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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Journeys of change towards the blue economy: evaluating process in transformational change | Regional Environmental Change</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Journeys of change towards the blue economy: evaluating process in transformational change"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Regional Environmental Change - Transformation is idealised as a solution to multiple ocean crises, and the blue economy has emerged as a paradigm to facilitate transformation towards a sustainable..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10113-024-02336-y/MediaObjects/10113_2024_2336_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="10113"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Journeys of change towards the blue economy: evaluating process in transformational change"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Regional Environmental Change 2024 24:4"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-11-26"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2024 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2024 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Transformation is idealised as a solution to multiple ocean crises, and the blue economy has emerged as a paradigm to facilitate transformation towards a sustainable ocean future. Conceptualisations of transformation differ and processes of change to achieve transformation remain under-explored in literature, representing a significant gap in understanding how transformation is achieved. By exploring the process of blue economy governance transformations in Seychelles and Bangladesh, key attributes of transformation as a process are identified and contextualised. Connectivity of events and actions that addressed a range of different depths and parts of the governance system were identified as enablers of progress towards the blue economy. Strong, centralised leadership was identified as important at an early stage of change, but this must evolve to a distributed form of leadership to continue direction and flexibility. The role and importance of external agencies in creating and catalysing change is complex, presenting challenges to sovereignty but also acts as an independent driver of movement. From a national government perspective, the need to be ‘constantly seen as doing something’ hinders deeper changes and interventions, and instead promotes more superficial outcomes. These results demonstrate the challenges in creating transformative change, and suggest a need to explore evolutionary processes of change over time."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1436-378X"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Regional Environmental Change"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-11-26"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="24"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="4"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="15"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2024 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Regional Environmental Change"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Reg Environ Change"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1436-378X"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Journeys of change towards the blue economy: evaluating process in transformational change"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="24"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/12"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/11/26"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="15"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Original Article"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y"/> <meta name="size" content="196542"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Transformation is idealised as a solution to multiple ocean crises, and the blue economy has emerged as a paradigm to facilitate transformation towards a s"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Evans, Tegan"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Fletcher, Stephen"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Failler, Pierre"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="March, Antaya"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Potts, Jonathan"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Climate Change"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Oceanography"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Geography, general"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Regional/Spatial Science"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Nature Conservation"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Ambio; 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Conceptualisations of transformation differ and processes of change to achieve transformation remain under-explored in literature, representing a significant gap in understanding how transformation is achieved. By exploring the process of blue economy governance transformations in Seychelles and Bangladesh, key attributes of transformation as a process are identified and contextualised. Connectivity of events and actions that addressed a range of different depths and parts of the governance system were identified as enablers of progress towards the blue economy. Strong, centralised leadership was identified as important at an early stage of change, but this must evolve to a distributed form of leadership to continue direction and flexibility. The role and importance of external agencies in creating and catalysing change is complex, presenting challenges to sovereignty but also acts as an independent driver of movement. From a national government perspective, the need to be ‘constantly seen as doing something’ hinders deeper changes and interventions, and instead promotes more superficial outcomes. 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Conceptualisations of transformation differ and processes of change to achieve transformation remain under-explored in literature, representing a significant gap in understanding how transformation is achieved. By exploring the process of blue economy governance transformations in Seychelles and Bangladesh, key attributes of transformation as a process are identified and contextualised. Connectivity of events and actions that addressed a range of different depths and parts of the governance system were identified as enablers of progress towards the blue economy. Strong, centralised leadership was identified as important at an early stage of change, but this must evolve to a distributed form of leadership to continue direction and flexibility. The role and importance of external agencies in creating and catalysing change is complex, presenting challenges to sovereignty but also acts as an independent driver of movement. 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class="c-context-bar__title"> Journeys of change towards the blue economy: evaluating process in transformational change </div> <div data-test="inCoD" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Tegan-Evans-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Tegan-Evans-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Evans, Tegan" data-corresp-id="c1">Tegan Evans<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-0403"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-0403</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Stephen-Fletcher-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Stephen-Fletcher-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Fletcher, Stephen">Stephen Fletcher</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Pierre-Failler-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Pierre-Failler-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Failler, Pierre">Pierre Failler</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Antaya-March-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Antaya-March-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="March, Antaya">Antaya March</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 5 authors for this article" title="Show all 5 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jonathan-Potts-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Jonathan-Potts-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-search="Potts, Jonathan">Jonathan Potts</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Transformation is idealised as a solution to multiple ocean crises, and the blue economy has emerged as a paradigm to facilitate transformation towards a sustainable ocean future. Conceptualisations of transformation differ and processes of change to achieve transformation remain under-explored in literature, representing a significant gap in understanding how transformation is achieved. By exploring the process of blue economy governance transformations in Seychelles and Bangladesh, key attributes of transformation as a process are identified and contextualised. Connectivity of events and actions that addressed a range of different depths and parts of the governance system were identified as enablers of progress towards the blue economy. Strong, centralised leadership was identified as important at an early stage of change, but this must evolve to a distributed form of leadership to continue direction and flexibility. The role and importance of external agencies in creating and catalysing change is complex, presenting challenges to sovereignty but also acts as an independent driver of movement. From a national government perspective, the need to be ‘constantly seen as doing something’ hinders deeper changes and interventions, and instead promotes more superficial outcomes. These results demonstrate the challenges in creating transformative change, and suggest a need to explore evolutionary processes of change over time.</p></div></div></section> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=10113" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Introduction"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1">Introduction</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>Transformation is a buzzword in global policy, invoked as a solution to diverse crises such as biodiversity loss, increasing pollution and climate change (Hölscher et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Hölscher K, Wittmayer JM, Loorbach D (2018) Transition versus transformation: what’s the difference? Environ Innov Societal Transit 27:1–3. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.10.007
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e403">2018</a>; Bolton <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Bolton M (2022) A system leverage points approach to governance for sustainable development. Sustain Sci 17(6):2427–2457. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01188-x
 
 (Preprint)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e406">2022</a>; Vogel and O’Brien <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Vogel C, O’Brien K (2022) Getting to the heart of transformation. Sustain Sci 17(2):653–659. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-01016-8
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR86" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e409">2022</a>; IPCC <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="IPCC (2023) Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e412">2023</a>). In ocean governance, the UN Decade of Ocean Science embodies this turn to transformation at a global level (Hills and Maharaj <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Hills JM, Maharaj PN (2023) Designing transdisciplinarity for transformative ocean governance. Front Mar Sci 10. 
 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1075759
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e415">2023</a>). The concept of transformation is open to varying interpretations and is dependent on personal and institutional values and experiences, and theoretical and systemic positioning (Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Potts J (2023) Untangling theories of transformation: reflections for ocean governance. Mar Policy 155:105710. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105710
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e419">2023</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2024" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Fletcher R, Potts J (2024) Radical and incremental, a multi-leverage point approach to transformation in ocean governance. Sustain Sci. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-024-01507-4
 
 (In press)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e422">2024</a>). A growing and robust body of literature on the meaning of transformation has facilitated a common understanding that generally agrees on ‘fundamental’ change, yet the process and characteristics of change processes to achieve such change are often generic and under-explored (Blythe et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Blythe J, Armitage D, Bennett N, Silver JJ, Song AM (2021) Conditions and cautions for transforming ocean governance. Water Resilience 241–261. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48110-0
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e425">2021</a>; Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Potts J (2023) Untangling theories of transformation: reflections for ocean governance. Mar Policy 155:105710. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105710
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e428">2023</a>; Feola <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Feola G (2015) Societal transformation in response to global environmental change: a review of emerging concepts. Ambio 44(5):376–390. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0582-z
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e431">2015</a>).</p><p>Transformative change is a rapidly emerging and evolving area of inquiry, characterised by diverse interpretations and a lack of consensus. Well-established classifications of transformation exist in literature, including from a socio-ecological, socio-technical and general systems change perspective (Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Potts J (2023) Untangling theories of transformation: reflections for ocean governance. Mar Policy 155:105710. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105710
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e437">2023</a>; Feola <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Feola G (2015) Societal transformation in response to global environmental change: a review of emerging concepts. Ambio 44(5):376–390. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0582-z
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e440">2015</a>; Nalau and Handmer <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Nalau J, Handmer J (2015) When is transformation a viable policy alternative? Environ Sci Policy 54:349–356. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.07.022
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR62" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e443">2015</a>). Practically, however, diverse interpretations of transformation exist on the ground, resulting in confusion and a lack of trust (Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2024" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Fletcher R, Potts J (2024) Radical and incremental, a multi-leverage point approach to transformation in ocean governance. Sustain Sci. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-024-01507-4
 
 (In press)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e446">2024</a>). Generally, transformation is defined as ‘change that addresses the roots of persistent problems and results in a fundamentally different system’ (Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Potts J (2023) Untangling theories of transformation: reflections for ocean governance. Mar Policy 155:105710. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105710
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e449">2023</a>, p.7; Blythe et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Blythe JL, Gill DA, Claudet J, Bennett NJ, Gurney GG et al (2023) Blue justice: a review of emerging scholarship and resistance movements. Cambr Prisms: Coast Futur 1:e15. 
 https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2023.4
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e453">2023</a>), although there are multiple definitions that can be used. Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#Tab1">1</a> outlines the three key characteristics of transformation as informed by Fazey et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Fazey I, Schäpke N, Caniglia G, Patterson J, Hultman J et al (2018) Ten essentials for action-oriented and second order energy transitions, transformations and climate change research. Energy Res Soc Sci 40(December 2017):54–70. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.11.026
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e459">2018</a>). These include depth, pace, breadth and connectivity of change. In this research, a ‘deliberate’ conceptualisation of transformation is used, whereby change is actively sought through different interventions applied at different scales (Linnér and Wibeck <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Linnér BO, Wibeck V (2021) Drivers of sustainability transformations: leverage points, contexts and conjunctures. Sustain Sci 16(3):889–900. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00957-4
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR57" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e462">2021</a>). </p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 Definitions of evaluative criteria of interventions applied to the synthesised findings of the data collection and analysis process identified in the ‘<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#Sec2">Methods</a>’ section. Depth, pace and breadth are characteristics defined by Fazey et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Fazey I, Schäpke N, Caniglia G, Patterson J, Hultman J et al (2018) Ten essentials for action-oriented and second order energy transitions, transformations and climate change research. Energy Res Soc Sci 40(December 2017):54–70. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.11.026
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e478">2018</a>) with connectivity identified by Evans et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Potts J (2023) Untangling theories of transformation: reflections for ocean governance. Mar Policy 155:105710. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105710
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e481">2023</a>)</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Given the gaps in transformative literature identified above, this research explores the process of transformative change in a national government context to explore barriers and constraints to change in motion. In pursuit of a sustainable ocean future, the blue economy is often used as a concept for change. A plural and fluid concept, the blue economy generally advocates for sustainable economic growth of ocean, marine, coastal, freshwater and aquatic resources depending on the context, although interpretations of the concept vary drastically depending on the overarching development paradigm it is employed within (Silver et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Silver JJ, Gray NJ, Campbell LM, Fairbanks LW, Gruby RL (2015) Blue economy and competing discourses in international oceans governance. J Environ Dev 24(2):135–160. 
 https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496515580797
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e572">2015</a>; Voyer et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Voyer M, Quirk G, McIlgorm A, Azmi K (2018) Shades of blue: what do competing interpretations of the blue economy mean for oceans governance? J Environ Policy Plan 20(5):595–616. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2018.1473153
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR87" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e575">2018</a>; Bennett <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Bennett NJ (2019) Marine social science for the peopled seas. Coast Manag 47(2):244–252. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2019.1564958
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e578">2019</a>). Influential in global policy circles, the concept has inspired a series of national governmental changes to implement and progress towards a blue economy approach (Schutter et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Schutter MS, Hicks CC, Phelps J, Waterton C (2021) The blue economy as a boundary object for hegemony across scales. Mar Policy 132:104673. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104673
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR74" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e581">2021</a>; Voyer et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Voyer M, Benzaken D, Rambourg C (2022) Institutionalizing the blue economy: an examination of variations and consistencies among Commonwealth countries. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 377(1854):20210125. 
 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0125
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR88" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e584">2022</a>).</p><p>The blue economy represents a transformative change in ocean governance by integrating economic growth, environmental protection and social equity in pursuit of development (Cisneros-Montemayor et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Cisneros-Montemayor AM, Moreno-Báez M, Reygondeau G, Cheung WWL, Crosman KM, et al (2021) Enabling conditions for an equitable and sustainable blue economy. Nature 591(7850):396–401. 
 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03327-3
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e590">2021</a>; High Level Ocean Panel <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="High Level Ocean Panel (2020) Transformations for a sustainable ocean economy: a vision for protection, production and prosperity. High level ocean panel for a sustainable ocean economy" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e593">2020</a>). Specifically, the diversification of economic sectors and shifting emphasis onto ‘blue’ sectors is regarded as transformative (Cisneros-Montemayor et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Cisneros-Montemayor AM, Moreno-Báez M, Voyer M, Allison EH, Cheung WWL et al (2019) Social equity and benefits as the nexus of a transformative blue economy: a sectoral review of implications. Mar Policy 109. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103702
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e596">2019</a>). However, it should be made clear that this research adopts a neutral stance regarding whether the blue economy is an appropriate goal to be transforming towards. There is a growing voice within academic literature that opposes growing support for the BE, and questions whether it effectively realises issues of justice, equity and inclusivity. Schutter et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Schutter MS, Hicks CC, Phelps J, Waterton C (2021) The blue economy as a boundary object for hegemony across scales. Mar Policy 132:104673. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104673
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR74" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e599">2021</a>) argue that the blue economy is a way to further preserve power structures and capitalist ideologies in a way that seems ‘common sense’ and palatable. This logic to some precludes the blue economy from being a fully transformative paradigm. However, the concept has begun to be translated into international practice, to facilitate ‘transformation’ at national government levels. Voyer et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Voyer M, Benzaken D, Rambourg C (2022) Institutionalizing the blue economy: an examination of variations and consistencies among Commonwealth countries. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 377(1854):20210125. 
 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0125
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR88" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e602">2022</a>) explore the institutionalisation of the blue economy across Commonwealth states, identifying 33 countries actively engaging with the concept highlighting a global recognition of its importance and influence. Thus, given this wide traction, this research aims to explore how nations have begun to transform towards the concept to identify lessons learned for transformative change in general.</p><p>This research explores the ‘how’ of transformation within the context of the blue economy, specifically analysing the role of governments in facilitating transformation to a sustainable ocean future. By focusing specifically on the process (or journey) of transformation, this paper takes a different approach to the growing body of transformations literature which advocates for root-level or bottom-up transformation (Burch et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Burch S, Mitchell C, Berbes-Blazquez M, Wandel J (2017) Tipping toward transformation: progress, patterns and potential for climate change adaptation in the Global South. J Extreme Events 04(01):1750003. 
 https://doi.org/10.1142/s2345737617500038
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e609">2017</a>; Blythe et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018b" title="Blythe J, Silver J, Evans L, Armitage D, Bennett NJ et al (2018b) The dark side of transformation: latent risks in contemporary sustainability discourse. Antipode 50(5):1206–1223. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12405
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e612">2018b</a>; Davelaar <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Davelaar D (2021) Transformation for sustainability: a deep leverage points approach. Sustain Sci 16(3):727–747. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00872-0
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e615">2021</a>; Blythe et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Blythe JL, Gill DA, Claudet J, Bennett NJ, Gurney GG et al (2023) Blue justice: a review of emerging scholarship and resistance movements. Cambr Prisms: Coast Futur 1:e15. 
 https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2023.4
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e618">2023</a>). When faced with the practical reality of undertaking transformation, the role of governments is ambiguous; equally an enabler and frontier that must be contended with in pursuit of transformative change at any level (Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2024" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Fletcher R, Potts J (2024) Radical and incremental, a multi-leverage point approach to transformation in ocean governance. Sustain Sci. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-024-01507-4
 
 (In press)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e621">2024</a>). By exploring journeys of transformation towards a blue economy in Seychelles and Bangladesh, journeys of change are evaluated, and underlying influences that shaped change are explored.</p><p>Seychelles and Bangladesh were identified as provisional case studies through interviews with experts in ocean governance (Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2024" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Fletcher R, Potts J (2024) Radical and incremental, a multi-leverage point approach to transformation in ocean governance. Sustain Sci. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-024-01507-4
 
 (In press)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e627">2024</a>), and verified for fit through existing literature (Purvis <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Purvis M-T (2015) Seychelles blue economy strategy. Island Stud Indian Ocean 3:14–19. 
 http://www.finance.gov.sc/uploads/files/The_Blue_Economy_strategy.pdf
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e630">2015</a>; Rahman <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Rahman MR (2017) Blue economy and maritime cooperation in the Bay of Bengal: role of Bangladesh. Procedia Eng 194:356–361. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.157
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR71" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e633">2017</a>). Both countries have different economic, social and developmental contexts, and different conceptualisations of the blue economy. Thus, comparison of journeys of transformation is through analysis of themes and patterns rather than direct comparisons of different approaches. A comparative case study research method was therefore adopted. The purpose of this research is not to critique these conceptualisations but to explore the process by which change has occurred and the underlying factors enabling this process. This emphasis on process is further supported by the inclusion of a key actor within both the Seychelles and Bangladesh journey of transformation on the authorship of this paper. Prof. Pierre Failler contributed to both the Seychelles Blue Economy Action Plan, and was a consultant within the two year consultancy between the European Union and Government of Bangladesh.</p><p>By evaluating and presenting Seychelles and Bangladesh as independent examples of transformation, the process of transformation and possible underlying factors can be explored from different contextual conditions. From this exploration, a deeper understanding of transformation can be achieved and recommendations for creating and navigating transformative journeys can be identified. It is recognised that while these recommendations are primarily targeted at governments seeking transformation, the wider implications and findings are relevant to transformative theory and practice in general. In summary, through using the narrative of journeys of transformation towards the blue economy (‘<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#Sec3">Journeys of change</a>’ section), reflections for transformative change as a process can be gleaned as well as an exploration of the key underlying themes identified for transformative change (‘<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#Sec14">Synthesis and key themes</a>’ section).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Methods"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2">Methods</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><p>This research adopted a multi-case study approach, using data triangulation as a method of validation (Yin <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Yin RK (2018) Case study research and application: design and methods. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e653">2018</a>). Data triangulation is the process of using multiple sources of evidence to draw conclusions based on convergent findings and ensures the validity of conclusions drawn (Yin <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Yin RK (2018) Case study research and application: design and methods. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e656">2018</a>). Data collection involved desk-based literature reviews, informal conversations and formal interviews with practitioners, and in-field observations through fieldwork. A summary of the data collected is presented in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#Tab2">2</a>. All methods were ethically approved by the researcher’s host institution. </p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-2"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab2" data-test="table-caption">Table 2 Overview of methods employed in the research, including documents reviewed, number of formal and informal interviews and conversations</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y/tables/2" aria-label="Full size table 2"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>The objectives of the documentary analysis were to define key events since public commitment to the blue economy begin to map out impacts of these events and actions, and identify underpinning and supporting influences surrounding the event or action. These were then later validated and explored in informal conversations and formal interviews with practitioners involved with the blue economy from academic, governmental and stakeholder perspectives. In Bangladesh, attendance at the Ninth Intergovernmental Session of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Regional Committee (IOC-INDIO 9) for the Central Indian Ocean also provided observational data regarding Bangladesh’s progress towards the blue economy. The documentary analysis began with initial generic searches using the search term ‘blue economy’ AND ‘[specific country]’. It was then expanded following the initial sample of documents using a snowball technique. Documents included policies, academic articles, independent and NGO reports, and newspaper articles where appropriate. The possibility of documentation only being available in Creole, French or Bengali was also explored, and informal conversations negated this risk in Seychelles. Documents identified included reports, academic articles, government documents, news articles, speeches and press-releases.</p><p>There are relatively few actors engaging with the blue economy in both Seychelles and Bangladesh who would be able to give a long-term and holistic perspective of the journey of change experienced in each country resulting in a relatively small but knowledgeable and effective sample of interviewees. This small number of formal interviews was supplemented by informal conversations with actors not directly engaged from a government perspective, e.g. from arms length bodies or institutions. Given this small sample of interviewees, strict anonymity was therefore agreed to with all informal and formal interviewees. Given that the pool of possible interviewees is also small, it is also not possible to share background details of the interviewees due to a potential of being identifiable. Interview participants were identified through the documentary analysis and through recommendations of colleagues who had worked with Seychelles previously.</p><p>Informal conversations are natural and spontaneous interactions between the researcher and interviewee (Swain and King <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Swain J, King B (2022) Using informal conversations in qualitative research. Int J Qual Methods 21:160940692210850. 
 https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221085056
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR83" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e767">2022</a>). These were held primarily as scoping conversations prior to fieldwork in Seychelles and throughout IOC-INDIO 9 in response to emerging discussions in Bangladesh. The conversations varied thematically and were not recorded or transcribed to allow for authentic engagement and to encourage participants to voice their unfiltered opinions (Swain and King <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Swain J, King B (2022) Using informal conversations in qualitative research. Int J Qual Methods 21:160940692210850. 
 https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221085056
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR83" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e770">2022</a>). In contrast, formal interviews were semi-structured and prearranged. Formal interviews also lasted longer than informal interviews (on average an hour) and allowed for deeper discussion. Interviewees were identified from early scoping conversations and from documentary analysis. Key topics discussed included opinions of respective countries transformations towards the blue economy and possible barriers and enablers of change. All interviews (formal and informal) had strict anonymisation agreements, meaning that interviews were not recorded with notes taken during the interview. Both formal and informal interviews were asked to reflect on how the blue economy transformation is being achieved, what the key moments of change were and how they supported further change, and what the barriers and opportunities were to transformation. The formal interviews and informal conversations were semi-structured, allowing for the flexibility to be retained to discuss areas of interest to the interviewee (Yin <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Yin RK (2018) Case study research and application: design and methods. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e773">2018</a>).</p><p>Notes from interviews, informal conversations and documentary analysis were analysed through four strategies of case study analysis, detailed by Yin (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Yin RK (2018) Case study research and application: design and methods. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e780">2018</a>). These include analysing data through theoretical propositions, developing a descriptive framework of the transformative journey experienced by both cases, inductive reasoning and examining rival explanations for findings. Foundational analytical techniques of grounded theory, including memoing throughout data collection and analysis, mind mapping and constructing exploratory concept maps, were used throughout analysis (Yin <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Yin RK (2018) Case study research and application: design and methods. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e783">2018</a>; Birks and Mills <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Birks M, Mills J (2015) Grounded theory: a practical guide. SAGE Publications" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e786">2015</a>).</p><p>Several difficulties with the formal interview approach were encountered in both Seychelles and Bangladesh. Firstly, it was difficult to obtain pre-fieldwork scoping conversations in Bangladesh, with interviewees preferring a formal interview approach. The opposite was observed in Seychelles, where interviewees were more inclined to have an informal conversation than a formal interview. No NGO aligned with the blue economy could be identified in Bangladesh resulting in a critical loss of ‘outsider’ or independent perspectives regarding the blue economy. In contrast, no government officials in Seychelles accepted a formal interview invitation.</p><p>Synthesising and refining findings from across data sources were achieved by using grounded theory methods. These included constant memoing, mind mapping and constructing exploratory diagrams such as concept maps throughout fieldwork, analysis and synthesis (Simons <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Simons H (2009) Listen, look, document: methods in case study research. In: Case study research in practice. SAGE Publications, Ltd. 
 https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446268322
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR81" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e795">2009</a>; Yin <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Yin RK (2018) Case study research and application: design and methods. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e798">2018</a>). Such analytical techniques allowed for different themes, patterns and thoughts to emerge from the different data sources and be evidenced across multiple strands of evidence (Charmaz <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Charmaz K (2014) Constructing grounded theory: a practical guide through qualitative analysis. SAGE Publications Ltd" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e801">2014</a>).</p><p>To assist in narrative structure, journeys were explored through defining characteristics of transformation: depth, breadth, connectivity and pace (Fazey et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Fazey I, Schäpke N, Caniglia G, Patterson J, Hultman J et al (2018) Ten essentials for action-oriented and second order energy transitions, transformations and climate change research. Energy Res Soc Sci 40(December 2017):54–70. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.11.026
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e807">2018</a>; Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Potts J (2023) Untangling theories of transformation: reflections for ocean governance. Mar Policy 155:105710. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105710
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e810">2023</a>). To support narrative flow, depth and breadth are presented in the same section. A summary of these criteria and how they have been interpreted in the context of government-led change is presented in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#Tab1">1</a> in the introduction. Connectivity of interventions was also identified as an additional characteristic of transformative interventions. Where relevant, reflections on leverage points as part of a systems change approach have also been included, with the understanding that leverage points are places to intervene in a system where impact is disproportionate to effort (Abson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Abson DJ, Fischer J, Leventon J, Newig J, Schomerus T et al (2017) Leverage points for sustainability transformation. Ambio 46(1):30–39. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0800-y
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e816">2017</a>). This research also begins to consider what is missing from these transformative journeys, outlined in the ‘<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#Sec19">Blue justice as an evidence gap</a>’ section.</p><p>Part of the challenge of sharing the results of case study–based research is clearly describing where interviewee perspectives, findings from documentary analysis and observational data coalesce or diverge free from researcher bias. Therefore, this article uses ‘Thick Description’ as a technique to describe events and experiences alongside broader contextual factors (Yin <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Yin RK (2018) Case study research and application: design and methods. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e825">2018</a>). While much of these findings have come from experiences of those ‘on-the-ground’, it is important to further embed this analysis in practitioner experiences. It is easy to theoretically highlight how neat the connectivity and pace of change looks from an outsider perspective, and how it was experienced by those directly involved in the journey of change. It is easy to visualise and map the logic and interacting nature of change when evaluating pathways of change, but one interviewee who worked closely with the government throughout this time felt that there were long periods of inactivity. They felt that there was an often interrupted pace of government-driven change towards the BE, which resulted in people becoming disengaged with the wider blue economy direction, making it difficult to re-energise, create or re-introduce interventions. They attributed periods of inaction to capacity issues, such as staff availability. This is an important difference between the academic analysis of these journeys of transformation, versus the lived-on the ground experiences of those experiencing and creating transformative change, which must be continuously re-examined.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Journeys of change"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec3">Journeys of change</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec3-content"><p>This section describes the journey of transformation of government-led progress towards the blue economy in Seychelles and Bangladesh. The section begins by outlining the general characteristics of the blue economy followed by an analysis of the journey of change through the framework outlined in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#Tab2">2</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4">Seychelles</h3><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec5">General characteristics and overview of blue economy</h4><p>Seychelles is a small-island large ocean state in the Western Indian Ocean, with a total offshore area equal to around 3000 times its landmass (World Bank <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="World Bank (2017) The republic of Seychelles systematic country diagnostic (P155250). 114289-SC. World Bank. 
 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27559
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e850">2017</a>; Silver and Campbell <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Silver JJ, Campbell LM (2018) Conservation, development and the blue frontier: the Republic of Seychelles’ Debt Restructuring for Marine Conservation and Climate Adaptation Program. Int Soc Sci J 68(229–230):241–256. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12156
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR79" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e853">2018</a>). The ocean is an important element of Seychellois culture, heritage and economy (Laing <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Laing S (2021) Socio-economic assessment of the Blue Economy in Seychelles" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e856">2021</a>). Seychelles is widely regarded as a pioneer of the blue economy and a breadth of literature exists evaluating and learning from the Seychellois experience such as Benzaken et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Benzaken D, Voyer M, Pouponneau A, Hanich Q (2022) Good governance for sustainable blue economy in small islands: lessons learned from the Seychelles experience. Front Polit Sci 4. 
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.1040318
 
 . Accessed 2 Dec 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e859">2022</a>) which evaluates the Seychellois governance transformation through the conceptual framework of good governance (Pouponneau <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Pouponneau A (2023) Blue economy: the perspectives of small island developing states. Small S Territ 6(1). 
 https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/109183
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR69" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e862">2023</a>; Schutter and Hicks <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Schutter MS, Hicks CC (2019) Networking the blue economy in seychelles: pioneers, resistance, and the power of influence. J Polit Ecol 26(1):425–447. 
 https://doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.23102
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR73" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e866">2019</a>).</p><p>Seychelles has been at the forefront of the blue economy since its conceptualisation in 2012, and national policy commitments to the blue economy were made as early as 2012 (Benzaken et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Benzaken D, Voyer M, Pouponneau A, Hanich Q (2022) Good governance for sustainable blue economy in small islands: lessons learned from the Seychelles experience. Front Polit Sci 4. 
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.1040318
 
 . Accessed 2 Dec 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e872">2022</a>). The blue economy as a policy vision was adopted within an overarching narrative of economic reform which began in the late 2000s coupled with a growing international recognition and redefining of the role of ‘blue’ economies as part of the Rio + 20 Conference (Silver and Campbell <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Silver JJ, Campbell LM (2018) Conservation, development and the blue frontier: the Republic of Seychelles’ Debt Restructuring for Marine Conservation and Climate Adaptation Program. Int Soc Sci J 68(229–230):241–256. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12156
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR79" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e875">2018</a>; Benzaken and Hoareau <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Benzaken D, Hoareau K (2021) 8 From concept to practice. In: The Blue Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Working for a sustainable future. Taylor & Francis Group, p 17" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e878">2021</a>). Until mid-2023, Seychelles was the only country in Africa to have a national policy document related to the blue economy (Namibia being the only other country since), where the other blue economy documents in the continent remain as strategies or action plans (March et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2024" title="March A, Bennett M, Germishuizen M, Evans T, Failler P (2024) The status of blue economy development in Africa. Mar Policy 165:106205. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106205
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e881">2024</a>).</p><p>Since early policy commitments to the blue economy, the resulting interventions have been diverse and extend across different sectors and scales of the blue economy system. Deliberate interventions such as creating policies, financial innovation, fostering international collaboration and internal governance change have been implemented to facilitate progress. The energy driving the system oscillates between traditional leadership, the geopolitical importance of the ‘brand’ of the BE and the engagement of influential external influencers such as The Nature Conservancy, the World Bank Group and the Commonwealth Secretariat. Important ‘levers’ which catalysed change included innovative and pioneering financial processes; however, these were designed to include long-term management and capacity-generating initiatives such as marine spatial planning rather than singular point-in-time interventions, as is typically envisioned or interpreted with leverage points (Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2024" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Fletcher R, Potts J (2024) Radical and incremental, a multi-leverage point approach to transformation in ocean governance. Sustain Sci. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-024-01507-4
 
 (In press)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e887">2024</a>).</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec6">Connectivity of actions</h4><p>Connectivity was a defining element of change identified in the Seychellois experience, whereby interventions existed as part of a suite of activity that formed part of a long-term vision or a predefined pattern of change. An example of an event which has led to a ‘cascade’ of change is the Debt for Nature Swap which supports an marine spatial planning (MSP) process which has led to 30% MPA coverage (State House <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="State House (2020) Seychelles designates 30% of its EEZ as marine protected area. State House. Available at: 
 https://www.statehouse.gov.sc/news/4787/seychelles-designates-30-of-its-eez-as-marine-protected-area
 
 . Accessed 2 July 2023" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR82" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e898">2020</a>), as indicated by the documentary analysis and interviewee responses. External support from The Nature Conservancy (TNC) in particular played a significant role in conceiving, negotiating and procuring the capital for the swap (Silver and Campbell <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Silver JJ, Campbell LM (2018) Conservation, development and the blue frontier: the Republic of Seychelles’ Debt Restructuring for Marine Conservation and Climate Adaptation Program. Int Soc Sci J 68(229–230):241–256. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12156
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR79" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e901">2018</a>). The MSP process is ongoing, and includes stakeholder consultations, co-creative zoning exercises and mapping of marine areas (SeyMSP <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="SeyMSP (2022) SeyMSP Jan 2022 Update. SeyMSP. 
 https://seymsp.com/wpcontent/uploads/2022/02/Seychelles_MSP_Update_Jan2022_FINAL.pdf
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR77" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e904">2022</a>).</p><p>This connectivity and relatively long-term perspective of interventions is directly enabled by two factors. Firstly, a supportive enabling environment was created through high level political leadership (explored further in the ‘<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#Sec18">Leadership</a>’ section) and an existing context of ‘aggressive’ economic reform already in motion in Seychelles (Silver and Campbell <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Silver JJ, Campbell LM (2018) Conservation, development and the blue frontier: the Republic of Seychelles’ Debt Restructuring for Marine Conservation and Climate Adaptation Program. Int Soc Sci J 68(229–230):241–256. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12156
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR79" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e913">2018</a>, p. 248). Secondly, deep support from external agencies such as TNC (who provide ongoing financial and technical support for the MSP initiative) and the World Bank (who supported the establishment of the Blue Bonds Scheme (Baker et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Baker S, Constant N, Nicol P (2023) Oceans justice: trade-offs between sustainable development goals in the Seychelles. Mar Policy 147:105357. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105357
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e916">2023</a>)) has sustained interventions across periods of political change. In short, the ‘leverage point’ of finance was activated by external stakeholders in partnership with the government but was sustained through a rich enabling context that includes Seychelles’ long-term commitment to financial restructuring and strong support from international agencies, as noted by interviewees. Further reflection on the role of international support will be explored in the ‘<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#Sec17">International support</a>’ section.</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec7">Pace</h4><p>The results of the documentary analysis made it clear that change has occurred in two phases in Seychelles. Between 2012 and 2020, interventions happened fairly continuously, comprising a mix of activities across different areas of governance. These included early ambitious conservation targets, stakeholder consultations, consistent refinement of institutional arrangements and innovative financing mechanisms for local-level change through the creation of the Seychelles Conservation and Climate Adaptation Trust (SeyCCAT). The pace of change has varied over time, with early years characterised by a flurry of government-led interventions, innovation and international leadership followed by slower change as underlying politics changed.</p><p>The timeline presented in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#Fig1">1</a> shows a near-constant state of creation, experimentation and refinement in Seychelles with the exception of 2016 when the opposition party won a majority for the first time since 1979. This set in motion a wave of political change, including former President James A. Michel stepping down later in 2016 after 12 years of presidency. All interviewees identified that President Michel was pivotal in advocating for the blue economy on a national and international scale and was ultimately succeeded by President Danny Faure until 2020, and was then succeeded by opposition President Wavel Ramkalawan. The blue economy was a hallmark of President Michels’s tenure, and it is not clear to what extent the blue economy is a priority for the current party. Benzaken et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Benzaken D, Voyer M, Pouponneau A, Hanich Q (2022) Good governance for sustainable blue economy in small islands: lessons learned from the Seychelles experience. Front Polit Sci 4. 
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.1040318
 
 . Accessed 2 Dec 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e936">2022</a>) suggest that a decline in support for the blue economy is related to changes in political leadership which has weakened the blue economy as a national priority. In 2020, the Department of Blue Economy was moved to the Ministry of Fisheries and Blue Economy from its position of political power in the Vice President’s Office, leading to concern by some interviewees regarding a loss of influence and political power.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10113-024-02336-y/MediaObjects/10113_2024_2336_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10113-024-02336-y/MediaObjects/10113_2024_2336_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="685" height="470"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>Timeline of change in Seychelles and Bangladesh, highlighting institutional, policy and financial changes. Also highlighted are leading roles in international events, progression of marine spatial planning initiatives and stakeholder events. Where relevant, wider contextual factors such as elections have been included. A more detailed and referenced table can be found in the supplementary information</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Additionally, two interviewees (both formal and informal) attributed Seychelles being an international pioneer as being key in driving action nationally. All interviewees highlighted the role of the blue economy in foreign policy, which has influenced national-level decision-making as noted by Schutter and Hicks (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Schutter MS, Hicks CC (2019) Networking the blue economy in seychelles: pioneers, resistance, and the power of influence. J Polit Ecol 26(1):425–447. 
 https://doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.23102
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR73" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e959">2019</a>). This aligns with Benzaken et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Benzaken D, Voyer M, Pouponneau A, Hanich Q (2022) Good governance for sustainable blue economy in small islands: lessons learned from the Seychelles experience. Front Polit Sci 4. 
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.1040318
 
 . Accessed 2 Dec 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e962">2022</a>, p.17)’s perspective that the blue economy in Seychelles is ‘serving an international agenda’. International recognition has unlocked resources and opportunities at an early stage in the blue economy journey, such as the Debt for Nature Swap and ongoing support of TNC (Schutter et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Schutter MS, Hicks CC, Phelps J, Waterton C (2021) The blue economy as a boundary object for hegemony across scales. Mar Policy 132:104673. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104673
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR74" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e965">2021</a>). This was achieved by strong political leadership by President Michel, which was identified by two formal interviewees as being integral at an early stage to begin to inspire and build momentum (Benzaken et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Benzaken D, Voyer M, Pouponneau A, Hanich Q (2022) Good governance for sustainable blue economy in small islands: lessons learned from the Seychelles experience. Front Polit Sci 4. 
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.1040318
 
 . Accessed 2 Dec 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e968">2022</a>). With the political change in 2020, however, it is unclear how or if this momentum will be sustained.</p><p>Pace was also perceived to have been driven in part by ‘the need to be constantly doing something’ as noted by a formal interviewee. This perception stems from both the government-driven nature of change and the weight and attention gained from the status as an international pioneer. There are challenges and tensions noted with the recognition of international leadership, including competition between states, and the pressure of maintaining hegemony in securing resources (Schutter et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Schutter MS, Hicks CC, Phelps J, Waterton C (2021) The blue economy as a boundary object for hegemony across scales. Mar Policy 132:104673. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104673
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR74" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e974">2021</a>). One interviewee reflected on the pressure felt and noted that the need to be constantly at the forefront of innovation for the BE, or constantly needing to be moving forward, could in fact be a barrier or detriment to meaningful change on the ground. This was portrayed by the interviewee as being a ‘tightrope’ of government responsibilities: the need to create deep and meaningful change, yet also be seen as constantly ‘doing’. This raises issues for theoretical interpretations of transformation which differ with respect to the sharp delineation between incremental (slow, stepwise) and radical (fast, nonlinear) change (Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Potts J (2023) Untangling theories of transformation: reflections for ocean governance. Mar Policy 155:105710. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105710
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e977">2023</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2024" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Fletcher R, Potts J (2024) Radical and incremental, a multi-leverage point approach to transformation in ocean governance. Sustain Sci. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-024-01507-4
 
 (In press)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e980">2024</a>). This also represents an operational context that must be considered when evaluating government-led interventions.</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec8">Depth and breadth</h4><p>For change to be considered ‘deep’, it is proposed that it must change values that underpin the system which allow the system to operate as it currently does (Abson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Abson DJ, Fischer J, Leventon J, Newig J, Schomerus T et al (2017) Leverage points for sustainability transformation. Ambio 46(1):30–39. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0800-y
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e991">2017</a>; Davelaar <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Davelaar D (2021) Transformation for sustainability: a deep leverage points approach. Sustain Sci 16(3):727–747. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00872-0
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e994">2021</a>). Change has been predominantly top-down and driven largely by the government, but the creation of SeyCCAT has significant potential to create niche-level and bottom-up change in the long term. The Blue Grants Fund, which is part of the Debt for Nature Swap, is available in three tiers, small (up to SCR 100,000), medium (up to 1 million SCR) and large projects (up to 2 million SCR), effectively fostering local action at a range of different scales. Completed projects vary in scope, such as capacity-generating initiatives, coastal mapping projects and documentary films (SeyCCAT, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference n.d." title="SeyCCAT (n.d.) On-going SeyCCAT partnerships and projects. Available at: 
 https://seyccat.org/projects/
 
 . Accessed 2 July 2023" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR76" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e997">n.d.</a>). Over time, these projects will facilitate a pipeline of creativity, knowledge and capacity in blue futures. It was noted by interviewees that SeyCCAT plays an increasingly important role in engagement and awareness raising of the blue economy with wider society and key sectors, and is noted as a de-facto leader by Benzaken et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Benzaken D, Voyer M, Pouponneau A, Hanich Q (2022) Good governance for sustainable blue economy in small islands: lessons learned from the Seychelles experience. Front Polit Sci 4. 
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.1040318
 
 . Accessed 2 Dec 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1000">2022</a>). The independent role of the Trust fosters confidence due to the requirement for transparency and accountability as part of the Debt for Nature Swap (Benzaken et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Benzaken D, Voyer M, Pouponneau A, Hanich Q (2022) Good governance for sustainable blue economy in small islands: lessons learned from the Seychelles experience. Front Polit Sci 4. 
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.1040318
 
 . Accessed 2 Dec 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1003">2022</a>).</p><p>One interviewee stressed that the true transformation in Seychelles concerns the way in which people interact and work with each other within the government. Specifically, this was attributed to changing visions and priorities of internal government information flows as part of a wider visioning process to generate the Blue Economy Strategy (2015). This idea of transformation as being fundamentally people and process driven is unique, and contrasts with established ideas of leverage points or deep change but aligns with ideas presented by interviewees in Evans et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2024" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Fletcher R, Potts J (2024) Radical and incremental, a multi-leverage point approach to transformation in ocean governance. Sustain Sci. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-024-01507-4
 
 (In press)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1009">2024</a>). As discussed in Evans et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2024" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Fletcher R, Potts J (2024) Radical and incremental, a multi-leverage point approach to transformation in ocean governance. Sustain Sci. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-024-01507-4
 
 (In press)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1012">2024</a>), ideas of what constitutes a transformation are person dependent, diverse and need to exist in a puzzle of multiple interventions to create change.</p><p>In summary, these different ideas of depth represent a major challenge to accountability and a tension with the identified need to be ‘seen doing something’ as a government. While this internal and organisational transformation contributes to the transformational objective of integrative governance, to external actors interviewed, this activity is regarded as being slow. Pursuing this disconnect between internal organisation and wider governance transformation would be a promising area of further research, especially within the context of government intervention.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec9">Bangladesh</h3><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec10">General characteristics</h4><p>Following the delimitation of maritime boundaries in 2014, ocean, marine and coastal economic opportunities have come to the forefront of Bangladesh’s policy and economic development agenda (Failler et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Failler P, Hussain MG, Alam MK, Al Karim A (2019) Policy interventions for the development of the blue economy in Bangladesh. J Ocean Coast Econ 6(2). 
 https://doi.org/10.15351/2373-8456.1099
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1031">2019</a>). Bangladesh is a part of the Bay of Bengal, an area of complex geopolitical challenges, characterised by Alam (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Alam KM (2021) Emerging maritime development in the bay of Bengal – an opinion. Bangladesh Marit J (Special Issue) 77–84. 
 https://doi.org/10.4172/2473-3350.1000466
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1034">2021</a>, p. 78) as ‘an area of mistrust and tensions’ with maritime order described as ‘calm but fragile’. Within the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh’s maritime zone extends 118,813 km<sup>2</sup>, resulting in an area that is almost the size of Bangladesh itself (Islam and Mostaque <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Islam M, Mostaque L (2019) Blue Economy and Bangladesh: lessons and policy implications. Economics 2(2):1–21" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1039">2019</a>). Its coastal zone accounts for 32% of the country’s landmass (Shuva and Uddin <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Shuva MDSH, Uddin MM (2021) Marine spatial planning in Bangladesh: a review. 
 https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5884875
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1042">2021</a>). Its geographic context makes the low-lying deltic country extremely vulnerable to natural hazards such as coastal inundation and flooding exacerbated by climate change (Iqbal and Kutubuddin <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Iqbal MK, Kutubuddin WH (2021) Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100: charting a course for sustainable ocean governance and maritime development. Bangladesh Marit J Special Issue:59–76" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR51" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1046">2021</a>). The blue economy is regarded as an economic development paradigm and has been identified as a priority in pursuit of achieving middle-income status both by 2021 and 2030 (Government of Bangladesh <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Government of Bangladesh (2015) 7th Five Year Plan. General Economics Division, Bangladesh Planning Commission" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1049">2015</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Government of Bangladesh (2020) 8th Five Year Plan. General Economics Division, Bangladesh Planning Commission." href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1052">2020</a>; Islam and Shamsuddoha <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Islam MM, Shamsuddoha M (2018) Coastal and marine conservation strategy for Bangladesh in the context of achieving blue growth and sustainable development goals (SDGs). Environ Sci Policy 87:45–54. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.05.014
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1055">2018</a>).</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec11">Connectivity</h4><p>Interventions had limited connectivity in Bangladesh, as identified by interviewees and documentary analysis. Generally, an intervention or event was undertaken at a point in time, and not subsequently continued or followed up on, as described by one formal interviewee. This is further corroborated by the statement of actions outlined in the Seventh Five Year Plan (2015), which were then re-stated in the Eighth Five Year Plan (2020), with limited evidence as to what progress was made. This can be attributed to a lack of transparency, as it was often difficult to identify the progress or activities of the High Level Blue Economy Committee or the Blue Economy Cell from published outputs. Government interviewees generally commented on activities of the Blue Economy Cell which could not be independently verified in any publicly available document or by any interviewees outside the government. This contributes to a general perception of ‘nothing really happening’ held by several interviewees both within and outside of the government. This lack of progress was attributed by interviewees to a diversity of factors, including strong leadership, a lack of technical capacity and knowledge, and lack of clarity regarding the direction of travel.</p><p>A notable exception was the European Union-Government of Bangladesh (EU-BGD) Joint Collaboration on Blue Economy (2018) project. The project delivered in collaboration with the Government of Bangladesh and an external consultant (a named co-author of the paper, as outlined in the methods), a series of workshops, seminars and capacity building initiatives such as training and knowledge exchange programmes to develop the Bangladesh Blue Economy Strategy (2018). This is supported by a Blue Economy Work Plan, which is not available in English. Between 2016 and 2018, a diverse set of activities were held (Failler et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Failler P, Hussain MG, Al Karim A, Alam K (2018) Inputs for the Blue Economy Strategy, organised by the Maritime Affairs Unit, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Bangladesh with the support of the European Union in associateion with the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, p 19" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1069">2018</a>) with a high degree of interconnectedness between them. However, since the end of the project, limited further action has been undertaken as described by interviewees.</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec12">Pace</h4><p>The main driver for the blue economy identified by interviewees was the new economic opportunities of ocean spaces following the delineation of maritime zones within the Bay of Bengal coupled with a strong national desire for economic development. In 2014, the Government of Bangladesh undertook a series of interventions which included formulating a High Level Blue Economy Committee and convening an international workshop (Bari <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Bari A (2017) Our oceans and the blue economy: opportunities and challenges. Procedia Eng 194:5–11. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.109
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1080">2017</a>; Alam <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Alam KM (2021) Emerging maritime development in the bay of Bengal – an opinion. Bangladesh Marit J (Special Issue) 77–84. 
 https://doi.org/10.4172/2473-3350.1000466
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1083">2021</a>). However, as identified in the ‘<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#Sec10">General characteristics</a>’ section, it is difficult to identify how these actions facilitated or enabled further actions through interviews or documentary analysis.</p><p>A period of intense activity as part of the EU-BGD project was experienced between 2016 and 2018, followed by a re-emphasis of the blue economy in the Eighth Five Year Plan in 2020. Several interviewees felt that activity had stalled since the EU-BGD project, and those outside of the government felt that progress had stopped completely. Those inside the government, however, emphasised the importance of internal technical and capacity building work being undertaken but this could not be verified by external literature. Similar to Seychelles, this echoes the tension between the need to be seen to be constantly doing something versus creating deep change, and maintaining a sustained pace of change. An interpretation of this perceived lack of action would be to attribute this to the unglamorous and often not publicised work of building internal capacity and coordination, similar to the work described in Seychelles as being people focused. However, this experience closely mirrors the early Coastal Zone Policy of Bangladesh, released in 2006, which faced a similar deterioration of interest and momentum (Ahmad <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Ahmad H (2019) Bangladesh coastal zone management status and future trends. J Coast Zone Manag 22(1):1–7" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1092">2019</a>).</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec13">Depth and breadth</h4><p>It is clear from the documentary analysis and interviews that a traditional approach to transformation has been adopted: top-down government-led change, which has focused on creation of policy and internal structural and departmental change rather than diffusing change across multiple scales. This is in contrast to the definition of structural transformation defined by Scoones et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Scoones I, Stirling A, Abrol D, Atela J, Charli-Joseph L et al (2020) Transformations to sustainability: combining structural, systemic and enabling approaches. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 42:65–75. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.12.004
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1103">2020</a>) whereby structural change refers to changes to facilitate changing ‘ideological underpinnings of social systems’ (Scoones et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Scoones I, Stirling A, Abrol D, Atela J, Charli-Joseph L et al (2020) Transformations to sustainability: combining structural, systemic and enabling approaches. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 42:65–75. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.12.004
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1106">2020</a>, p. 66). Thus, in Bangladesh, interventions can be characterised as shallow as they do not engage with this depth of action but rather focus on reorganisation.</p><p>Since early adoption of the blue economy in policy, interventions have tended to be institutional in scope. It is not clear to what extent the generation of new governance structures (the High Level Blue Economy Committee; Blue Economy Cell) is reconfigurations of the existing institutional structures, or whether fundamentally change the process of decision-making across the government, and interviewees were unsure. A key structural change was the establishment of a Blue Economy Cell in 2017 with the mandate of coordinating blue economy initiatives across sectoral ministries (Islam and Mostaque <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Islam M, Mostaque L (2019) Blue Economy and Bangladesh: lessons and policy implications. Economics 2(2):1–21" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1112">2019</a>). Additional responsibilities include the requirement to ‘better chart a path toward sustainable development of the ocean area, and to answer key questions about implementation of the five-year development plan’ (Patil et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Patil PG, Virdin J, Colgan CS, Hussain MG, Failler P et al (2019) Initial measures of the economic activity linked to Bangladesh’s ocean space, and implications for the country’s blue economy policy objectives. J Ocean Coast Econ 6(2). 
 https://doi.org/10.15351/2373-8456.1119
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR67" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1115">2019</a>). In total, around 17 departments and bodies fall under the mandate of the Blue Economy Cell’s mandate (Haque <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Haque MDR (2021) Blue Diplomacy of Bangladesh: connectivity, capabilities, and challenges. 1–11. 
 https://doi.org/10.33422/3rd.icrbmf.2021.07.05
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1118">2021</a>). Interviewees also noted that coordination of actors within the blue economy was a key activity of the Cell.</p><p>Since the creation of these internal coordination mechanisms, governance of coastal and ocean environments in Bangladesh is still fragmented with resources in ocean and coastal spaces managed by around 20 ministries (General Economics Division <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="General Economics Division (2021) Promoting sustainable Blue Economy in Bangladesh through sustainable Blue Bond: assessing the feasibility of instituting Blue Bond in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Planning Commission, Government of Bangladesh" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1124">2021</a>). Governance recommendations from the EU-BGD project, World Bank, and an ongoing (2020–2023) UNDP project emphasise the need for cross-government coordination and collaboration processes to be established in addition to the creation of the Blue Economy Cell (Hussain et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Hussain MG, Failler P, Al Karim A, Alam MK (2018) Major opportunities of blue economy development in Bangladesh. J Indian Ocean Reg 14(1):88–99. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2017.1368250
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1127">2018</a>; Patil et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Patil PG, Virdin J, Colgan CS, Hussain MG, Failler P et al (2018) Toward a Blue Economy: a pathway for Bangladesh’s sustainable growth. May:109. 
 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/30014
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR66" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1130">2018</a>; General Economics Division <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="General Economics Division (2021) Promoting sustainable Blue Economy in Bangladesh through sustainable Blue Bond: assessing the feasibility of instituting Blue Bond in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Planning Commission, Government of Bangladesh" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1133">2021</a>). Thus, while a clear imperative and deeper need for restructuring is identified, it is not clear to interviewees and as a result of this analysis, whether these interventions have actually had deep impact and changed the root causes of siloed decision-making.</p><p>Change was also largely focused internally within the government rather than across multiple scales, as evidenced through the interviews. It was also difficult to identify stakeholder or actors ‘on the ground’ to include in this analysis, which may result in a risk of critical or supportive opinion of the process of transformation surrounding how those affected by the transformation envisioned by the government perceive it. This is a significant risk to transformation and there seems to be no organised or concerted effort to engage stakeholders beyond academia, government personnel, naval and port authorities in either visualising or creating change, raising serious concerns for equity (Blythe et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018b" title="Blythe J, Silver J, Evans L, Armitage D, Bennett NJ et al (2018b) The dark side of transformation: latent risks in contemporary sustainability discourse. Antipode 50(5):1206–1223. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12405
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1139">2018b</a>).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Synthesis and key themes"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec14-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec14">Synthesis and key themes</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec14-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec15">Reflections on journeys of change</h3><p>In Seychelles, a rich combination of manufactured and emergent contextual and external factors intersected to support government-led change in pursuit of the blue economy. However, concerns remain surrounding future trajectories due to political change. Seychelles is therefore existing in a state of continuous transformation, whereby interventions evolve over time building on previous actions. The multi-intervention approach has parallels to theories of continuous change and ‘small wins’ in organisational change management literature (Plowman et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Plowman DA, Baker LT, Beck TE, Kulkarni M, Solansky ST et al (2007) Radical change accidentally: the emergence and amplification of small change. Acad Manag J 50(3):515–543. 
 https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2007.25525647
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR68" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1156">2007</a>; Termeer and Metze <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Termeer CJAM, Metze TAP (2019) More than peanuts: transformation towards a circular economy through a small-wins governance framework. J Clean Prod 240:118272. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118272
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1159">2019</a>; Schagen et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Schagen OM, Metze TAP, de Olde EM, Termeer CJAM (2022) Energizing a transformation to a circular bioeconomy: mechanisms to spread, deepen and broaden initiatives. Sustain Sci. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01249-11
 
 (Preprint)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR72" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1162">2022</a>). A defining characteristic of this approach is continuous learning and multiple, deep ‘small wins’ across the system (Schagen et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Schagen OM, Metze TAP, de Olde EM, Termeer CJAM (2022) Energizing a transformation to a circular bioeconomy: mechanisms to spread, deepen and broaden initiatives. Sustain Sci. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01249-11
 
 (Preprint)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR72" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1165">2022</a>). As identified above, however, it is not clear to what extent the interventions led by the Government of Seychelles can be considered deep if they are not targeting underlying power dynamics or values guiding ocean governance (Abson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Abson DJ, Fischer J, Leventon J, Newig J, Schomerus T et al (2017) Leverage points for sustainability transformation. Ambio 46(1):30–39. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0800-y
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1168">2017</a>; Blythe et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Blythe JL, Gill DA, Claudet J, Bennett NJ, Gurney GG et al (2023) Blue justice: a review of emerging scholarship and resistance movements. Cambr Prisms: Coast Futur 1:e15. 
 https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2023.4
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1172">2023</a>).</p><p>This process of continuous change, while advocated for in ocean governance transformations (Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2024" title="Evans T, Fletcher S, Failler P, Fletcher R, Potts J (2024) Radical and incremental, a multi-leverage point approach to transformation in ocean governance. Sustain Sci. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-024-01507-4
 
 (In press)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1178">2024</a>), has similarities to an existing model of transformation in socio-ecological systems which conceptualises transformation as occurring in three phases, which may occur simultaneously. Olsson et al.’s (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Olsson P, Folke C, Hahn T (2004) Social-ecological transformation for ecosystem management: the development of adaptive co-management of a wetland landscape in southern Sweden. Ecol Soc 9(4). 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00683-090402
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1181">2004</a>) model separates transformative processes into a preparatory phase, which is then catalysed by windows of opportunities, before moving into a final phase of building resilience in the new state. While it is recognised that there is fluidity and flexibility in these phases, it does not reflect the slower, evolutionary process of change undertaken in Seychelles currently. Furthermore, identifying a ‘window of opportunity’ or catalyst for transformation is difficult and contested as an approach (Moore et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Moore ML, Tjornbo O, Enfors E, Knapp C, Hodbod J et al (2014) Studying the complexity of change: toward an analytical framework for understanding deliberate social-ecological transformations. Ecol Soc 19(4). 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06966-190454
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR60" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1184">2014</a>; Moore et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Moore M-L, Hermanus L, Drimie S, Rose L, Mbaligontsi M et al (2023) Disrupting the opportunity narrative: navigating transformation in times of uncertainty and crisis. Sustain Sci. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-023-01340-1
 
 (Preprint)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR61" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1187">2023</a>; Blythe et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018a" title="Blythe J, Cohen P, Abernethy K, Evans L (2018a) Navigating the transformation to community-based resource management. Governing Coast Commons May 2018:141–156. 
 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315688480-8
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1190">2018a</a>). From a Seychellois experience, opportunity for change was created through a context of ongoing economic reform, leadership, and willingness to innovate.</p><p>In Bangladesh, momentum and progress towards the blue economy has stalled, with the range of opportunity and risk regarded as ‘daunting in its complexity’ (Patil et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Patil PG, Virdin J, Colgan CS, Hussain MG, Failler P et al (2018) Toward a Blue Economy: a pathway for Bangladesh’s sustainable growth. May:109. 
 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/30014
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR66" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1196">2018</a>, p. 15). Despite significant energy, time and a range of interventions, policy objectives relating to the blue economy have not changed dramatically between the 7th and 8th Five Year Plans (2015, 2020). Independent reports by the World Bank (Patil et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Patil PG, Virdin J, Colgan CS, Hussain MG, Failler P et al (2018) Toward a Blue Economy: a pathway for Bangladesh’s sustainable growth. May:109. 
 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/30014
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR66" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1199">2018</a>) and a recent UNDP Blue Bonds scoping paper do not differ in their recommendations either, suggesting that despite an emphasis on internal restructuring, the efficacy of efforts to date have been limited. It could be that Bangladesh is operating on a short term horizon in which ‘resource management tasks seem to be over once a new policy is approved’ rather than a concerted effort to implement the new direction (Gelcich et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Gelcich S, Martínez‐Harms MJ, Tapia‐Lewin S, Vasquez‐Lavin F, Ruano‐Chamorro C (2019) Comanagement of small‐scale fisheries and ecosystem services. Conserv Lett 12(2):e12637. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12637
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1202">2019</a>, p.8).</p><p>Bangladesh’s experiences draw parallels to the Brazilian experience of transitioning to a blue economy approach, where an inactive or dormant period was experienced between 2017 and 2018 (Gerhardinger et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Gerhardinger LC, Andrade MMD, Corrêa MR, Turra A (2020) Crafting a sustainability transition experiment for the brazilian blue economy. Mar Policy 120:104157. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104157
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1208">2020</a>). This phase was the result of a lack of clarity by government officials as to ‘how to get there’ to achieve a policy vision, along with an unclear visualisation over specific outcomes of the blue economy journey (Gerhardinger et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="Gerhardinger LC, Andrade MMD, Corrêa MR, Turra A (2020) Crafting a sustainability transition experiment for the brazilian blue economy. Mar Policy 120:104157. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104157
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1211">2020</a>, p. 7). This lack of clarity surrounding future direction was echoed by interviewees in Bangladesh, despite the formulation and publication of a blue economy strategy in 2018. It is unclear what interventions Bangladesh will undertake next to achieve the blue economy.</p><p>Just as context was a major enabler for the Seychellois journey towards the blue economy, context is a major consideration when evaluating the Bangladesh journey of change. Significant governance challenges were identified including a persistent fragmented governance system of the marine environment, corruption, complex geopolitics within the Bay of Bengal requiring significant resources and a lack of technical and financial capacity (Failler et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Failler P, Hussain MG, Al Karim A, Alam K (2018) Inputs for the Blue Economy Strategy, organised by the Maritime Affairs Unit, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Bangladesh with the support of the European Union in associateion with the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, p 19" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1218">2018</a>; Hussain et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Hussain MG, Failler P, Al Karim A, Alam MK (2018) Major opportunities of blue economy development in Bangladesh. J Indian Ocean Reg 14(1):88–99. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2017.1368250
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1221">2018</a>; Mahmood and Rashid <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Mahmood S, Rashid H (2018) The conception, planning and implementation of integrated coastal and ocean management for sustainable blue economy in Bangladesh. World Maritime University" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR58" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1224">2018</a>; Hassan and Ashraf <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Hassan D, Ashraf MAA (2019) Institutional arrangements for the blue economy: marine spatial planning a way forward. J Ocean Coast Econ 6(2). 
 https://doi.org/10.15351/2373-8456.1107
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1227">2019</a>; Alam <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Alam KM (2021) Emerging maritime development in the bay of Bengal – an opinion. Bangladesh Marit J (Special Issue) 77–84. 
 https://doi.org/10.4172/2473-3350.1000466
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1230">2021</a>). There is scope for a more radical approach for blue economy transformations in Bangladesh. This could include a profound reimagining and re-conceptualisation of governance practices, rather than the largely structural change that has been employed to date.</p><p>In summary, Seychelles is continually transforming whereas progress in Bangladesh is more episodic. The two processes of change both highlight unique challenges and opportunities shaped by the respective contexts. Change that exists continuously can appear to be slow moving, but could also facilitate the deeper change occurring ‘behind the scenes’. The multiple interventions deployed across the system at different times have allowed change to occur at different scales and in different sectors. In contrast, the punctuated process of change occurring in Bangladesh, where concerted effort is made in one area of the governance system, resulted in change that could not be sustained over time. It is recognised that these findings are preliminary, and based on a snapshot analysis of ongoing blue economy transformations. To fully understand and explore the depth of change, a more detailed analysis within the governance system would need to be conducted.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec16">Exploring underlying influences</h3><p>As part of the analysis of journeys of change, several underlying influences that facilitated or blocked interventions were identified. While the list of underlying influences is extensive and context specific, it was identified that the role of international agencies and leadership was present across both case studies in different ways. Separating these influences is difficult, as they represent interconnected deliberate and emergent influences on change. What is presented below are intangible influencing factors that acted across the system, with different impacts depending on the country. This is in contrast to a growing emphasis on evaluating specific leverage points of transformation, such as finance (Jouffray et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Jouffray J-B, Crona B, Wassénius E, Bebbington J, Scholtens B (2019) Leverage points in the financial sector for seafood sustainability. Sci Adv 5(10):eaax3324. 
 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax3324
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR54" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1244">2019</a>), social networks (Lam et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Lam DPM, Martín-López B, Horcea-Milcu AI, Lang DJ (2021) A leverage points perspective on social networks to understand sustainability transformations: evidence from Southern Transylvania. Sustain Sci 16:809–826. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00881-z
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1247">2021</a>), values (Horcea-Milcu <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Horcea-Milcu AI (2022) Values as leverage points for sustainability transformation_ two pathways for transformation research. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 57. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2022.101205
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1250">2022</a>) and internal information flows (Farhad et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Farhad S, McGlynn B, Baird J, Plummer R, Blythe J (2023) Exploring the potential of internal information flows in large organizations as leverage points for environmental stewardship. Soc Nat Resour 36(1):20–39. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2022.2129534
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1253">2023</a>).</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec17">International support</h4><p>Although the focus of this research has been primarily directed at government-led intervention, in the background of many of the changes and events in both Seychelles and Bangladesh is support from international agencies, actors and NGOs. This support ranges from long-term technical projects to facilitatory roles. Without extensive engagement with both national and international actors throughout the research, opinions here can only be a snapshot of what could be a much larger conversation regarding the balance between international agencies and sovereign interests of the facilitating country. International support is regarded as both an enabler and a force against transformation in both contexts simultaneously.</p><p>Published literature suggests that there is a balance to be achieved between the influence of international agencies and sovereignty and choice in the intervening country. For example, Silver and Campbell (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Silver JJ, Campbell LM (2018) Conservation, development and the blue frontier: the Republic of Seychelles’ Debt Restructuring for Marine Conservation and Climate Adaptation Program. Int Soc Sci J 68(229–230):241–256. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12156
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR79" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1266">2018</a>) question the impact of the Conservation and Climate Adaptation Trust of Seychelles Act (2015). The Act mandates one of the co-directors of SeyCCAT to be from The Nature Conservancy, resulting in restricting ‘the potential for action or activity to be unilaterally led or sanctioned by the government alone’ (Silver and Campbell <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2018" title="Silver JJ, Campbell LM (2018) Conservation, development and the blue frontier: the Republic of Seychelles’ Debt Restructuring for Marine Conservation and Climate Adaptation Program. Int Soc Sci J 68(229–230):241–256. 
 https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12156
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR79" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1269">2018</a>, p. 251). Additionally, a noteworthy comment by an interviewee published by Schutter and Hicks (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2019" title="Schutter MS, Hicks CC (2019) Networking the blue economy in seychelles: pioneers, resistance, and the power of influence. J Polit Ecol 26(1):425–447. 
 https://doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.23102
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR73" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1272">2019</a>, p. 444) lamented the fact that the Commonwealth was needed to clarify and define the blue economy, when Seychellois were those pioneering it. This concern aligns with an exchange with an interviewee in this research regarding the risk of using an incompatible vision or interpretation of the blue economy that fits with an external funder or facilitator, rather than generating a unique vision. Thus, this represents a significant risk for those who implement or are affected by shifting transformative vision by limiting procedural justice. Baker et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Baker S, Constant N, Nicol P (2023) Oceans justice: trade-offs between sustainable development goals in the Seychelles. Mar Policy 147:105357. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105357
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1275">2023</a>) identify tensions within the marine spatial planning processes facilitated by The Nature Conservancy as part of wider blue economy conservation initiatives, and communities using local marine resources.</p><p>International support in Bangladesh was primarily through the EU-BGD project in the form of external in-country consultants, funding and events. Several interviewees noted that they were not sure what to do next, or which direction the blue economy was heading in. This mirrors experiences in Vietnam, where donor-funded interventions ‘catalysed’ a stakeholder network, facilitating stakeholder communication which stalled after the funding and subsequent activity stopped (Armitage et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Armitage D, Marschke M, van Tuyen T (2011) Early-stage transformation of coastal marine governance in Vietnam? Mar Policy 35(5):703–711. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2011.02.011
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1281">2011</a>, p. 710). It is well established that external engagement can lead to a reliance on external expertise, ‘reinforcing leadership, capacity and resourcing elsewhere’ (Harvey et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Harvey B, Huang Y-S, Araujo J, Vincent K, Sabiiti G (2022) Breaking vicious cycles? A systems perspective on Southern leadership in climate and development research programmes. Climate Dev 14(10):884–895. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2021.2020614
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1284">2022</a>, p. 2). This was directly observed via informal interviews at INDIO-IOC 9 where conversations surrounding where to go next centred around identifying external funding opportunities to support a consultant to support a creation of a marine spatial planning process.</p><p>The role of international support, engagement and financing is therefore a double-edged sword in both contexts, remaining both a major enabler of sustaining change and also preventing local capacity from growing sufficiently to continue change trajectories. It is suggested that this is a significant area of further research, particularly surrounding the negotiations to generate proposed outcomes of engagement and the types of capacity building initiatives that occur. Finally, it is important to consider the length of engagement. Ongoing, long-term and in-country support in Seychelles has enabled a more emergent and locally sensitive process to grow. This is in contrast to the relatively brief, constructive technical project in Bangladesh whereby a lot was achieved, but activity was not sustained beyond the end of the project.</p><h4 class="c-article__sub-heading c-article__sub-heading--small" id="Sec18">Leadership</h4><p>When interviewees (formal and informal) were asked specifically to identify the major enablers and constraints of success for transformation, a recurring theme throughout both Seychelles and Bangladesh was the role and importance of leadership. Leadership was discussed in two ways: reflections on the importance of high level political leadership in creating internal momentum and fostering international support (Benzaken et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Benzaken D, Voyer M, Pouponneau A, Hanich Q (2022) Good governance for sustainable blue economy in small islands: lessons learned from the Seychelles experience. Front Polit Sci 4. 
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.1040318
 
 . Accessed 2 Dec 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1298">2022</a>), and the leadership of individuals within the governance system to drive change. The importance of leadership in transformation is well identified and has been discussed in the context of socio-ecological systems (SES) transformations since 2004 (Olsson et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Olsson P, Folke C, Hahn T (2004) Social-ecological transformation for ecosystem management: the development of adaptive co-management of a wetland landscape in southern Sweden. Ecol Soc 9(4). 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00683-090402
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1301">2004</a>). It can also be considered a ‘core factor’ in environmental governance transformation (Westley et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Westley FR, Tjornbo O, Schultz L, Olsson P, Folke C et al (2013) A theory of transformative agency in linked social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc 18(3). 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05072-180327
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR89" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1304">2013</a>; Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Evans LS, Cohen PJ, Case P, Hicks CC, Prideaux M et al (2017) The landscape of leadership in environmental governance: a case study from Solomon Islands. Hum Ecol 45(3):357–365. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-017-9901-x
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1307">2017</a>). Beyond SES, leadership and its various connotations, interpretations, ideologies and theories represent a rich literature base most notably in organisational change management, environmental governance and recently in climate literature (Battilana and Casciaro <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Battilana J, Casciaro T (2012) Change agents, networks, and institutions: a contingency theory of organizational change. Acad Manag J 55(2):381–398. 
 https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0891
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1310">2012</a>; Case et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Case P, Evans LS, Fabinyi M, Cohen PJ, Hicks CC et al (2015) Rethinking environmental leadership: the social construction of leaders and leadership in discourses of ecological crisis, development, and conservation. Leadership 11(4):396–423. 
 https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715015577887
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1314">2015</a>; Errida and Lotfi <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Errida A, Lotfi B (2021) The determinants of organizational change management success: literature review and case study. Int J Eng Bus Manag 13:1–15. 
 https://doi.org/10.1177/18479790211016273
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1317">2021</a>; Harvey et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Harvey B, Huang Y-S, Araujo J, Vincent K, Sabiiti G (2022) Breaking vicious cycles? A systems perspective on Southern leadership in climate and development research programmes. Climate Dev 14(10):884–895. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2021.2020614
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1320">2022</a>).</p><p>Interviewees and informal conversations often noted the role and importance of specific leaders within current and past governance arrangements in Seychelles and Bangladesh. To preserve the strict anonymity promised to interviewees, the examples of leadership here are presented generally to avoid identification. Specific individuals (often in traditional positions of power) were identified within ministries and committees, with strong reflection on the capacity of individuals to put others into ‘driving mode’, or the ability to catalyse action. These individuals were often credited with progress through their ability to inspire or use ‘soft’ influence to achieve incremental wins, such as establishing informal communication processes, or slowly changing minds and priorities. However, it was noted that once these individuals were moved from their position, this momentum ceased, leading to stagnation. This was also observed by Benzaken et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Benzaken D, Voyer M, Pouponneau A, Hanich Q (2022) Good governance for sustainable blue economy in small islands: lessons learned from the Seychelles experience. Front Polit Sci 4. 
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.1040318
 
 . Accessed 2 Dec 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1326">2022</a>). This narrative by interviewees fits into a ‘heroic’ style of individual leadership which is ‘overemphasised’ in environmental governance literature (Case, 2013 in Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Evans LS, Cohen PJ, Case P, Hicks CC, Prideaux M et al (2017) The landscape of leadership in environmental governance: a case study from Solomon Islands. Hum Ecol 45(3):357–365. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-017-9901-x
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1329">2017</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Evans LS, Hicks CC, Cohen PJ, Case P, Prideaux M et al (2015) Understanding leadership in the environmental sciences. Ecol Soc 20(1):art50. 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07268-200150
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1332">2015</a>), and regards leadership as an innate quality that individuals possess rather than something that emerges from institutional context.</p><p>Both Seychelles and Bangladesh had strong individual leaders within the blue economy at a high political level, which was identified by interviewees as important in gaining support for the blue economy as a policy direction. In Seychelles, this leadership was recognised internationally through its success in generating innovative financial mechanisms (Benzaken et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Benzaken D, Voyer M, Pouponneau A, Hanich Q (2022) Good governance for sustainable blue economy in small islands: lessons learned from the Seychelles experience. Front Polit Sci 4. 
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.1040318
 
 . Accessed 2 Dec 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1338">2022</a>), and Bangladesh is regarded as a regional leader within the Indian Ocean. In Seychelles, political change as explored above led to a slower pace of transformation following loss of influence of this key leader. However, over time, leadership has been decentralised to an extent, with independent bodies such as SeyCCAT who have been identified as leaders and an important independent delivery model. Marine spatial planning processes have also begun to formulate a network of stakeholders in the blue economy, which has potential to form a possible avenue for further leadership to emerge.</p><p>In Bangladesh, there seems to be no space for leaders or voices opposing the blue economy to emerge beyond the government, attributed by some interviewees to a strict hierarchical culture and approach to governance. Creating new spaces for actors to be involved in the blue economy would provide an opportunity for new ideas, or the reintroduction of old ideas with new enthusiasm (Westley et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Westley FR, Tjornbo O, Schultz L, Olsson P, Folke C et al (2013) A theory of transformative agency in linked social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc 18(3). 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05072-180327
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR89" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1344">2013</a>; Termeer et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Termeer CJAM, Dewulf A, Biesbroek GR (2017) Transformational change: governance interventions for climate change adaptation from a continuous change perspective. J Environ Plan Manag 60(4):558–576. 
 https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2016.1168288
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR85" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1347">2017</a>). A possible method of achieving this could mirror the Seychellois experience of creating an independent organisation that fosters accountability; however, this idea was not explored with interviewees. Significant potential exists to explore how leadership can emerge in contexts where there is a traditional top-down governance approach, especially when idealising and navigating towards transformative change.</p><p>In Bangladesh, a sole political leader was often identified by interviewees and was regarded as pivotal in gaining national support for the blue economy, and formulating early partnerships and structures to begin work towards the blue economy. Government employees tended to be less critical of leadership, instead identifying the strong political will and activities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in establishing direction towards the blue economy. In contrast, interviewees from outside government noted the need for new leadership and fresh ideas in pursuit of the blue economy. According to these interviewees, over time the once strong leadership that catalysed change can now be perceived as actively blocking it. This was also confirmed through informal interviews and observational analysis of the INDIO-IOC 9. Conversations or ideas which challenged the pathway of change envisioned by the government were ultimately refuted and not listened to. This has been observed previously in environmental governance by Westley et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Westley FR, Tjornbo O, Schultz L, Olsson P, Folke C et al (2013) A theory of transformative agency in linked social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc 18(3). 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05072-180327
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR89" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1354">2013</a>), and represents a significant barrier to change (Moore et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Moore ML, Tjornbo O, Enfors E, Knapp C, Hodbod J et al (2014) Studying the complexity of change: toward an analytical framework for understanding deliberate social-ecological transformations. Ecol Soc 19(4). 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06966-190454
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR60" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1357">2014</a>). This is also a strong example of an envisioned transformational paradigm failing to disrupt the status quo, vested interests and existing power structures (Bentz et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Bentz J, O’Brien K, Scoville-Simonds M (2022) Beyond “blah blah blah”: exploring the “how” of transformation. Sustain Sci 17(2):497–506. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01123-0
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1360">2022</a>).</p><p>The format of leadership identified in Bangladesh correlates with the finding of Pahl-Wostl et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Pahl-Wostl C, Craps M, Dewulf A, Mostert E, Tabara D et al (2007) Social learning and water resources management. Ecol Soc 12(2):art5. 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02037-120205
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR65" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1366">2007</a>), who establish that a strong, centralised leadership style may be useful at strategic points such as the start of a journey, but creates tension over the long term in a complex decision-making space (Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Evans LS, Hicks CC, Cohen PJ, Case P, Prideaux M et al (2015) Understanding leadership in the environmental sciences. Ecol Soc 20(1):art50. 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07268-200150
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1369">2015</a>). Thus, early strategic leadership at a high political scale exhibited by actors in Seychelles and Bangladesh was critical in establishing momentum and energy for change. What is less understood from a theoretical and empirical perspective is how leadership styles change over time and how these can shape—or be leveraged to shape—transformational processes. A lack of understanding also exists regarding how leadership can emerge from different parts of a governance system, and how these can be nurtured.</p><p>Reflecting on the heuristic typology of leaders created by Evans et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Evans LS, Hicks CC, Cohen PJ, Case P, Prideaux M et al (2015) Understanding leadership in the environmental sciences. Ecol Soc 20(1):art50. 
 https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07268-200150
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1375">2015</a>), it is proposed that the styles and roles of leaders must change over time, possibly in sequence to achieve transformative change. Additionally, a distributed model of leadership should be pursued. Newer theories of environmental leadership move away from the traditional typology of a charismatic individual, and instead highlights the role of distributed leadership across the system in a network-style (Evans et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Evans LS, Cohen PJ, Case P, Hicks CC, Prideaux M et al (2017) The landscape of leadership in environmental governance: a case study from Solomon Islands. Hum Ecol 45(3):357–365. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-017-9901-x
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1378">2017</a>). Distributed leadership styles are particularly relevant in contexts of complex policy spaces with diverse actors, perspectives and conflicts, such as within the blue economy (Oborn et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Oborn E, Barrett M, Dawson S (2013) Distributed leadership in policy formulation: a sociomaterial perspective. Organ Stud 34(2):253–276. 
 https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840612473552
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1381">2013</a>). Emphasis on individual leaders promotes a system vulnerability, whereby the loss of this individual can lead to loss of knowledge, trust and influence. Evans et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2017" title="Evans LS, Cohen PJ, Case P, Hicks CC, Prideaux M et al (2017) The landscape of leadership in environmental governance: a case study from Solomon Islands. Hum Ecol 45(3):357–365. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-017-9901-x
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1384">2017</a>, p. 364) instead suggest ‘investment in a web of reinforcing [actors] that, in combination, constitute ‘leadership’ and both facilitate and direct collective action’. This links strongly with an increasing emphasis on meaningful stakeholder inclusion and equity, explored in the ‘<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#Sec19">Blue justice as an evidence gap</a>’ section, as often members or actors in a system need to feel comfortable in challenging or advocating for different goals, which can come into conflict with a strong centralised leadership structure (Bolton <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Bolton M (2022) A system leverage points approach to governance for sustainable development. Sustain Sci 17(6):2427–2457. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01188-x
 
 (Preprint)" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1391">2022</a>).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec19">Blue justice as an evidence gap</h3><p>While this research specifically explores government-led transformations to a BE, it is worth exploring further the gaps in this research with the emerging concept of blue justice. A growing body of research surrounds blue justice, which is often positioned as a counter-narrative to the blue economy (Schutter et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Schutter MS, Hicks CC, Phelps J, Waterton C (2021) The blue economy as a boundary object for hegemony across scales. Mar Policy 132:104673. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104673
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR74" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1403">2021</a>; Blythe et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Blythe JL, Gill DA, Claudet J, Bennett NJ, Gurney GG et al (2023) Blue justice: a review of emerging scholarship and resistance movements. Cambr Prisms: Coast Futur 1:e15. 
 https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2023.4
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1406">2023</a>). In this framing, the economically driven concept of the blue economy, which is adopted by Bangladesh and Seychelles, is in contrast to the emphasis on social justice proposed as part of a blue justice framing. A working definition of blue justice proposed by Blythe et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Blythe JL, Gill DA, Claudet J, Bennett NJ, Gurney GG et al (2023) Blue justice: a review of emerging scholarship and resistance movements. Cambr Prisms: Coast Futur 1:e15. 
 https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2023.4
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1409">2023</a>, p. 3) include ‘meaningful involvement’ with regard to the use, access, management and enjoyment of ocean and coastal resources. Specifically, this analysis most aligns with the concept of procedural justice, in which ‘people have an opportunity to meaningfully participate in and influence decisions about activities that may affect their coastal and marine environment’ (Bennett <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Bennett NJ (2022) Mainstreaming equity and justice in the ocean. Front Mar Sci 9(April):1–6. 
 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.873572
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1412">2022</a>; Bentz et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Bentz J, O’Brien K, Scoville-Simonds M (2022) Beyond “blah blah blah”: exploring the “how” of transformation. Sustain Sci 17(2):497–506. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-022-01123-0
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1415">2022</a>; Blythe et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Blythe JL, Gill DA, Claudet J, Bennett NJ, Gurney GG et al (2023) Blue justice: a review of emerging scholarship and resistance movements. Cambr Prisms: Coast Futur 1:e15. 
 https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2023.4
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1419">2023</a>, p. 3). Procedural justice can be realised through effective participation in decision-making, and align with good governance processes (Bennett et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Bennett NJ, Blythe J, White CS, Campero C (2021) Blue growth and blue justice: ten risks and solutions for the ocean economy. Mar Policy 125(December 2020):104387. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104387
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1422">2021</a>).</p><p>At present, there was limited evidence of procedural justice within government-led transformations in Seychelles and Bangladesh. A notable exception is the MSP process in Seychelles, which uses stakeholder consultation (Benzaken et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2022" title="Benzaken D, Voyer M, Pouponneau A, Hanich Q (2022) Good governance for sustainable blue economy in small islands: lessons learned from the Seychelles experience. Front Polit Sci 4. 
 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.1040318
 
 . Accessed 2 Dec 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1428">2022</a>), but Schutter et al. note that there is tension between local interests and the blue economy which are ‘obscured’ in an international setting (Schutter et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Schutter MS, Hicks CC, Phelps J, Waterton C (2021) The blue economy as a boundary object for hegemony across scales. Mar Policy 132:104673. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104673
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR74" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1431">2021</a>, p. 6). This leads to a well-founded concern with a blue economy approach which further entrenches power in an existing hierarchy of power leaving local interests marginalised (Bennett et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2021" title="Bennett NJ, Blythe J, White CS, Campero C (2021) Blue growth and blue justice: ten risks and solutions for the ocean economy. Mar Policy 125(December 2020):104387. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104387
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1434">2021</a>; Blythe et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2023" title="Blythe JL, Gill DA, Claudet J, Bennett NJ, Gurney GG et al (2023) Blue justice: a review of emerging scholarship and resistance movements. Cambr Prisms: Coast Futur 1:e15. 
 https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2023.4
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1437">2023</a>). Stakeholder participation was not observed in Bangladesh, with systematic stakeholder engagement ‘hardly practised’ (Chan et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016" title="Chan N, Roy R, Chaffin B (2016) Water governance in Bangladesh: an evaluation of institutional and political context. Water 8(9):403. 
 https://doi.org/10.3390/w8090403
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d70852005e1440">2016</a>). This gap in evidence represents a significant need to fully incorporate justice and equity within government-led transformations. A reframing of transformation beyond the ‘depth, breadth, connectivity and pace’ used in this research to explicitly include depth in relation to power and politics would begin to address this more explicitly.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Conclusions"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec20-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec20">Conclusions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec20-content"><p>The blue economy is a paradigm that has transformative potential to spark a re-conceptualisation of current methods of governing ocean spaces in national jurisdictions. A lack of detailed analysis of transformations ‘on the ground’ hinders the tangible lessons that can be identified for future transformations. This research has explored two different journeys of change towards the blue economy from a national government perspective, and identified reflections on the process of change, and explored the underlying influences of international support, leadership and blue justice. The journeys of change examined were strongly shaped by contextual conditions, suggesting a need to explore contextually relevant enabling conditions and constraints to the blue economy to ensure that interventions target underlying barriers to change.</p><p>A complex web of factors supported and blocked change processes in a national government context, with significant challenges associated with maintaining momentum throughout transformative journeys. The unique contexts that national governments operate within are restricted and limited by the constant pressure to be seen as ‘doing something’ which is necessary for maintaining momentum and buy-in. However, this can lead to shallow interventions that do not lead to deep and sustained change. The longevity and endurance of transformative interventions were inevitably shaped by contextual conditions, suggesting that such processes are an invitation to embark on wider, deeper transformation.</p><p>When reflecting on the confluence of connectivity, pace and depth of interventions, it is clear that a series of smaller interventions worked better than singular efforts to change. For example, creating a long-term financial mechanism in Seychelles that also included support for MSP and decentralised leadership models was largely successful because it targeted multiple different depths and elements of the systems. However, these need to be supported by strong leadership and clear vision to ensure momentum and energy. The theory of small wins and incremental change has significant parallels to experiences in Seychelles, but significant work remains to ensure that progress continues despite a perceived change in national priority. While this research clearly evidences the imperative for a long-term perspective in the evaluation of transformative processes, envisioning actions to create transformation as being both incremental and radical are early steps to achieving transformation. Thus, creating a connected and long-term journey of interventions across multiple sectors or places in an ocean governance system can facilitate change. At present, identifying how leadership could be fostered across sectors or governance silos is a gap in the existing knowledge and practice.</p><p>An exploration of two key underlying influences of transformative change (international support and leadership) evidenced the diversity of circumstance and context that shapes transformative journeys. International support, while integral to the development and progress of both pathways of change, also prevented depth of change in some cases. It is recommended that the role of international support in shaping transformational change be explored in more detail, especially in conjunction with a more robust analysis of blue justice.</p></div></div></section> </div> <section data-title="Data Availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="data-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability">Data Availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>The participants of this study did not give written consent for their data to be shared publicly, so due to the sensitive nature of the research supporting data is not available.</p> </div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ul class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Abson DJ, Fischer J, Leventon J, Newig J, Schomerus T et al (2017) Leverage points for sustainability transformation. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Evans, T., Fletcher, S., Failler, P. <i>et al.</i> Journeys of change towards the blue economy: evaluating process in transformational change. <i>Reg Environ Change</i> <b>24</b>, 170 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2024-04-05">05 April 2024</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2024-11-05">05 November 2024</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2024-11-26">26 November 2024</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-024-02336-y</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" 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