154950/http://www.ordforeren.oslo.kommune.no/_juletrar_til_utlandet/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Ordføreren, Oslo kommune (Municipality of Oslo Website, Mare's office), published november 2013, accessed 7 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/julen/her-tennes-det-norske-juletreet-i-london/a/590424/">Her tennes juletreet i London</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160603131928/http://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/julen/her-tennes-det-norske-juletreet-i-london/a/590424/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, VG, 3 December 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ina Louise Stovner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/juletre">juletre</a>. Store norske leksikon. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-02-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054926/https://snl.no/juletre">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&rft.atitle=juletre&rft.au=Ina+Louise+Stovner&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Fjuletre&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相关的多媒体资源：<b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oslo?uselang=zh">奥斯陆</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">英文维基文库</a>中的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%89%88" title="大英百科全書第十一版">1911年版大英百科全書</a>》條目：<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Christiania" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Christiania">Christiania</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/奥斯陆">奥斯陆</a></b>」。</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%8E%E9%81%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="維基導遊">維基導遊</a>上的相關旅行指南：<b><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Oslo" class="extiw" title="voy:Oslo">Oslo</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualnorge.com/oslo/">Oslo Virtual Tour - 360度全景图</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210207083835/http://www.virtualnorge.com/oslo/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AF%BC%E6%B8%B8" title="维基导游">维基导游</a>上<a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" class="extiw" title="voy:奥斯陆">有關奥斯陆的旅行指南</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130182436/https://www.oslo.kommune.no/">奥斯陆官方网站（挪威语）</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="挪威語">（挪威文）</span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordforeren.oslo.kommune.no/">市长网站</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190130182436/https://www.oslo.kommune.no/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bystyret.oslo.kommune.no/">市议会网站</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070929223031/http://www.bystyret.oslo.kommune.no/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barne-og-familieetaten.oslo.kommune.no/">儿童和家庭</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070927033146/http://www.barne-og-familieetaten.oslo.kommune.no/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bystyrets-sekretariat.oslo.kommune.no/">市议会秘书处</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20071001160743/http://www.bystyrets-sekretariat.oslo.kommune.no/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friluftsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/">休闲和康乐</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120124035156/http://www.friluftsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/">奥斯陆官方网站英语版</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210308055024/http://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friluftsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/kart/tur_og_loypekart/">旅游和户外活动信息</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120104100811/http://www.friluftsetaten.oslo.kommune.no/kart/tur_og_loypekart/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nyhetsrom.bymiljoetaten.no/kart-og-geodata/">奥斯陆地图和地理数据</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210308055041/http://nyhetsrom.bymiljoetaten.no/kart-og-geodata/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） 2016年8月19日访问</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no/getfile.php/utviklings-%20og%20kompetanseetaten%20(UKE)/Internett%20(UKE)/Dokumenter/Oslostatistikken/Hovedartikler/2010/Befolkning%20etter%20bydel/Folkemengde%20i%20Oslo%20i%20alt%20og%20etter%20bydel.htm">奥斯陆总人口和各区人口</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130518074742/http://www.utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no/getfile.php/utviklings-%20og%20kompetanseetaten%20(UKE)/Internett%20(UKE)/Dokumenter/Oslostatistikken/Hovedartikler/2010/Befolkning%20etter%20bydel/Folkemengde%20i%20Oslo%20i%20alt%20og%20etter%20bydel.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no/oslostatistikken/publikasjoner/statistisk_arbok">奥斯陆统计年鉴</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110129065703/http://www.utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no/oslostatistikken/publikasjoner/statistisk_arbok">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitoslo.com/">奥斯陆官方旅游指南</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210308055126/http://www.visitoslo.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitnorway.com/en/Stories/Norway/East/Oslo/">挪威官方旅游指南</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20151226193606/http://www.visitnorway.com/en/Stories/Norway/East/Oslo/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitoslo.com/">奥斯陆旅游网站</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210308055126/http://www.visitoslo.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yr.no/sted/Norge/Oslo/Oslo/Oslo/">天气信息</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20071012204253/http://www.yr.no/sted/Norge/Oslo/Oslo/Oslo/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trafikanten.no">交通路线和交通状况</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170117223812/http://www.trafikanten.no/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="奥斯陆行政區劃" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="Template:奧斯陸行政區劃"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:奧斯陸行政區劃（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:奧斯陸行政區劃"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="奥斯陆行政區劃" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">奥斯陆</a>行政區劃</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D_(%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8)" title="阿爾納 (奧斯陸)">阿爾納區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%80%B6%E5%85%8B" title="比耶克">比耶克區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%BE%99%E8%AE%B7" title="弗龙讷">弗龙讷区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B8" title="舊奧斯陸">舊奧斯陸區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%91%82" title="格魯呂">格魯呂區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%90%95%E7%BA%B3%E5%8B%92%E5%8D%A1" title="格吕纳勒卡">格吕纳勒卡区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE" title="北阿克爾">北阿克爾區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%BB%A9_(%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86)" title="北滩 (奥斯陆)">北灘區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC%E8%AE%B7" title="萨格讷">萨格讷区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8E%E6%A0%B9" title="圣汉斯海于根">圣汉斯海于根区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%E8%AE%B7" title="斯托夫讷">斯托夫讷区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E5%8C%97%E7%81%98" title="南部北灘">南部北灘區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E5%8B%92%E6%81%A9" title="于勒恩">于勒恩区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE" title="西阿克爾">西阿克爾區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E6%96%AF%E6%BB%95%E8%88%8D" title="厄斯滕舍">厄斯滕舍区</a></li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oslo_komm.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Oslo_komm.svg/30px-Oslo_komm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Oslo_komm.svg/45px-Oslo_komm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Oslo_komm.svg/60px-Oslo_komm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="611" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="挪威郡份" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E9%83%A1%E4%BB%BD" title="Template:挪威郡份"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E9%83%A1%E4%BB%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:挪威郡份（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E9%83%A1%E4%BB%BD" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:挪威郡份"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="挪威郡份" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1_(%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81)" title="郡 (挪威)">挪威郡份</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">奧斯陸郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B0%E9%83%A1" title="罗加兰郡">罗加兰郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E5%8B%92-%E9%B2%81%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E9%83%A1" title="默勒-鲁姆斯达尔郡">默勒-鲁姆斯达尔郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E9%83%A1" title="诺尔兰郡">诺尔兰郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%94%E9%83%A1" title="东福尔郡">东福尔郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E9%83%A1" title="阿克什胡斯郡">阿克什胡斯郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%90%95%E9%83%A1" title="布斯克吕郡">布斯克吕郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%99%86%E9%83%A1" title="内陆郡">内陆郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%94%E9%83%A1" title="西福尔郡">西福尔郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E9%83%A1" title="泰勒马克郡">泰勒马克郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E9%83%A1" title="阿格德尔郡">阿格德尔郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%E9%83%A1" title="韦斯特兰郡">韦斯特兰郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%A6%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E9%83%A1" title="特伦德拉格郡">特伦德拉格郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E9%83%A1" title="特罗姆斯郡">特罗姆斯郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E9%83%A1" title="芬马克郡">芬马克郡</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Norway"><img alt="Flag of Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/80px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="欧洲首都" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="Template:欧洲首都"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="Template talk:欧洲首都"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:欧洲首都"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="欧洲首都" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="首都">首都</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>粗斜體</b></i>為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E6%89%BF%E8%AE%A4%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="有限承认国家">未被國際普遍承認國家</a>的首都和屬地的首府。</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7" title="西欧">西欧</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" title="布鲁塞尔">布鲁塞尔</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">爱尔兰</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B8%82" title="盧森堡市">盧森堡市</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">卢森堡</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5" title="摩纳哥">摩纳哥</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5" title="摩纳哥">摩纳哥</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹">阿姆斯特丹</a></b>、<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99" title="海牙">海牙</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷兰</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%8E" title="安道尔城">安道尔城</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94" title="安道尔">安道尔</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90" title="北歐">北歐</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9" title="哥本哈根">哥本哈根</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a>）</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E6%B8%AF" title="托爾斯港">托尔斯港</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="法罗群岛">法罗群岛</a>）</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%9B%E5%9F%BA" title="赫尔辛基">赫尔辛基</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰">芬兰</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%85%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B" title="雷克雅維克">雷克雅未克</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="冰岛">冰岛</a>）</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">奥斯陆</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9" title="斯德哥尔摩">斯德哥尔摩</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7" title="中欧">中欧</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D" title="維也納">維也納</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="布拉格">布拉格</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE%E4%BD%A9%E6%96%AF" title="布达佩斯">布达佩斯</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%83%BD%E8%8C%B2" title="瓦都茲">瓦杜茲</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%94%AF%E6%95%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BB" title="列支敦斯登">列支敦斯登</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99" title="华沙">华沙</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%8F%91" title="布拉迪斯拉发">布</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="斯洛伐克">斯洛伐克</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC" title="伯尔尼">伯恩</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7" title="东欧">东欧</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="明斯克">明斯克</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯">白俄罗斯</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%9E%97" title="塔林">塔林</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="爱沙尼亚">爱沙尼亚</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0" title="里加">里加</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="拉脫維亞">拉脫維亞</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="维尔纽斯">维尔纽斯</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B8%8C%E8%AE%B7%E4%B9%8C" title="基希讷乌">基希讷乌</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" title="摩尔多瓦">摩尔多瓦</a>）</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" title="蒂拉斯波尔">蒂拉斯波尔</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3%E6%B2%BF%E5%B2%B8" title="德涅斯特河沿岸">德涅斯特河沿岸</a>）</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BC%94" title="基輔">基輔</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科">莫斯科</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%AC%A7" title="南欧">南欧</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A3" title="地拉那">地拉那</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾巴尼亞">阿爾巴尼亞</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E4%BD%9B" title="塞拉耶佛">塞拉耶佛</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那">波士尼亞和黑塞哥維那</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E8%8F%B2%E4%BA%9E" title="索菲亞">索菲亞</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="保加利亚">保加利亚</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E5%B8%83" title="萨格勒布">札格雷布</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="克罗地亚">克羅埃西亞</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="雅典">雅典</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">義大利</a>）</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E4%BB%80%E8%92%82%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="普里什蒂納">普里什蒂納</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃">科索沃</a>）</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C" title="斯科普里">斯科普里</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93" title="北馬其頓">北馬其頓</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E5%A1%94" title="瓦莱塔">瓦莱塔</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96" title="马耳他">马耳他</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%9F" title="波德戈里察">波德戈里察</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="蒙特內哥羅">黑山</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="布加勒斯特">布加勒斯特</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞">羅馬尼亞</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%9B%E8%AB%BE%E5%B8%82" title="聖馬力諾市">圣马力诺</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%9B%E8%AB%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="聖馬力諾">聖馬力諾</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="贝尔格莱德">貝爾格勒</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="塞尔维亚">塞尔维亚</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E9%9B%85%E9%82%A3" title="卢布尔雅那">卢布尔雅那</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚">斯洛文尼亚</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C" title="马德里">马德里</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>）</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80" title="直布罗陀">直布罗陀</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80" title="直布罗陀">直布罗陀</a>）</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%86%88" title="梵蒂冈">梵蒂冈</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%86%88" title="梵蒂冈">梵蒂冈</a>）</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="尼科西亚">尼科西亞</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯">賽普勒斯</a>）</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="北尼科西亚">北尼科西亚</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="北賽普勒斯">北賽普勒斯</a>）</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%9A%AE%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%B5%E8%90%A5" title="埃皮斯科皮兵营">埃皮斯科皮兵营</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E5%88%A9%E8%88%87%E5%BE%B7%E5%87%B1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="亞克羅提利與德凱利亞">英屬基地區</a>）</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲首都列表（页面不存在）">歐洲首都列表</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国首都列表">各国首都列表</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="冬季奥林匹克运动会主办城市" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%90%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9E%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Template:冬季奥运会主办城市"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%90%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9E%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Template talk:冬季奥运会主办城市"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%90%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9E%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:冬季奥运会主办城市"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="冬季奥林匹克运动会主办城市" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="冬季奥林匹克运动会">冬季奥林匹克运动会</a>主办城市</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1924%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1924年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1924</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國"><img alt="法國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%8B%83%E6%9C%97" title="沙莫尼蒙勃朗">霞慕尼</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1928%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1928年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1928</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士"><img alt="瑞士" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8" title="圣莫里茨">圣莫里茨</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1932%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1932年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1932</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国"><img alt="美国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E8%8E%B1%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E6%B9%96%E6%9D%91" title="普莱西德湖村">普莱西德湖村</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1936%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1936年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1936</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國"><img alt="納粹德國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%BD-%E5%B8%95%E6%BB%95%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B4" title="加米施-帕滕基兴">加米施-帕滕基兴</a></li> <li><del><b><a href="/wiki/1940%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1940年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1940</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国"><img alt="大日本帝国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AD%E5%B9%8C%E5%B8%82" title="札幌市">札幌</a>/<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士"><img alt="瑞士" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8" title="圣莫里茨">圣莫里茨</a>/<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国"><img alt="德国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%BD-%E5%B8%95%E6%BB%95%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B4" title="加米施-帕滕基兴">加米施-帕滕基兴</a></del><sup>（注）</sup></li> <li><del><b><a href="/wiki/1944%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="1944年冬季奧林匹克運動會">1944</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="義大利王國"><img alt="義大利王國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E8%92%82%E7%B4%8D%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%A9%E4%BD%90" title="科爾蒂納丹佩佐">科爾蒂納丹佩佐</a></del><sup>（注）</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1948%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1948年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1948</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士"><img alt="瑞士" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8" title="圣莫里茨">圣莫里茨</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1952%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1952年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1952</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威"><img alt="挪威" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">奥斯陆</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1956%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1956年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1956</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="義大利"><img alt="義大利" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E8%92%82%E7%B4%8D%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%A9%E4%BD%90" title="科爾蒂納丹佩佐">科爾蒂納丹佩佐</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1960%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1960年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1960</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国"><img alt="美国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%98%94%E8%B0%B7%E6%BB%91%E9%9B%AA%E6%B8%A1%E5%81%87%E8%83%9C%E5%9C%B0" title="斯阔谷滑雪渡假胜地">斯阔谷</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1964%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1964年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1964</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利"><img alt="奥地利" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B" title="因斯布鲁克">因斯布鲁克</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1968%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="1968年冬季奧林匹克運動會">1968</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國"><img alt="法國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E8%AF%BA%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="格勒诺布尔">格勒诺布尔</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1972%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="1972年冬季奧林匹克運動會">1972</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本"><img alt="日本" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AD%E5%B9%8C%E5%B8%82" title="札幌市">札幌</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1976%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1976年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1976</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利"><img alt="奥地利" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B" title="因斯布鲁克">因斯布鲁克</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1980%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1980年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1980</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国"><img alt="美国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E8%8E%B1%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E6%B9%96%E6%9D%91" title="普莱西德湖村">普莱西德湖村</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1984%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1984年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1984</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="南斯拉夫"><img alt="南斯拉夫" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E4%BD%9B" title="塞拉耶佛">萨拉热窝</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1988%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1988年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1988</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大"><img alt="加拿大" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C" title="卡尔加里">卡尔加里</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1992%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1992年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1992</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國"><img alt="法國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" title="阿尔贝维尔">阿尔贝维尔</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1994%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1994年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1994</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威"><img alt="挪威" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8B%92%E5%93%88%E9%BB%98%E5%B0%94" title="利勒哈默尔">利勒哈默尔</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1998%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="1998年冬季奥林匹克运动会">1998</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本"><img alt="日本" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%87%8E%E5%B8%82" title="長野市">長野</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2002%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="2002年冬季奥林匹克运动会">2002</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国"><img alt="美国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E6%B9%96%E5%9F%8E" title="盐湖城">盐湖城</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2006%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="2006年冬季奥林匹克运动会">2006</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="義大利"><img alt="義大利" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%81%B5" title="都灵">都灵</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2010%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="2010年冬季奥林匹克运动会">2010</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大"><img alt="加拿大" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%93%A5%E8%8F%AF" title="溫哥華">溫哥華</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2014%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="2014年冬季奥林匹克运动会">2014</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%A5%91" title="索契">索契</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2018%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="2018年冬季奥林匹克运动会">2018</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韩民国"><img alt="大韩民国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%98%8C%E9%83%A1" title="平昌郡">平昌</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="2022年冬季奥林匹克运动会">2022</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国"><img alt="中国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82" title="北京市">北京</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2026%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83" title="2026年冬季奧林匹克運動會">2026</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="義大利"><img alt="義大利" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD" title="米蘭">米蘭</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E8%92%82%E7%B4%8D%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%A9%E4%BD%90" title="科爾蒂納丹佩佐">科爾蒂納丹佩佐</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2030%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83" title="2030年冬季奧林匹克運動會">2030</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國"><img alt="法國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="法國阿爾卑斯山">阿尔卑斯地区</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2034%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83" title="2034年冬季奧林匹克運動會">2034</a>：</b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国"><img alt="美国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E6%B9%96%E5%9F%8E" title="盐湖城">盐湖城</a> </i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>（注）</sup>因<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>取消</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="欧洲歌唱大赛举办城市" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%8C%E5%94%B1%E5%A4%A7%E8%B5%9B%E4%B8%BE%E5%8A%9E%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Template:欧洲歌唱大赛举办城市"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%8C%E5%94%B1%E5%A4%A7%E8%B5%9B%E4%B8%BE%E5%8A%9E%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:欧洲歌唱大赛举办城市（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%8C%E5%94%B1%E5%A4%A7%E8%B5%9B%E4%B8%BE%E5%8A%9E%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:欧洲歌唱大赛举办城市"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="欧洲歌唱大赛举办城市" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%8C%E5%94%B1%E5%A4%A7%E8%B3%BD" title="歐洲歌唱大賽">欧洲歌唱大赛</a>举办城市</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="卢加诺">卢加诺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰克福">法兰克福</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E7%91%9F%E5%A7%86" title="希爾弗瑟姆">希尔弗瑟姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%9B%E7%BA%B3" title="戛纳">戛纳</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%9B%E7%BA%B3" title="戛纳">戛纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B8%82" title="盧森堡市">盧森堡市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9" title="哥本哈根">哥本哈根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="那不勒斯">那不勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B8%82" title="盧森堡市">盧森堡市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D" title="維也納">維也納</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C" title="马德里">马德里</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹">阿姆斯特丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="爱丁堡">爱丁堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B8%82" title="盧森堡市">盧森堡市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%B5%96%E9%A1%BF" title="布赖顿">布赖顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9" title="斯德哥尔摩">斯德哥尔摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99" title="海牙">海牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="耶路撒冷">耶路撒冷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99" title="海牙">海牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%B4%9B%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="哈洛格特">哈洛格特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B8%82" title="盧森堡市">盧森堡市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1" title="哥德堡">哥德堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%B9" title="卑爾根">卑爾根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" title="布鲁塞尔">布鲁塞尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%A1%91" title="洛桑">洛桑</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E5%B8%83" title="萨格勒布">萨格勒布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%BB%98" title="马尔默">马尔默</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%A8%E5%9D%8A%E8%A1%97%E9%8E%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="磨坊街鎮">磨坊街镇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">奥斯陆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%98%8E%E7%BF%B0" title="伯明翰">伯明翰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="耶路撒冷">耶路撒冷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9" title="斯德哥尔摩">斯德哥尔摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9" title="哥本哈根">哥本哈根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%9E%97" title="塔林">塔林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0" title="里加">里加</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="伊斯坦堡">伊斯坦布尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BC%94" title="基輔">基輔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="雅典">雅典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%9B%E5%9F%BA" title="赫尔辛基">赫尔辛基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="贝尔格莱德">贝尔格莱德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科">莫斯科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E9%AD%AF%E5%A7%86" title="拜魯姆">拜鲁姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="杜塞尔多夫">杜塞尔多夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%93" title="巴库">巴库</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%BB%98" title="马尔默">马尔默</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9" title="哥本哈根">哥本哈根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D" title="維也納">維也納</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9" title="斯德哥尔摩">斯德哥尔摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BC%94" title="基輔">基輔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%AB" title="特拉维夫">特拉维夫</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="鹿特丹">鹿特丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E9%9D%88" class="mw-redirect" title="都靈">都靈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%A6" title="利物浦">利物浦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000115544893">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137191199">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyrWcrtKp86d4pymgDH4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90094909">挪威</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX460251">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11882326b">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11882326b">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4043968-9">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554806305171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oslo (Norway)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018884">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628309">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oslo (Norsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge259811&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kristiania (Norsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge693139&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35869001">澳大利亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000765505&local_base=nsk10">克罗地亚</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f80d529e-f242-46ef-a090-d193ed23075f">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045056">NARA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026608200">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=奥斯陆&oldid=84460522">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=奥斯陆&oldid=84460522</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" title="Category:奥斯陆">奥斯陆</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E9%83%A1%E4%BB%BD" title="Category:挪威郡份">挪威郡份</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="Category:歐洲首都">歐洲首都</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Category:大西洋沿海城市">大西洋沿海城市</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9E%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Category:冬季奥林匹克运动会主办城市">冬季奥林匹克运动会主办城市</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8WikiMiniAtlas%E5%B0%8F%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用WikiMiniAtlas小工具的页面">使用WikiMiniAtlas小工具的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E9%9D%9E%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97formatnum%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有非数字formatnum参数的页面">含有非数字formatnum参数的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(no)" title="Category:CS1挪威语来源 (no)">CS1挪威语来源 (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BFarchiveis%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:Webarchive模板archiveis链接">Webarchive模板archiveis链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:维基数据存在坐标数据的页面">维基数据存在坐标数据的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有挪威語的條目">含有挪威語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用人口模板的頁面">使用人口模板的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2017%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88%E5%B8%A6%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2017年12月带有失效链接的条目">自2017年12月带有失效链接的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:条目有永久失效的外部链接">条目有永久失效的外部链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABISNI%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含ISNI标识符的维基百科条目">包含ISNI标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABVIAF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目">包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABWorldCat%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目">包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBIBSYS%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BIBSYS标识符的维基百科条目">包含BIBSYS标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNE%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNLA%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NLA标识符的维基百科条目">包含NLA标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNSK%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NSK标识符的维基百科条目">包含NSK标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABMusicBrainz_area%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含MusicBrainz area标识符的维基百科条目">包含MusicBrainz area标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNARA%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NARA标识符的维基百科条目">包含NARA标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABSUDOC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目">包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年10月4日 (星期五) 09:19。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-m9str","wgBackendResponseTime":219,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.000","walltime":"2.483","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21713,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":424820,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":51673,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":29,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":219807,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1976.509 1 -total"," 28.29% 559.152 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.90% 492.139 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 22.70% 448.656 1 Template:Infobox"," 20.61% 407.425 87 Template:Cite_web"," 7.57% 149.626 17 Template:Category_handler"," 6.51% 128.762 7 Template:Dead_link"," 5.94% 117.494 7 Template:Fix"," 5.66% 111.921 1 Template:Lang-no"," 4.45% 87.980 4 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.896","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":29009939,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-68db4b6789-l97s2","timestamp":"20241126055858","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u5965\u65af\u9646","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q585","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q585","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-30T21:17:45Z","dateModified":"2024-10-04T09:19:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bd\/Downtown_Oslo_Norway_skyline.png","headline":"\u632a\u5a01\u7684\u9996\u90fd"}</script> </body> </html>