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href="#Serving_the_Southern_Ming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Serving the Southern Ming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serving_the_Southern_Ming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_of_Yangzhou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_of_Yangzhou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Defence of Yangzhou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_of_Yangzhou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calligraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calligraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Calligraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calligraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95" title="史可法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="史可法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="สื่อ เขอฝ่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สื่อ เขอฝ่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%AD_Kh%E1%BA%A3_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Sử Khả Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sử Khả Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95" title="史可法 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="史可法" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95" title="史可法 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="史可法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95" title="史可法 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="史可法" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early 17th-century Ming Dynasty Minister and General</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Sh%C7%90_(surname)" title="Shǐ (surname)">Shi</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Shi Kefa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">史可法</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%83%8F.jpg/200px-%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%83%8F.jpg/300px-%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%83%8F.jpg/400px-%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="2694" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Shi Kefa</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Secretary">Senior Grand Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1644</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yousong" title="Zhu Yousong">Zhu Yousong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jiantai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Jiantai (page does not exist)">Li Jiantai</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Hongtu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Hongtu (page does not exist)">Gao Hongtu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Minister of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1644</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Zhu Yousong</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Jinyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Jinyan (page does not exist)">Zhang Jinyan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Shiying" title="Ma Shiying">Ma Shiying</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%85%AD%E9%83%A8" class="extiw" title="zh:南京六部">Minister of War, Southern Capital</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1643–1644</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor" title="Chongzhen Emperor">Chongzhen Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Xiong Mingyu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ma Shiying</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%85%AD%E9%83%A8" class="extiw" title="zh:南京六部">Minister of Personnel, Southern Capital</a> (acting)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1643–1644</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Chongzhen Emperor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Li Yuzhi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhang Shenyan</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1601-02-04</span>)</span>4 February 1601<br /><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 May 1645<span style="display:none">(1645-05-20)</span> (aged 44)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Official, calligrapher</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shi Kefa</b> (4 February 1601 – 20 May 1645), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy names</a> <b>Xianzhi</b> and <b>Daolin</b>, was a government official and calligrapher who lived in the late <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. He was born in Xiangfu (祥符; present-day <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>) and claimed <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_home_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral home (China)">ancestry</a> from Daxing County, Shuntian Prefecture (順天府大興縣; in present-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>). He was mentored by <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Guangdou" title="Zuo Guangdou">Zuo Guangdou</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">左光斗</span></span>). He served as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Minister of War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> during the early part of his career. He is best remembered for his defence of <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and was killed when Yangzhou fell to Qing forces in April 1645. After his death, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a> granted him the <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous name</a> "Zhongjing" (忠靖; means "loyal and peaceful"). Nearly a century later, the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> of Qing granted Shi Kefa another posthumous name, "Zhongzheng" (忠正; means "loyal and upright".) His descendants collected his works and compiled them into a book titled <i>Lord Shi Zhongzheng's Collections</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">史忠正公集</span></span>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Kefa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shi Kefa took the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examination</a> and obtained a <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination#Organization" title="Imperial examination">jinshi</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">進士</span></span>) degree in 1628. He was appointed as an official in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, before subsequently serving as a <i>yuanwailang</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">員外郎</span></span>) and <i>langzhong</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郎中</span></span>) in the <a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Ministry of Revenue</a>. In 1635 he followed the general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Xiangsheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu Xiangsheng (page does not exist)">Lu Xiangsheng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">盧象昇</span></span>) to suppress peasant revolts throughout the land. Two years later, he was promoted to <i>yushi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">御史</span></span>) on the recommendation of the minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Guowei_(official)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Guowei (official) (page does not exist)">Zhang Guowei</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張國維</span></span>), and was also appointed as <i>xunfu</i> (巡撫; a type of regional governor) of <a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a>, Luzhou (present-day <a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a>), Taiping (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Wuhu_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhu City">Wuhu City</a>), Chizhou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">池州</span></span>), and various counties in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huguang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguang Province">Huguang</a> provinces. In 1641, he was put in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Caoyun_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caoyun system">Caoyun system</a>. In the seventh month of 1643, he was appointed as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Minister of War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serving_the_Southern_Ming">Serving the Southern Ming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Kefa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Serving the Southern Ming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the third lunar month of 1644, rebel forces led by <a href="/wiki/Li_Zicheng" title="Li Zicheng">Li Zicheng</a> captured the Ming capital <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor" title="Chongzhen Emperor">Chongzhen Emperor</a> committed suicide. The following month, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a> defected to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and opened <a href="/wiki/Shanhai_Pass" title="Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</a>, allowing the Qing armies to seize control of Beijing from Li Zicheng's rebel forces and overrun most of northern China. </p><p>When news of the Chongzhen Emperor's death reached Nanjing, there was much debate on who would be the new Ming emperor. Even though Shi Kefa was effectively the leader of the Ming loyalists in Nanjing, he was unable to make a decision on the issue. In the fifth lunar month, Fengyang's <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy (China)">Viceroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Shiying" title="Ma Shiying">Ma Shiying</a>, and others supported the prince <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yousong,_Prince_of_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Yousong, Prince of Fu">Zhu Yousong</a> to take the throne, and Zhu became the Hongguang Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a>. For his effort, Ma Shiying won the appreciation of Hongguang and replaced Shi Kefa as the effective head of government. </p><p>In the face of Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Qing armies, Shi Kefa advocated the policy of allying with Qing to eliminate the rebels first, then driving the Qing forces back north. However, the officials in the Southern Ming imperial court were disunited as they were more interested in pursuing their personal interests. The Southern Ming gradually weakened under the pressure of internal political struggle and the resignation of several officials. </p><p>After losing his influence in the imperial court, Shi Kefa requested to be dispatched north to supervise defenses on the northern border. Due to internal conflict among the Ming generals along the border, Shi Kefa was unable to establish a strong defense. </p><p>In the fourth lunar month of 1645, <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Liangyu" title="Zuo Liangyu">Zuo Liangyu</a> led an army from <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> to attack Ma Shiying and <a href="/wiki/Ruan_Dacheng" title="Ruan Dacheng">Ruan Dacheng</a>. Ma Shiying ordered Shi Kefa to set up defenses at the northern border to resist Zuo Liangyu from the east. Zuo Liangyu was eventually defeated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Degong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Degong (page does not exist)">Huang Degong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">黃得功</span></span>) while his army surrendered. <a href="/wiki/Xuyi_County" title="Xuyi County">Xuyi</a> also surrendered to Qing and Sizhou (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tianchang" title="Tianchang">Tianchang</a>) fell to Qing. Shi Kefa moved back to Yangzhou and continued resisting the Qing invaders there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defence_of_Yangzhou">Defence of Yangzhou</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Kefa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Defence of Yangzhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangzhou-Shi-Kefa-Memorial-3402.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Yangzhou-Shi-Kefa-Memorial-3402.jpg/220px-Yangzhou-Shi-Kefa-Memorial-3402.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Yangzhou-Shi-Kefa-Memorial-3402.jpg/330px-Yangzhou-Shi-Kefa-Memorial-3402.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Yangzhou-Shi-Kefa-Memorial-3402.jpg/440px-Yangzhou-Shi-Kefa-Memorial-3402.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Shi Kefa Memorial in Yangzhou</figcaption></figure> <p>In the fifth lunar month of 1645, Qing forces led by the Manchu prince <a href="/wiki/Dodo_(prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodo (prince)">Dodo</a> besieged Yangzhou. Shi Kefa sent a messenger to request reinforcements. His subordinate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Zeqing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Zeqing (page does not exist)">Liu Zeqing</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉澤清</span></span>) escaped north to <a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a>, while only <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Zhaoji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Zhaoji (page does not exist)">Liu Zhaoji</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉肇基</span></span>) came to Shi Kefa's aid. </p><p>The Qing regent <a href="/wiki/Dorgon" title="Dorgon">Dorgon</a> wrote to Shi Kefa, asking for his surrender, but Shi declined. Shi Kefa's response, titled <i>Reply to Dorgon's letter</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">復多爾袞書</span></span>), was noted for its neither servile nor overbearing tone, and was circulated among later generations. </p><p>Subsequently, Shi Kefa entrusted his subordinate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Dewei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shi Dewei (page does not exist)">Shi Dewei</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">史德威</span></span>), whom he had adopted as a godson, with his funeral arrangements, saying that he wished to be buried at Plum Blossom Ridge (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">梅花嶺</span></span>) after his death. </p><p>On the 24th day, Qing armies bombarded Yangzhou with cannon fire and the city fell that night. Shi Kefa attempted suicide by slitting his throat but failed. He then ordered Shi Dewei to kill him but Shi Dewei tearfully refused and did not dare to look up at his godfather. Shi Kefa then shouted "I'm Military Inspector Shi. Quickly kill me!" and was captured as a prisoner-of-war. Dodo tried to persuade Shi Kefa to surrender and serve him, saying, "Previously we sent you a letter politely asking for your surrender, but you refused. Now that you've fulfilled your loyalty and righteousness, you should take on a new important responsibility – help me conquer <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shi Kefa replied, "I fall together with the city. My decision will not change. Even if I'm torn to pieces, my feelings will be as sweet as <a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">maltose</a>. But do not harm the thousands of lives in Yangzhou!"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shi Kefa was then executed. </p><p>Dodo was infuriated by the heavy casualties sustained by his army in conquering Yangzhou so he ordered that the entire city be put to the sword (the event is known as the <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_massacre" title="Yangzhou massacre">Yangzhou massacre</a>). Twelve days after Shi Kefa's death, his remains could not be found. A year later in 1646, Shi Dewei buried Shi Kefa's headdress and garments at Plum Blossom Ridge outside the Tianning Gate of Yangzhou. The Qing writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quan_Zuwang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quan Zuwang (page does not exist)">Quan Zuwang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">全祖望</span></span>) later wrote the <i>Tale of Plum Blossom Ridge</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">梅花嶺記</span></span>) to describe the event. </p><p>The Shi Kefa Memorial, a shrine devoted to the memory of Shi Kefa, is located in present-day Yangzhou. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Kefa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Calligraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shi Kefa was said to have been an individual of great energy and integrity, qualities reflected in his <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, frequently in <a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">cursive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">semi-cursive</a> style. Shi Kefa's calligraphy is of the late Ming period style among other Ming literati, with a preference for long compositions in a flourishing manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Kefa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Kefa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(前以書謁請，而先生不從。今忠義既成，當畀重任，為我收拾江南)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(城亡與亡，我意已決，即碎屍萬段，甘之如飴，但揚城百萬生靈不可殺戮！)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Wang, Sizhi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordpedia.com/search/Content.asp?ID=52395">"Shi Kefa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_China" title="Encyclopedia of China">Encyclopedia of China</a></i>, 1st ed.</li> <li><i>Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws</i> Struve, Lynn A. Publisher:Yale University Press, 1998. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07553-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07553-3">978-0-300-07553-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummel1943" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr." title="Arthur W. Hummel Sr.">Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.</a>, ed. (1943). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Shih K'o-fa"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Shih_K%27o-fa">"Shih K'o-fa" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period" title="Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period">Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shih+K%27o-fa&rft.btitle=Eminent+Chinese+of+the+Ch%27ing+Period&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShi+Kefa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Senior_Grand_Secretaries_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Template:Senior Grand Secretaries of the Ming dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Senior_Grand_Secretaries_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Template talk:Senior Grand Secretaries of the Ming dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Senior_Grand_Secretaries_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Senior Grand Secretaries of the Ming dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senior_Grand_Secretaries_of_the_Ming_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Senior Grand Secretaries of the Ming dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yongle era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Huai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Huai (page does not exist)">Huang Huai</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Jin_(mandarin)" title="Xie Jin (mandarin)">Xie Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Guang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hu Guang (page does not exist)">Hu Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Rong_(mandarin)" title="Yang Rong (mandarin)">Yang Rong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hongxi and Xuande eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shiqi" title="Yang Shiqi">Yang Shiqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zhengtong era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shiqi" title="Yang Shiqi">Yang Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Pu_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Pu (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Yang Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cao_Nai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cao Nai (page does not exist)">Cao Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Xun (page does not exist)">Chen Xun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jingtai era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Xun (page does not exist)">Chen Xun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tianshun era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Xun (page does not exist)">Chen Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Gu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Gu (page does not exist)">Gao Gu</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Youzhen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Youzhen (page does not exist)">Xu Youzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Bin_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Bin (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Xu Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xian_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xian (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">Li Xian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chenghua era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xian_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xian (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">Li Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Wen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Wen (page does not exist)">Chen Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xian_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xian (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">Li Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Wen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Wen (page does not exist)">Chen Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Shi_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peng Shi (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Peng Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shang Lu (page does not exist)">Shang Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wan_An_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wan An (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Wan An</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Ji_(Grand_Secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Ji (Grand Secretary) (page does not exist)">Liu Ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hongzhi era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Ji_(Grand_Secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Ji (Grand Secretary) (page does not exist)">Liu Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Pu" title="Xu Pu">Xu Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jian_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Jian (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Liu Jian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zhengde era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jian_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Jian (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Liu Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Dongyang" title="Li Dongyang">Li Dongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tinghe" title="Yang Tinghe">Yang Tinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liang_Chu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liang Chu (page does not exist)">Liang Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tinghe" title="Yang Tinghe">Yang Tinghe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jiajing era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Tinghe" title="Yang Tinghe">Yang Tinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Mian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiang Mian (page does not exist)">Jiang Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mao_Ji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mao Ji (page does not exist)">Mao Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fei_Hong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fei Hong (page does not exist)">Fei Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yiqing" title="Yang Yiqing">Yang Yiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fei_Hong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fei Hong (page does not exist)">Fei Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yiqing" title="Yang Yiqing">Yang Yiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Fujing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Fujing (page does not exist)">Zhang Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhai_Luan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhai Luan (page does not exist)">Zhai Luan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Fujing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Fujing (page does not exist)">Zhang Fujing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Xianfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Xianfu (page does not exist)">Fang Xianfu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Fujing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Fujing (page does not exist)">Zhang Fujing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Shi_(Grand_Secretary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Shi (Grand Secretary) (page does not exist)">Li Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xia Yan (Ming dynasty)">Xia Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu_Dingchen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gu Dingchen (page does not exist)">Gu Dingchen</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xia Yan (Ming dynasty)">Xia Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhai_Luan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhai Luan (page does not exist)">Zhai Luan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xia Yan (Ming dynasty)">Xia Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhai_Luan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhai Luan (page does not exist)">Zhai Luan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Song" title="Yan Song">Yan Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xia Yan (Ming dynasty)">Xia Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Song" title="Yan Song">Yan Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jie_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xu Jie (Ming dynasty)">Xu Jie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Longqing era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jie_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Xu Jie (Ming dynasty)">Xu Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Chunfang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Chunfang (page does not exist)">Li Chunfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Gong" title="Gao Gong">Gao Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng" title="Zhang Juzheng">Zhang Juzheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wanli era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng" title="Zhang Juzheng">Zhang Juzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Siwei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Siwei (page does not exist)">Zhang Siwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Shixing" title="Shen Shixing">Shen Shixing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jiaping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Jiaping (page does not exist)">Wang Jiaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Zhigao" title="Zhao Zhigao">Zhao Zhigao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xijue" title="Wang Xijue">Wang Xijue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Zhigao" title="Zhao Zhigao">Zhao Zhigao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Yiguan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shen Yiguan (page does not exist)">Shen Yiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Geng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Geng (page does not exist)">Zhu Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Tingji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Tingji (page does not exist)">Li Tingji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xianggao" title="Ye Xianggao">Ye Xianggao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Congzhe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Congzhe (page does not exist)">Fang Congzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taichang era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Congzhe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Congzhe (page does not exist)">Fang Congzhe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yizhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yizhu (page does not exist)">Liu Yizhu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tianqi era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yizhu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yizhu (page does not exist)">Liu Yizhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xianggao" title="Ye Xianggao">Ye Xianggao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Kuang_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Kuang (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Han Kuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Guozhen_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Zhu Guozhen (Ming dynasty)">Zhu Guozhen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu_Bingqian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gu Bingqian (page does not exist)">Gu Bingqian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Liji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Liji (page does not exist)">Huang Liji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Fenglai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shi Fenglai (page does not exist)">Shi Fenglai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chongzhen era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Fenglai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shi Fenglai (page does not exist)">Shi Fenglai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Guopu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Guopu (page does not exist)">Li Guopu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Zongdao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Zongdao (page does not exist)">Lai Zongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Daodeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Daodeng (page does not exist)">Zhou Daodeng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Kuang_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Kuang (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Han Kuang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Biao_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Biao (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Li Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheng_Jiming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheng Jiming (page does not exist)">Cheng Jiming</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Tingru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Tingru (page does not exist)">Zhou Tingru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wen_Tiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wen Tiren (page does not exist)">Wen Tiren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Zhifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Zhifa (page does not exist)">Zhang Zhifa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kong_Zhenyun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kong Zhenyun (page does not exist)">Kong Zhenyun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Yuliang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Yuliang (page does not exist)">Liu Yuliang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xue_Guoguan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xue Guoguan (page does not exist)">Xue Guoguan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Fucui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Fucui (page does not exist)">Fan Fucui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Sizhi_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Sizhi (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Zhang Sizhi</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Tingru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Tingru (page does not exist)">Zhou Tingru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Yan_(Ming_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Yan (Ming dynasty) (page does not exist)">Chen Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Dejing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiang Dejing (page does not exist)">Jiang Dejing</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wei_Zaode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wei Zaode (page does not exist)">Wei Zaode</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Jiantai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Jiantai (page does not exist)">Li Jiantai</a> <small>(acting)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a> regimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shi Kefa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Hongtu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Hongtu (page does not exist)">Gao Hongtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Shiying" title="Ma Shiying">Ma Shiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Daozhou" title="Huang Daozhou">Huang Daozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Zhenfei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu Zhenfei (page does not exist)">Lu Zhenfei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ding_Kuichu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ding Kuichu (page does not exist)">Ding Kuichu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Fengnian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Fengnian (page does not exist)">Fang Fengnian</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ke_Xiaqing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ke Xiaqing (page does not exist)">Ke Xiaqing</a> <small>(acting)</small><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zhichun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Zhichun (page does not exist)">Li Zhichun</a> <small>(acting)</small><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiong_Rulin_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiong Rulin (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Xiong Rulin</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Sili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Sili (page does not exist)">Ma Sili</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Kentang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Kentang (page does not exist)">Zhang Kentang</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Chenquan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shen Chenquan (page does not exist)">Shen Chenquan</a><sup><b>a</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu_Shisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qu Shisi (page does not exist)">Qu Shisi</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Bing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Bing (page does not exist)">Wu Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu_Shisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qu Shisi (page does not exist)">Qu Shisi</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Qiheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Qiheng (page does not exist)">Yan Qiheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Shijun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Shijun (page does not exist)">Huang Shijun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Qiheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Qiheng (page does not exist)">Yan Qiheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wen_Anzhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wen Anzhi (page does not exist)">Wen Anzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Zhenyu_(mandarin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Zhenyu (mandarin) (page does not exist)">Wu Zhenyu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ding_Jishan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ding Jishan (page does not exist)">Ding Jishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Jixiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Jixiang (page does not exist)">Ma Jixiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Huangyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Huangyan (page does not exist)">Zhang Huangyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><b>a</b></sup>Senior Grand Secretaries of the <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yihai" title="Zhu Yihai">Prince of Lu (魯) regime</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274611#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274611#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274611#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080346714">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/43250769">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/139778/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxMfHRBKDD6BmX6h6rwmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/173259634">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84190071">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36630983">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p147837006">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1345861">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shi_Kefa&oldid=1247681660">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shi_Kefa&oldid=1247681660</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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