CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Air medical services - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"aa83ffd6-8ff2-4c82-a6ab-9f4bcdb43dbd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Air_medical_services","wgTitle":"Air medical services","wgCurRevisionId":1273187653,"wgRevisionId":1273187653,"wgArticleId":32993239,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Air ambulance services","Emergency medical services","Rescue aviation"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Air_medical_services","wgRelevantArticleId":32993239,"wgIsProbablyEditable": true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q763256","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile%2C_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg/1200px-Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile%2C_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="762"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile%2C_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg/800px-Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile%2C_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="508"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile%2C_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg/640px-Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile%2C_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="406"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Air medical services - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_medical_services"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_medical_services"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Air_medical_services rootpage-Air_medical_services skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Air+medical+services" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Air+medical+services" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Air+medical+services" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Air+medical+services" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indications_for_air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indications_for_air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Indications for air transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indications_for_air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_ambulance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_ambulance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Air ambulance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Air_ambulance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Air ambulance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Air_ambulance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Civilian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_operated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_operated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Government operated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_operated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Multiple purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fee-for-service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fee-for-service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Fee-for-service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fee-for-service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Donated_by_business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donated_by_business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Donated by business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donated_by_business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_donations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_donations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Public donations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_donations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Heavy-Lift"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Heavy-Lift""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>"Heavy-Lift"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Heavy-Lift"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aircraft_and_flight_crews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_and_flight_crews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Aircraft and flight crews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_and_flight_crews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Medical control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_and_interiors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_and_interiors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Equipment and interiors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_and_interiors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost-effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost-effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Cost-effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patient_survival_versus_ground_ambulance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patient_survival_versus_ground_ambulance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.6</span> <span>Patient survival versus ground ambulance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patient_survival_versus_ground_ambulance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispatch_of_air_medical_services_versus_ground_ambulance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispatch_of_air_medical_services_versus_ground_ambulance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.7</span> <span>Dispatch of air medical services versus ground ambulance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispatch_of_air_medical_services_versus_ground_ambulance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personnel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personnel subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retrieval_doctor/physician" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retrieval_doctor/physician"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Retrieval doctor/physician</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retrieval_doctor/physician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_paramedic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_paramedic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Flight paramedic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_paramedic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_nurse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_nurse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Flight nurse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_nurse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilian_flight_nurses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_flight_nurses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Civilian flight nurses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_flight_nurses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hospital_flight_nurses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospital_flight_nurses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Hospital flight nurses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospital_flight_nurses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_respiratory_practitioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_respiratory_practitioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Transport respiratory practitioner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_respiratory_practitioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Associations and organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Air medical services</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A" title="إسعاف جوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسعاف جوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitar_aviasiya" title="Sanitar aviasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sanitar aviasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leteck%C3%A1_z%C3%A1chrann%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Letecká záchranná služba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Letecká záchranná služba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftrettung" title="Luftrettung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luftrettung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE" title="Αεροδιακομιδή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αεροδιακομιδή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEMS" title="HEMS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="HEMS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آمبولانس هوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمبولانس هوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_m%C3%A9dicaux_a%C3%A9riens" title="Services médicaux aériens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Services médicaux aériens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5_%EC%9D%98%EB%A3%8C_%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4" title="항공 의료 서비스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항공 의료 서비스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սանիտարական ավիացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սանիտարական ավիացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helikopterski_prijevoz_pacijenata" title="Helikopterski prijevoz pacijenata – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Helikopterski prijevoz pacijenata" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layanan_medis_udara" title="Layanan medis udara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Layanan medis udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisoccorso" title="Elisoccorso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elisoccorso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobiel_medisch_team" title="Mobiel medisch team – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mobiel medisch team" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%95%91%E6%80%A5" title="航空救急 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="航空救急" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havo_tibbiy_xizmatlari" title="Havo tibbiy xizmatlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Havo tibbiy xizmatlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Amig%C5%82owcowa_S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Ratownictwa_Medycznego" title="Śmigłowcowa Służba Ratownictwa Medycznego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śmigłowcowa Służba Ratownictwa Medycznego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_aerom%C3%A9dico" title="Transporte aeromédico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transporte aeromédico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvare_aerian%C4%83" title="Salvare aeriană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Salvare aeriană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Санитарная авиация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Санитарная авиация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ambulances" title="Air ambulances – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Air ambulances" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulanshelikopterflyg" title="Ambulanshelikopterflyg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ambulanshelikopterflyg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Хадамоти пизишкии ҳавоӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хадамоти пизишкии ҳавоӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hava_t%C4%B1bbi_hizmetleri" title="Hava tıbbi hizmetleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hava tıbbi hizmetleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Санітарна авіація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Санітарна авіація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="ہوائی ایمبولینس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہوائی ایمبولینس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E6%95%91%E9%9B%A3" title="空中救難 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="空中救難" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q763256#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Air_medical_services" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Air_medical_services" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Air_medical_services"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Air_medical_services"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Air_medical_services" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Air_medical_services" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&oldid=1273187653" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Air_medical_services&id=1273187653&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAir_medical_services"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAir_medical_services"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Air_medical_services&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rescue_aircraft" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q763256" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Use of air vehicles to transport patients</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile,_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile%2C_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg/280px-Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile%2C_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile%2C_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg/420px-Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile%2C_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile%2C_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg/560px-Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile%2C_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2279" data-file-height="1447" /></a><figcaption> A <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile" title="Sécurité Civile">Sécurité Civile</a></i> EC145 helicopter conducts rescues operations for the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">French Minister of the Interior</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CH.SZ.Stoos_Fronalpstock_Sequence_Rescue-Helicopter_REGA_16K_16x9-R.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CH.SZ.Stoos_Fronalpstock_Sequence_Rescue-Helicopter_REGA_16K_16x9-R.jpg/280px-CH.SZ.Stoos_Fronalpstock_Sequence_Rescue-Helicopter_REGA_16K_16x9-R.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CH.SZ.Stoos_Fronalpstock_Sequence_Rescue-Helicopter_REGA_16K_16x9-R.jpg/420px-CH.SZ.Stoos_Fronalpstock_Sequence_Rescue-Helicopter_REGA_16K_16x9-R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CH.SZ.Stoos_Fronalpstock_Sequence_Rescue-Helicopter_REGA_16K_16x9-R.jpg/560px-CH.SZ.Stoos_Fronalpstock_Sequence_Rescue-Helicopter_REGA_16K_16x9-R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16384" data-file-height="9216" /></a><figcaption>Sequence image of mountain take-off by an Agusta A109 SP Grand "Da Vinci" helicopter from Rega air rescue service</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Air medical services</b> are the use of aircraft, including both <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> to provide various kinds of urgent medical care, especially prehospital, emergency and critical care to patients during <a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">aeromedical evacuation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">rescue</a> operations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, air transport was used to provide <a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">medical evacuation</a> – either from frontline areas or the battlefield itself. </p><p>In 1928, in Australia, <a href="/wiki/John_Flynn_(minister)" title="John Flynn (minister)">John Flynn</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Doctor_Service" title="Royal Flying Doctor Service">Flying Doctor Service</a> (later the Royal Flying Doctor Service), to provide a wide range of medical services to civilians in remote areas; these included from routine consultations with travelling <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioners</a>, to air ambulance evacuations and other <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">emergency medical services</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Fixed wing</a> military <a href="/wiki/Air_ambulance" class="mw-redirect" title="Air ambulance">air ambulances</a> came into regular use during World War II. Helicopters became more commonly used for such purposes during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> wars. </p><p>Later, helicopters were introduced to civilian health care, especially for shorter distances, in and around large cities: transporting paramedics or specialist doctors as needed and transporting patients to hospitals, especially for <a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">major trauma</a> cases. Fixed-wing aircraft remained in use for long-distance medical transport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air medical services can travel faster and operate in a wider coverage area than a land ambulance.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes them particularly useful in sparsely-populated rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Air medical services have a particular advantage for <a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">major trauma</a> injuries. The controversial theory of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_hour_(medicine)" title="Golden hour (medicine)">golden hour</a> suggests that major trauma patients should be transported as quickly as possible to a specialist <a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">trauma center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITLS2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITLS2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, medical responders in a helicopter can provide both a higher level of care at the scene of a trauma and faster transport to a trauma center.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15928284_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15928284-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can also provide critical care when transporting patients from community hospitals to trauma centers.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7832345_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7832345-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air ambulance transport is expensive,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and if utilised poorly is therefore not cost effective.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When inappropriately deployed to a patient close to a hospital, an air ambulance may add delay to the patient reaching hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In research from 1996, air ambulance services in England and Wales demonstrated no evidence of improvement in vehicle response times (i.e. time from 999 call to an ambulance vehicle being on-scene with the patient) for air ambulance attended patients compared to those attended by a land ambulance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same review found patient did not arrive at hospital any quicker when attended by an air ambulance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the same authors looked at health outcomes in Cornwall and London they found no evidence that the attendance of an air ambulance (HEMS) service improved survival in trauma patients.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indications_for_air_transport">Indications for air transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indications for air transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zepper-BK_117-C2-(EC145)-SchweizerischeRettungsflugwacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Zepper-BK_117-C2-%28EC145%29-SchweizerischeRettungsflugwacht.jpg/220px-Zepper-BK_117-C2-%28EC145%29-SchweizerischeRettungsflugwacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Zepper-BK_117-C2-%28EC145%29-SchweizerischeRettungsflugwacht.jpg/330px-Zepper-BK_117-C2-%28EC145%29-SchweizerischeRettungsflugwacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Zepper-BK_117-C2-%28EC145%29-SchweizerischeRettungsflugwacht.jpg/440px-Zepper-BK_117-C2-%28EC145%29-SchweizerischeRettungsflugwacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3742" data-file-height="2503" /></a><figcaption> A <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC_145" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocopter EC 145">Eurocopter EC 145</a> of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rega_(air_rescue)" title="Rega (air rescue)">Rega air rescue service</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Effective use of helicopter services for trauma depends on the ground responder's ability to determine whether the patient's condition warrants air medical transport. Protocols and training must be developed to ensure appropriate triage criteria are applied. Excessively stringent criteria can prevent rapid care and transport of trauma victims; relaxed criteria can result in the patient being unnecessarily exposed to the potential dangers of dangerous weather conditions or other aviation-related risks. </p><p>Crew and patient safety is the single most important factor to be considered when deciding whether to transport a patient by helicopter. Weather, air traffic patterns, and distances (such as from the trauma scene to closest level 1 trauma centre) must also be considered. Another reason for cancelling a flight is based on the comfort of the flight crew with the flight. The general rule of safety is upon the crew, when there is one pilot and two medical crew is: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"3 to go, 1 to say 'NO'". If one flight member is not comfortable with the flight for whatever reason, the flight is cancelled.</p></blockquote> <p>Some have questioned the safety of air medical services.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the number of crashes may be increasing, the number of programs and use of services has also increased.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16546621_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16546621-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors associated with fatal crashes of medical transport helicopters include flying at night and during bad weather, and postcrash fires.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16546621_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16546621-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-GYNP_AW139.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/C-GYNP_AW139.jpg/220px-C-GYNP_AW139.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/C-GYNP_AW139.jpg/330px-C-GYNP_AW139.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/C-GYNP_AW139.jpg/440px-C-GYNP_AW139.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4081" data-file-height="2888" /></a><figcaption>Air ambulances often employ high-visibility colour schemes, like Ontario's distinctive <a href="/wiki/ORNGE" class="mw-redirect" title="ORNGE">ORNGE</a> helicopters. An ORNGE <a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW139" title="AgustaWestland AW139">AgustaWestland AW139</a> is shown with the Toronto skyline in the background.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_ambulance">Air ambulance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Air ambulance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <b>air ambulance</b> is a specially outfitted <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> or fixed-wing aircraft that transports injured or sick people in a <a href="/wiki/Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">medical emergency</a> or over distances or terrain impractical for a conventional ground <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulance</a>. Fixed-wing aircraft are also more often used to move patients over long distances and for repatriation from foreign countries. These and related operations are called <i>aeromedical</i>. In some circumstances, the same aircraft may be used to search for missing or wanted people. </p><p>Like ground ambulances, air ambulances are equipped with medical equipment vital to monitoring and treating injured or ill patients. Common equipment for air ambulances includes <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventilators" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilators">ventilators</a>, <a href="/wiki/ECG" class="mw-redirect" title="ECG">ECGs</a> and monitoring units, <a href="/wiki/CPR" class="mw-redirect" title="CPR">CPR</a> equipment, and <a href="/wiki/Stretchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Stretchers">stretchers</a>. A medically staffed and equipped air ambulance provides medical care in flight—while a non-medically equipped and staffed aircraft simply transports patients without care in flight. Military organizations and NATO refer to the former as <i><a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">medical evacuation (MEDEVAC)</a></i> and to the latter as <i><a href="/wiki/Casualty_evacuation" title="Casualty evacuation">casualty evacuation (CASEVAC)</a></i>. </p><p>Air Traffic Control (ATC) grants special treatment to air ambulance operations, much like a ground ambulance using lights and a siren, only when they are actively operating with a patient. When this happens, air ambulance aircraft take the call sign MEDEVAC (formerly LIFEGUARD) and receive priority handling in the air and on the ground. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the book: <a href="/wiki/What_Could_Possibly_Go_Wrong%3F_(book)" title="What Could Possibly Go Wrong? (book)">What Could Possibly Go Wrong?</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military">Military</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_47_(H-13G)_medevac_inflight_bw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bell_47_%28H-13G%29_medevac_inflight_bw.jpg/220px-Bell_47_%28H-13G%29_medevac_inflight_bw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bell_47_%28H-13G%29_medevac_inflight_bw.jpg/330px-Bell_47_%28H-13G%29_medevac_inflight_bw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bell_47_%28H-13G%29_medevac_inflight_bw.jpg/440px-Bell_47_%28H-13G%29_medevac_inflight_bw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bell_H-13_Sioux" title="Bell H-13 Sioux">Bell H-13</a> became the first dedicated <a href="/wiki/MEDEVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="MEDEVAC">MEDEVAC</a> aircraft during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As with many <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Medical_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Medical Service">Emergency Medical Service</a> (EMS) innovations, treating patients in flight originated in the military. The concept of using aircraft as ambulances is almost as old as powered flight itself. Although balloons were not used to evacuate wounded soldiers at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%931871)" title="Siege of Paris (1870–1871)">Siege of Paris</a> in 1870,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> air evacuation was experimented with during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. </p><p>The first recorded British ambulance flight took place in 1917 in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> when a soldier in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Camel_Corps" title="Imperial Camel Corps">Camel Corps</a> who had been shot in the ankle was flown to hospital in a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH9" class="mw-redirect" title="De Havilland DH9">de Havilland DH9</a> in 45 minutes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jramc.bmj.com/content/132/1/34.full.pdf+html">First Recorded Aeromedical Evacuation in the British Army</a> The same journey by land would have taken some 3 days to complete. In the 1920s several services, both official and unofficial, started up in various parts of the world. Aircraft were still primitive at the time, with limited capabilities, and the effort received mixed reviews. </p><p>Exploration of the idea continued, however, and France and the United Kingdom used fully organized air ambulance services during the African and Middle Eastern Colonial Wars of the 1920s. In 1920, the British, while suppressing the "<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Mad Mullah</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland Campaign">Somaliland</a>, used an <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.9A" title="Airco DH.9A">Airco DH.9A</a> fitted out as an air ambulance. It carried a single stretcher under a fairing behind the pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French evacuated over 7,000 casualties during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1936, an organized military air ambulance service evacuated wounded from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> for medical treatment in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>; this service continued during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. </p><p>The first use of medevac with helicopters was the evacuation of three British pilot combat casualties by a US Army <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_R-4" title="Sikorsky R-4">Sikorsky R-4</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma during WW2</a>, and the first dedicated use of <a href="/wiki/Helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopters">helicopters</a> by U.S. forces occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, between 1950 and 1953. The French used light helicopters in the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>. While popularly depicted as simply removing casualties from the battlefield (which they did), helicopters in the Korean War also moved critical patients to <a href="/wiki/Hospital_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital ships">hospital ships</a> after initial emergency treatment in field hospitals. </p><p>Knowledge and expertise of use of air ambulances evolved parallel to the aircraft themselves. By 1969, in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, the use of specially trained medical <a href="/wiki/Corpsmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpsmen">corpsmen</a> and helicopter air ambulances led U.S. researchers to determine that servicemen wounded in battle had better rates of survival than motorists injured on California freeways. This inspired the first experiments with the use of civilian <a href="/wiki/Paramedics" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramedics">paramedics</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/US_military" class="mw-redirect" title="US military">US military</a> recently employed <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">UH-60 Black Hawk</a> helicopters to provide air ambulance service during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> to military personnel and civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of military aircraft as battlefield ambulances continues to grow and develop today in a variety of countries, as does the use of fixed-wing aircraft for long-distance travel, including repatriation of the wounded. Currently, a NATO working group is investigating unpiloted aerial vehicles (UAVs) for casualty evacuation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civilian">Civilian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Civilian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercy-412-N410MA-050228-02cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mercy-412-N410MA-050228-02cr.jpg/220px-Mercy-412-N410MA-050228-02cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mercy-412-N410MA-050228-02cr.jpg/330px-Mercy-412-N410MA-050228-02cr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mercy-412-N410MA-050228-02cr.jpg/440px-Mercy-412-N410MA-050228-02cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bell_412" title="Bell 412">Bell 412</a>, departs <a href="/wiki/Mojave,_California" title="Mojave, California">Mojave, California</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first civilian uses of aircraft as ambulances were probably incidental. In northern Canada, Australia, and in Scandinavian countries, remote, sparsely populated settlements are often inaccessible by road for months at a time, or even year-round. In some places in Scandinavia, particularly in Norway, the primary means of transportation between communities is by boat. Early in aviation history, many of these communities began to rely on civilian "bush" pilots, who fly small aircraft and transport supplies, mail, and visiting doctors or nurses. Bush pilots probably performed the first civilian air ambulance trips, albeit on an ad hoc basis—but clearly, a need for these services existed. In the early 1920s, Sweden established a standing air ambulance system, as did Siam (Thailand). In 1928 the first formal, full-time air ambulance service was established in the Australian <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">outback</a>. This organization became the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Doctor_Service" title="Royal Flying Doctor Service">Royal Flying Doctor Service</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and still operates. In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Marvingt" title="Marie Marvingt">Marie Marvingt</a> established Africa's first civil air ambulance service, in Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, air ambulance services were established as part of the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Medical_Service" title="Highlands and Islands Medical Service">Highlands and Islands Medical Service</a> to serve more remote areas of <a href="/wiki/Highland_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Scotland">Highland Scotland</a>. Air ambulances quickly established their usefulness in remote locations, but their role in developed areas developed more slowly. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Saskatchewan government in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, established the first civilian air ambulance in North America. The Saskatchewan government had to consider remote communities and great distances in providing health care to its citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Air_Ambulance" title="Saskatchewan Air Ambulance">Saskatchewan Air Ambulance</a> service continues to be active as of 2023. J. Walter Schaefer founded the first air ambulance service in the U.S., in 1947, in Los Angeles. The Schaefer Air Service operated as part of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schaefer_Ambulance_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schaefer Ambulance Service (page does not exist)">Schaefer Ambulance Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two research programs were implemented in the U.S. to assess the impact of medical helicopters on mortality and morbidity in the civilian arena. Project CARESOM was established in Mississippi in 1969. Three helicopters were purchased through a <a href="/wiki/Federal_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal grant">federal grant</a> and located strategically in the north, central, and southern areas of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon termination of the grant, the program was considered a success and each of the three communities were given the opportunity to continue the helicopter operation. Only the one located in Hattiesburg, Mississippi did so, and it was therefore established as the first civilian air medical program in the United States. The second program, the Military Assistance to Safety and Traffic (MAST) system, was established in Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio in 1969. This was an experiment by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a> to study the feasibility of using military helicopters to augment existing civilian emergency medical services. These programs were highly successful at establishing the need for such services. The remaining challenge was in how such services could be operated most cost-effectively. In many cases, as agencies, branches, and departments of the civilian governments began to operate aircraft for other purposes, these aircraft were frequently pressed into service to provide cost-effective air support to the evolving Emergency Medical Services. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell427_OpenDayPrerov_10cerven06_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bell427_OpenDayPrerov_10cerven06_2.jpg/220px-Bell427_OpenDayPrerov_10cerven06_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bell427_OpenDayPrerov_10cerven06_2.jpg/330px-Bell427_OpenDayPrerov_10cerven06_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bell427_OpenDayPrerov_10cerven06_2.jpg/440px-Bell427_OpenDayPrerov_10cerven06_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">EMS</a> <a href="/wiki/Bell_427" title="Bell 427">Bell 427</a> covering <a href="/wiki/South_Bohemian_Region" title="South Bohemian Region">South Bohemian, Czech Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the concept was proven, dedicated civilian air ambulances began to appear. On November 1, 1970, the first permanent civil air ambulance helicopter, <i>Christoph 1</i>, entered service at the Hospital of <a href="/wiki/Untergiesing-Harlaching" title="Untergiesing-Harlaching">Harlaching</a>, Munich, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apparent success of <i>Christoph 1</i> led to a quick expansion of the concept across Germany, with <i>Christoph 10</i> entering service in 1975, <i>Christoph 20</i> in 1981, and <i>Christoph 51</i> in 1989. As of 2007, there are about 80 helicopters named after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Christopher" title="Saint Christopher">Saint Christopher</a>, like <i>Christoph Europa 5</i> (also serving Denmark), <i>Christoph Brandenburg</i> or <i>Christoph Murnau am Staffelsee</i>. Austria adopted the German system in 1983 when <i>Christophorus 1</i> entered service at Innsbruck. Also in the year 1975 Hans Burghart, one of the inventor of the civilian air rescue in Germany, presented at one <a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">Academic conference</a> in the US the concept "Rescue Helicopters in Primary and Secondary Missions"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had impact for the aviation training at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rucker" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Rucker">Fort Rucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first civilian, hospital-based medical helicopter program in the United States began operation in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flight_For_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight For Life">Flight For Life</a> Colorado began with a single <a href="/wiki/Alouette_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouette III">Alouette III</a> helicopter, based at St. Anthony Central Hospital in Denver, Colorado. In Ontario, Canada, the air ambulance program began in 1977, and featured a paramedic-based system of care, with the presence of physicians or nurses being relatively unusual. The system, operated by the Ontario Ministry of Health, began with a single rotor-wing aircraft based in Toronto. An important difference in the Ontario program involved the emphasis of service. "On scene" calls were taken, although less commonly, and a great deal of the initial emphasis of the program was on the interfacility transfer of critical care patients. Operating today through a private contractor (<a href="/wiki/ORNGE" class="mw-redirect" title="ORNGE">ORNGE</a>), the system operates 33 aircraft stationed at 26 bases across the province, performing both interfacility transfers and on-scene responses in support of ground-based EMS. Today, across the world, the presence of civilian air ambulances has become commonplace and is seen as a much-needed support for ground-based EMS systems. In other countries of Europe, like <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a>, first air ambulance appeared in the 1980s. Most of the fleet was previously used in military service. With the increased number of car accidents in 1979 on <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_Unity_Highway" title="Brotherhood and Unity Highway">highways</a>, the Yugoslavian government made a decision to buy new or redistribution of use of old helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air ambulance service, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Aeromedical_Evacuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeromedical Evacuation">Aeromedical Evacuation</a> or simply <a href="/wiki/Medevac" class="mw-redirect" title="Medevac">Medevac</a>, is provided by a variety of different sources in different places in the world. There are a number of reasonable methods of differentiating types of air ambulance services. These include <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>/<a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> models and services that are <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>-funded, fee-for-service, donated by a business enterprise, or funded by public donations. It may also be reasonable to differentiate between dedicated aircraft and those with multiple purposes and roles. Finally, it is reasonable to differentiate by the type of aircraft used, including <a href="/wiki/Rotary-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary-wing">rotary-wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed-wing">fixed-wing</a>, or very large aircraft. The military role in civilian air ambulance operations is described in the History section. Each of the remaining models is explored separately. This information applies to air ambulance systems performing emergency service. In almost all jurisdictions, private aircraft charter companies provide non-emergency air ambulance service on a fee-for-service basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_operated">Government operated</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government operated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Government_Flying_Service_Eurocopter_EC-155B-1;_B-HRU@HKG;04.08.2011_(6260084063).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hong_Kong_Government_Flying_Service_Eurocopter_EC-155B-1%3B_B-HRU%40HKG%3B04.08.2011_%286260084063%29.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_Government_Flying_Service_Eurocopter_EC-155B-1%3B_B-HRU%40HKG%3B04.08.2011_%286260084063%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hong_Kong_Government_Flying_Service_Eurocopter_EC-155B-1%3B_B-HRU%40HKG%3B04.08.2011_%286260084063%29.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_Government_Flying_Service_Eurocopter_EC-155B-1%3B_B-HRU%40HKG%3B04.08.2011_%286260084063%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hong_Kong_Government_Flying_Service_Eurocopter_EC-155B-1%3B_B-HRU%40HKG%3B04.08.2011_%286260084063%29.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_Government_Flying_Service_Eurocopter_EC-155B-1%3B_B-HRU%40HKG%3B04.08.2011_%286260084063%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2458" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption> A <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC155" title="Eurocopter EC155">Eurocopter EC155B</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Flying_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Government Flying Service">Hong Kong Government Flying Service</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In some cases, governments provide air ambulance services, either directly or via a negotiated contract with a commercial service provider, such as an aircraft charter company. Such services may focus on critical care patient transport, support ground-based EMS on scenes, or may perform a combination of these roles. In almost all cases, the government provides guidelines to hospitals and EMS systems to control operating costs—and may specify operating procedures in some level of detail to limit potential liability. However, the government almost always takes a 'hands-off' approach to the actual running of the system, relying instead on local managers with subject matter (physicians and aviation executives) expertise. Ontario's ORNGE program and the Polish Lotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe (LPR) are examples of this type of operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-Orange_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orange-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish LPR is a national system covering the entire country and funded by the government through the Ministry of Health but run independently, there is no independent HEMS operator in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. In North East Ohio, including <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuyahoga County">Cuyahoga County</a>-owned MetroHealth Medical Center uses its Metro Life Flight to transport patients to Metro's level I trauma and burn unit. There are 5 helicopters for North East Ohio and, in addition, Metro Life Flight has one fixed-wing aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Ambulance_Service" title="Scottish Ambulance Service">Scottish Ambulance Service</a> operates two helicopters and two fixed-wing aircraft twenty-four hours per day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_purpose">Multiple purpose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Multiple purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some jurisdictions, cost is a major consideration, and the presence of dedicated air ambulances is simply not practical. In these cases, the aircraft may be operated by another government or quasi-government agency and made available to EMS for air ambulance service when required. In southern New South Wales, Australia, the helicopter that responds as an air ambulance is actually operated by the local hydroelectric utility, with the New South Wales Ambulance Service providing paramedics, as required. In some cases, local EMS provides the flight paramedic to the aircraft operator as-needed. In the case of the Los Angeles County Fire Department, the helicopters are brush fire choppers also configured as air ambulances with a paramedic provided from whichever fire department rescue unit has responded. </p><p>Sometimes the air ambulance may be run as a dual concern with another governmental body - for example, the <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Air_Ambulance" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiltshire Air Ambulance">Wiltshire Air Ambulance</a> was run as a joint <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Ambulance_Service" title="Great Western Ambulance Service">Ambulance Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Constabulary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiltshire Constabulary">police</a> unit until 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other cases, the paramedic staffs the aircraft full-time, but has a dual function. In the case of the Maryland State Police, for example, the flight paramedic is a serving State Trooper whose job is to act as the Observer Officer on a police helicopter when not required for medical emergencies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fee-for-service">Fee-for-service</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fee-for-service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many cases, local jurisdictions do not charge for air ambulance service, particularly for emergency calls. However, the cost of providing air ambulance services is considerable and many, including government-run operations, charge for service. Organizations such as service aircraft charter companies, hospitals, and some private-for-profit EMS systems generally charge for service. Within the European Union, almost all air ambulance service is on a fee-for-service basis, except for systems that operate by private subscription. Many jurisdictions have a mix of operation types. Fee-for-service operators are generally responsible for their own organization but may have to meet government licensing requirements. <a href="/wiki/Rega_(air_rescue)" title="Rega (air rescue)">Rega</a> of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> is an example of such a service.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Donated_by_business">Donated by business</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Donated by business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(cropped)_London_Air_Ambulance_G-EHMS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%28cropped%29_London_Air_Ambulance_G-EHMS.jpg/220px-%28cropped%29_London_Air_Ambulance_G-EHMS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%28cropped%29_London_Air_Ambulance_G-EHMS.jpg/330px-%28cropped%29_London_Air_Ambulance_G-EHMS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%28cropped%29_London_Air_Ambulance_G-EHMS.jpg/440px-%28cropped%29_London_Air_Ambulance_G-EHMS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1515" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/London%27s_Air_Ambulance_Charity" title="London's Air Ambulance Charity">London's Air Ambulance</a> <a href="/wiki/MD_900" class="mw-redirect" title="MD 900">MD 900</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In some cases, a local business or even a multi-national company may choose to fund local air ambulance service as a goodwill or public relations gesture. Examples of this are common in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, where in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Group" title="Virgin Group">Virgin</a> Corporation previously donated to the Helicopter Emergency Medical Service, and in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> a large number of the 'Christoph' air ambulance operations are actually funded by <a href="/wiki/ADAC" title="ADAC">ADAC</a>, Germany's largest automobile club<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and DRF Luftrettung.<sup id="cite_ref-vert2015-04_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vert2015-04-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, many air ambulance helicopter operations are sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Westpac_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Westpac Bank">Westpac Bank</a>. In these cases, the operation may vary but is the result of a carefully negotiated agreement between government, EMS, hospitals, and the donor. In most cases, while the sponsor receives advertising exposure in exchange for funding, they take a 'hands-off' approach to daily operations, relying instead on subject matter specialists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_donations">Public donations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Public donations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mi-8AMT_ambulance_helicopter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mi-8AMT_ambulance_helicopter.jpg/220px-Mi-8AMT_ambulance_helicopter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mi-8AMT_ambulance_helicopter.jpg/330px-Mi-8AMT_ambulance_helicopter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mi-8AMT_ambulance_helicopter.jpg/440px-Mi-8AMT_ambulance_helicopter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="2159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mi-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi-8">Mi-8AMT</a> ambulance helicopter</figcaption></figure> <p>In some cases, air ambulance services may be provided by means of voluntary charitable fundraising, as opposed to government funding, or they may receive limited government subsidy to supplement local donations. Some countries, such as the U.K., use a mix of such systems. In Scotland, the parliament has voted to fund air ambulance service directly, through the Scottish Ambulance Service. In England and Wales, however, the service is funded on a charitable basis via a number of local charities for each region covered. </p><p>Great strides have been made in the UK, with the 'Association of Air Ambulance (AAA)'. This organization is widely credited for having created the political climate that made the helicopter industry and National Health Service recognise the enormous contribution charities make to trauma care in the United Kingdom. In 2013, the AAA published the "Framework for a High Performing Air Ambulance Service" which details many of the developments from 2008 to 2013. </p><p>In recent years, the service has moved towards the physician-paramedic model of care. This has necessitated some charities commissioning clinical governance services, however many air ambulances operate under the tasking ambulances services clinical governance. The AAA now publishes Best Practice Guidance on a range of operational and clinical functions and provides a code of conduct that all full members, both ambulance services and charities must uphold. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hermann_Life_Flight" title="Memorial Hermann Life Flight">Memorial Hermann Life Flight</a> is a not-for-profit hospital-based critical care air ambulance service in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, USA. As of 2023, it operates six EC-145 twin-engine helicopters. The service relies on community support and fundraising efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_Flight_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_Flight-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Memorial Hermann Life Flight operates from the John S. Dunn Helistop, one of the busiest helipads in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Life_Flight_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_Flight-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with space for four helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Heavy-Lift""><span id=".22Heavy-Lift.22"></span>"Heavy-Lift"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: "Heavy-Lift""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A final area of distinction is the operation of large, generally fixed-wing air ambulances. In the past, the infrequency of civilian demand for such a service confined such operations to the military, which requires them to support overseas combat operations. Military organizations capable of this type of specialized operation include the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the German <i><a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Luftwaffe</a></i>, and the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>. The Swedish National Air Medevac - SNAM is an exception to the military only rule where the system is owned by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency <i><a href="/wiki/Myndigheten_f%C3%B6r_samh%C3%A4llsskydd_och_beredskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap">Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation#737-800" title="Boeing 737 Next Generation">737-800</a> aircraft is provided under contract when so required by Scandinavian Airlines. Each operates aircraft staffed by physicians, nurses, and corpsmen/technicians, and each can provide long-distance transport with full medical support to dozens of patients simultaneously. </p><p>However, in recent years, exceptions to the "military-only" rule have grown with the need to quickly transport patients to facilities that provide higher levels of care or to repatriate individuals. Air medical companies use both large and small fixed-wing aircraft configured to provide levels of care that can be found in Trauma centres for individuals who subscribe to their own health insurance or affiliated travel insurance and protection plans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards">Standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YouTube_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="YouTube logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/93px-YouTube_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/140px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/YouTube_2024.svg/186px-YouTube_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">EMS helicopter operation in <a href="/wiki/Zhukovsky,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast">Zhukovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBBjX_ND4z4">Ansat-SK flight on 26 August 2023, captain Irina Dolinina, Lenin Square helipad</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aircraft_and_flight_crews">Aircraft and flight crews</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aircraft and flight crews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most jurisdictions, air ambulance pilots must have a great deal of experience in piloting their aircraft because the conditions of air ambulance flights are often more challenging than regular non-emergency flight services. After a spike in air ambulance crashes in the United States in the 1990s, the U.S. government and the Commission on Air Medical Transportation Systems (<a href="/wiki/CAMTS" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMTS">CAMTS</a>) stepped up the accreditation and air ambulance flight requirements, ensuring that all pilots, personnel, and aircraft meet much higher standards than previously required.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting CAMTS accreditation, which applies only in the United States, includes the requirement for an air ambulance company to own and operate its own aircraft. Some air ambulance companies, realizing it is virtually impossible to have the correct medicalized aircraft for every mission, instead charter aircraft based on the mission-specific requirements. </p><p>While in principle CAMTS accreditation is voluntary, a number of government jurisdictions require companies providing medical transportation services to have CAMTS accreditation to be licensed to operate. This is an increasing trend as state health services agencies address the issues surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Safety_of_emergency_medical_services_flights" title="Safety of emergency medical services flights">safety of emergency medical services flights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples are the states of Colorado,<sup id="cite_ref-cobill_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cobill-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Jersey,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Mexico,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utah,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-z457_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z457-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the rationale used to justify the state of Washington's adoption of the accreditation requirements, requiring accreditation of air ambulance services provides assurance that the service meets national public safety standards. The accreditation is done by professionals who are qualified to determine air ambulance safety. In addition, compliance with accreditation standards is checked on a continual basis by the accrediting organization. Accreditation standards are periodically revised to reflect the dynamic, changing environment of medical transport, with considerable input from all disciplines of the medical profession. </p><p>Other U.S. states require either CAMTS accreditation <i>or</i> a demonstrated equivalent, such as Rhode Island,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Texas, which has adopted CAMTS' Accreditation Standards (Sixth Edition, October 2004) as its own. In Texas, an operator not wishing to become CAMTS accredited must submit to an equivalent survey by state auditors who are CAMTS-trained.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virginia and Oklahoma have also adopted CAMTS accreditation standards as their state licensing standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the original intent of CAMTS was to provide an American standard, air ambulance services in a number of other countries, including three in Canada and one in South Africa, have voluntarily submitted themselves to CAMTS accreditation. </p><p>In the UK, the AAA has a Code of Conduct that binds one of the most regulated areas of operation together. It brings the Fundraising Standards Board, CAA / EASA and the CQC together ensuring fundraising, air and clinical operations are in line with national regulation and best practice. The code goes further with an expectation of mutual support and working within its policy and best practice guides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_control">Medical control</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Medical control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nature of the air operation frequently determines the type of medical control required. In most cases, an air ambulance staffer is considerably more skilled than a typical paramedic, so medical control permits them to exercise more medical decision-making latitude. Assessment skills tend to be considerably higher, and, particularly on inter-facility transfers, permit the inclusion of functions such as reading x-rays and interpretation of lab results. This allows for planning, consultation with supervising physicians, and issuing contingency orders in case they are required during flight. Some systems operate almost entirely off-line, using protocols for almost all procedures and only resorting to on-line medical control when protocols have been exhausted. Some air ambulance operations have full-time, on-site medical directors with pertinent backgrounds (e.g., emergency medicine); others have medical directors who are only available by pager.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those systems operating on the Franco-German model, the physician is almost always physically present, and medical control is not an issue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equipment_and_interiors">Equipment and interiors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Equipment and interiors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most aircraft used as air ambulances, with the exception of charter aircraft and some military aircraft, are equipped for advanced life support and have interiors that reflect this. The challenges in most air ambulance operations, particularly those involving helicopters, are the high <a href="/wiki/Ambient_noise_level" title="Ambient noise level">ambient noise levels</a> and limited amounts of working space, both of which create significant issues for the provision of ongoing care. While equipment tends to be high-level and very conveniently grouped, it may not be possible to perform some assessment procedures, such as chest <a href="/wiki/Auscultation" title="Auscultation">auscultation</a>, while in flight. In some types of aircraft, the aircraft's design means that the entire patient is not physically accessible in flight. Additional issues occur with respect to pressurization of the aircraft. Not all aircraft used as air ambulances in all jurisdictions have pressurized cabins and those that do typically tend to be pressurized to only 10,000 feet above sea level. These pressure changes require advanced knowledge by flight staff with respect to the specifics of aviation medicine, including changes in physiology and the behaviour of gases. </p><p>There are a large variety of helicopter makes that are used for the civilian HEMS models. The commonly used types are the <a href="/wiki/Bell_206" title="Bell 206">Bell 206</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_407" title="Bell 407">407</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bell_429" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell 429">429</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS350" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocopter AS350">Eurocopter AS350</a>, <a href="/wiki/MBB/Kawasaki_BK117" class="mw-redirect" title="MBB/Kawasaki BK117">BK117</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC130" title="Eurocopter EC130">EC130</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC135" title="Eurocopter EC135">EC135</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC145" title="Eurocopter EC145">EC145</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109" title="AgustaWestland AW109">Agusta Westland 109</a>, <a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW169" title="AgustaWestland AW169">169</a> & <a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW139" title="AgustaWestland AW139">139</a>, <a href="/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MD_Explorer" title="MD Helicopters MD Explorer">MD Explorer</a> and Sikorsky S-76. Fixed-wing aircraft varieties commonly include the <a href="/wiki/Learjet_35" title="Learjet 35">Learjet 35 and 36</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learjet_31" title="Learjet 31">Learjet 31</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_King_Air" title="Beechcraft King Air">King Air 90</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Air_200" class="mw-redirect" title="King Air 200">King Air 200</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-12" title="Pilatus PC-12">Pilatus PC-12</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-24" title="Pilatus PC-24">PC-24</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piper_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper Cheyenne">Piper Cheyenne</a>. Due to the configuration of the medical crew and patient compartments, these aircraft are normally configured to only transport one patient but some can be configured to transport two patients if so needed. Additionally, helicopters have stricter weather minimums that they can operate in and commonly do not fly at altitudes over 10,000 feet above sea level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenges">Challenges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the 1990s, the number of air ambulance crashes in the United States, mostly involving helicopters, began to climb. By 2005, this number had reached a record high. Crash rates from 2000 to 2005 more than doubled the previous five year's rates.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To some extent, these numbers had been deemed acceptable, as it was understood that the very nature of air ambulance operations meant that, because a life was at stake, air ambulances would often operate on the very edge of their safety envelopes, going on missions in conditions where no other civilian pilot would fly. As a result, nearly fifty percent of all EMS personnel deaths in the United States occur in air ambulance crashes. In 2006, the United States National Transportation Safety Board (<a href="/wiki/NTSB" class="mw-redirect" title="NTSB">NTSB</a>) concluded that many air ambulances crashes were avoidable,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually leading to the improvement of government standards and <a href="/wiki/CAMTS" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMTS">CAMTS</a> accreditation.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cost-effectiveness">Cost-effectiveness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cost-effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whilst some air ambulances do have effective methods of funding, in England, they remain almost entirely <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charity</a> funded, as improved cost-benefit ratios are generally achieved with land-based attendance and transfers. Health outcomes, for example from London's <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Emergency_Medical_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter Emergency Medical Service">Helicopter Emergency Medical Service</a>, remain uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patient_survival_versus_ground_ambulance">Patient survival versus ground ambulance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Patient survival versus ground ambulance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although cost-effectiveness may be a consideration in some contexts, in the United States, the primary measure of effectiveness is patient outcomes. Improvements in ground ambulance prehospital care have created uncertainty as to whether helicopter emergency medical services transport is associated with better patient outcomes compared with ground transportation. A U.S. study using 2014 data found that after adjusting for age, Injury Severity Score, and gender, trauma patients who were transferred by helicopter were 57.0% less likely to die than those transferred by ground ambulance (95% CI 0.41 to 0.44, p<0.0001).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A retrospective review study reached a similar conclusion: "Patients transported by helicopter to an urban trauma centre ... had improved survival than those arriving by other means of transport."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patient survival is not the only possible measure of patient outcome. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> patients, for instance, various <a href="/wiki/Outcome_measure" title="Outcome measure">outcome measures</a> could be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dispatch_of_air_medical_services_versus_ground_ambulance">Dispatch of air medical services versus ground ambulance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dispatch of air medical services versus ground ambulance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many considerations in determining whether to dispatch air medical services. Availability, distance and flight conditions are primary considerations. Even when available, an air ambulance is not always the faster choice in comparison to ground ambulances. Ground ambulances are more numerous and more ubiquitous, so will often be closer to the scene. Ground ambulances can depart their base almost immediately, while air medical services must complete preflight routines prior to departure. A nearby suitable landing site may not be available due to trees, wires, etc. Air medical services tend to have an advantage where ground access routes to the hospital are congested and for locations more distant from hospitals. In some situations, it may be desirable to dispatch a ground ambulance that can arrive on the scene first to provide immediate patient care, and an air ambulance to transport the patient(s) to a trauma center. It also should be borne in mind that faster may not always be better. In the context of interhospital transport, it is sometimes better to wait for air medical services with a specialized team to transport a patient even though a local land ambulance and an ad hoc local medical team may be able to transfer a patient from a remote hospital to definitive care faster than air ambulance.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, insurance coverage may be a factor. For example, the Coverage Policy Manual for <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> Blue Cross BlueShield, a not-for-profit mutual insurance company, specifies the circumstances in which costs for air medical services are covered.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The medical personnel of a helicopter ambulance has historically been a Physician/Nurse combination, Paramedic/Nurse, or a Nurse/Nurse combination.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7832345_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7832345-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need for a Physician/Nurse combination has diminished with more protocol and evidence-based applications for care by nurses and other clinicians<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7832345_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7832345-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so the inclusion of respiratory therapists in all modes of air transport is becoming more prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8778415_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8778415-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retrieval_doctor/physician"><span id="Retrieval_doctor.2Fphysician"></span>Retrieval doctor/physician</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Retrieval doctor/physician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Retrieval doctor/physician</b>: Criteria for working as a medical doctor (known as "physician" in the USA) in aeromedical services depends on the jurisdiction. In Australia, where aeromedical retrieval medicine is a well-established medical field, retrieval doctors must be experienced in a critical care specialty (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthesia">anaesthesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">intensive care medicine</a>) as fully qualified specialists;<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specialty registrars in advanced stages of training;<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or general practitioners (i.e. family physicians) with broad experience in critical care and obstetrics.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK doctors working in HEMs are usually experienced in anaesthesia, emergency medicine, acute medicine or intensive care medicine. Some general practitioners also work for air ambulances. A formal training programme for pre-hospital emergency medicine (PHEM) in the UK now aims to produce formal PHEM consultants who have underdone specific training in working in pre-hospital care and transfer medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_paramedic">Flight paramedic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Flight paramedic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Flight paramedic</b>: A licensed <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedic</a> with additional training as a <a href="/wiki/Flight_Medic" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight Medic">certified flight paramedic</a> (<a href="/wiki/FP-C" class="mw-redirect" title="FP-C">FP-C</a>) or a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flight paramedic is usually highly trained with at least five years of autonomous clinical experience in high acuity environments of both pre-hospital emergency medicine and critical care transport. Flight paramedics in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> may be certified as a <a href="/wiki/FP-C" class="mw-redirect" title="FP-C">FP-C</a> or a CCEMT-P. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_nurse">Flight nurse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Flight nurse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flight_nurse" title="Flight nurse">Flight nurse</a></div> <p><b>Flight nurse</b>: a nurse specialized in patient transport in the aviation environment. The flight nurse is a member of an aeromedical evacuation crew on helicopters and airplanes, providing in-flight management and care for all types of patients. Other responsibilities may also include planning and preparing for aeromedical evacuation missions and preparing a patient care plan to facilitate patient care, comfort and safety. Flight nurses may obtain certification in Emergency Nursing (<a href="/wiki/Certified_Emergency_Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified Emergency Nurse">CEN</a>), Flight Nursing (<a href="/wiki/Certified_Flight_Registered_Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified Flight Registered Nurse">CFRN</a>) or Critical Care (<a href="/wiki/CCRN" class="mw-redirect" title="CCRN">CCRN</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civilian_flight_nurses">Civilian flight nurses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Civilian flight nurses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Civilian flight nurses may work for <a href="/wiki/Hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitals">hospitals</a>, federal, state, and local governments, private <a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">medical evacuation</a> firms, fire departments or other agencies. They have training and medical direction that allows them to operate with a broader scope of practice and more autonomy than many other nurses. Some states require that flight nurses must also have paramedic or EMT certification to respond to pre-hospital scenes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hospital_flight_nurses">Hospital flight nurses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Hospital flight nurses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The military flight nurse performs as a member of the aeromedical evacuation <a href="/wiki/Crew" title="Crew">crew</a>, and functions as the senior medical member of the aeromedical evacuation team on Continental United States (CONUS), intra-theater and inter-theater flights - providing for in-flight management and nursing care for all types of patients. Other responsibilities include planning and preparing for aeromedical evacuation missions and preparing a patient positioning plan to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Patient_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient care">patient care</a>, comfort and <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safety</a>. </p><p>Flight nurses evaluate individual patient's in-flight needs and request appropriate <a href="/wiki/Medications" class="mw-redirect" title="Medications">medications</a>, supplies and <a href="/wiki/Medical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical equipment">equipment</a>, providing continuing nursing care from originating to destination facility. They act as liaison between medical and operational <a href="/wiki/Aircrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircrews">aircrews</a> and support personnel to promote patient comfort and to expedite the mission, and also initiate emergency treatment for in-flight <a href="/wiki/Medical_emergencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical emergencies">medical emergencies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_respiratory_practitioner">Transport respiratory practitioner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Transport respiratory practitioner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory practitioner">Respiratory practitioner</a></div> <p><b>Transport therapist</b>: A highly trained respiratory practitioner (also called a <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapist" title="Respiratory therapist">respiratory therapist</a>), typically utilized in long-distance transport situations, though able to provide care during shorter transfer. Transport therapists may obtain Adult Critical Care Specialist (ACCS), Neonatal Transport Specialist (<a href="/wiki/Certified_in_Neonatal_Pediatric_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified in Neonatal Pediatric Transport">NPT</a>) and Neonatal Pediatric Specialist (NPS) certifications from the <a href="/wiki/National_Board_for_Respiratory_Care" title="National Board for Respiratory Care">National Board for Respiratory Care</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associations_and_organizations">Associations and organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Associations and organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Medical_Association" title="Aerospace Medical Association">Aerospace Medical Association</a>: an umbrella group providing a forum for many different disciplines to come together and share their expertise for the benefit of all persons involved in air and space travel.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Association of Air Medical Services: a non-profit 501C (6) trade association.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>National or local organizations specializing in aeromedicine: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Ambulance_Service#Airevac_response" title="British Columbia Ambulance Service">British Columbia Ambulance Service, Airevac Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Doctor_Service" title="Royal Flying Doctor Service">Royal Flying Doctor Service</a> (Australia)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_ambulances_in_Canada" title="Air ambulances in Canada">Air ambulances in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ambulance_services_in_Greece" title="Air ambulance services in Greece">Air ambulance services in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ambulances_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Air ambulances in Poland">Air ambulances in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ambulances_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Air ambulances in the United Kingdom">Air ambulances in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ambulances_in_the_United_States" title="Air ambulances in the United States">Air ambulances in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CareFlight" title="CareFlight">CareFlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Accreditation_of_Medical_Transport_Systems" title="Commission on Accreditation of Medical Transport Systems">Commission on Accreditation of Medical Transport Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Medical_Retrieval_Service" title="Emergency Medical Retrieval Service">Emergency Medical Retrieval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_escort" title="Medical escort">Medical escort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk_Luftambulanse" title="Norsk Luftambulanse">Norsk Luftambulanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westpac_Life_Saver_Rescue_Helicopter_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service">Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTruett2021" class="citation news cs1">Truett, Taylor (20 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iamed.com/air-medical-services-the-evolution-of-aircraft-as-ambulances/">"Air Medical Services: The Evolution of Aircraft as Ambulances - IA MED"</a>. <i>IA MED</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201233828/https://www.iamed.com/air-medical-services-the-evolution-of-aircraft-as-ambulances/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IA+MED&rft.atitle=Air+Medical+Services%3A+The+Evolution+of+Aircraft+as+Ambulances+-+IA+MED&rft.date=2021-03-20&rft.aulast=Truett&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iamed.com%2Fair-medical-services-the-evolution-of-aircraft-as-ambulances%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteenhoffSiddiquiZohn2022" class="citation book cs1">Steenhoff, Timothy C.; Siddiqui, Daniyal I.; Zohn, Stephen F. (2022). "EMS Air Medical Transport". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482358/"><i>StatPearls</i></a>. StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29493980">29493980</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206120551/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482358/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=EMS+Air+Medical+Transport&rft.btitle=StatPearls&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29493980&rft.aulast=Steenhoff&rft.aufirst=Timothy+C.&rft.au=Siddiqui%2C+Daniyal+I.&rft.au=Zohn%2C+Stephen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK482358%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_College_of_Surgeons2008" class="citation book cs1">American College of Surgeons (2008). <i>Atls, Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctors</i>. Amer College of Surgeons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1880696316" title="Special:BookSources/978-1880696316"><bdi>978-1880696316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atls%2C+Advanced+Trauma+Life+Support+Program+for+Doctors&rft.pub=Amer+College+of+Surgeons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1880696316&rft.au=American+College+of+Surgeons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITLS2018-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITLS2018_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2018" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John (2018). <i>International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers</i> (8th Global ed.). Pearson. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1292-17084-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1292-17084-8"><bdi>978-1292-17084-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Trauma+Life+Support+for+Emergency+Care+Providers&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=8th+Global&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1292-17084-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15928284-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15928284_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranasMacKenzieWilliamsSchwab2005" class="citation journal cs1">Branas CC, MacKenzie EJ, Williams JC, Schwab CW, Teter HM, Flanigan MC, et al. (2005). "Access to trauma centers in the United States". <i>JAMA</i>. <b>293</b> (21): <span class="nowrap">2626–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.293.21.2626">10.1001/jama.293.21.2626</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15928284">15928284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Access+to+trauma+centers+in+the+United+States.&rft.volume=293&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2626-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.293.21.2626&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15928284&rft.aulast=Branas&rft.aufirst=CC&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+EJ&rft.au=Williams%2C+JC&rft.au=Schwab%2C+CW&rft.au=Teter%2C+HM&rft.au=Flanigan%2C+MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7832345-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7832345_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7832345_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7832345_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurneyHubertPassiniMaio1995" class="citation journal cs1">Burney RE, Hubert D, Passini L, Maio R (1995). "Variation in air medical outcomes by crew composition: a two-year follow-up". <i>Ann Emerg Med</i>. <b>25</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">187–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0196-0644%2895%2970322-5">10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70322-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7832345">7832345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Emerg+Med&rft.atitle=Variation+in+air+medical+outcomes+by+crew+composition%3A+a+two-year+follow-up.&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0196-0644%2895%2970322-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7832345&rft.aulast=Burney&rft.aufirst=RE&rft.au=Hubert%2C+D&rft.au=Passini%2C+L&rft.au=Maio%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnooksNichollBrazierLees-Mlanga1996" class="citation journal cs1">Snooks, H. A.; Nicholl, J. P.; Brazier, J. E.; Lees-Mlanga, S. (1996-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.pubmed.a024465">"The costs and benefits of helicopter emergency ambulance services in England and Wales"</a>. <i>Journal of Public Health</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.pubmed.a024465">10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024465</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-3842">1741-3842</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8785079">8785079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=The+costs+and+benefits+of+helicopter+emergency+ambulance+services+in+England+and+Wales&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1996-03-01&rft.issn=1741-3842&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8785079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.pubmed.a024465&rft.aulast=Snooks&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rft.au=Nicholl%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Brazier%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Lees-Mlanga%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Foxfordjournals.pubmed.a024465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorStevensonJanMiddleton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Colman B.; Stevenson, Mark; Jan, Stephen; Middleton, Paul M.; Fitzharris, Michael; Myburgh, John A. (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2009.09.030">"A systematic review of the costs and benefits of helicopter emergency medical services"</a>. <i>Injury</i>. <b>41</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">10–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.injury.2009.09.030">10.1016/j.injury.2009.09.030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-1383">0020-1383</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19853251">19853251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9906394">9906394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Injury&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+of+the+costs+and+benefits+of+helicopter+emergency+medical+services&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2010-01&rft.issn=0020-1383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9906394%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19853251&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.injury.2009.09.030&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Colman+B.&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Mark&rft.au=Jan%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Middleton%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=Fitzharris%2C+Michael&rft.au=Myburgh%2C+John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.injury.2009.09.030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavakoliSaberianBagheri_FaradonbehHasani_Sharamin2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tavakoli, Nader; Saberian, Peyman; Bagheri Faradonbeh, Saeed; Hasani Sharamin, Parisa; Modaber, Maryam; Sohrabi Anbohi, Zahra; Jamshidi, Razieh; Abedinejad, Majid; Kolivand, Pirhossein (2022-01-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7897-en.html">"Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Air Emergency Versus Ground Emergency Medical Services Regarding the Patient's Transportation and Treatment in Selected Hospital"</a>. <i>Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran</i>. <b>36</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">861–</span>867. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47176%2Fmjiri.36.113">10.47176/mjiri.36.113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9700417">9700417</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36447535">36447535</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029184432/https://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/article-1-7897-en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Journal+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.atitle=Cost-effectiveness+Analysis+of+Air+Emergency+Versus+Ground+Emergency+Medical+Services+Regarding+the+Patient%27s+Transportation+and+Treatment+in+Selected+Hospital&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E861-%3C%2Fspan%3E867&rft.date=2022-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9700417%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36447535&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47176%2Fmjiri.36.113&rft.aulast=Tavakoli&rft.aufirst=Nader&rft.au=Saberian%2C+Peyman&rft.au=Bagheri+Faradonbeh%2C+Saeed&rft.au=Hasani+Sharamin%2C+Parisa&rft.au=Modaber%2C+Maryam&rft.au=Sohrabi+Anbohi%2C+Zahra&rft.au=Jamshidi%2C+Razieh&rft.au=Abedinejad%2C+Majid&rft.au=Kolivand%2C+Pirhossein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmjiri.iums.ac.ir%2Farticle-1-7897-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCritchellMallinsonRegan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Critchell, Michael; Mallinson, Tom; Regan, Luke (September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2023.05.008">"Assessing the Impact of Transport Modality on Prehospital Times for Victims of Motorcycle Road Traffic Collisions in the Scottish Highlands"</a>. <i>Air Medical Journal</i>. <b>42</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">358–</span>364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amj.2023.05.008">10.1016/j.amj.2023.05.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1067-991X">1067-991X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37716808">37716808</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259634795">259634795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+Impact+of+Transport+Modality+on+Prehospital+Times+for+Victims+of+Motorcycle+Road+Traffic+Collisions+in+the+Scottish+Highlands&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E358-%3C%2Fspan%3E364&rft.date=2023-09&rft.issn=1067-991X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259634795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37716808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amj.2023.05.008&rft.aulast=Critchell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Mallinson%2C+Tom&rft.au=Regan%2C+Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.amj.2023.05.008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meier, B, Saul, S. Fatal crashes provoke debate on safety of sky ambulances. New York Times, February 28, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin, A, Davis, R. Surge in crashes scars air ambulance industry. USA Today, July 18, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16546621-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16546621_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16546621_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsakov_AP2006" class="citation journal cs1">Isakov AP (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16546621">"Souls on board: helicopter emergency medical services and safety"</a>. <i>Ann Emerg Med</i>. <b>47</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">357–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.annemergmed.2005.12.020">10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.12.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16546621">16546621</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714060210/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16546621/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Emerg+Med&rft.atitle=Souls+on+board%3A+helicopter+emergency+medical+services+and+safety&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.annemergmed.2005.12.020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16546621&rft.au=Isakov+AP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F16546621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lam DM. "To Pop A Balloon: Air Evacuation During The Siege of Paris, 1870." <i>Aviation, Space, & Environmental Medicine</i>, 59(10): 988-991, October 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%200424.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105202516/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%200424.html">Archived</a> 2012-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><i>Flight</i>, 13 April 1956, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lam, DM. Wings of Life and Hope: A History of Aeromedical Evacuation." <i>Problems in Critical Care,</i> 4(4): 477-494, December 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society." <i>National Academy of Sciences (White Paper),</i> 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bearl, Spc. Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/-news/2007/02/09/1784-medevac-unit-stays-on-alert-to-save-injured-comrades/">"MEDEVAC Unit Stays on Alert to Save Injured Comrades."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613050324/http://www.army.mil/-news/2007/02/09/1784-medevac-unit-stays-on-alert-to-save-injured-comrades/">Archived</a> 2010-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>US Military News</i> via <i>army.mil/-news,</i> February 9, 2007. Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/About-Us/Our-History/">"Royal Flying Doctor Service."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100504193350/http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/About-Us/Our-History">Archived</a> 2010-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>flyingdoctor.net.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naughton, Russell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/marvingt.html">"Marie Marvingt "La Fiancée du Danger" (1875-1963)."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626103402/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/marvingt.html">Archived</a> 2018-06-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>monash.edu.au,</i> 2010. Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.gov.sk.ca/saskatchewan-air-ambulance">"Saskatchewan Air Ambulance"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204122354/http://www.health.gov.sk.ca/saskatchewan-air-ambulance">Archived</a> 2008-12-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Government of Saskatchewan.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schaeferamb.com/">"Schaefer Ambulance Service."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125045615/http://www.schaeferamb.com/">Archived</a> 2010-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>schaeferamb.com.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617154133/http://www.forrestgeneral.com/story/history.php">"Our History: Forrest General Hospital."</a> <i>forrestgeneral.com.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christoph-1.de/">"Cristoph1" (in German).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729073654/http://www.christoph-1.de/">Archived</a> 2013-07-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>christoph-1.de.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Burghart: <i>Medical Aspects of Rescue Operations by Helicopters</i>. Vortrag in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> am 20. Januar 1975. Zitiert in: Martin Frey: <i>Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Luftrettung von Notfallpatienten.</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mainz" title="University of Mainz">University of Mainz</a>, Section <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a>, Thesis, <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> 1976, S. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_Kugler2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gerhard Kugler (2002), <i>ADACOPTER, Auf-Zeichnungen einer Entwicklung</i> (in German), München: Werner Wolfsfellner MedizinVerlag, pp. 185-188, Kap. C3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933266-77-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-933266-77-4"><bdi>978-3-933266-77-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ADACOPTER%2C+Auf-Zeichnungen+einer+Entwicklung&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=pp.-185-188%2C+Kap.+C3&rft.pub=Werner+Wolfsfellner+MedizinVerlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-933266-77-4&rft.au=Gerhard+Kugler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAGARD1978" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">AGARD (1978-12-01), AGARD ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sto.nato.int/publications/_layouts/mobile/view.aspx?List=03e8ea21%2D64e6%2D4d37%2D8235%2D04fb61e122e9&View=7e9c814c%2D056a%2D4d31%2D8392%2D7c6752b2af2b&RootFolder=%2Fpublications%2FAGARD%2FAGARD%2DCP%2D255&ViewMode=Detail">"Operational Helicopter Aviation Medicine: Edited by Colonel S. C. Knapp, MC, Fort Rucker, Alabama"</a>, <i>Papers Presented at the Aerospace Medical Panel's Specialists' Meeting Held at Fort Rucker, Alabama, USA, 1–5 May 1978</i> (in German), vol. CP-255, Neuilly Sur Seine, France, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701043031/https://www.sto.nato.int/publications/_layouts/mobile/view.aspx?List=03e8ea21%2D64e6%2D4d37%2D8235%2D04fb61e122e9&View=7e9c814c%2D056a%2D4d31%2D8392%2D7c6752b2af2b&RootFolder=%2Fpublications%2FAGARD%2FAGARD%2DCP%2D255&ViewMode=Detail">archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-28</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+Presented+at+the+Aerospace+Medical+Panel%27s+Specialists%27+Meeting+Held+at+Fort+Rucker%2C+Alabama%2C+USA%2C+1%E2%80%935+May+1978&rft.atitle=Operational+Helicopter+Aviation+Medicine%3A+Edited+by+Colonel+S.+C.+Knapp%2C+MC%2C+Fort+Rucker%2C+Alabama&rft.volume=CP-255&rft.date=1978-12-01&rft.au=AGARD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sto.nato.int%2Fpublications%2F_layouts%2Fmobile%2Fview.aspx%3FList%3D03e8ea21%252D64e6%252D4d37%252D8235%252D04fb61e122e9%26View%3D7e9c814c%252D056a%252D4d31%252D8392%252D7c6752b2af2b%26RootFolder%3D%252Fpublications%252FAGARD%252FAGARD%252DCP%252D255%26ViewMode%3DDetail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightforlifecolorado.org/">"First in the Nation - Celebrating 37 Years of Air Medical Transport!"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727150216/http://www.flightforlifecolorado.org/">Archived</a> 2013-07-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Flight for Life,</i> 2006. Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mycity-military.com/Helikopteri/Mil-Mi-2-PZL-2-Kania-PZL-3-Sok.html">Air ambulance and rescue in Yugoslavia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329184332/http://www.mycity-military.com/Helikopteri/Mil-Mi-2-PZL-2-Kania-PZL-3-Sok.html">Archived</a> 2015-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved: Mart 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orange-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orange_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornge.ca/">"History."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924022422/http://www.ornge.ca/">Archived</a> 2008-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>ornge.ca.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metrohealth.org/body.cfm?id=1106">"Metro Life Flight."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730122450/http://www.metrohealth.org/body.cfm?id=1106">Archived</a> 2013-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The MetroHealth System.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/news/11684727.end-of-era-for-wiltshire-air-ambulance/">"End of era for Wiltshire air ambulance"</a>. <i>Gazette and Herald</i>. 24 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065539/https://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/news/11684727.end-of-era-for-wiltshire-air-ambulance/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazette+and+Herald&rft.atitle=End+of+era+for+Wiltshire+air+ambulance&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetteandherald.co.uk%2Fnews%2F11684727.end-of-era-for-wiltshire-air-ambulance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp">"Governor O'Malley Announces New Additions to Maryland's World-Class Emergency Response."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004094925/http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp">Archived</a> 2008-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Maryland State Police Aviation Command</i> via <i>mspaviation.org,</i> October 20, 2010. Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rega.ch/en/start_en.aspx">"Rega Switzerland."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730053256/http://www.rega.ch/en/start_en.aspx">Archived</a> 2013-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>rega.ch/en.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adac.de/mitgliedschaft_leistungen/mitgliedschaftstarife/membership/default.asp?ComponentID=30621&SourcePageID=193391">"ADAC."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826233514/http://www1.adac.de/mitgliedschaft_leistungen/mitgliedschaftstarife/membership/default.asp?ComponentID=30621&SourcePageID=193391">Archived</a> 2009-08-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>adac.de.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vert2015-04-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vert2015-04_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubois2015" class="citation news cs1">Dubois, Thierry (20 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verticalmag.com/features/features_article/HemsaufDeutsch">"Hems auf Deutsch"</a>. <i>Vertical Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713234451/http://www.verticalmag.com/features/features_article/HemsaufDeutsch">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vertical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Hems+auf+Deutsch&rft.date=2015-04-20&rft.aulast=Dubois&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verticalmag.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffeatures_article%2FHemsaufDeutsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Life_Flight-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Life_Flight_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Life_Flight_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memorialhermann.org/services/specialties/trauma/life-flight">"Life Flight"</a>. Memorial Hermann Health System. 6 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711061246/https://memorialhermann.org/services/specialties/trauma/life-flight">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+Flight&rft.pub=Memorial+Hermann+Health+System&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemorialhermann.org%2Fservices%2Fspecialties%2Ftrauma%2Flife-flight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthcaresnapshots.com/projects/13169/memorial-hermanns-texas-medical-center-susan-and-fayez-sarofim-pavilion/">"Memorial Hermann's Texas Medical Center - Susan and Fayez Sarofim Pavilion"</a>. <i>Healthcare Snapshots</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711065100/https://healthcaresnapshots.com/projects/13169/memorial-hermanns-texas-medical-center-susan-and-fayez-sarofim-pavilion/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Healthcare+Snapshots&rft.atitle=Memorial+Hermann%27s+Texas+Medical+Center+-+Susan+and+Fayez+Sarofim+Pavilion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealthcaresnapshots.com%2Fprojects%2F13169%2Fmemorial-hermanns-texas-medical-center-susan-and-fayez-sarofim-pavilion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.scott.amc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=12759">"USAF 357: Medical Airlift Group."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033802/http://public.scott.amc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=12759">Archived</a> 2009-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>public.scott.amc.af.mil.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-18-air-ambulance_x.htm">"Reconsidering air ambulance usage"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504020306/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-18-air-ambulance_x.htm">Archived</a> 2012-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>USA Today</i>, July 18, 2005. Retrieved: November 12, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cobill-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cobill_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/sl2007a/sl_96.htm">"Colorado House Bill 07-1259."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730081418/http://www.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/sl2007a/sl_96.htm">Archived</a> 2013-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>State of Colorado.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightparamedic.org/docs/njdraft.pdf">"State of New Jersey Assembly Act No. 3786."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207120944/http://www.flightparamedic.org/docs/njdraft.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>State of New Jersey.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmcpr.state.nm.us/nmregister/xvi/xvi24/7.27.5new.htm">"Emergency Air Ambulance Services."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730133300/http://www.nmcpr.state.nm.us/nmregister/xvi/xvi24/7.27.5new.htm">Archived</a> 2013-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>New Mexico Register</i>, Volume XVI, Number 24, December 30, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rules.utah.gov/publicat/code/r426/r426-002.htm">"Utah Rule R426-2."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730081425/http://www.rules.utah.gov/publicat/code/r426/r426-002.htm">Archived</a> 2013-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>State of Utah.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-z457-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-z457_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=246-976-320">"WAC 246-976-320"</a>. <i>app.leg.wa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=app.leg.wa.gov&rft.atitle=WAC+246-976-320&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapp.leg.wa.gov%2Fwac%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcite%3D246-976-320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Washington: DC.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rules.state.ri.us/rules/released/pdf/DOH/DOH_2053_.pdf">"Rules and Regulations Relating to Emergency Medical Services."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060504023326/http://www.rules.state.ri.us/rules/released/pdf/DOH/DOH_2053_.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Rhode Island Department of Health.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/emstraumasystems/157_12Draft101252006.pdf">"Draft of proposed changes to the Texas Department of State Health Services rule 157.12."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121034508/http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/emstraumasystems/157_12Draft101252006.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-11-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>dshs.state.tx.us.</i> January 25, 2006. <i>State of Texas.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121034359/http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/emstraumasystems/Minutes-final-05-26-05%20_2_.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Texas DSHS committee minutes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/emstraumasystems/Minutes-final-05-26-05%20_2_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Texas+DSHS+committee+minutes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dshs.state.tx.us%2Femstraumasystems%2FMinutes-final-05-26-05%2520_2_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.fresno.ca.us/uploadedFiles/Departments/Public_Health/Divisions/EMS/content/Policies,_Procedures_and_Memos/content/Fresno,_Kings_and_Madera_Counties/001_-_099/021.pdf">"Department of Community Health Policies and Procedures."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730191539/http://www.co.fresno.ca.us/uploadedFiles/Departments/Public_Health/Divisions/EMS/content/Policies,_Procedures_and_Memos/content/Fresno,_Kings_and_Madera_Counties/001_-_099/021.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>EMS.</i> Retrieved: December 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">, Levin, Alan and Robert Davis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-17-air-ambulance-crashes_x.htm">"Surge in crashes scars air ambulance industry."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523082827/https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-17-air-ambulance-crashes_x.htm">Archived</a> 2011-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>USA Today</i>, July 17, 2005. Retrieved: November 12, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2006/AAB0605.htm">"Official NTSB report on an air ambulance Learjet crash in San Diego, California that killed everyone on board, amounting to five deaths."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817012829/https://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2006/AAB0605.htm">Archived</a> 2022-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>NTSB Publication</i>, October 24, 2004. Retrieved: November 12, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-01-25-air-ambulances_x.htm">"NTSB: Air ambulance crashes avoidable."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110129021945/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-01-25-air-ambulances_x.htm">Archived</a> 2011-01-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>USA Today</i>, January 25, 2006. Retrieved: November 12, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brazier, J. "The cost and effectiveness of the London Helicopter Emergency Medical Service." <i>J Health Serv Res Policy,</i> 01-OCT-1996; 1(4): 232-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelsPhamPuckettDissanaike2019" class="citation journal cs1">Michaels, David; Pham, Hannah; Puckett, Yana; Dissanaike, Sharmila (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsaco.bmj.com/content/4/1/e000211">"Helicopter versus ground ambulance: review of national database for outcomes in survival in transferred trauma patients in the USA"</a>. <i>Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open</i>. <b>4</b> (1): e000211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Ftsaco-2018-000211">10.1136/tsaco-2018-000211</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6461140">6461140</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31058235">31058235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711143941/https://tsaco.bmj.com/content/4/1/e000211">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trauma+Surgery+%26+Acute+Care+Open&rft.atitle=Helicopter+versus+ground+ambulance%3A+review+of+national+database+for+outcomes+in+survival+in+transferred+trauma+patients+in+the+USA&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e000211&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6461140%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31058235&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Ftsaco-2018-000211&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Pham%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Puckett%2C+Yana&rft.au=Dissanaike%2C+Sharmila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftsaco.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F4%2F1%2Fe000211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelsPhamPuckettDissanaike2019" class="citation journal cs1">Michaels, David; Pham, Hannah; Puckett, Yana; Dissanaike, Sharmila (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331572930">"Helicopter versus ground ambulance: Review of national database for outcomes in survival in transferred trauma patients in the USA"</a>. <i>Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open</i>. <b>4</b> (1): e000211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Ftsaco-2018-000211">10.1136/tsaco-2018-000211</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6461140">6461140</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31058235">31058235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701043031/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331572930_Helicopter_versus_ground_ambulance_Review_of_national_database_for_outcomes_in_survival_in_transferred_trauma_patients_in_the_USA">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trauma+Surgery+%26+Acute+Care+Open&rft.atitle=Helicopter+versus+ground+ambulance%3A+Review+of+national+database+for+outcomes+in+survival+in+transferred+trauma+patients+in+the+USA&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e000211&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6461140%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31058235&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Ftsaco-2018-000211&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Pham%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Puckett%2C+Yana&rft.au=Dissanaike%2C+Sharmila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F331572930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannayWyrzykowskiBallLaupland2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hannay, R. Scott; Wyrzykowski, Amy D.; Ball, Chad G.; Laupland, Kevin; Feliciano, David V. (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3908996">"Retrospective review of injury severity, interventions and outcomes among helicopter and nonhelicopter transport patients at a Level 1 urban trauma centre"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Surgery</i>. <b>57</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcjs.000113">10.1503/cjs.000113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3908996">3908996</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24461227">24461227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Retrospective+review+of+injury+severity%2C+interventions+and+outcomes+among+helicopter+and+nonhelicopter+transport+patients+at+a+Level+1+urban+trauma+centre&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3908996%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24461227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcjs.000113&rft.aulast=Hannay&rft.aufirst=R.+Scott&rft.au=Wyrzykowski%2C+Amy+D.&rft.au=Ball%2C+Chad+G.&rft.au=Laupland%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Feliciano%2C+David+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3908996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonaldLewellMoorePan2020" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonald, Russell D.; Lewell, Michael; Moore, Sean; Pan, Andy; Peddle, Michael; Sawadsky, Bruce (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caep.ca/periodicals/Volume_22_Issue_Supplement_2/Vol_22_Issue_Supplement_2_Page_S55_-_S61_MacDonald.pdf">"Air medical transport myths"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CJEM</i>. <b>22</b> (S2). ORNGE: <span class="nowrap">S55 –</span> <span class="nowrap">S61</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcem.2019.478">10.1017/cem.2019.478</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33084558">33084558</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224824559">224824559</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616194919/https://caep.ca/periodicals/Volume_22_Issue_Supplement_2/Vol_22_Issue_Supplement_2_Page_S55_-_S61_MacDonald.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CJEM&rft.atitle=Air+medical+transport+myths&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=S2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES55+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES61%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224824559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33084558&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcem.2019.478&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Russell+D.&rft.au=Lewell%2C+Michael&rft.au=Moore%2C+Sean&rft.au=Pan%2C+Andy&rft.au=Peddle%2C+Michael&rft.au=Sawadsky%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaep.ca%2Fperiodicals%2FVolume_22_Issue_Supplement_2%2FVol_22_Issue_Supplement_2_Page_S55_-_S61_MacDonald.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.arkansasbluecross.com/members/report.aspx?policyNumber=2022032&viewIntro=yes">"Coverage Policy Manual - Arkansas Blue Cross and Blue Shield"</a>. <i>secure.arkansasbluecross.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711160733/https://secure.arkansasbluecross.com/members/report.aspx?policyNumber=2022032&viewIntro=yes">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=secure.arkansasbluecross.com&rft.atitle=Coverage+Policy+Manual+-+Arkansas+Blue+Cross+and+Blue+Shield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.arkansasbluecross.com%2Fmembers%2Freport.aspx%3FpolicyNumber%3D2022032%26viewIntro%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8778415-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8778415_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliottFoleyYoungBalazs1996" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott JP, Foley MR, Young L, Balazs KT, Meiner L (1996). "Air transport of obstetric critical care patients to tertiary centers". <i>J Reprod Med</i>. <b>41</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">171–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8778415">8778415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Reprod+Med&rft.atitle=Air+transport+of+obstetric+critical+care+patients+to+tertiary+centers.&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8778415&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Foley%2C+MR&rft.au=Young%2C+L&rft.au=Balazs%2C+KT&rft.au=Meiner%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/Careers/Job-Vacancies/?RowID=13">"Positions Vacant - Staff Specialists"</a>. Royal Flying Doctor Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140218224622/http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/Careers/Job-Vacancies/?RowID=13">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Positions+Vacant+-+Staff+Specialists&rft.pub=Royal+Flying+Doctor+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingdoctor.org.au%2FCareers%2FJob-Vacancies%2F%3FRowID%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203212025/http://www.careflightgroup.com/page/careflight-medical-services/AIr_Medical_Retrieval_Registrars/">"Positions Available"</a>. Careflight Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.careflightgroup.com/page/careflight-medical-services/AIr_Medical_Retrieval_Registrars/">the original</a> on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Positions+Available&rft.pub=Careflight+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.careflightgroup.com%2Fpage%2Fcareflight-medical-services%2FAIr_Medical_Retrieval_Registrars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambulance.nsw.gov.au/Employment/Critical-Care-Registrar-Recruitment.html">"Critical Care Registrar Recruitment"</a>. NSW Ambulance Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204045138/http://www.ambulance.nsw.gov.au/Employment/Critical-Care-Registrar-Recruitment.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Critical+Care+Registrar+Recruitment&rft.pub=NSW+Ambulance+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambulance.nsw.gov.au%2FEmployment%2FCritical-Care-Registrar-Recruitment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/Careers/Job-Vacancies/?RowID=276">"Positions Vacancies - Medical Officers"</a>. Royal Flying Doctor Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140218233325/http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/Careers/Job-Vacancies/?RowID=276">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Positions+Vacancies+-+Medical+Officers&rft.pub=Royal+Flying+Doctor+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingdoctor.org.au%2FCareers%2FJob-Vacancies%2F%3FRowID%3D276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangor.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate-taught/advanced-hems-practice-msc">"Advanced HEMS Practice"</a>. <i>Bangor University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412104101/https://www.bangor.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate-taught/advanced-hems-practice-msc">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangor+University&rft.atitle=Advanced+HEMS+Practice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangor.ac.uk%2Fcourses%2Fpostgraduate-taught%2Fadvanced-hems-practice-msc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Air_Force_ROTC" class="citation web cs1">US Air Force ROTC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609082536/http://www.afrotc.com/careers/jobsearch/category/nurse/46FX.htm">"Flight Nurse"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrotc.com/careers/jobsearch/category/nurse/46FX.htm">the original</a> on 9 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flight+Nurse&rft.au=US+Air+Force+ROTC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrotc.com%2Fcareers%2Fjobsearch%2Fcategory%2Fnurse%2F46FX.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111029071229/http://www.asma.org/aboutasma/index.php">"About the AsMA- Aerospace Medical Association"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asma.org/aboutasma/index.php">the original</a> on 2011-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+AsMA-+Aerospace+Medical+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asma.org%2Faboutasma%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aams.org/">"Home Page"</a>. <i>AAMS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223162721/http://aams.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AAMS&rft.atitle=Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faams.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rescue_aircraft" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rescue aircraft">Rescue aircraft</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emergency_medical_services226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emergency_medical_services" title="Template:Emergency medical services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emergency_medical_services" title="Template talk:Emergency medical services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emergency_medical_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emergency medical services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emergency_medical_services226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramedicine" title="Paramedicine">Paramedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_life_support" title="Basic life support">Basic life support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_life_support" title="Advanced life support">Advanced life support</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_responder" title="Emergency medical responder">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certified_first_responder" title="Certified first responder">Certified first responder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_medic" title="Combat medic">Combat medic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_care_assistant" title="Emergency care assistant">Emergency care assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_dispatcher" title="Emergency medical dispatcher">Emergency medical dispatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_responder" title="Emergency medical responder">Emergency medical responder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">Emergency medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_emergency_medical_technician" title="Advanced emergency medical technician">Advanced emergency medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">Paramedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_physician" title="Emergency physician">Emergency physician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_director" title="Medical director">Medical director</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air medical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">Ambulance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ambulance" title="History of the ambulance">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambulance_bus" title="Ambulance bus">Ambulance bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_bike" title="Blood bike">Blood bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_car_(ambulance)" title="Combination car (ambulance)">Combination car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_horse_field_ambulance" title="Light horse field ambulance">Light horse field ambulance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_ambulance" title="Motorcycle ambulance">Motorcycle ambulance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontransporting_EMS_vehicle" title="Nontransporting EMS vehicle">Nontransporting EMS vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_ambulance" title="Water ambulance">Water ambulance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casualty_lifting" title="Casualty lifting">Casualty lifting</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Casualty_movement" title="Casualty movement">movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendrick_extrication_device" title="Kendrick extrication device">Kendrick extrication device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(rescue_basket)" title="Litter (rescue basket)">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_board" title="Spinal board">Spinal board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_stretcher" title="Scoop stretcher">Scoop stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_precautions" title="Spinal precautions">Spinal precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretcher" title="Stretcher">Stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_mattress" title="Vacuum mattress">Vacuum mattress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weevac_6" title="Weevac 6">Weevac 6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambulance_station" title="Ambulance station">Ambulance station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_squad" title="Rescue squad">Rescue squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">Search and rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_emergency_medicine" title="Critical emergency medicine">Critical emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Military medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_medicine" title="Wilderness medicine">Wilderness medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1013" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q763256#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4017661-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Search and rescue operations"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85119352">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="letecké záchranářství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph683589&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565849405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&oldid=1273187653">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&oldid=1273187653</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Air_ambulance_services" title="Category:Air ambulance services">Air ambulance services</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medical_services" title="Category:Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rescue_aviation" title="Category:Rescue aviation">Rescue aviation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 February 2025, at 05:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_medical_services&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Air medical services</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>27 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-8dc8fc9cd-2dtwg","wgBackendResponseTime":148,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.583","walltime":"0.710","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4048,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":107611,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2595,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":169047,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 581.939 1 -total"," 49.15% 286.010 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.43% 78.180 2 Template:Cite_news"," 12.04% 70.075 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.99% 69.746 1 Template:Emergency_medical_services"," 11.90% 69.239 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.51% 66.957 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.68% 44.716 14 Template:Cite_web"," 6.21% 36.152 1 Template:Commons_category"," 6.12% 35.625 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.349","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5812488,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-sg2m4","timestamp":"20250211203127","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Air medical services","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_medical_services","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q763256","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q763256","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-09-05T23:42:30Z","dateModified":"2025-02-01T05:19:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7e\/Helicopter_of_the_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile%2C_Paris_October_2009_001.jpg","headline":"use of air transportation\u00a0to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident scenes"}</script> </body> </html>