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Matthew</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gospel_of_Matthew-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gospel of Matthew subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gospel_of_Matthew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annunciation_to_Joseph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annunciation_to_Joseph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Annunciation to Joseph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annunciation_to_Joseph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoration_of_the_magi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoration_of_the_magi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Adoration of the magi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoration_of_the_magi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacre_of_the_innocents,_flight_into_Egypt,_and_return_to_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacre_of_the_innocents,_flight_into_Egypt,_and_return_to_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Massacre of the innocents, flight into Egypt, and return to Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacre_of_the_innocents,_flight_into_Egypt,_and_return_to_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gospel_of_Luke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospel_of_Luke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gospel of Luke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospel_of_Luke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_and_place_of_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_and_place_of_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Date and place of birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_and_place_of_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes_and_analogies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes_and_analogies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Themes and analogies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes_and_analogies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes and analogies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes_and_analogies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thematic_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thematic_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Thematic analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thematic_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Testament_parallels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Testament_parallels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Old Testament parallels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Testament_parallels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Christian theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christian theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_of_the_new_man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_the_new_man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Birth of the new man</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_the_new_man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Christology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Impact on Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_on_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact on Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christmas,_the_Feast_of_the_Nativity_of_Our_Lord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christmas,_the_Feast_of_the_Nativity_of_Our_Lord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Christmas, the Feast of the Nativity of Our Lord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christmas,_the_Feast_of_the_Nativity_of_Our_Lord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_feasts_and_liturgical_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_feasts_and_liturgical_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>History of feasts and liturgical elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_feasts_and_liturgical_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transforming_the_image_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transforming_the_image_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Transforming the image of Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transforming_the_image_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hymns,_art_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hymns,_art_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Hymns, art and music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hymns,_art_and_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hymns, art and music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hymns,_art_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canticles_appearing_in_Luke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canticles_appearing_in_Luke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Canticles appearing in Luke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canticles_appearing_in_Luke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hymns,_music_and_performances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hymns,_music_and_performances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Hymns, music and performances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hymns,_music_and_performances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Historical analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Traditional views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Critical analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nativity of Jesus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnachtsgeschichte" title="Weihnachtsgeschichte – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weihnachtsgeschichte" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9" title="ميلاد يسوع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميلاد يسوع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0san%C4%B1n_do%C4%9Fulmas%C4%B1" title="İsanın doğulması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsanın doğulması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="যিশুর জন্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যিশুর জন্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanakan_Yesus" title="Karanakan Yesus – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Karanakan Yesus" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamundagan_ni_Jesus" title="Kamundagan ni Jesus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kamundagan ni Jesus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginivelezh" title="Ginivelezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ginivelezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativitat_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Nativitat de Jesús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nativitat de Jesús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%BE%C3%AD%C5%A1ovo_narozen%C3%AD" title="Ježíšovo narození – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ježíšovo narození" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geni%27r_Iesu" title="Geni'r Iesu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Geni'r Iesu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu_f%C3%B8dsel" title="Jesu fødsel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jesu fødsel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grischtdaags-Schtori" title="Grischtdaags-Schtori – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Grischtdaags-Schtori" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnachtsgeschichte" title="Weihnachtsgeschichte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weihnachtsgeschichte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natividad_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Natividad de Jesús – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Natividad de Jesús" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naski%C4%9Do_de_Jesuo" title="Naskiĝo de Jesuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naskiĝo de Jesuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natibitatea" title="Natibitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Natibitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA_%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ولادت عیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ولادت عیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3laevangelii%C3%B0" title="Jólaevangeliið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jólaevangeliið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativit%C3%A9" title="Nativité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nativité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berte_fan_Jezus" title="Berte fan Jezus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Berte fan Jezus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breith_Chr%C3%ADost" title="Breith Chríost – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Breith Chríost" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98_%EA%B0%95%ED%83%84" title="예수의 강탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예수의 강탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Հիսուսի ծնունդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիսուսի ծնունդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isusovo_ro%C4%91enje" title="Isusovo rođenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Isusovo rođenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelahiran_Yesus" title="Kelahiran Yesus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelahiran Yesus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nascentia_de_Jesus" title="Nascentia de Jesus – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nascentia de Jesus" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nascita_di_Ges%C3%B9" title="Nascita di Gesù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nascita di Gesù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95" title="לידת ישו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לידת ישו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelairan_Y%C3%A9sus" title="Kelairan Yésus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kelairan Yésus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativitas_Iesu" title="Nativitas Iesu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nativitas Iesu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%93zus_dzim%C5%A1ana" title="Jēzus dzimšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jēzus dzimšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nase_de_Jesus_Cristo" title="Nase de Jesus Cristo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nase de Jesus Cristo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Христово Рождество – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Христово Рождество" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahaterahan%27_i_Jesoa" title="Fahaterahan' i Jesoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahaterahan' i Jesoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96" title="ख्रिस्तजन्म तारीख – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ख्रिस्तजन्म तारीख" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelahiran_Yesus" title="Kelahiran Yesus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelahiran Yesus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geboorte_van_Jezus" title="Geboorte van Jezus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geboorte van Jezus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E9%99%8D%E8%AA%95" title="キリストの降誕 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリストの降誕" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativit%C3%A9" title="Nativité – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Nativité" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="ولادت یسوع مسیح – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولادت یسوع مسیح" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativit%C3%A8" title="Nativitè – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Nativitè" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodziny_Jezusa_Chrystusa" title="Narodziny Jezusa Chrystusa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Narodziny Jezusa Chrystusa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nascimento_de_Jesus" title="Nascimento de Jesus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nascimento de Jesus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C8%99terea_lui_Iisus_Hristos" title="Nașterea lui Iisus Hristos – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nașterea lui Iisus Hristos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Рождение Иисуса Христа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рождение Иисуса Христа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ උප්පත්තිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ උප්පත්තිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nativity of Jesus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodenie_Je%C5%BEi%C5%A1a_Krista" title="Narodenie Ježiša Krista – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Narodenie Ježiša Krista" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezusovo_rojstvo" title="Jezusovo rojstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jezusovo rojstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Рођење Исуса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рођење Исуса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C4%91enje_Isusa" title="Rođenje Isusa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rođenje Isusa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeesuksen_syntym%C3%A4kertomukset" title="Jeesuksen syntymäkertomukset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jeesuksen syntymäkertomukset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu_f%C3%B6delse" title="Jesu födelse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jesu födelse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapanganakan_ni_Jesus" title="Kapanganakan ni Jesus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapanganakan ni Jesus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இயேசுவின் பிறப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயேசுவின் பிறப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9" title="การประสูติของพระเยซู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การประสูติของพระเยซู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byin_Yesu" title="Byin Yesu – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Byin Yesu" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%86%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Народження Ісуса Христа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Народження Ісуса Христа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="ولادت یسوع مسیح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولادت یسوع مسیح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezsuh_doekseng" title="Yezsuh doekseng – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yezsuh doekseng" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_gi%C3%A1ng_sinh_c%E1%BB%A7a_Gi%C3%AAsu" title="Sự giáng sinh của Giêsu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sự giáng sinh của Giêsu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E8%AF%9E%E7%94%9F" title="耶稣诞生 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="耶稣诞生" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E5%87%BA%E4%B8%96" title="耶穌出世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="耶穌出世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E8%AF%9E%E7%94%9F" title="耶稣诞生 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耶稣诞生" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus"><img alt="Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/200px-JesusYeshua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/300px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/400px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation_of_Christ" title="Humiliation of Christ">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_obedience_of_Christ" title="Active obedience of Christ">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Heavenly Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_Christ" title="Intercession of Christ">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">Apparitions and visions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masih_(title)" title="Masih (title)">Masih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_Quran" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the Quran">Names and titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Jesus%27s_death" title="Islamic views on Jesus's death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Isa" title="Islamic eschatology">End times</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background to the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language spoken by Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Jesus's race</a> / <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health of Jesus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus in history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Reliability of the Gospels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Bar-Serapion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus in culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus" title="Template:Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus" title="Template talk:Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nativity</b> or <b>birth of Jesus</b> <b>Christ</b> is documented in the biblical gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>. The two accounts agree that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Roman-controlled Judea</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">his mother, Mary</a>, was engaged to a man named <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">descended from King David</a> and was not his biological father, and that his birth was <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">caused by divine intervention</a>. Some scholars do not see the two canonical gospel <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nativity stories</a> as historically factual<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_birth_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_birth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since they present clashing accounts and irreconcilable <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogies</a>. The secular history of the time does not synchronize with the narratives of the birth and early childhood of Jesus in the two gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vermes_64_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermes_64-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rahner731_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahner731-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some view the question of historicity as secondary, given that gospels were primarily written as theological documents rather than chronological timelines. </p><p>The Nativity is the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> holiday of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and plays a major role in the Christian liturgical year. Many Christians traditionally display small <a href="/wiki/Manger_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Manger scene">manger scenes</a> depicting the Nativity within or outside of their homes, or attend <a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity plays</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christmas_pageant" title="Christmas pageant">Christmas pageants</a> focusing on the Nativity cycle in the Bible. Elaborate Nativity displays featuring life-sized statues are a tradition in many continental European countries during the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas season</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">artistic depiction of the Nativity</a> has been an important subject for <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian artists</a> since the 4th century. Artistic depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> since the 13th century have emphasized the <a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">humility</a> of Jesus and promoted a more tender image of him, a major change from the early "Lord and Master" image, mirroring changes in the common approaches taken by Christian pastoral ministry during the same era. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gospel_accounts">Gospel accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gospel accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only the Gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> offer narratives regarding the birth of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2020101_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2020101-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both agree that Jesus was born in Bethlehem in the reign of King Herod, that his mother was named Mary and that her husband Joseph was descended from King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> (although they disagree on details of the line of descent), and both deny Joseph's biological parenthood while treating the birth, or rather the conception, as divinely effected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond this, they agree on very little.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph dominates Matthew's and Mary dominates Luke's, although the suggestion that one derives from Joseph and the other from Mary is no more than a pious deduction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown197735_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197735-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthew implies that Joseph already has his home in Bethlehem, while Luke states that he lived in Nazareth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Matthew the angel speaks to Joseph, while Luke has <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">one speaking to Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown197735_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197735-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only Luke has the stories surrounding the birth of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">census of Quirinius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_shepherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoration of the shepherds">adoration of the shepherds</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_in_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation in the Temple">presentation in the Temple</a> on the eighth day; only Matthew has the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">wise men</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">star of Bethlehem</a>, Herod's plot, the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_innocents" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of the innocents">massacre of the innocents</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown197735_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197735-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two itineraries are quite different. According to Matthew, the Holy Family begins in Bethlehem, moves to Egypt following the birth, and settles in Nazareth, while according to Luke they begin in Nazareth, journey to Bethlehem for the birth, and immediately return to Nazareth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholz2009112_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholz2009112-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-second_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two accounts cannot be harmonised into a single coherent narrative or traced to the same <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a>, leading scholars to classify them as "special Matthew" (or simply the <a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a>) and "special Luke" (the <a href="/wiki/L_source" title="L source">L source</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholz2009112_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholz2009112-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison between the Nativity narratives in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This table: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbar" title="Template:Navbar"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbar" title="Template talk:Navbar"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbar"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Luke </th> <th scope="col">Matthew </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Nativity narrative according to Luke"><img alt="Map of the Nativity narrative according to Luke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png/340px-Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="468" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png/510px-Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Luke.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Nativity narrative according to Luke</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Matthew.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Nativity narrative according to Matthew"><img alt="Map of the Nativity narrative according to Matthew" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Matthew.png/340px-Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Matthew.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="468" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Matthew.png/510px-Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Matthew.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Nativity_of_Jesus_map_%E2%80%93_Gospel_of_Matthew.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Nativity narrative according to Matthew</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> to Mary in Nazareth </td> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Annunciation to Joseph</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a> (6–7 CE) </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. Joseph and Mary travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. Birth of Jesus in Bethlehem </td> <td>2. Birth of Jesus in Bethlehem </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a> in the fields </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_shepherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoration of the shepherds">Adoration of the shepherds</a> in Bethlehem </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>3. <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a> "follow the star" and visit <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> in Jerusalem </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>4. <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> in Bethlehem </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. Jesus is <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">presented at the temple</a> in Jerusalem </td> <td>5. Joseph, Mary and Jesus <a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flee to Egypt</a> to escape Herod </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>6. <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> in Bethlehem </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>7. <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great#Death" title="Herod the Great">Death of Herod</a> (4 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <td>8. Joseph, Mary and Jesus <a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">return home to Nazareth</a> </td> <td>8. Joseph, Mary and Jesus <a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">return from Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>9. Joseph, Mary and Jesus settle in Nazareth </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gospel_of_Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gospel of Matthew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BambergApocalypse06LargeInitialE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/BambergApocalypse06LargeInitialE.JPG/170px-BambergApocalypse06LargeInitialE.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/BambergApocalypse06LargeInitialE.JPG/255px-BambergApocalypse06LargeInitialE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/BambergApocalypse06LargeInitialE.JPG/340px-BambergApocalypse06LargeInitialE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A page from the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Bamberg_Apocalypse" title="Bamberg Apocalypse">Bamberg Apocalypse</a> showing Matthew 1:21</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annunciation_to_Joseph">Annunciation to Joseph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Annunciation to Joseph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mary the mother of Jesus was betrothed to Joseph, but was found to be pregnant through the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. Joseph intended to divorce her quietly, but an angel told him in a <a href="/wiki/Dream#Abrahamic" title="Dream">dream</a> that he should take her as his wife and name the child Jesus, "because it is he who will save his people from their sins". This would fulfil the prophecy that a virgin would give birth to a son, who would be known as <a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Emmanuel</a>, meaning "God is with us". Joseph awoke, took Mary for his wife, did not have intercourse with her until she had given birth to a son, and gave him the name Jesus (Matthew 1:18–25).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joseph has been shown to be the descendant of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> (the angel addresses him as "son of David") and heir to the kingdom of Judah, but Matthew 1:16<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reveals that Jesus is not Joseph's son, and Matthew is careful never to refer to him in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance200747_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance200747-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of Joseph in naming the child indicates that he is being legally adopted, and thus becoming, like his now-legal father, "son of David."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance200748_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance200748-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoration_of_the_magi">Adoration of the magi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Adoration of the magi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The birth took place in the town of Bethlehem in the region known as Judea to the Romans and Palestine to the Assyrians, in the time of King Herod (<a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>). <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Wise men from the East</a> (the Magi) came to Jerusalem, asking where they could find the child born <a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">king of the Jews</a>, for they had seen his <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">star</a> at its rising, and wished to pay him homage. Herod and all Jerusalem were afraid when they heard this, but Herod, learning from the chief priests and scribes that the messiah would be born in Bethlehem according to prophecy, sent the Magi there with instructions to return and tell him when they had found him. The Magi worshipped the child in Bethlehem and gave him gifts of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, but an angel warned them in a dream not to return to Herod, and they returned home by another way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacre_of_the_innocents,_flight_into_Egypt,_and_return_to_Israel"><span id="Massacre_of_the_innocents.2C_flight_into_Egypt.2C_and_return_to_Israel"></span>Massacre of the innocents, flight into Egypt, and return to Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Massacre of the innocents, flight into Egypt, and return to Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Herod learned that the Magi had tricked him, he was infuriated and killed all the children in and around Bethlehem under the age of two (the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a>). This was in fulfilment of the prophet Jeremiah: "A voice was heard in Ramah, wailing and loud lamentation, Rachel weeping for her children; she refused to be consoled, because they are no more." But an angel had appeared to Joseph in a dream and warned him to take the child and his mother and <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight to Egypt">flee to Egypt</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> remained there until Herod died to fulfil the words of the prophet, "Out of Egypt I have called my son." On the death of Herod an angel appeared to Joseph in a dream and told him to return with the child and its mother to Israel, but Herod's son was now ruler of Judea, and after being warned in a dream Joseph went instead to Galilee, where he made his home in Nazareth "so that what had been spoken through the prophets might be fulfilled, "He will be called a Nazorean.""<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this chapter, the author of Matthew needs to establish that "Jesus of Nazareth" was in fact born in Bethlehem, the town where David was born, for the "son of David" born there will be "King of the Jews" (a designation that does not reappear in Matthew until the crucifixion).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance200761_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance200761-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod's fear and the visit of the Magi underline the royal birth, as do the various prophetic texts quoted or referenced in this chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance200767_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance200767-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gospel_of_Luke">Gospel of Luke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gospel of Luke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Visitation_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Visitation of Mary">Visitation of Mary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg/170px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg/255px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg/340px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><i>Angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> to Mary</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo">Murillo</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1660</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Gospel of Luke, when Herod was king of Judea, God sent the <a href="/wiki/Angel_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel Gabriel">angel Gabriel</a> to Nazareth in Galilee to <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">announce to a virgin named Mary</a>, who was betrothed to a man named Joseph, that a child would be born to her. The angel Gabriel announced that she was to name him Jesus, for he would be the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">son of God</a> and rule over Israel forever. When the time of the birth drew near, <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a> commanded a census of Roman domains, and Joseph took Mary to Bethlehem, the ancient city of David, as he was of the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Davidic Line">House of David</a>. Jesus was born in Bethlehem; since there was nowhere for them to stay in the town, the infant was laid in a manger while <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">angels announced his birth to a group of shepherds</a> who <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_shepherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoration of the shepherds">worshipped him as Messiah and Lord</a>. </p><p>In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a>, his parents <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">presented the infant Jesus at the Temple</a> in Jerusalem, where two people in the temple, <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a>, gave thanks to God who had sent his salvation. Joseph and Mary then returned to Nazareth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_and_place_of_birth">Date and place of birth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Date and place of birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of the birth of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nativity_Church15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nativity_Church15.jpg/220px-Nativity_Church15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nativity_Church15.jpg/330px-Nativity_Church15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nativity_Church15.jpg/440px-Nativity_Church15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2505" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption>Altar in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a>, Bethlehem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botticelli_Nativity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Botticelli_Nativity.jpg/220px-Botticelli_Nativity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Botticelli_Nativity.jpg/330px-Botticelli_Nativity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Botticelli_Nativity.jpg/440px-Botticelli_Nativity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5870" data-file-height="6785" /></a><figcaption><i>Nativity of Jesus</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1473–1475</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Matthew and Luke agree that Jesus was born in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> during the reign of Herod the Great.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Luke the newborn baby is placed in a <a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">manger</a> "because there was no place in the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">katalyma</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1977399_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1977399-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Katalyma</i></span> might mean a private home (this has little support among scholars), or a room in a private home, or an inn, but it is impossible to be certain which is meant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1977400_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1977400-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2nd century, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> stated that Jesus had been born in a cave outside the town, while the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a> described a legendary birth in a cave nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> inside the town, built by <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena of Constantinople">St. Helena</a>, contains the cave-manger site traditionally venerated as the birthplace of Jesus, which may have originally been a site of the cult of the god <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (deity)">Tammuz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Contra_Celsum" title="Contra Celsum">Contra Celsum</a></i></span> (1.51), <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, who travelled throughout Palestine beginning in around 215, wrote of the "manger of Jesus".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The date of birth for Jesus of Nazareth is not stated in the gospels or in any secular text, but basing it on the death of Herod would place the date between 6 BC and 4 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-JDG324_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JDG324-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical evidence is too ambiguous to allow a definitive date to be determined,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but dates have been estimated through known historical events mentioned in the Nativity accounts,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by working backwards from the estimated start of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry of Jesus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ChronosPaul_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Niswonger121_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niswonger121-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by associating the claimed <a href="/wiki/Astrological" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrological">astrological</a> portents mentioned with actual historical <a href="/wiki/Astronomical" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical">astronomical</a> alignments and phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes_and_analogies">Themes and analogies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Themes and analogies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thematic_analysis">Thematic analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Thematic analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg/170px-Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg/255px-Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg/340px-Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> from an Ethiopian Bible, 1700</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Koester" title="Helmut Koester">Helmut Koester</a> writes that while Matthew's narrative was formed in a Jewish environment, Luke's was modeled to appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Köster_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Köster-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, while shepherds were regarded negatively by Jews in Jesus' time, they were seen in Greco-Roman culture as "symbols of a golden age when gods and humans lived in peace and nature was at harmony".<sup id="cite_ref-Köster_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Köster-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C. T. Ruddick Jr. writes that Luke's birth narratives of Jesus and John were modeled on passages from <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, chapters 27–43.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, Luke's Nativity depicts Jesus as a savior for all people, tracing a genealogy all the way back to Adam, demonstrating his common humanity, and likewise for the lowly circumstances of his birth. Luke, writing for a <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a> audience, portrays the infant Jesus as a savior for gentiles as well as Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_Luke_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_Luke-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthew uses quotations from Jewish scripture, scenes reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>' life, and a numerical pattern in his genealogy to identify Jesus as a son of David, of Abraham, and of God. Luke's prelude is much longer, emphasizing the age of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> and the arrival of a savior for all people, both Jew and gentile.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mainstream scholars interpret Matthew's Nativity as depicting Jesus as a new Moses with a genealogy going back to Abraham,<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_Matthew_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_Matthew-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1977104–121_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1977104–121-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Luz" title="Ulrich Luz">Ulrich Luz</a> views Matthew's depiction of Jesus at once as the new Moses and the inverse of Moses, and not simply a retelling of the Moses story.<sup id="cite_ref-LuzTheo_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LuzTheo-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luz also points out that in the massacre narrative, once again, a fulfilment quotation is given: <a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a>, the ancestral mother of Israel, weeping for her dead children (Matthew 2:18).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars who interpret Matthew as casting Jesus in the role of being a second Moses argue that, like Moses, the infant Jesus is saved from a murderous tyrant; and he flees the country of his birth until his persecutor is dead and it is safe to return as the savior of his people.<sup id="cite_ref-3surkLVdw3UC_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3surkLVdw3UC-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view, the account in Matthew is based on an earlier narrative patterned on traditions about the birth of Moses. Moses' birth is announced to Pharaoh by Magi; the child is threatened and rescued; the male Israelite children are similarly put to death by an evil king.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_Matthew_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_Matthew-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3surkLVdw3UC_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3surkLVdw3UC-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ulrich Luz, the beginning of the narrative of Matthew is similar to earlier biblical stories, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> of Jesus' birth (Matthew 1:18–25)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is reminiscent of the biblical accounts of the births of <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> (Genesis 16:11, Genesis 17),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> (Genesis 21:1),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samson (Judges 13:3, 13:5),<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recalls the <a href="/wiki/Haggadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Haggadic">Haggadic</a> traditions of the birth of Moses. Yet in Luz's view, the contours appear, in part, strangely overlapped and inverted: "Egypt, formerly the land of suppression becomes a place of refuge and it is the King of Israel who now takes on the role of <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a>. Yet Matthew is not simply retelling the Moses story. Instead, the story of Jesus really is a new story: Jesus is at once the new Moses and the inverse of Moses."<sup id="cite_ref-LuzTheo_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LuzTheo-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Testament_parallels">Old Testament parallels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Old Testament parallels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(title)" title="Nazarene (title)">Nazarene (title)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarene (sect)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_of_Sinay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Codex_of_Sinay.jpg/170px-Codex_of_Sinay.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Codex_of_Sinay.jpg/255px-Codex_of_Sinay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Codex_of_Sinay.jpg/340px-Codex_of_Sinay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A page from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a>, 4th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars have debated whether <a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:22" title="Matthew 1:22">Matthew 1:22</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:23" title="Matthew 2:23">Matthew 2:23</a> refer to specific <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> passages. Fourth century documents such as the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> do not mention the prophet <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> in the statement in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:22" title="Matthew 1:22">Matthew 1:22</a>: "All this happened to fulfill what the Lord had spoken by the prophet", but some copies of Matthew from the 5th–6th centuries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Bezae" title="Codex Bezae">Codex Bezae</a>, read "Isaiah the prophet".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:23" title="Matthew 1:23">Matthew 1:23</a>, "Behold the virgin shall be with child", uses the Greek term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">parthenos</i></span> ("virgin") as in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> Isaiah, while the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_7:14" title="Isaiah 7:14">7:14</a> uses the Hebrew <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Almah" title="Almah">almah</a></i></span>, which may mean "maiden", "young woman", or "virgin".<sup id="cite_ref-Brown92_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown92-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> states that the 3rd century BC translators of the Septuagint may have understood the Hebrew word <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn">almah</i></span> to mean "virgin" in this context.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown92_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown92-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The statement in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:23" title="Matthew 2:23">Matthew 2:23</a> that "he will be called a Nazarene" does not mention a specific passage in the Old Testament, and there are multiple scholarly interpretations as to what it may refer to.<sup id="cite_ref-Menken161_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menken161-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Aland" title="Barbara Aland">Barbara Aland</a> and other scholars consider the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Ναζωραίος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Nazoréos</i></span> used for 'Nazarene' of uncertain etymology and meaning,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <span style="white-space: nowrap;">M. J. J.</span> Menken states that it is a <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> that refers to an "inhabitant of Nazareth".<sup id="cite_ref-Menken164_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menken164-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menken also states that it may be referring to Judges 13:5 and 13:7.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Smith_(theologian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary Smith (theologian) (page does not exist)">Gary Smith</a> states that <a href="/wiki/Nazirite" title="Nazirite">Nazirite</a> may mean one consecrated to God, i.e. an ascetic; or may refer to <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_11:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah 11:1">Isaiah 11:1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i> states that it may be word-play on the use of <i>nazirite</i>, "Holy One of God," in Isaiah 4:3,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meant to identify Jesus with the <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarenes</a>, a Jewish sect who differed from the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> only in that they regarded Jesus as the Messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-3surkLVdw3UC_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3surkLVdw3UC-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swiss theologian <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Luz" title="Ulrich Luz">Ulrich Luz</a>, who locates the Matthean community in Syria, has noted that <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syrian Christians</a> also called themselves Nazarenes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_theology">Christian theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Christian theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: 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title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The theological significance of the Nativity of Jesus has been a key element in Christian teachings, from the early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> to 20th century theologians.<sup id="cite_ref-Barth256_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth256-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bethune_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bethune-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williston_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williston-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theological issues were addressed as early as <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>, but continued to be debated and eventually lead to both <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariological</a> differences among Christians that resulted in early <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schisms</a> within the Church by the 5th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_the_new_man">Birth of the new man</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Birth of the new man"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans,_The_Nativity_at_Night,_c_1490.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans%2C_The_Nativity_at_Night%2C_c_1490.jpg/170px-Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans%2C_The_Nativity_at_Night%2C_c_1490.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans%2C_The_Nativity_at_Night%2C_c_1490.jpg/255px-Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans%2C_The_Nativity_at_Night%2C_c_1490.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans%2C_The_Nativity_at_Night%2C_c_1490.jpg/340px-Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans%2C_The_Nativity_at_Night%2C_c_1490.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3121" data-file-height="4225" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Nativity_at_Night_(Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity at Night (Geertgen tot Sint Jans)">Nativity at Night</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans" title="Geertgen tot Sint Jans">Geertgen tot Sint Jans</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1490</span></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation. For by him all things were created, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Colossians#1:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Colossians">Colossians 1:15–16</a> regards the birth of Jesus as the model for all creation.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> viewed the birth of Jesus as an event of cosmic significance which brought forth a "new man" who undid the damage caused by the fall of the first man, <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam</a>. Just as the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Johannine</a> view of Jesus as the incarnate <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a> proclaims the universal relevance of his birth, the Pauline perspective emphasizes the birth of a new man and a new world in the birth of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Pannenberg_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pannenberg-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul's <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> view of Jesus counter-positions him as a new man of morality and obedience, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>. Unlike Adam, the new man born in Jesus obeys God and ushers in a world of morality and salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pannenberg_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pannenberg-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Pauline view, Adam is positioned as the first man and Jesus as the second: Adam, having corrupted himself by his disobedience, also infected humanity and left it with a curse as inheritance. The birth of Jesus, on the other hand, counterbalanced the fall of Adam, bringing forth redemption and repairing the damage done by Adam.<sup id="cite_ref-Daille_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daille-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">patristic</a> theology, Paul's contrasting of Jesus as the new man versus Adam provided a framework for discussing the uniqueness of the birth of Jesus and the ensuing events of his life. The Nativity of Jesus thus began to serve as the starting point for "cosmic Christology" in which the birth, life and Resurrection of Jesus have universal implications.<sup id="cite_ref-Pannenberg_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pannenberg-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of Jesus as the "new man" repeats in the cycle of birth and rebirth of Jesus from his Nativity to his <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>: following his birth, through his morality and obedience to the Father, Jesus began a new harmony in the relationship between God the Father and man. The Nativity and resurrection of Jesus thus created the author and exemplar of a new humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2nd century Church Father <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When He became incarnate and was made man, He commenced afresh the long line of human beings, and furnished us, in a brief, comprehensive manner, with salvation; so that what we had lost in Adam – namely to be according to the image and likeness of God – that we might recover in Christ Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Bethune_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bethune-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williston_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williston-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Irenaeus was also one of the early theologians to use the analogy of "second Adam and second Eve". He suggested the Virgin Mary as the "second Eve" and wrote that the Mary had "untied the knot of sin bound up by the virgin Eve" and that just as Eve had tempted Adam to disobey God, Mary had set a path of obedience for the second Adam (i.e. Jesus) from the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a> so that Jesus could bring about salvation, undoing the damage of Adam.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 4th century, this uniqueness of the circumstances related to the Nativity of Jesus, and their interplay with the mystery of the incarnation, became a central element in both the theology and hymnody of <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a>. For him, the uniqueness of the Nativity of Jesus was supplemented with the sign of the majesty of the Creator through the ability of a powerful God to enter the world as a small newborn.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> the birth of Jesus as the second Adam came to be seen in the context of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Felix_culpa" title="Felix culpa">Felix culpa</a></i></span> ("happy fall") and was intertwined with the popular teachings on the fall from grace of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine was fond of a statement on the Nativity by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a> and he quoted it five times: "Venerate the Nativity, through which you are freed from the bonds of an earthly nativity".<sup id="cite_ref-Demacopoulos_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demacopoulos-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also liked to quote: "Just as in Adam all of us died, so too in Christ all of us will be brought to life".<sup id="cite_ref-Demacopoulos_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demacopoulos-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theology persisted into the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, and second Adam was one of the six modes of atonement discussed by <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, leading theologian <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> continued the same line of reasoning and viewed the Nativity of Jesus as the birth of a new man who succeeded Adam. In Barth's theology, in contrast to Adam, Jesus acted as an <a href="/wiki/Active_obedience_of_Christ" title="Active obedience of Christ">obedient</a> Son in the fulfilment of the divine will and was therefore free from sin and could hence reveal the righteousness of God the Father and bring about salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Barth256_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth256-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christology">Christology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SummaTheologiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SummaTheologiae.jpg/220px-SummaTheologiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SummaTheologiae.jpg/330px-SummaTheologiae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SummaTheologiae.jpg/440px-SummaTheologiae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>In <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologi%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa Theologiæ">Summa Theologiæ</a></i></span>, (1471 copy shown here) <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> addressed many of the open Christological questions regarding the Nativity of Jesus.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nativity of Jesus impacted the <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christological</a> issues about the <a href="/wiki/Person_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Person of Christ">Person of Christ</a> from the earliest days of Christianity. Luke's Christology centers on the dialectics of the dual natures of the earthly and heavenly manifestations of existence of the Christ, while Matthew's Christology focuses on the mission of Jesus and his role as the savior.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The belief in the divinity of Jesus leads to the question: "was Jesus a man to be born of a woman or was he God born of a woman?" A wide range of hypotheses and beliefs regarding the nature of the Nativity of Jesus were presented in the first four centuries of Christianity. Some of the debates involved the title <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i></span> (God bearer) for the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> and began to illustrate the impact of <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> on <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>. Some of these viewpoints were eventually declared as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresies</a>, others led to schisms and the formation of new branches of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-SRoll_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRoll-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGrath2007_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrath2007-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-the_orthodox_corruption_of_scripture_a01_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_orthodox_corruption_of_scripture_a01-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Christian_soteriology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian soteriology">salvific</a> emphasis of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#1:21" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 1:21</a> later impacted the theological issues and the devotions to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated159_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated159-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#1:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 1:23</a> provides the only key to the <i>Emmanuel Christology</i> in the New Testament. Beginning with 1:23, Matthew shows a clear interest in identifying Jesus as "God with us" and in later developing the Emmanuel characterization of Jesus at key points throughout the rest of his Gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-Kupp_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kupp-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name 'Emmanuel' does not appear elsewhere in the New Testament, but Matthew builds on it in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#28:20" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 28:20</a> ("I am with you always, even unto the end of the world") to indicate that Jesus will be with the faithful to the end of the age.<sup id="cite_ref-Kupp_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kupp-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kingsbury17_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingsbury17-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Luz" title="Ulrich Luz">Ulrich Luz</a>, the Emmanuel motif brackets the entire Gospel of Matthew between 1:23 and 28:20, appearing explicitly and implicitly in several other passages.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a> were convened in the 4th and 5th centuries to deal with these issues. The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> debated <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">hypostasis</a> (co-existing natures) versus <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a> (only one nature) versus <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a> (two natures united as one) versus <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> (disunion of two natures).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 451 <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> was highly influential and marked a key turning point in the Christological debates that divided the church of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> in the 5th century. In Chalcedon the hypostatic union was decreed, namely that Jesus is both fully divine and fully human, making this part of the creed of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">orthodox Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 5th century, leading <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a> used the Nativity as a key element of his theology. Leo gave 10 sermons on the Nativity and 7 have survived. The one on December 25, 451, demonstrates his concern to increase the importance of the feast of Nativity and along with it emphasize the two natures of Christ in defense of the Christological doctrine of hypostatic union.<sup id="cite_ref-Bronwen_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bronwen-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leo often used his Nativity sermons as an occasion to attack opposing viewpoints, without naming the opposition. Thus Leo used the occasion of the Nativity feast to establish boundaries for what could be considered a heresy regarding the birth and nature of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-SRoll_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRoll-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> addressed the Christologocal attribution of the Nativity: if it should be attributed to the person (<a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">the Word</a>) or only to the assumed human nature of that person. Aquinas treated Nativity in 8 separate articles in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i></span>, each posing a separate question: </p> <ul><li>"Does Nativity regard the nature rather than the Person?"</li> <li>"Should a temporal Nativity be attributed to Christ?"</li> <li>"Should the Blessed Virgin be called Christ's Mother?"</li> <li>"Should the Blessed Virgin be called the Mother of God?"</li> <li>"Are there two filiations in Christ?", etc.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>To deal with this issue, Aquinas distinguishes between the person born and the nature in which the birth takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinandy_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinandy-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquinas thus resolved the question by arguing that in the hypostatic union Christ has two natures, one received from the Father from eternity, the other from his mother in time. This approach also resolved the <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariological problem</a> of Mary receiving the title of <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> for under this scenario she is the "<a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Weinandy_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinandy-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> argued that Jesus was not sanctified to be "God manifested as Incarnate" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Deus manifestatus in carne</i></span>) only due to his virgin birth, but through the action of the Holy Spirit at the instant of his birth. Thus Calvin argued that Jesus was exempt from original sin because he was sanctified at the moment of birth so that his generation was without blemish; as generation was blemishless before the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Adam">fall of Adam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_Christianity">Impact on Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impact on Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christmas,_the_Feast_of_the_Nativity_of_Our_Lord"><span id="Christmas.2C_the_Feast_of_the_Nativity_of_Our_Lord"></span>Christmas, the Feast of the Nativity of Our Lord</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Christmas, the Feast of the Nativity of Our Lord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advent_Wreath_(Broadway_United_Methodist_Church).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Advent_Wreath_%28Broadway_United_Methodist_Church%29.jpg/170px-Advent_Wreath_%28Broadway_United_Methodist_Church%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Advent_Wreath_%28Broadway_United_Methodist_Church%29.jpg/255px-Advent_Wreath_%28Broadway_United_Methodist_Church%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Advent_Wreath_%28Broadway_United_Methodist_Church%29.jpg/340px-Advent_Wreath_%28Broadway_United_Methodist_Church%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>On Christmas, the Christ Candle in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a> is traditionally lit in many <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Churches</a> celebrate the Nativity of Jesus on <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, which is marked on December 25 by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christian_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christian Churches">Western Christian Churches</a>, while many <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian Churches</a> celebrate the Feast of the Nativity of Our Lord on January 7 (in 20th and 21st century).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not a disagreement over the date of Christmas as such, but rather a preference of which calendar (<a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a>) should be used to determine the day that is December 25. In the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Tours_567" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Tours 567">Council of Tours of 567</a>, the Church, with its desire to be universal, "declared the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">twelve days</a> between Christmas and Epiphany to be one <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">unified festal cycle</a>"; at this time, the disagreement was caused by using <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendars</a> in Eastern provinces of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes08_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes08-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hynes1993_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hynes1993-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knight_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hill2003_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill2003-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bunson_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunson-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liturgical season of <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> precedes, and is used to prepare for the celebration of Christmas.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Customs of the <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmas season</a> include completing an Advent <a href="/wiki/Daily_devotional" title="Daily devotional">daily devotional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-KennedyHatch2013_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KennedyHatch2013-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">carol singing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GeddesGriffiths2002_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeddesGriffiths2002-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gift giving,<sup id="cite_ref-Kubesh_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubesh-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seeing <a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity plays</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Collins2010_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins2010-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attending <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bharati1976_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bharati1976-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eating special food, such as <a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Christmas cake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nair2013_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nair2013-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many countries, such as Sweden, people start to set up their Advent and Christmas decorations on the <a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">first day</a> of <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Michelin2012_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michelin2012-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgically</a>, this is done in some <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parishes</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Hanging_of_the_greens" title="Hanging of the greens">hanging of the greens</a> ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-RiceHuffstutler2001_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiceHuffstutler2001-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_feasts_and_liturgical_elements">History of feasts and liturgical elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History of feasts and liturgical elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorfkrippe_Baumkirchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dorfkrippe_Baumkirchen.jpg/260px-Dorfkrippe_Baumkirchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dorfkrippe_Baumkirchen.jpg/390px-Dorfkrippe_Baumkirchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dorfkrippe_Baumkirchen.jpg/520px-Dorfkrippe_Baumkirchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baumkirchen" title="Baumkirchen">Baumkirchen</a>, Austria</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1st and 2nd centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a> (Sunday) was the earliest Christian celebration and included a number of theological themes. In the 2nd century, the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a> became a separate feast as <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and in the same century <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> began to be celebrated in the Churches of the East on January 6.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The celebration of the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a> on January 6 may relate to a pre-Christian celebration for the blessing of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> in Egypt on January 5, but this is not historically certain.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival of the Nativity which later turned into Christmas was a 4th-century feast in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western Church</a> notably in Rome and North Africa, although it is uncertain exactly where and when it was first celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest source stating December 25 as the date of birth of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> (170–236), written very early in the 3rd century, based on the assumption that the conception of Jesus took place at the <a href="/wiki/Spring_equinox_(Northern_Hemisphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring equinox (Northern Hemisphere)">Spring equinox</a> which he placed on March 25, and then added nine months.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is historical evidence that by the middle of the 4th century the Christian churches of the East celebrated the birth and <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a> on the same day, on January 6, while those in the West celebrated a Nativity feast on December 25 (perhaps influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>); and that by the last quarter of the 4th century, the calendars of both churches included both feasts.<sup id="cite_ref-JBurnett_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBurnett-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest suggestions of a feast of the Baptism of Jesus on January 6 during the 2nd century comes from <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, but there is no further mention of such a feast until 361 when <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Julian" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Julian">Emperor Julian</a> attended a feast on January 6 in the year 361.<sup id="cite_ref-JBurnett_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBurnett-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NativityofJesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NativityofJesus.jpg/170px-NativityofJesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NativityofJesus.jpg/255px-NativityofJesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NativityofJesus.jpg/340px-NativityofJesus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Christmas Eve Nativity at Resurrection Lutheran Church, Fredericksburg, Virginia</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chronography_of_354" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronography of 354">Chronography of 354</a> illuminated manuscript compiled in Rome includes an early reference to the celebration of a Nativity feast. In a sermon delivered in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> on December 25, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 386</span>, <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> provides specific information about the feast there, stating that the feast had existed for about 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-JBurnett_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBurnett-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By around 385 the feast for the birth of Jesus was distinct from that of the Baptism and was held on December 25 in Constantinople, Nyssa and Amaseia. In a sermon in 386, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a> specifically related the feast of Nativity with that of the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a>, celebrated a day later. By 390 the feast was also held in <a href="/wiki/Iconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconium">Iconium</a> on that day.<sup id="cite_ref-JBurnett_114-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBurnett-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a> established a feast of the "Mystery of Incarnation" in the 5th century, in effect as the first formal feast for the Nativity of Jesus. Pope <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a> then instituted the practice of <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a> just before that feast.<sup id="cite_ref-RClancy_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RClancy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feast was celebrated in Jerusalem by the 6th century,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a> declared Christmas to be a legal holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 14th and 15th centuries, the theological importance of the Nativity of Jesus was coupled with an emphasis on the loving nature of the <a href="/wiki/Child_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Jesus">child Jesus</a> in sermons by figures such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Jean Gerson</a>. In his sermons Gerson emphasized the loving nature of Jesus at his Nativity, as well as his cosmic plan for the salvation of mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early part of the 20th century, Christmas had become a "cultural signature" of Christianity and indeed of the Western culture even in countries such as the United States which are officially non-religious. By the beginning of the 21st century these countries began to pay more attention to the sensitivities of non-Christians during the festivities at the end of the calendar year.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transforming_the_image_of_Jesus">Transforming the image of Jesus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transforming the image of Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Nativity_Scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/American_Nativity_Scene.jpg/220px-American_Nativity_Scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/American_Nativity_Scene.jpg/330px-American_Nativity_Scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/American_Nativity_Scene.jpg/440px-American_Nativity_Scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> inside an American home</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8452_-_Milano_-_S._Marco_-_Londonio_-_Presepe_(ca_1750)_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/8452_-_Milano_-_S._Marco_-_Londonio_-_Presepe_%28ca_1750%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg/170px-8452_-_Milano_-_S._Marco_-_Londonio_-_Presepe_%28ca_1750%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/8452_-_Milano_-_S._Marco_-_Londonio_-_Presepe_%28ca_1750%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg/255px-8452_-_Milano_-_S._Marco_-_Londonio_-_Presepe_%28ca_1750%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/8452_-_Milano_-_S._Marco_-_Londonio_-_Presepe_%28ca_1750%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg/340px-8452_-_Milano_-_S._Marco_-_Londonio_-_Presepe_%28ca_1750%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption>Paper on wood <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> from 1750, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, presenting a tender image of Jesus</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Christians viewed Jesus as "the Lord" and the word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">Kyrios</a></i></span> appears over 700 times in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, referring to him as such.<sup id="cite_ref-mercer_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercer-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kyrios</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> Bible also assigned to Jesus the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> attributes of an omnipotent God.<sup id="cite_ref-mercer_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercer-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kyrios</i></span>, and hence the Lordship of Jesus, pre-dated the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>, but Paul expanded and elaborated on the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-mercer_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercer-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pauline writings established among early Christians the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kyrios</i></span> image, and attributes of Jesus as not only referring to his eschatological victory, but to him as the "divine image" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">εἰκών</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">eikōn</i></span>) in whose face the glory of God shines forth. This image persisted among Christians as the predominant perception of Jesus for a number of centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than any other title, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kyrios</i></span> defined the relationship between Jesus and those who believed in him as Christ: Jesus was their Lord and Master who was to be served with all their hearts and who would one day judge their actions throughout their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lordship attributes associated with the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kyrios</i></span> image of Jesus also implied his power over all creation.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mini7_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mini7-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul then looked back and reasoned that the final lordship of Jesus was prepared from the very beginning, starting with <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">pre-existence</a> and the Nativity, based on his obedience as the image of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Mini211_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mini211-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, based on the influence of <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> and others, the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kyrios</i></span> image of Jesus began to be supplemented with a more "tender image of Jesus", and the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> approach to popular piety was instrumental in establishing this image.<sup id="cite_ref-mini7_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mini7-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 13th century witnessed a major turning point in the development of a new "tender image of Jesus" within Christianity, as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Francis">Franciscans</a> began to emphasize the humility of Jesus both at his birth and his death. The construction of the Nativity scene by <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> was instrumental in portraying a softer image of Jesus that contrasted with the powerful and radiant image at the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a>, and emphasized how God had taken a humble path to his own birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> raged in Medieval Europe, the two <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Francis">Franciscans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> helped the faithful cope with tragedies. One element of the Franciscan approach was the emphasis on the humility of Jesus and the poverty of his birth: the image of God was the image of Jesus, not a severe and punishing God, but himself humble at birth and sacrificed at death.<sup id="cite_ref-Raab_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raab-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept that the omnipotent Creator would set aside all power in order to conquer the hearts of men by love and that he would have been helplessly placed in a manger was as marvelous and as touching to the believers as the sacrifice of dying on the cross in Calvary.<sup id="cite_ref-GFinger_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFinger-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus by the 13th century the tender joys of the Nativity of Jesus were added to the agony of his <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> and a whole new range of approved religious emotions was ushered in, with wide-ranging cultural impacts for centuries thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-GFinger_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFinger-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Franciscans approached both ends of this spectrum of emotions. On one hand the introduction of the Nativity scene encouraged the tender image of Jesus, while on the other hand Francis of Assisi himself had a deep attachment to the sufferings of Jesus on the Cross and was said to have received the <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmata</a> as an expression of that love. The dual nature of Franciscan piety based both on joy of Nativity and the sacrifice at <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Calvary</a> had a deep appeal among city dwellers and as the Franciscan Friars travelled these emotions spread across the world, transforming the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kyrios</i></span> image of Jesus to a more tender, loving, and compassionate image.<sup id="cite_ref-GFinger_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFinger-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These traditions did not remain limited to Europe and soon spread to the other parts of the world such as Latin America, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a>, this transformation, accompanied by the proliferation of the tender image of Jesus in <a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">Madonna and Child</a> paintings, made an important impact within the Christian ministry by allowing Christians to feel the living presence of Jesus as a loving figure "who is always there to harbor and nurture those who turn to him for help".<sup id="cite_ref-Astley_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astley-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hymns,_art_and_music"><span id="Hymns.2C_art_and_music"></span>Hymns, art and music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hymns, art and music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canticles_appearing_in_Luke">Canticles appearing in Luke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canticles appearing in Luke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luke's Nativity text has given rise to four well-known <a href="/wiki/Canticle" title="Canticle">canticles</a>: the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Benedictus</a></i></span> and the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></i></span> in the first chapter, and the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gloria_in_Excelsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria in Excelsis">Gloria in Excelsis</a></i></span> and the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis</a></i></span> in the second chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-Kugler394_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kugler394-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "Gospel canticles" are now an integral part of the liturgical tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parallel structure in Luke regarding the births of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and Jesus, extends to the three canticles <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Benedictus</i></span> (Song of Zechariah), the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Nunc dimittis</i></span> and the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Magnificat</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Magnificat</i></span>, in Luke 1:46–55,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is spoken by Mary and is one of the eight most ancient Christian <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, perhaps the earliest <a href="/wiki/Marian_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian hymn">Marian hymn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Breed_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breed-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Benedictus</i></span>, in Luke 1:68–79,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is spoken by <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (priest)">Zechariah</a>, while the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Nunc dimittis</i></span>, in Luke 2:29–32,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is spoken by <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reeves_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reeves-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Gloria in Excelsis</i></span> is longer than the opening line presented in Luke 2:14,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is often called the "Song of the Angels" given that it was uttered by the angels in the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_Shepherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Annunciation to the Shepherds">Annunciation to the Shepherds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three canticles <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Benedictus</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Nunc Dimittis</i></span> and the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Magnificat</i></span>, if not originating in the Gospel of Luke, may have their roots in the earliest Christian liturgical services in Jerusalem, but their exact origins remain unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity of Jesus in art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg/170px-Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg/255px-Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg/340px-Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>Medieval miniature of the Nativity, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annunciation_nesterov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Annunciation_nesterov.jpg/170px-Annunciation_nesterov.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Annunciation_nesterov.jpg/255px-Annunciation_nesterov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Annunciation_nesterov.jpg/340px-Annunciation_nesterov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nesterov" title="Mikhail Nesterov">Nesterov</a>, 19th century, Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most visible traditions during the Christmas season is the display of manger scenes depicting the Nativity, usually in the form of statues or figurines, in private homes, businesses and churches, either inside or outside the building. This tradition is usually attributed to <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was described as creating such a display at <a href="/wiki/Greccio" title="Greccio">Greccio</a>, Italy, in 1223<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mazar_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazar-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as related by St. Bonaventure in his <i>Life of Saint Francis of Assisi</i> written around 1260.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the tradition of building and displaying manger scenes developed, there were paintings depicting the subject. The earliest artistic depictions of the Nativity were in the <a href="/wiki/Catacomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacomb">catacombs</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a> in Rome. As <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a> visitors, the Magi were popular in these scenes, representing the significance of the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> to all peoples. The ox and ass were also taken to symbolize the Jews and the gentiles, and have remained a constant since the earliest depictions. Mary was soon seated on a throne as the Magi visited.<sup id="cite_ref-JKelly_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKelly-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depictions of the Nativity soon became a normal component of cycles in art illustrating both the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a>. Nativity images also carry the message of redemption: God's unification with matter forms the mystery of the Incarnation, a turning point in the Christian perspective on <a href="/wiki/Christian_soteriology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian soteriology">Salvation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Church">Eastern Church</a> painted <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> of the Nativity often correspond to specific <a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">hymns to Mary</a>, e.g. to the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a></i></span>: "The Virgin today bringeth forth the Transubstantial, and the eart offereth a cave to the Unapproachable."<sup id="cite_ref-Ouspensky_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouspensky-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many Eastern icons of Nativity (often accompanied by matching hymnody) two basic elements are emphasized. First the event portrays the mystery of incarnation as a foundation for the Christian faith, and the combined nature of Christ as divine and human. Secondly, it relates the event to the natural life of the world, and its consequences for humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-Ouspensky_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouspensky-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hymns,_music_and_performances"><span id="Hymns.2C_music_and_performances"></span>Hymns, music and performances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hymns, music and performances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Christmas music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity play</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nativity_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nativity_01.jpg/220px-Nativity_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nativity_01.jpg/330px-Nativity_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nativity_01.jpg/440px-Nativity_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Nativity depicted in an English liturgical manuscript, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1310–1320</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1880_Christmas_Osgood.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1880_Christmas_Osgood.png/220px-1880_Christmas_Osgood.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1880_Christmas_Osgood.png/330px-1880_Christmas_Osgood.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1880_Christmas_Osgood.png/440px-1880_Christmas_Osgood.png 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a> card, Boston, 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>Like 1st-century Jews, early Christians rejected the use of musical instruments in religious ceremonies and instead relied on chants and <a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">plainsong</a> leading to the use of the term <i><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a></i> (in the chapel) for these chants. </p><p>One of the earliest Nativity hymns was <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Veni_redemptor_gentium" title="Veni redemptor gentium">Veni redemptor gentium</a></i></span> composed by <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose of Milan">Ambrose of Milan</a> in the 4th century. By the beginning of the 5th century, the Spanish poet <a href="/wiki/Prudentius" title="Prudentius">Prudentius</a> had written "From the Heart of the Father" where the ninth <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> focused on the Nativity and portrayed Jesus as the creator of the universe. In the 5th century the Gallic poet <a href="/wiki/Coelius_Sedulius" title="Coelius Sedulius">Sedulius</a> composed "From the lands that see the Sun arise" in which the humility of the birth of Jesus was portrayed.<sup id="cite_ref-JKelly_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKelly-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></i></span>, one of the eight most ancient Christian <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> and perhaps the earliest <a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Marian hymn</a>, is based on the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Breed_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breed-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reeves_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reeves-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Romanus_the_Melodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanus the Melodist">Romanus the Melodist</a> had a dream of the Virgin Mary the night before the feast of the Nativity, and when he woke up the next morning, composed his first hymn "On the Nativity" and continued composing hymns (perhaps several hundred) to the end of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Re-enactments of Nativity, which are now called <a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity plays</a>, were part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">troparion</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> churches, from <a href="/wiki/Sophronius_of_Jerusalem" title="Sophronius of Jerusalem">Sophronius of Jerusalem</a> in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> had encouraged a strong tradition of popular Christmas songs in the native languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Miles,_Clement_1976,_pp._31–37_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles,_Clement_1976,_pp._31–37-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christmas carols in English first appear in a 1426 work of <a href="/wiki/John_Audelay" title="John Audelay">John Awdlay</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> chaplain, who lists twenty-five "caroles of Cristemas".<sup id="cite_ref-Miles,_Clement_1976,_pp._47_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles,_Clement_1976,_pp._47-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest body of musical works about Christ in which he does not speak are about the Nativity. A large body of <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_music" title="Liturgical music">liturgical music</a>, as well as a great deal of para-liturgical texts, carols and folk music exist about the Nativity of Jesus. Christmas carols have come to be viewed as a cultural-signature of the Nativity of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Houlden_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houlden-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most musical Nativity narrations are not biblical and did not come about until church music assimilated opera in the 17th century. However, thereafter there was a torrent of new music, such as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>'s 1660, <a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a> <i>(Midnight Mass, Pastorals, Oratorio, instrumental music</i>, 11 settings), <i>The Christmas Story</i> and <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Oratorio" title="Christmas Oratorio">Christmas Oratorio</a></i> in the 18th century, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Christus_(Liszt)" title="Christus (Liszt)">Lisz's Christus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a>'s <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Enfance du Christ</i></span> (1850), <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="List of compositions by Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns'</a> Christmas Oratorio (1858), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Houlden_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houlden-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s classic 1629 poem <i>Ode on the Morning of Christ's Nativity</i> was used by John McEwan in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-Houlden_155-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houlden-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_analysis">Historical analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_views">Traditional views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Traditional views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/170px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/255px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg/340px-Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1020_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>Beginning of a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> copy of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, 1020</figcaption></figure> <p>According to some scholars, the two Gospel accounts of the Nativity are historically accurate and do not contradict each other,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated102_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated102-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with similarities such as the birthplace of Bethlehem and the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Kilpatrick" title="George Kilpatrick">George Kilpatrick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Patella" title="Michael Patella">Michael Patella</a> state that a comparison of the Nativity accounts of Luke and Matthew show common elements in terms of the virgin birth, the birth at Bethlehem, and the upbringing at Nazareth, and that although there are differences in the accounts of the Nativity in Luke and Matthew, a general narrative may be constructed by combining the two.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of biblical scholars have attempted to show how the text from both narratives can be interwoven as a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">gospel harmony</a> to create one account that begins with a trip from Nazareth to Bethlehem, where Jesus is born, followed by the flight to Egypt, and ending with a return to Nazareth.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoxEasley289_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoxEasley289-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neither Luke nor Matthew claims their birth narratives are based on direct testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> suggested in 1973 that Joseph was the source of Matthew's account and Mary of Luke's, but modern scholars consider this "highly unlikely", given that the story emerged so late.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2013144_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2013144-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman Catholic scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/John_L._McKenzie" title="John L. McKenzie">John L. McKenzie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Harrington" title="Daniel J. Harrington">Daniel J. Harrington</a> express the view that due to the scarcity of ancient records, a number of issues regarding the historicity of some Nativity episodes can never be fully determined, and that the more important task is deciding what the Nativity narratives meant to the early Christian communities.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_analysis">Critical analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Critical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many scholars do not see the Luke and Matthew Nativity stories as historically factual,<sup id="cite_ref-Vermes_64_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermes_64-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_birth_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_birth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding them as laced with theology and presenting two different accounts and <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIDB_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIDB-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corley_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corley-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wright2004_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright2004-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, they point to Matthew's account of the appearance of an angel to Joseph in a dream; the wise men from the East; the massacre of the innocents; and the flight to Egypt, which do not appear in Luke, which instead describes the appearance of an angel to Mary; the Roman census; the birth in a manger; and the choir of angels appearing to the shepherds in the fields.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIDB_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIDB-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vermes_64_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermes_64-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_birth_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_birth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corley_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corley-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wright2004_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright2004-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanders considers Luke's census, for which everyone returned to their ancestral home, not historically credible, as this was contrary to Roman practice; they would not have uprooted everyone from their homes and farms in the Empire by forcing them to return to their ancestral cities. Moreover, people were not able to trace their own lineages back 42 generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_birth_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_birth-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally, according to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a> the gospels show little interest in synchronizing the episodes of the birth or subsequent life of Jesus with the secular history of the age.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahner731_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahner731-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, modern scholars do not use much of the birth narratives for historical information.<sup id="cite_ref-NIDB_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIDB-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corley_171-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corley-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, they are considered to contain some useful biographical information: Jesus being born near the end of the reign of Herod, during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and his father being named <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> are considered historically plausible.<sup id="cite_ref-NIDB_169-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIDB-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern scholars accept the <a href="/wiki/Marcan_priority" title="Marcan priority">Marcan priority</a> hypothesis, that the Luke and Matthew accounts are based on the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, but that the birth narratives come from the evangelists' independent sources, known as the <a href="/wiki/M-Source" class="mw-redirect" title="M-Source">M source</a> for Matthew and the <a href="/wiki/L_source" title="L source">L source</a> for Luke, which were added later.<sup id="cite_ref-ActJBirth_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActJBirth-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Géza Vermes</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a> dismiss the accounts as <a href="/wiki/Pious_fiction" title="Pious fiction">pious fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> sees them as having been constructed from historical traditions which predate the Gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-Vermes_22_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermes_22-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_1993_85_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_1993_85-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Brown, there is no uniform agreement among scholars on the historicity of the accounts, e.g., most of those scholars who reject the historicity of the birth at Bethlehem argue for a birth at Nazareth, a few suggest <a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a>, and others have hypothesized locations as far away as <a href="/wiki/Chorazin" title="Chorazin">Chorazin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Bruce Chilton</a> and archaeologist Aviram Oshri have proposed a birth at <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_of_Galilee" title="Bethlehem of Galilee">Bethlehem of Galilee</a>, a site located 7 mi (11 km) from Nazareth at which remains dating to the time of Herod the Great have been excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armand P. Tarrech states that Chilton's hypothesis has no support in either the Jewish or Christian sources, although Chilton seems to take seriously the statement in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#2:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 2:4</a> that Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judaea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many view the discussion of historicity as secondary, given that gospels were primarily written as theological documents rather than chronological timelines.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiarda75_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiarda75-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jesus_p._89_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jesus_p._89-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luke'_p._72_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luke'_p._72-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Recovering_Jesus_p._111_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recovering_Jesus_p._111-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Matthew pays far more attention to the name of the child and its theological implications than the actual birth event itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Long14_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long14-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> – Depiction of Jesus up to the age of 12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a> – Jesus as seen in the Christian tradition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a> – Life of Jesus as told in the New Testament<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian art in the Catholic Church</a> – Iconographic depiction of Virgin Mary in Catholic Churches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:23" title="Matthew 2:23">Matthew 2:23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a> – Christian feast day for the birth of Mary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">Nativity of Saint John the Baptist</a> – Christian feast day celebrating the birth of John the Baptist<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance of Jesus</a> – Discussions of the race and physical appearance of Jesus of Nazareth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Saint Joseph's dreams</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-second-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-second_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A more complete account of the similarities and differences between the two can be found in Raymond E. Brown, "Birth of the Messiah", pp.34-35, and in Barbara Shellard, "New Light on Luke: Its Purpose, Sources and Literary Context", pp.79-81.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_birth-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_birth_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_birth_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_birth_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_birth_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. Sanders discusses both birth narratives in detail, contrasts them, and judges them not historical on pp. 85–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birth_Stories_1999_page_179_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Borg" title="Marcus Borg">Marcus Borg</a>, 'The Meaning of the Birth Stories' in Marcus Borg, N T Wright, <i>The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions</i> (Harper One, 1999) page 179: "I (and most mainline scholars) do not see these stories as historically factual."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrossanWatts1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">Crossan, John Dominic</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_J._Watts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard J. Watts (page does not exist)">Watts, Richard J.</a> (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoisjesusanswer00cros/page/11"><i>Who Is Jesus?: Answers to Your Questions About the Historical Jesus</i></a>. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoisjesusanswer00cros/page/11">11–12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25842-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25842-9"><bdi>978-0-664-25842-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Is+Jesus%3F%3A+Answers+to+Your+Questions+About+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Ky.&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1999-10&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25842-9&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rft.au=Watts%2C+Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoisjesusanswer00cros%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vermes_64-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vermes_64_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vermes_64_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vermes_64_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Vermes, Géza</a> (2006-11-02). <i>The Nativity: History and Legend</i>. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102446-2"><bdi>978-0-14-102446-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nativity%3A+History+and+Legend&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2006-11-02&rft.isbn=978-0-14-102446-2&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahner731-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rahner731_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahner731_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi</i> by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a> 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6">0-86012-006-6</a> p. 731</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2020101-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2020101_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2020">Edwards 2020</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2009">Robinson 2009</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown197735-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown197735_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown197735_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown197735_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1977">Brown 1977</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholz2009112-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholz2009112_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholz2009112_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScholz2009">Scholz 2009</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%201:18–25&version=nrsv">Matthew 1:18–25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%201:16&version=nrsv">Matthew 1:16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance200747-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance200747_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrance2007">France 2007</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance200748-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance200748_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrance2007">France 2007</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%202&version=nrsv">Matthew 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance200761-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance200761_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrance2007">France 2007</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance200767-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance200767_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrance2007">France 2007</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1977399-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1977399_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1977">Brown 1977</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1977400-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1977400_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1977">Brown 1977</a>, p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Taylor, Joan E.</a> (1993). <i>Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 99–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814785-5"><bdi>978-0-19-814785-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+and+the+Holy+Places%3A+The+Myth+of+Jewish-Christian+Origins&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=99-102&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814785-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0847.htm">Protoevangelium</a></i> 18; Justin Martyr, <i>Dialogue with Trypho</i>; cf. Origen, <i><a href="/wiki/Contra_Celsum" title="Contra Celsum">Contra Celsum</a></i> 1.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Taylor, Joan E.</a> (1993). <i>Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 99–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814785-5"><bdi>978-0-19-814785-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+and+the+Holy+Places%3A+The+Myth+of+Jewish-Christian+Origins&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=99-100&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814785-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i> 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5356-503-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-5356-503-5">90-5356-503-5</a> p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JDG324-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JDG324_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, James DG (2003). "Jesus Remembered". Eerdmans Publishing: 324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jesus+Remembered&rft.pages=324&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+DG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doggett 1992, p579: "Although scholars generally believe that Christ was born some years before AD 1, the historical evidence is too sketchy to allow a definitive dating".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#2:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 2:1</a> states that Jesus was born during the census of Quirinius, which Raymond Brown notes has led most scholars to conclude that Luke is in error. Brown, R.E. "An Adult Christ at Christmas: Essays on the Three Biblical Christmas Stories". Liturgical Press. 1978, p=17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChronosPaul-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Maier" title="Paul L. Maier">Paul L. Maier</a> "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus And Virgin Mary." in <i>Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies</i> by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931464-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-931464-50-1">0-931464-50-1</a> pp. 113–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niswonger121-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Niswonger121_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Testament History</i> by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 IBN 0-310-31201-9 pp. 121–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolnar1999" class="citation book cs1">Molnar, M.R. (1999). <i>The Star of Bethlehem: The Legacy of the Magi</i>. Rutgers University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2701-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2701-7"><bdi>978-0-8135-2701-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Star+of+Bethlehem%3A+The+Legacy+of+the+Magi&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2701-7&rft.aulast=Molnar&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Köster-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Köster_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Köster_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Helmut Köster, "Ancient Christian gospels: their history and development", Continuum International Publishing Group, (2004). pp. 307–308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0127.htm#1">Genesis 27–43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. T. Ruddick, Jr. (1970) "Birth Narratives in Genesis and Luke" <i>Novum Testamentum</i> 12(4):343–348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris_Luke-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_Luke_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "Luke" pp. 297–301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jesus Christ." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris_Matthew-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_Matthew_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_Matthew_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "Matthew" pp. 272–285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1977104–121-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1977104–121_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1977">Brown 1977</a>, pp. 104–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LuzTheo-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LuzTheo_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuzTheo_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich Luz, The Theology of the Gospel of Matthew, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43576-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43576-5">0-521-43576-5</a> p. 24/25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%202:18&version=nrsv">Matthew 2:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich Luz, <i>Theology of the Gospel of Matthew</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43576-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43576-5">0-521-43576-5</a> p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3surkLVdw3UC-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3surkLVdw3UC_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3surkLVdw3UC_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3surkLVdw3UC_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonMuddiman2001" class="citation book cs1">Barton, John; Muddiman, John (6 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=The+Oxford+Bible+commentary"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198755005" title="Special:BookSources/9780198755005"><bdi>9780198755005</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2001-09-06&rft.isbn=9780198755005&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Muddiman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3surkLVdw3UC%26q%3DThe%2BOxford%2BBible%2Bcommentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%201:18–25&version=nrsv">Matthew 1:18–25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2016:11&version=nrsv">Genesis 16:11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2017&version=nrsv">Genesis 17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2021:1&version=nrsv">Genesis 21:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%2013:3&version=nrsv">Judges 13:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%2013:5&version=nrsv">Judges 13:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Aland, op.cit., p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown92-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown92_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown92_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Achtemeier" title="Paul J. Achtemeier">Achtemeier, Paul J.</a> (1978). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA92">Mary in the New Testament: A Collaborative Assessment by Protestant and Roman Catholic Scholars</a></i>. Paulist Press. p. 92. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-2168-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-2168-9">0-8091-2168-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menken161-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menken161_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOxtCM08F7cC&pg=PA161">Matthew's Bible: the Old Testament text of the evangelist</a></i> by M. J. J. Menken 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1419-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1419-X">90-429-1419-X</a> p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlandAlandMartiniKaravidopoulos1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Aland" title="Barbara Aland">Aland, Barbara</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Aland" title="Kurt Aland">Aland, Kurt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carlo_M._Martini" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo M. Martini">Martini, Carlo M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Karavidopoulos" title="Johannes Karavidopoulos">Karavidopoulos, Johannes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Metzger, Bruce M.</a> (December 1983). <i>Novum Testamentum Graece Et Latine—Greek/Latin New Testament</i>. American Bible Society. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-438-05401-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-438-05401-2"><bdi>978-3-438-05401-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novum+Testamentum+Graece+Et+Latine%E2%80%94Greek%2FLatin+New+Testament&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=American+Bible+Society&rft.date=1983-12&rft.isbn=978-3-438-05401-2&rft.aulast=Aland&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Aland%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Martini%2C+Carlo+M.&rft.au=Karavidopoulos%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Metzger%2C+Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menken164-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menken164_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOxtCM08F7cC&pg=PA164">Matthew's Bible: the Old Testament text of the evangelist</a></i> by M. J. J. Menken 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1419-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1419-X">90-429-1419-X</a> p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menken, Maarten J. J. "The Sources of the Old Testament Quotation in Matthew 2:23" <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>120:3 (451–68), 467–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Gary (2007-08-30). <i>The New American Commentary: Isaiah 1–33, Vol. 15A (New American Commentary)</i>. B&H Publishing Group. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-0115-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-0115-8"><bdi>978-0-8054-0115-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+American+Commentary%3A+Isaiah+1%E2%80%9333%2C+Vol.+15A+%28New+American+Commentary%29&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-0115-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%204:3&version=nrsv">Isaiah 4:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich Luz, the Theology of the Gospel of Matthew, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43576-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43576-5">0-521-43576-5</a> p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barth256-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barth256_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barth256_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Church dogmatics, Volume 4, Part 1</i> by Karl Barth, Geoffrey William Bromiley, Thomas Forsyth Torrance 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-05129-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-05129-3">0-567-05129-3</a> pp. 256–259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bethune-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bethune_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bethune_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>An introduction to the early history of Christian doctrine</i> by James Franklin Bethune-Baker 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4021-5770-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4021-5770-3">1-4021-5770-3</a> p. 334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williston-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williston_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williston_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of the Christian Church</i> by Williston Walker 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4400-4446-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4400-4446-5">1-4400-4446-5</a> pp. 65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i> by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3785-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3785-9">0-8028-3785-9</a> page 308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies</i> by Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5856-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5856-3">0-8146-5856-3</a> p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mercer dictionary of the Bible</i> by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9">0-86554-373-9</a> p. 712</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Basic Theology:</i> by Charles Caldwell Ryrie 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8024-2734-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8024-2734-0">0-8024-2734-0</a> p. 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pannenberg-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pannenberg_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pannenberg_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pannenberg_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Systematic Theology, Volume 2</i> by Wolfhart Pannenberg 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567084663" title="Special:BookSources/0567084663">0567084663</a>, pp. 297–303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daille-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daille_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>An exposition of the epistle of Saint Paul to the Philippians</i> by Jean Daille 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2511-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2511-7">0-8028-2511-7</a> pp. 194–195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christ in Christian Tradition: From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon</i> by Aloys Grillmeier, John Bowden 1975 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22301-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22301-X">0-664-22301-X</a> pp. 15–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Witness of Jesus, Paul and John: An Exploration in Biblical Theology</i> by Larry R. Helyer 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2888-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2888-5">0-8308-2888-5</a> p. 282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi</i> by Karl Rahner 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-006-6">0-86012-006-6</a> pp. 474 and 1434</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Burke, Raymond L.; et al. (2008). Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4">978-1-57918-355-4</a> pp. 613–614</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Early Christian World, Volumes 1–2</i> by Philip Francis Esler 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33312-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33312-1">0-415-33312-1</a> p. 452</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Handbook to life in the medieval world, Volume 1</i> by Madeleine Pelner Cosman, Linda Gale Jones 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4887-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4887-8">0-8160-4887-8</a> p. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demacopoulos-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Demacopoulos_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demacopoulos_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Orthodox readings of Augustine</i> by George E. Demacopoulos, Aristotle Papanikolaou 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88141-327-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88141-327-5">0-88141-327-5</a> pp. 92–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1Corinthians#15:22" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1Corinthians">1Corinthians 15:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The theology of John Calvin</i> by Charles Partee 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-23119-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-23119-5">0-664-23119-5</a> p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Theology of the New Testament</i> by Georg Strecker 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22336-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22336-2">0-664-22336-2</a> pp. 401–403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Matthew</i> by <a href="/wiki/Grant_R._Osborne" title="Grant R. Osborne">Grant R. Osborne</a> 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-32370-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-32370-3">0-310-32370-3</a> lxxix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SRoll-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SRoll_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRoll_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Toward the origins of Christmas</i> by Susan K. Roll 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-390-0531-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-390-0531-1">90-390-0531-1</a> pp. 208–211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath2007-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath2007_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2007" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHlY94UWi3UC&q=Justin+Martyr+christology&pg=PA282"><i>Christian theology: an introduction</i></a>. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5360-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5360-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-5360-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+theology%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5360-7&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtHlY94UWi3UC%26q%3DJustin%2BMartyr%2Bchristology%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_orthodox_corruption_of_scripture_a01-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-the_orthodox_corruption_of_scripture_a01_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1993" class="citation cs2">Ehrman, Bart D. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NHIBM3p83UcC&pg=PA181"><i>The Orthodox corruption of scripture: the effect of early Christological controversies on the text of the New Testament</i></a>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510279-6"><bdi>978-0-19-510279-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+corruption+of+scripture%3A+the+effect+of+early+Christological+controversies+on+the+text+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510279-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNHIBM3p83UcC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mary and the Saints</i> by James P. Campbell 2005 0829417257 pp. 17–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated159-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated159_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>All the Doctrines of the Bible</i> by Herbert Lockyer 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-28051-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-28051-6">0-310-28051-6</a> p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Matthew 1–13</i> by Manlio Simonetti 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-1486-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-1486-8">0-8308-1486-8</a> p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Matthew 1-2/ Luke 1–2</i> by Louise Perrotta 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8294-1541-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8294-1541-6">0-8294-1541-6</a> p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kupp-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kupp_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kupp_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Matthew's Emmanuel</i> by David D. Kupp 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57007-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57007-7">0-521-57007-7</a> pp. 220–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingsbury17-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kingsbury17_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Who do you say that I am?: essays on Christology</i> by Jack Dean Kingsbury, Mark Allan Powell, David R. Bauer 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25752-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25752-6">0-664-25752-6</a> p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The theology of the Gospel of Matthew</i> by Ulrich Luz 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43576-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43576-5">0-521-43576-5</a> p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd series, Vol XIV p. 207, translated edition by H.R. Percival. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/ephesus.html">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/ephesus.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church, trans H. R. Percival, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd Series, ed. P. Schaff and H. Wace, (repr. Grand Rapids MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1955), XIV, pp. 192–242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The acts of the Council of Chalcedon</i> by Council of Chalcedon, Richard Price, Michael Gaddis 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-039-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-039-0">0-85323-039-0</a> pp. 1–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The creed: the apostolic faith in contemporary theology</i> by Berard L. Marthaler 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89622-537-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89622-537-2">0-89622-537-2</a> p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Essential theological terms</i> by Justo L. González 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22810-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22810-0">0-664-22810-0</a> p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Doctrine and practice in the early church</i> by Stuart George Hall 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0629-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0629-5">0-8028-0629-5</a> pp. 211–218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bronwen-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bronwen_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Leo the Great</i> by Pope Leo I, <a href="/wiki/Bronwen_Neil" title="Bronwen Neil">Bronwen Neil</a> 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-39480-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-39480-5">0-415-39480-5</a> pp. 61–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Summa Theologica, Volume 4 (Part III, First Section)</i> by St. Thomas Aquinas 207 Cosimo Classics <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60206-560-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-60206-560-8">1-60206-560-8</a> pp. 2197–2211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinandy-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinandy_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinandy_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aquinas on doctrine: a critical introduction</i> by Thomas Gerard Weinandy, John Yocum 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08411-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08411-6">0-567-08411-6</a> p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Calvin's Catholic Christology</i> by E. David Willis 1966 Published by E.J. Brill, Netherlands, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christmasinholyl00worl"><i>Christmas in the Holy Land</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia">World Book Encyclopedia</a>. 1987. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780716608875" title="Special:BookSources/9780716608875"><bdi>9780716608875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=World+Book+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780716608875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristmasinholyl00worl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes08-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes08_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2008" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Bruce David (2008-11-13). <i>Christmas: A Candid History</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25802-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25802-0"><bdi>978-0-520-25802-0</bdi></a>. <q>In 567 the Council of Tours proclaimed that the entire period between Christmas and Epiphany should be considered part of the celebration, creating what became known as the twelve days of Christmas, or what the English called Christmastide. On the last of the twelve days, called Twelfth Night, various cultures developed a wide range of additional special festivities. The variation extends even to the issue of how to count the days. If Christmas Day is the first of the twelve days, then Twelfth Night would be on January 5, the eve of Epiphany. If December 26, the day after Christmas, is the first day, then Twelfth Night falls on January 6, the evening of Epiphany itself. After Christmas and Epiphany were in place, on December 25 and January 6, with the twelve days of Christmas in between, Christians gradually added a period called Advent, as a time of spiritual preparation leading up to Christmas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas%3A+A+Candid+History&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008-11-13&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25802-0&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Bruce+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hynes1993-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hynes1993_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHynes1993" class="citation book cs1">Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontocalen0000hyne/page/8"><i>Companion to the Calendar</i></a>. Liturgy Training Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontocalen0000hyne/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56854-011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56854-011-5"><bdi>978-1-56854-011-5</bdi></a>. <q>In the year 567 the church council of Tours called the 13 days between December 25 and January 6 a festival season. Up until that time the only other joyful church season was the 50 days between Easter Sunday and Pentecost.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+to+the+Calendar&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Liturgy+Training+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-56854-011-5&rft.aulast=Hynes&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontocalen0000hyne%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knight_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Knight, Kevin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm">"Christmas"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Second Council of Tours (can. xi, xvii) proclaims, in 566 or 567, the sanctity of the "twelve days" from Christmas to Epiphany, and the duty of Advent fast; that of Agde (506), in canons 63–64, orders a universal communion, and that of Braga (563) forbids fasting on Christmas Day. Popular merry-making, however, so increased that the "Laws of King Cnut", fabricated c. 1110, order a fast from Christmas to Epiphany.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christmas&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03724b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill2003-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill2003_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2003" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Christopher (2003). <i>Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year</i>. Quest Books. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0810-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0810-7"><bdi>978-0-8356-0810-7</bdi></a>. <q>This arrangement became an administrative problem for the Roman Empire as it tried to coordinate the solar Julian calendar with the lunar calendars of its provinces in the east. While the Romans could roughly match the months in the two systems, the four cardinal points of the solar year—the two equinoxes and solstices—still fell on different dates. By the time of the first century, the calendar date of the winter solstice in Egypt and Palestine was eleven to twelve days later than the date in Rome. As a result the Incarnation came to be celebrated on different days in different parts of the Empire. The Western Church, in its desire to be universal, eventually took them both—one became Christmas, one Epiphany—with a resulting twelve days in between. Over time this hiatus became invested with specific Christian meaning. The Church gradually filled these days with saints, some connected to the birth narratives in Gospels (Holy Innocents' Day, December 28, in honor of the infants slaughtered by Herod; St. John the Evangelist, "the Beloved," December 27; St. Stephen, the first Christian martyr, December 26; the Holy Family, December 31; the Virgin Mary, January 1). In 567, the Council of Tours declared the twelve days between Christmas and Epiphany to become one unified festal cycle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holidays+and+Holy+Nights%3A+Celebrating+Twelve+Seasonal+Festivals+of+the+Christian+Year&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Quest+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8356-0810-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunson-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bunson_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson2007" class="citation web cs1">Bunson, Matthew (October 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/vexperts/showmessage_print.asp?number=518618&language=en">"Origins of Christmas and Easter holidays"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eternal_Word_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal Word Television Network">Eternal Word Television Network</a> (EWTN). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217073451/http://www.ewtn.com/vexperts/showmessage_print.asp?number=518618&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Council of Tours (567) decreed the 12 days from Christmas to Epiphany to be sacred and especially joyous, thus setting the stage for the celebration of the Lord's birth not only in a liturgical setting but in the hearts of all Christians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Christmas+and+Easter+holidays&rft.pub=Eternal+Word+Television+Network+%28EWTN%29&rft.date=2007-10-21&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fvexperts%2Fshowmessage_print.asp%3Fnumber%3D518618%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Church of England Magazine, Volume 49</i>. J. Burns. 1860. p. 369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+England+Magazine%2C+Volume+49&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=J.+Burns&rft.date=1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KennedyHatch2013-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KennedyHatch2013_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedyHatch2013" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Rodney Wallace; Hatch, Derek C (27 August 2013). <i>Baptists at Work in Worship</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf and Stock Publishers">Wipf and Stock Publishers</a>. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-843-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-843-6"><bdi>978-1-62189-843-6</bdi></a>. <q>There are a variety or worship practices that enable a congregation to celebrate Advent: lighting an advent wreath, a hanging of the greens service, a Chrismon tree, and an Advent devotional booklet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptists+at+Work+in+Worship&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-843-6&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Rodney+Wallace&rft.au=Hatch%2C+Derek+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeddesGriffiths2002-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GeddesGriffiths2002_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeddesGriffiths2002" class="citation book cs1">Geddes, Gordon; Griffiths, Jane (2002). <i>Christian Belief and Practice</i>. Heinemann. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435306915" title="Special:BookSources/9780435306915"><bdi>9780435306915</bdi></a>. <q>Carol singing is a common custom during the Christmas season. Many Christians form groups and go from house to house singing carols. The words of the carols help to pass on the message of Christmas to others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Belief+and+Practice&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780435306915&rft.aulast=Geddes&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kubesh-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kubesh_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubeshMcNeilBellotto" class="citation book cs1">Kubesh, Katie; McNeil, Niki; Bellotto, Kimm. <i>The 12 Days of Christmas</i>. In the Hands of a Child. p. 16. <q>The Twelve Days of Christmas, also called Twelvetide, are also associated with festivities that begin on the evening of Christmas Day and last through the morning of Epiphany. This period is also called Christmastide<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] one early American tradition was to make a wreath on Christmas Eve and hang it on the front door on Christmas night. The wreath stayed on the front door through Epiphany. Some families also baked a special cake for the Epiphany. Other Old Time Traditions from around the world include: Giving gifts on Christmas night only. Giving gifts on the Twelfth Night only. Giving gifts on each night. On the Twelfth Night, a Twelfth Night Cake or King Cake is served with a bean or pea baked in it. The person who finds the bean or pea in his or her portion is a King of Queen for the day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+12+Days+of+Christmas&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=In+the+Hands+of+a+Child&rft.aulast=Kubesh&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=McNeil%2C+Niki&rft.au=Bellotto%2C+Kimm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins2010-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins2010_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2010" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Ace (2010). <i>Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas</i>. Zondervan. pp. 139–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310873884" title="Special:BookSources/9780310873884"><bdi>9780310873884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+Behind+the+Great+Traditions+of+Christmas&rft.pages=139-141&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780310873884&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Ace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bharati1976-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bharati1976_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBharati1976" class="citation book cs1">Bharati, Agehanada (1 January 1976). <i>Ideas and Actions</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110805871" title="Special:BookSources/9783110805871"><bdi>9783110805871</bdi></a>. <q>These were services of worship held in Christian churches at Christmastide...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas+and+Actions&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1976-01-01&rft.isbn=9783110805871&rft.aulast=Bharati&rft.aufirst=Agehanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nair2013-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nair2013_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNair2013" class="citation news cs1">Nair, Malini (15 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Cakewalk-in-Allahabad/articleshow/27391297.cms">"Cakewalk in Allahabad"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2015</span>. <q>Around early December, an unusual kind of pilgrim starts to take the Prayag Raj from Delhi to Allahabad: the devout worshipper of the Allahabadi Christmas cake. This is no elegant western pudding – it is redolent with desi ghee, petha, ginger, nutmeg, javitri, saunf, cinnamon, something called cake ka jeera and marmalades from Loknath ki Galli. All this is browned to perfection at a bakery that has acquired cult status – Bushy's on Kanpur Road. The ancient city has had a great baking tradition. It could be because Allahabad has a sizeable population of Christians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Cakewalk+in+Allahabad&rft.date=2013-12-15&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=Malini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Fsunday-times%2Fdeep-focus%2FCakewalk-in-Allahabad%2Farticleshow%2F27391297.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michelin2012-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michelin2012_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelin2012" class="citation book cs1">Michelin (10 October 2012). <i>Germany Green Guide Michelin 2012–2013</i>. Michelin. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782067182110" title="Special:BookSources/9782067182110"><bdi>9782067182110</bdi></a>. <q>Advent – The four weeks before Christmas are celebrated by counting down the days with an advent calendar, hanging up Christmas decorations and lightning an additional candle every Sunday on the four-candle advent wreath.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+Green+Guide+Michelin+2012%E2%80%932013&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Michelin&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft.isbn=9782067182110&rft.au=Michelin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormark1997" class="citation web cs1">Normark, Helena (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graphicgarden.com/files17/eng/sweden/xmas2e.php">"Modern Christmas"</a>. Graphic Garden<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>Christmas in Sweden starts with Advent, which is the await for the arrival of Jesus. The symbol for it is the Advent candlestick with four candles in it, and we light one more candle for each of the four Sundays before Christmas. Most people start putting up the Christmas decorations on the first of Advent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Christmas&rft.pub=Graphic+Garden&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Normark&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.graphicgarden.com%2Ffiles17%2Feng%2Fsweden%2Fxmas2e.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RiceHuffstutler2001-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RiceHuffstutler2001_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiceHuffstutler2001" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Howard L.; Huffstutler, James C. (1 January 2001). <i>Reformed Worship</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-50147-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-50147-1"><bdi>978-0-664-50147-1</bdi></a>. <q>Another popular activity is the "Hanging of the Greens," a service in which the sanctuary is decorated for Christmas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformed+Worship&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-50147-1&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Howard+L.&rft.au=Huffstutler%2C+James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies</i> by Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5856-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5856-3">0-8146-5856-3</a> p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The journey of the Magi: meanings in history of a Christian story</i> by Richard C. Trexler 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01126-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01126-5">0-691-01126-5</a> p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christian worship in Reformed Churches past and present</i> by Lukas Vischer 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0520-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0520-5">0-8028-0520-5</a> pp. 400–401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsEdgar_V._McKnightRoger_Aubrey_Bullard1990" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Watson E.; Edgar V. McKnight; Roger Aubrey Bullard (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=%22spring+equinox%22&pg=PA142"><i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Mercer University Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7"><bdi>978-0-86554-373-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-373-7&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Watson+E.&rft.au=Edgar+V.+McKnight&rft.au=Roger+Aubrey+Bullard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC%26q%3D%2522spring%2Bequinox%2522%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JBurnett-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JBurnett_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBurnett_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBurnett_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBurnett_114-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aspects of the liturgical year in Cappadocia (325–430)</i> by Jill Burnett Comings 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-7464-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-7464-9">0-8204-7464-9</a> pp. 61–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RClancy-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RClancy_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sacred Christmas Music</i> by Ronald M. Clancy 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4027-5811-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4027-5811-1">1-4027-5811-1</a> pp. 15–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrøyshov" class="citation journal cs1">Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4874556">"[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canterbury+Dictionary+of+Hymnology&rft.atitle=%5BHymnography+of+the%5D+Rite+of+Jerusalem&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%B8yshov&rft.aufirst=Stig+Simeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4874556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly2-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kelly2_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Feast of Christmas</i> by Joseph F. Kelly 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-3325-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-3325-0">0-8146-3325-0</a> pp. 331–391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pastor and laity in the theology of Jean Gerson</i> by Dorothy Catherine Brown 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33029-7">0-521-33029-7</a> p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Feast of Christmas</i> by Joseph F. Kelly 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-3325-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-3325-0">0-8146-3325-0</a> pp. 112–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mercer-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mercer_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mercer_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mercer_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mercer dictionary of the Bible</i> by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9">0-86554-373-9</a> pp. 520–525</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity</i> by Larry W. Hurtado 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3167-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3167-2">0-8028-3167-2</a> pp. 113 and 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>II Corinthians: a commentary</i> by Frank J. Matera 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22117-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22117-3">0-664-22117-3</a> pp. 11–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Philippians#2:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Philippians">Philippians 2:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mini7-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mini7_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mini7_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christology: Biblical And Historical</i> by Mini S. Johnson, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-8324-007-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-8324-007-0">81-8324-007-0</a> pp. 74–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mini211-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mini211_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christology: Biblical And Historical</i> by Mini S. Johnson ISBN p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooke-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooke_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The image of St Francis</i> by Rosalind B. Brooke 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78291-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78291-0">0-521-78291-0</a> pp. 183–184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raab-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raab_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The tradition of Catholic prayer</i> by Christian Raab, Harry Hagan, St. Meinrad Archabbey 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-3184-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-3184-3">0-8146-3184-3</a> pp. 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFinger-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GFinger_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GFinger_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GFinger_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The vitality of the Christian tradition</i> by George Finger Thomas 1944 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-2378-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8369-2378-2">0-8369-2378-2</a> pp. 110–112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La vida sacra: contemporary Hispanic sacramental theology</i> by James L. Empereur, Eduardo Fernández 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-5157-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-5157-1">0-7425-5157-1</a> pp. 3–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philippines</i> by Lily Rose R. Tope, Detch P. Nonan-Mercado 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-1475-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-1475-4">0-7614-1475-4</a> p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Astley-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Astley_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christology: Key Readings in Christian Thought</i> by Jeff Astley, David Brown, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Loades" title="Ann Loades">Ann Loades</a> 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-23269-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-23269-8">0-664-23269-8</a> p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Rowan <i>Ponder these things</i> 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85311-362-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85311-362-X">1-85311-362-X</a> p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kugler394-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kugler394_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>An Introduction to the Bible</i> by Robert Kugler, Patrick Hartin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4636-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4636-X">0-8028-4636-X</a> p. 394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mercer dictionary of the Bible</i> by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9">0-86554-373-9</a> p. 396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sanctity of time and space in tradition and modernity</i> by Alberdina Houtman, Marcel Poorthuis, Joshua Schwartz 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11233-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11233-2">90-04-11233-2</a> pp. 61–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:46–55&version=nrsv">Luke 1:46–55</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breed-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breed_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breed_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The History and Use of Hymns and Hymn-Tunes</i> by David R Breed 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-110-47186-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-110-47186-6">1-110-47186-6</a> p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:68–79&version=nrsv">Luke 1:68–79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:29–32&version=nrsv">Luke 2:29–32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeves-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reeves_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reeves_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Favourite Hymns</i> by Marjorie Reeves 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-8097-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-8097-7">0-8264-8097-7</a> pp. 3–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:14&version=nrsv">Luke 2:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>All the music of the Bible</i> by Herbert Lockyer 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-531-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56563-531-0">1-56563-531-0</a> p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Music of the Middle Ages, Volume 1</i> by Giulio Cattin, F. Alberto Gallo 1985 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28489-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28489-9">0-521-28489-9</a> p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, George F.. <i>Vitality of the Christian Tradition</i>. Ayer Co. Publishing, 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Kevin Orlin. <i>Why Do Catholics Do That?</i> Random House, Inc., 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazar-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mazar_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mazar, Peter and Evelyn Grala. <i>To Crown the Year: Decorating the Church Through the Year</i>. Liturgy Training, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56854-041-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56854-041-8">1-56854-041-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Bonaventure" class="citation web cs1">St. Bonaventure. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecatholic2000.com/bonaventure/assisi/francis.shtml">"The Life of St. Francis of Assisi"</a>. <i>e-Catholic 2000</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140614095831/http://www.ecatholic2000.com/bonaventure/assisi/francis.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-Catholic+2000&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+St.+Francis+of+Assisi&rft.au=St.+Bonaventure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecatholic2000.com%2Fbonaventure%2Fassisi%2Ffrancis.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JKelly-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JKelly_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JKelly_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Feast of Christmas</i> by Joseph F. Kelly 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-3325-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-3325-0">0-8146-3325-0</a> pp. 22–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The mystical language of icons</i> by Solrunn Nes 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2916-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2916-3">0-8028-2916-3</a> p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ouspensky-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ouspensky_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouspensky_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The meaning of icons</i> by Leonide Ouspensky, Vladimir Lossky 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913836-77-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-913836-77-X">0-913836-77-X</a> p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Church Fathers and Teachers: From Saint Leo the Great to Peter Lombard</i> by Pope Benedict XVI 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58617-317-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58617-317-0">1-58617-317-0</a> p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellesz1947" class="citation journal cs1">Wellesz, Egon (1947). "The Nativity Drama of the Byzantine Church". <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (1–2): 145–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F298465">10.2307/298465</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/298465">298465</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162243412">162243412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Nativity+Drama+of+the+Byzantine+Church&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=145-151&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162243412%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F298465%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F298465&rft.aulast=Wellesz&rft.aufirst=Egon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles,_Clement_1976,_pp._31–37-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miles,_Clement_1976,_pp._31–37_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, Clement, <i>Christmas customs and traditions</i>, Dover 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23354-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23354-5">0-486-23354-5</a>, pp. 31–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles,_Clement_1976,_pp._47-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miles,_Clement_1976,_pp._47_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, Clement, <i>Christmas customs and traditions</i>, Dover 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23354-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23354-5">0-486-23354-5</a>, pp. 47–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houlden-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houlden_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houlden_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houlden_155-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus in history, thought, and culture: an encyclopedia, Volume 1</i> by James Leslie Houlden 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-856-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-856-6">1-57607-856-6</a> pp. 631–635</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated102-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated102_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark D. Roberts <i>Can We Trust the Gospels?: Investigating the Reliability of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John </i> <a href="/wiki/Good_News_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Good News Publishers">Good News Publishers</a>, 2007 p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilpatrick2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Kilpatrick" title="George Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick, George Dunbar</a> (2007). <i>The Origins of the Gospel According to St. Matthew</i>. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86516-667-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86516-667-6"><bdi>0-86516-667-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Gospel+According+to+St.+Matthew&rft.series=G+-+Reference%2C+Information+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-86516-667-6&rft.aulast=Kilpatrick&rft.aufirst=George+Dunbar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span> p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Gospel according to Luke</i> by Michael Patella 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-2862-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-2862-1">0-8146-2862-1</a> pp. 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i> by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Geoffrey W. Bromiley</a> 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3785-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3785-9">0-8028-3785-9</a> p. 685</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bernard Orchard, 1983 <i>Synopsis of the Four Gospels</i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-09331-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-09331-X">0-567-09331-X</a> pp. 4–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The horizontal line synopsis of the Gospels</i> by Reuben J. Swanson 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87808-744-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87808-744-3">0-87808-744-3</a> page xix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gospel Parallels</i> by Burton H. Throckmorton 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8407-7484-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8407-7484-2">0-8407-7484-2</a> pp. 2–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoxEasley289-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoxEasley289_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven L. Cox, Kendell H. Easley, 2007 <i>Harmony of the Gospels</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-9444-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-9444-8">0-8054-9444-8</a> pp. 289–290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lord Jesus Christ</i> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_W._Hurtado" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry W. Hurtado">Larry W. Hurtado</a> 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3167-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3167-2">0-8028-3167-2</a> p. 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2013144-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2013144_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln2013">Lincoln 2013</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie1995" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, John L. (1995). <i>Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Touchstone.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond Edward</a> (1977). <i>The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke</i>. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-05907-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-05907-7">978-0-385-05907-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Harrington" title="Daniel J. Harrington">Daniel J. Harrington</a> 1991 <i>The Gospel of Matthew</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5803-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5803-2">0-8146-5803-2</a> pp. 45–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIDB-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIDB_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDB_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDB_169-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIDB_169-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The <a href="/wiki/New_Interpreter%27s_Dictionary_of_the_Bible" title="New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible">New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible</a>: Volume 3</i> Abingdon Press, 2008. pp. 42, 269–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond Edward</a> (1999-05-18). <i>The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke (The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library)</i>. Yale University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14008-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14008-8"><bdi>978-0-300-14008-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Messiah%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Infancy+Narratives+in+the+Gospels+of+Matthew+and+Luke+%28The+Anchor+Yale+Bible+Reference+Library%29&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999-05-18&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14008-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corley-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corley_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corley_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corley_171-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Corley <i>New Perspectives on the Nativity</i> Continuum International Publishing Group, 2009 p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wright2004-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wright2004_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wright2004_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">Wright, Tom</a> (March 2004). <i>Luke for Everyone</i>. London: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22784-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22784-5"><bdi>978-0-664-22784-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luke+for+Everyone&rft.place=London&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2004-03&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22784-5&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossanWatts1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">Crossan, John Dominic</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_J._Watts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard J. Watts (page does not exist)">Watts, Richard J.</a> (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoisjesusanswer00cros/page/11"><i>Who Is Jesus?: Answers to Your Questions About the Historical Jesus</i></a>. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoisjesusanswer00cros/page/11">11–12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25842-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25842-9"><bdi>978-0-664-25842-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Is+Jesus%3F%3A+Answers+to+Your+Questions+About+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Ky.&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1999-10&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25842-9&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rft.au=Watts%2C+Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoisjesusanswer00cros%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce M. Metzger, Michael D. Coogan, <i>The Oxford Guide to People & Places of the Bible</i>. Oxford University Press US, 2004. p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ActJBirth-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ActJBirth_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a>. <i>The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus.</i> HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Birth & Infancy Stories" pp. 497–526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vermes_22-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vermes_22_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Vermes, Géza</a> (2006-11-02). <i>The Nativity: History and Legend</i>. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102446-2"><bdi>978-0-14-102446-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nativity%3A+History+and+Legend&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2006-11-02&rft.isbn=978-0-14-102446-2&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_1993_85-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_1993_85_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, Ed Parish</a> (1993). <i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i>. London: Allen Lane. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9059-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9059-1"><bdi>978-0-7139-9059-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.place=London&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9059-1&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Ed+Parish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_W._Hurtado" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry W. Hurtado">Hurtado, Larry W.</a> (June 2003). <i>Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity</i>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B. Eerdmans. pp. 319–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6070-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-6070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Jesus+Christ%3A+Devotion+to+Jesus+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=319-320&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2003-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6070-5&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The birth of the Messiah</i> by Raymond Brown 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-47202-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-47202-1">0-385-47202-1</a> p. 513</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOshri2005" class="citation journal cs1">Oshri, Aviram (November–December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/0511/abstracts/jesus.html">"Where was Jesus Born?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_(magazine)" title="Archaeology (magazine)">Archaeology</a></i>. <b>58</b> (6)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Where+was+Jesus+Born%3F&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2005-11%2F2005-12&rft.aulast=Oshri&rft.aufirst=Aviram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2F0511%2Fabstracts%2Fjesus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilton2006" class="citation cs2">Chilton, Bruce (2006), "Recovering Jesus' Mamzerut", in Charlesworth, James H. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QoIS7VApH6cC&pg=PA95"><i>Jesus and Archaeology</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>, pp. 95–96, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802848802" title="Special:BookSources/9780802848802"><bdi>9780802848802</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recovering+Jesus%27+Mamzerut&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+Archaeology&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780802848802&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQoIS7VApH6cC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus</i> edited by Tom Holmen and Stanley E. Porter (Jan 12, 2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004163727" title="Special:BookSources/9004163727">9004163727</a> pages 3411–3412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiarda75-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiarda75_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, </i>People<i>, and Theology</i> by Timothy Wiarda 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-4843-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-4843-8">0-8054-4843-8</a> pp. 75–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jesus_p._89-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jesus_p._89_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus, the Christ: Contemporary Perspectives</i> by Brennan R. Hill 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58595-303-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58595-303-2">1-58595-303-2</a> p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke'_p._72-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luke'_p._72_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Gospel of Luke</i> by Timothy Johnson 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5805-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5805-9">0-8146-5805-9</a> p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recovering_Jesus_p._111-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Recovering_Jesus_p._111_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Recovering Jesus: the witness of the New Testament</i> Thomas R. Yoder Neufeld 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58743-202-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58743-202-1">1-58743-202-1</a> p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long14-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Long14_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Matthew</i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Long" title="Thomas G. Long">Thomas G. Long</a> 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25257-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25257-5">0-664-25257-5</a> pp. 14–15</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2009" class="citation book cs1">Allen, O. Wesley Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQWknj4ORJkC&q=%22Luke+O.+Wesley+Allen+Jr.%22&pg=PR6">"Luke"</a>. In Petersen, David L.; O'Day, Gail R. (eds.). <i>Theological Bible Commentary</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611640304" title="Special:BookSources/9781611640304"><bdi>9781611640304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luke&rft.btitle=Theological+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781611640304&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=O.+Wesley+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrQWknj4ORJkC%26q%3D%2522Luke%2BO.%2BWesley%2BAllen%2BJr.%2522%26pg%3DPR6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune2001" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E., ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8lZ7BXzt0sC&q=The+Gospel+of+Matthew+in+Current+Study:+Studies+in+Honor+of+William+G.+Thompson,+S.J."><i>The Gospel of Matthew in current study</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4673-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4673-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-4673-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew+in+current+study&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4673-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE8lZ7BXzt0sC%26q%3DThe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BMatthew%2Bin%2BCurrent%2BStudy%3A%2BStudies%2Bin%2BHonor%2Bof%2BWilliam%2BG.%2BThompson%2C%2BS.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Aune" title="David Aune">Aune, David E.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7F_5kPoTTnoC&q=The+New+Testament+in+its+literary+environment"><i>The New Testament in its literary environment</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8"><bdi>978-0-664-25018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+in+its+literary+environment&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25018-8&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7F_5kPoTTnoC%26q%3DThe%2BNew%2BTestament%2Bin%2Bits%2Bliterary%2Benvironment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalch2003" class="citation book cs1">Balch, David L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22The+infancy+narrative+has+seven+episodes%22&pg=PA1105">"Luke"</a>. In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837110"><bdi>9780802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luke&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802837110&rft.aulast=Balch&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3D%2522The%2Binfancy%2Bnarrative%2Bhas%2Bseven%2Bepisodes%2522%26pg%3DPA1105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaton2005" class="citation book cs1">Beaton, Richard C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pAZxCMRztQ4C&q=Chapter+6+Richard+C.+Beaton&pg=PA116">"How Matthew Writes"</a>. In Bockmuehl, Markus; Hagner, Donald A. (eds.). <i>The Written Gospel</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83285-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83285-4"><bdi>978-0-521-83285-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Matthew+Writes&rft.btitle=The+Written+Gospel&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83285-4&rft.aulast=Beaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpAZxCMRztQ4C%26q%3DChapter%2B6%2BRichard%2BC.%2BBeaton%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoring2012" class="citation book cs1">Boring, M. Eugene (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=leFrgkyEtusC&q=%2223+Luke%3A+Theologian%22&pg=PA556"><i>An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664255923" title="Special:BookSources/9780664255923"><bdi>9780664255923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament%3A+History%2C+Literature%2C+Theology&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780664255923&rft.aulast=Boring&rft.aufirst=M.+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DleFrgkyEtusC%26q%3D%252223%2BLuke%253A%2BTheologian%2522%26pg%3DPA556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, R.E.</a> (1977). <i>The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke</i>. Doubleday & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Messiah%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Infancy+Narratives+in+Matthew+and+Luke&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=R.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1978" class="citation book cs1">Brown, R.E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8Mh-GliPIC&q=%22most+critical+scholars+acknowledge+a+confusion+and+misdating%22&pg=PA17"><i>An Adult Christ at Christmas: Essays on the Three Biblical Christmas Stories</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814609972" title="Special:BookSources/9780814609972"><bdi>9780814609972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Adult+Christ+at+Christmas%3A+Essays+on+the+Three+Biblical+Christmas+Stories&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780814609972&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=R.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCo8Mh-GliPIC%26q%3D%2522most%2Bcritical%2Bscholars%2Backnowledge%2Ba%2Bconfusion%2Band%2Bmisdating%2522%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckwalter1996" class="citation book cs1">Buckwalter, Douglas (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9nwtfHbKiF8C&q=Luke+makes+no+reference+to+Jesus+preexistence%2Crelatively+little+reference+to+the+atoning+significance+of+Jesus+death&pg=PA4"><i>The Character and Purpose of Luke's Christology</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521561808" title="Special:BookSources/9780521561808"><bdi>9780521561808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Character+and+Purpose+of+Luke%27s+Christology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780521561808&rft.aulast=Buckwalter&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9nwtfHbKiF8C%26q%3DLuke%2Bmakes%2Bno%2Breference%2Bto%2BJesus%2Bpreexistence%252Crelatively%2Blittle%2Breference%2Bto%2Bthe%2Batoning%2Bsignificance%2Bof%2BJesus%2Bdeath%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkett2002" class="citation book cs1">Burkett, Delbert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&q=%2213+The+Gospel+of+Luke%22&pg=PA195"><i>An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+New+Testament+and+the+origins+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00720-7&rft.aulast=Burkett&rft.aufirst=Delbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcsQknxV-xQC%26q%3D%252213%2BThe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BLuke%2522%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2012" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, John T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=krRY23eR55IC&q=Carroll+Luke+Commentary"><i>Luke: A Commentary</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664221065" title="Special:BookSources/9780664221065"><bdi>9780664221065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luke%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780664221065&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkrRY23eR55IC%26q%3DCarroll%2BLuke%2BCommentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Casey, Maurice</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC"><i>Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3"><bdi>978-0-567-64517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+An+Independent+Historian%27s+Account+of+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64517-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXK0auknD0YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2008" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTIGy5t45WgC&q=%22The+composition+of+Luke-Acts%22%2C%22usually+dated+around+80-90%22%2C%22perhaps+between+90+and+110%22&pg=PT64"><i>The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide</i></a>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426724756" title="Special:BookSources/9781426724756"><bdi>9781426724756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+An+Essential+Guide&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781426724756&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYTIGy5t45WgC%26q%3D%2522The%2Bcomposition%2Bof%2BLuke-Acts%2522%252C%2522usually%2Bdated%2Baround%2B80-90%2522%252C%2522perhaps%2Bbetween%2B90%2Band%2B110%2522%26pg%3DPT64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2003" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Howard W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5BB70m7EVPkC&q=Howard+W.+Clarke+%282003%29"><i>The Gospel of Matthew and Its Readers</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34235-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34235-5"><bdi>978-0-253-34235-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew+and+Its+Readers&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34235-5&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Howard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5BB70m7EVPkC%26q%3DHoward%2BW.%2BClarke%2B%25282003%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adela_Yarbro_Collins" title="Adela Yarbro Collins">Collins, Adela Yarbro</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZv1JZAHdg0C"><i>Cosmology and Eschatology in Jewish and Christian Apocalypticism</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11927-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11927-7"><bdi>978-90-04-11927-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmology+and+Eschatology+in+Jewish+and+Christian+Apocalypticism&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11927-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Adela+Yarbro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeZv1JZAHdg0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesAllison2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._D._Davies" title="W. D. Davies">Davies, W.D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Allison, D.C.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQzZc7KYUKgC&q=Davies+and+Allison+%E2%80%94+Matthew+1-7"><i>Matthew 1–7</i></a>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08355-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08355-5"><bdi>978-0-567-08355-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+1%E2%80%937&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08355-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=W.D.&rft.au=Allison%2C+D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQzZc7KYUKgC%26q%3DDavies%2Band%2BAllison%2B%25E2%2580%2594%2BMatthew%2B1-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesAllison1991" class="citation book cs1">Davies, W.D.; Allison, D.C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdpE84GmWiIC&q=Davies+and+Allison+%E2%80%94+Matthew+8-18&pg=PA211"><i>Matthew 8–18</i></a>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08365-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08365-4"><bdi>978-0-567-08365-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+8%E2%80%9318&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08365-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=W.D.&rft.au=Allison%2C+D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZdpE84GmWiIC%26q%3DDavies%2Band%2BAllison%2B%25E2%2580%2594%2BMatthew%2B8-18%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesAllison1997" class="citation book cs1">Davies, W.D.; Allison, D.C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QEKQ_iBhX7UC&q=Davies+and+Allison+%E2%80%94+Matthew+19-28"><i>Matthew 19–28</i></a>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08375-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08375-3"><bdi>978-0-567-08375-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+19%E2%80%9328&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08375-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=W.D.&rft.au=Allison%2C+D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQEKQ_iBhX7UC%26q%3DDavies%2Band%2BAllison%2B%25E2%2580%2594%2BMatthew%2B19-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuling2010" class="citation book cs1">Duling, Dennis C. (2010). "The Gospel of Matthew". In Aune, David E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&q=%22Chapter+18+The+Gospel+of+Matthew%22&pg=PA295"><i>The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0825-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0825-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-0825-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0825-6&rft.aulast=Duling&rft.aufirst=Dennis+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygcgn8h-jo4C%26q%3D%2522Chapter%2B18%2BThe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BMatthew%2522%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D.G.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&q=Jesus+remembered++By+James+D.+G.+Dunn"><i>Jesus Remembered</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-3931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Remembered&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4qpnvoautgC%26q%3DJesus%2Bremembered%2B%2BBy%2BJames%2BD.%2BG.%2BDunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2020" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, James R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmfnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101"><i>The Gospel According to Luke</i></a>. Inter-Varsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789740066" title="Special:BookSources/9781789740066"><bdi>9781789740066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Luke&rft.pub=Inter-Varsity+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781789740066&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwmfnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9K_6NN3llcC"><i>Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512474-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512474-3"><bdi>978-0-19-512474-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512474-3&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc9K_6NN3llcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2012" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC&q=%22The+Oral+Traditions+About+Jesus+THE+FURTHER+QUESTION+THAT+needs+to+be+asked+is+where+all+these+Gospel+sources%22&pg=PT102"><i>Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-220460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-220460-8"><bdi>978-0-06-220460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Jesus+Exist%3F%3A+The+Historical+Argument+for+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-220460-8&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhf5Rj8EtsPkC%26q%3D%2522The%2BOral%2BTraditions%2BAbout%2BJesus%2BTHE%2BFURTHER%2BQUESTION%2BTHAT%2Bneeds%2Bto%2Bbe%2Basked%2Bis%2Bwhere%2Ball%2Bthese%2BGospel%2Bsources%2522%26pg%3DPT102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart D Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGpL9x19GaEC"><i>The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture : The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510279-6"><bdi>978-0-19-510279-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Corruption+of+Scripture+%3A+The+Effect+of+Early+Christological+Controversies+on+the+Text+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510279-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGpL9x19GaEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart D Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9K_6NN3llcC&q=Q"><i>Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199839438" title="Special:BookSources/9780199839438"><bdi>9780199839438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780199839438&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc9K_6NN3llcC%26q%3DQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart D Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA235"><i>Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195182491" title="Special:BookSources/9780195182491"><bdi>9780195182491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195182491&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURdACxKubDIC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2003" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, E. Earl (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OdKAwAAQBAJ&q=gospel+luke+western+text&pg=PA19"><i>The Gospel of Luke</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592442072" title="Special:BookSources/9781592442072"><bdi>9781592442072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Luke&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781592442072&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=E.+Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OdKAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgospel%2Bluke%2Bwestern%2Btext%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2011" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBkB2Beyi2QC&q=%22he+views+history+as+consisting+of+three+major+epochs%22&pg=PT20"><i>Luke</i></a>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441236524" title="Special:BookSources/9781441236524"><bdi>9781441236524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luke&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781441236524&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBkB2Beyi2QC%26q%3D%2522he%2Bviews%2Bhistory%2Bas%2Bconsisting%2Bof%2Bthree%2Bmajor%2Bepochs%2522%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2001" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Reginald H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aml3tEWoOVEC&q=%22There+is+no+single+Christology+in+the+New+Testament%22&pg=PA68">"Biblical Theology"</a>. In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Guide to Ideas & Issues of the Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195149173" title="Special:BookSources/9780195149173"><bdi>9780195149173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biblical+Theology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+Ideas+%26+Issues+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780195149173&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Reginald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daml3tEWoOVEC%26q%3D%2522There%2Bis%2Bno%2Bsingle%2BChristology%2Bin%2Bthe%2BNew%2BTestament%2522%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance2007" class="citation book cs1">France, R.T (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&q=%22A+pre-70+date+for+Matthew%22&pg=PA48"><i>The Gospel of Matthew</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2501-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2501-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2501-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2501-8&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=R.T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ruP6J_XPCEC%26q%3D%2522A%2Bpre-70%2Bdate%2Bfor%2BMatthew%2522%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble1995" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, Harry Y. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2aEJfsXY57cC"><i>Books and Readers in the Early Church: A History of Early Christian Texts</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06918-1"><bdi>978-0-300-06918-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books+and+Readers+in+the+Early+Church%3A+A+History+of+Early+Christian+Texts&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06918-1&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Harry+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2aEJfsXY57cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1995" class="citation book cs1">Green, Joel (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSNT4X_FdpEC&q=commentary+theology+luke"><i>The Theology of the Gospel of Luke</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521469326" title="Special:BookSources/9780521469326"><bdi>9780521469326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+the+Gospel+of+Luke&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780521469326&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRSNT4X_FdpEC%26q%3Dcommentary%2Btheology%2Bluke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1997" class="citation book cs1">Green, Joel (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wzRVN2S8cVgC&q=commentary+luke"><i>The Gospel of Luke</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802823151" title="Special:BookSources/9780802823151"><bdi>9780802823151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Luke&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780802823151&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwzRVN2S8cVgC%26q%3Dcommentary%2Bluke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagner1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hagner, D.A. (1986). "Matthew, Gospel According to". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zkla5Gl_66oC&pg=PA280"><i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. 3: K-P</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 280–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-8163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-8163-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-8163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Matthew%2C+Gospel+According+to&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%2C+Vol.+3%3A+K-P&rft.pages=280-8&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-8163-2&rft.aulast=Hagner&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkla5Gl_66oC%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1991" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Daniel J. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bNf13S3k2w0C"><i>The Gospel of Matthew</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814658031" title="Special:BookSources/9780814658031"><bdi>9780814658031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780814658031&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbNf13S3k2w0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolladay2011" class="citation book cs1">Holladay, Carl R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CUXim2wXtwsC&q=%22the+final+consummation+of+the+kingdom%22%2C%22when+the+Son+of+Man+comes%22&pg=PT216"><i>A Critical Introduction to the New Testament: Interpreting the Message and Meaning of Jesus Christ</i></a>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426748288" title="Special:BookSources/9781426748288"><bdi>9781426748288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament%3A+Interpreting+the+Message+and+Meaning+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781426748288&rft.aulast=Holladay&rft.aufirst=Carl+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCUXim2wXtwsC%26q%3D%2522the%2Bfinal%2Bconsummation%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bkingdom%2522%252C%2522when%2Bthe%2BSon%2Bof%2BMan%2Bcomes%2522%26pg%3DPT216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Hurtado, Larry W.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k32wZRMxltUC"><i>Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3167-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3167-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-3167-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Jesus+Christ%3A+Devotion+to+Jesus+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3167-5&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk32wZRMxltUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaak2011" class="citation book cs1">Isaak, Jon M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QItJAwAAQBAJ&q=%22it+is+virtually+impossible+to+harmonize+the+two%22&pg=PA144"><i>New Testament Theology: Extending the Table</i></a>. Wipf & Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781621892540" title="Special:BookSources/9781621892540"><bdi>9781621892540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Theology%3A+Extending+the+Table&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781621892540&rft.aulast=Isaak&rft.aufirst=Jon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQItJAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522it%2Bis%2Bvirtually%2Bimpossible%2Bto%2Bharmonize%2Bthe%2Btwo%2522%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2010" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Luke Timothy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNKRc2yVsQUC&q=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction"><i>The New Testament: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199745999" title="Special:BookSources/9780199745999"><bdi>9780199745999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199745999&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Luke+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNKRc2yVsQUC%26q%3DThe%2BNew%2BTestament%253A%2BA%2BVery%2BShort%2BIntroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalczyk2008" class="citation book cs1">Kowalczyk, A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.fides.org.pl/publication/814"><i>The influence of typology and texts of the Old Testament on the redaction of Matthew's Gospel</i></a>. Bernardinum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7380-625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7380-625-2"><bdi>978-83-7380-625-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+influence+of+typology+and+texts+of+the+Old+Testament+on+the+redaction+of+Matthew%27s+Gospel&rft.pub=Bernardinum&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-83-7380-625-2&rft.aulast=Kowalczyk&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.fides.org.pl%2Fpublication%2F814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupp1996" class="citation book cs1">Kupp, David D. (1996). <i>Matthew's Emmanuel: Divine Presence and God's People in the First Gospel</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57007-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57007-7"><bdi>978-0-521-57007-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew%27s+Emmanuel%3A+Divine+Presence+and+God%27s+People+in+the+First+Gospel&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57007-7&rft.aulast=Kupp&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener1999" class="citation book cs1">Keener, Craig S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sWzhEdBZOp4C&q=Craig+S.+Keener+%E2%80%94+A+Commentary+on+the+Gospel+of+Matthew"><i>A commentary on the Gospel of Matthew</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3821-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3821-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-3821-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+commentary+on+the+Gospel+of+Matthew&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3821-6&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsWzhEdBZOp4C%26q%3DCraig%2BS.%2BKeener%2B%25E2%2580%2594%2BA%2BCommentary%2Bon%2Bthe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BMatthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2001" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Amy-Jill (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&q=Visions+of+kingdoms%3A+From+Pompey+to+the+first+Jewish+revolt&pg=PT546">"Visions of kingdoms: From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt"</a>. In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). <i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Visions+of+kingdoms%3A+From+Pompey+to+the+first+Jewish+revolt&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Amy-Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DVHJRFW3mYC%26q%3DVisions%2Bof%2Bkingdoms%253A%2BFrom%2BPompey%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2BJewish%2Brevolt%26pg%3DPT546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevisonPope-Levison2009" class="citation book cs1">Levison, J.; Pope-Levison, P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C&q=%22the+affirmations+and+definitions+of+Christ%27s+humanity+and+deity%22&pg=PA167">"Christology"</a>. In Dyrness, William A.; Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti (eds.). <i>Global Dictionary of Theology</i>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830878116" title="Special:BookSources/9780830878116"><bdi>9780830878116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christology&rft.btitle=Global+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780830878116&rft.aulast=Levison&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Pope-Levison%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncqkZnDSeo4C%26q%3D%2522the%2Baffirmations%2Band%2Bdefinitions%2Bof%2BChrist%2527s%2Bhumanity%2Band%2Bdeity%2522%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2013" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deNgAQAAQBAJ&q=Born+of+a+Virgin"><i>Born of a Virgin?: Reconceiving Jesus in the Bible, Tradition, and Theology</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802869258" title="Special:BookSources/9780802869258"><bdi>9780802869258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+of+a+Virgin%3F%3A+Reconceiving+Jesus+in+the+Bible%2C+Tradition%2C+and+Theology&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780802869258&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdeNgAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DBorn%2Bof%2Ba%2BVirgin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLössl2010" class="citation book cs1">Lössl, Josef (2010). <i>The Early Church: History and Memory</i>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-16561-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-16561-9"><bdi>978-0-567-16561-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Church%3A+History+and+Memory&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-16561-9&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6ssl&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuz2005" class="citation book cs1">Luz, Ulrich (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voRVZFEpNsAC&q=Luz+Studies+in+Matthew"><i>Studies in Matthew</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3964-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3964-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3964-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Matthew&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3964-0&rft.aulast=Luz&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoRVZFEpNsAC%26q%3DLuz%2BStudies%2Bin%2BMatthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuz1995" class="citation book cs1">Luz, Ulrich (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cKl5M_MQMoYC&q=The+theology+of+the+Gospel+of+Matthew"><i>The Theology of the Gospel of Matthew</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43576-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43576-5"><bdi>978-0-521-43576-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+the+Gospel+of+Matthew&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43576-5&rft.aulast=Luz&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcKl5M_MQMoYC%26q%3DThe%2Btheology%2Bof%2Bthe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BMatthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuz1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Luz" title="Ulrich Luz">Luz, Ulrich</a> (1992). <i>Matthew 1–7: a commentary</i>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9600-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9600-9"><bdi>978-0-8006-9600-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+1%E2%80%937%3A+a+commentary&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-9600-9&rft.aulast=Luz&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuz2001" class="citation book cs1">Luz, Ulrich (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar0000luzu"><i>Matthew 8–20: a commentary</i></a></span>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-6034-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-6034-5"><bdi>978-0-8006-6034-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+8%E2%80%9320%3A+a+commentary&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-6034-5&rft.aulast=Luz&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmatthewcommentar0000luzu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuz2005" class="citation book cs1">Luz, Ulrich (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/matthewcommentar0000luzu"><i>Matthew 21–28: a commentary</i></a></span>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3770-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3770-5"><bdi>978-0-8006-3770-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+21%E2%80%9328%3A+a+commentary&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-3770-5&rft.aulast=Luz&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmatthewcommentar0000luzu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2009" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Patricia M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_gRBwAAQBAJ&q=%22This+list+expands+the+resemblances+noted+by+Raymond+E.+Brown%22&pg=PA200">"Resemblances Between Matthew 1-2 and Luke 1-2"</a>. In Corley, Jeremy (ed.). <i>New Perspectives on the Nativity</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567613790" title="Special:BookSources/9780567613790"><bdi>9780567613790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resemblances+Between+Matthew+1-2+and+Luke+1-2&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Nativity&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780567613790&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Patricia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_gRBwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522This%2Blist%2Bexpands%2Bthe%2Bresemblances%2Bnoted%2Bby%2BRaymond%2BE.%2BBrown%2522%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2008" class="citation book cs1">McMahon, Christopher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=al4d-3t6rqwC&q=%22great+number+of+verbal+and+structural+similarities%22&pg=PA57">"Introduction to the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles"</a>. In Ruff, Jerry (ed.). <i>Understanding the Bible: A Guide to Reading the Scriptures</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884898528" title="Special:BookSources/9780884898528"><bdi>9780884898528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Gospels+and+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible%3A+A+Guide+to+Reading+the+Scriptures&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780884898528&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dal4d-3t6rqwC%26q%3D%2522great%2Bnumber%2Bof%2Bverbal%2Band%2Bstructural%2Bsimilarities%2522%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Philip M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=838A8BDUI5kC&q=%22Bruce+Metzger%22%2C%22identified+two+groups+of+alterations%22&pg=PA64">"The Least Orthodox Reading is to be Preferred"</a>. In Wallace, Daniel B. (ed.). <i>Revisiting the Corruption of the New Testament</i>. Kregel Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780825489068" title="Special:BookSources/9780825489068"><bdi>9780825489068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Least+Orthodox+Reading+is+to+be+Preferred&rft.btitle=Revisiting+the+Corruption+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780825489068&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Philip+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D838A8BDUI5kC%26q%3D%2522Bruce%2BMetzger%2522%252C%2522identified%2Btwo%2Bgroups%2Bof%2Balterations%2522%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Morris" title="Leon Morris">Morris, Leon</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6D3o6fZd67EC&q=Morris+New+Testament+Theology"><i>New Testament Theology</i></a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45571-4"><bdi>978-0-310-45571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Theology&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-310-45571-4&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6D3o6fZd67EC%26q%3DMorris%2BNew%2BTestament%2BTheology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1992" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Leon (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC&q=Leon+Morris+%E2%80%94+The+Gospel+According+to+Matthew"><i>The Gospel according to Matthew</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-338-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-338-8"><bdi>978-0-85111-338-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+according+to+Matthew&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85111-338-8&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-pwaSKcHyEEC%26q%3DLeon%2BMorris%2B%25E2%2580%2594%2BThe%2BGospel%2BAccording%2Bto%2BMatthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolland2005" class="citation book cs1">Nolland, John (2005). <i>The Gospel of Matthew: A Commentary on the Greek Text</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802823892" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802823892"><bdi>978-0802823892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Greek+Text&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0802823892&rft.aulast=Nolland&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeppard2011" class="citation book cs1">Peppard, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iH4Zk-3MJJcC&q=%22the+chief+moment+encapsulating+Jesus%27+divine+power+as+God%27s+son%22&pg=PA133"><i>The Son of God in the Roman World: Divine Sonship in Its Social and Political Context</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199753703" title="Special:BookSources/9780199753703"><bdi>9780199753703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Son+of+God+in+the+Roman+World%3A+Divine+Sonship+in+Its+Social+and+Political+Context&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199753703&rft.aulast=Peppard&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiH4Zk-3MJJcC%26q%3D%2522the%2Bchief%2Bmoment%2Bencapsulating%2BJesus%2527%2Bdivine%2Bpower%2Bas%2BGod%2527s%2Bson%2522%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pheme_Perkins" title="Pheme Perkins">Perkins, Pheme</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSHCRgS_SAUC">"The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story"</a>. In Barton, John (ed.). <i>The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48593-7"><bdi>978-0-521-48593-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Synoptic+Gospels+and+the+Acts+of+the+Apostles%3A+Telling+the+Christian+Story&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+biblical+interpretation&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48593-7&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSHCRgS_SAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2009" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Pheme (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUZhdgmOR8C"><i>Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6553-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6553-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-6553-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Synoptic+Gospels&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6553-3&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlMUZhdgmOR8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Allan_Powell" title="Mark Allan Powell">Powell, Mark Allan</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJP4DRCVaUMC&q=Jesus+as+a+Figure+in+History%3A+How+Modern+Historians+View+the+Man+from+Galilee"><i>Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3"><bdi>978-0-664-25703-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+a+Figure+in+History%3A+How+Modern+Historians+View+the+Man+from+Galilee&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25703-3&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIJP4DRCVaUMC%26q%3DJesus%2Bas%2Ba%2BFigure%2Bin%2BHistory%253A%2BHow%2BModern%2BHistorians%2BView%2Bthe%2BMan%2Bfrom%2BGalilee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Allan_Powell" title="Mark Allan Powell">Powell, Mark Allan</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jRu8_-GlKMC&q=Christology"><i>What Are They Saying About Luke?</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809131112" title="Special:BookSources/9780809131112"><bdi>9780809131112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Are+They+Saying+About+Luke%3F&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780809131112&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jRu8_-GlKMC%26q%3DChristology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Bernard P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_gRBwAAQBAJ&q=%22Matthew%27s+infancy+narrative+is+seldom+considered+on+its+own%22&pg=PA110">"Matthew's Nativity Stories: Historical and Theological Questions for Today's Readers"</a>. In Corley, Jeremy (ed.). <i>New Perspectives on the Nativity</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567613790" title="Special:BookSources/9780567613790"><bdi>9780567613790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Matthew%27s+Nativity+Stories%3A+Historical+and+Theological+Questions+for+Today%27s+Readers&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Nativity&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780567613790&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Bernard+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_gRBwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Matthew%2527s%2Binfancy%2Bnarrative%2Bis%2Bseldom%2Bconsidered%2Bon%2Bits%2Bown%2522%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRykenWilhoitLongman2010" class="citation book cs1">Ryken, Leland; Wilhoit, James C.; Longman, Tremper (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qjEYEjVVEosC&q=%22Birth+is+the+earliest+miracle+of+human+life%22&pg=PA96">"Birth stories"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Biblical Imagery</i>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830867332" title="Special:BookSources/9780830867332"><bdi>9780830867332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birth+stories&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Biblical+Imagery&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780830867332&rft.aulast=Ryken&rft.aufirst=Leland&rft.au=Wilhoit%2C+James+C.&rft.au=Longman%2C+Tremper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqjEYEjVVEosC%26q%3D%2522Birth%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bearliest%2Bmiracle%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Blife%2522%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholz2009" class="citation book cs1">Scholz, Daniel J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=royKA4FeMB4C&pg=PA112"><i>Jesus in the Gospels and Acts: Introducing the New Testament</i></a>. Saint Mary's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884899556" title="Special:BookSources/9780884899556"><bdi>9780884899556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+the+Gospels+and+Acts%3A+Introducing+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780884899556&rft.aulast=Scholz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DroyKA4FeMB4C%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumack2020" class="citation book cs1">Schumack, Richard (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8xDYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79"><i>Jesus through Muslim Eyes</i></a>. SPCK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780281081943" title="Special:BookSources/9780281081943"><bdi>9780281081943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+through+Muslim+Eyes&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780281081943&rft.aulast=Schumack&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8xDYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrelan2013" class="citation book cs1">Strelan, Rick (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTdi13weAoC&q=Strelan%2C+Rick%2C+Luke+the+Priest%3A+The+Authority+of+the+Author+of+the+Third+Gospel+was+luke+a+jew+or+gentile&pg=PA103"><i>Luke the Priest - the Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409477884" title="Special:BookSources/9781409477884"><bdi>9781409477884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luke+the+Priest+-+the+Authority+of+the+Author+of+the+Third+Gospel&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781409477884&rft.aulast=Strelan&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAeTdi13weAoC%26q%3DStrelan%252C%2BRick%252C%2BLuke%2Bthe%2BPriest%253A%2BThe%2BAuthority%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAuthor%2Bof%2Bthe%2BThird%2BGospel%2Bwas%2Bluke%2Ba%2Bjew%2Bor%2Bgentile%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMerz1998" class="citation book cs1">Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998). <i>The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide</i>. Eerdmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+historical+Jesus%3A+a+comprehensive+guide&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Merz%2C+Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2010" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Richard P. (2010). "Luke-Acts: The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles". In Aune, David E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&q=%22Chapter+19+Luke-Acts%22&pg=PA318"><i>The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament</i></a>. Wiley–Blackwell. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444318944" title="Special:BookSources/9781444318944"><bdi>9781444318944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luke-Acts%3A+The+Gospel+of+Luke+and+the+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+The+New+Testament&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Wiley%E2%80%93Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781444318944&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygcgn8h-jo4C%26q%3D%2522Chapter%2B19%2BLuke-Acts%2522%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaldarini2003" class="citation book cs1">Saldarini, Anthony (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Matthew+Saldarini+name+composition+authorship+dates&pg=PA1000">"Matthew"</a>. <i>Eerdmans commentary on the Bible</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802837110" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802837110"><bdi>978-0802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Matthew&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0802837110&rft.aulast=Saldarini&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3DMatthew%2BSaldarini%2Bname%2Bcomposition%2Bauthorship%2Bdates%26pg%3DPA1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span>, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G.; Rogerson, John William (2003). <i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaldarini1994" class="citation book cs1">Saldarini, Anthony (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btSZh4_vzqoC&q=Matthew%27s+Christian-Jewish+Community"><i>Matthew's Christian-Jewish Community</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73421-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73421-7"><bdi>978-0-226-73421-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew%27s+Christian-Jewish+Community&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73421-7&rft.aulast=Saldarini&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbtSZh4_vzqoC%26q%3DMatthew%2527s%2BChristian-Jewish%2BCommunity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenior2001" class="citation book cs1">Senior, Donald (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8lZ7BXzt0sC&q=The+Gospel+of+Matthew+in+Current+Study:+Studies+in+Honor+of+William+G.+Thompson,+S.J.">"Directions in Matthean Studies"</a>. <i>The Gospel of Matthew in Current Study: Studies in Memory of William G. Thompson, S.J</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802846730" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802846730"><bdi>978-0802846730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Directions+in+Matthean+Studies&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew+in+Current+Study%3A+Studies+in+Memory+of+William+G.+Thompson%2C+S.J&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0802846730&rft.aulast=Senior&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE8lZ7BXzt0sC%26q%3DThe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BMatthew%2Bin%2BCurrent%2BStudy%3A%2BStudies%2Bin%2BHonor%2Bof%2BWilliam%2BG.%2BThompson%2C%2BS.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span>, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune2001" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E., ed. (2001). <i>The Gospel of Matthew in current study</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4673-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4673-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-4673-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew+in+current+study&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4673-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenior1996" class="citation book cs1">Senior, Donald (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuyaPmvwnLEC&q=What+are+they+saying+about+Matthew"><i>What are they saying about Matthew?</i></a>. PaulistPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3624-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3624-7"><bdi>978-0-8091-3624-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+are+they+saying+about+Matthew%3F&rft.pub=PaulistPress&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3624-7&rft.aulast=Senior&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxuyaPmvwnLEC%26q%3DWhat%2Bare%2Bthey%2Bsaying%2Babout%2BMatthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton1993" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Graham (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GytxXOIsF-0C&q=Stanton%2BA+Gospel+for+a+New+People"><i>A gospel for a new people: studies in Matthew</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25499-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25499-5"><bdi>978-0-664-25499-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+gospel+for+a+new+people%3A+studies+in+Matthew&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25499-5&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGytxXOIsF-0C%26q%3DStanton%252BA%2BGospel%2Bfor%2Ba%2BNew%2BPeople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrecker2000" class="citation book cs1">Strecker, Georg (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_6NxpAvdrOgC&q=Strecker+Theology+New+Testament"><i>Theology of the New Testament</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22336-6"><bdi>978-0-664-22336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22336-6&rft.aulast=Strecker&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_6NxpAvdrOgC%26q%3DStrecker%2BTheology%2BNew%2BTestament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckett2001" class="citation book cs1">Tuckett, Christopher Mark (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5Zr0_CsEcwC&q=chapter+7+Matthew&pg=PA119"><i>Christology and the New Testament: Jesus and His Earliest Followers</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664224318" title="Special:BookSources/9780664224318"><bdi>9780664224318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christology+and+the+New+Testament%3A+Jesus+and+His+Earliest+Followers&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780664224318&rft.aulast=Tuckett&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5Zr0_CsEcwC%26q%3Dchapter%2B7%2BMatthew%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2008" class="citation book cs1">Turner, David L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8z9LSdKLUl4C&q=David+Turner"><i>Matthew</i></a>. Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2684-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2684-3"><bdi>978-0-8010-2684-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2684-3&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8z9LSdKLUl4C%26q%3DDavid%2BTurner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwelftree1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Twelftree" title="Graham Twelftree">Twelftree, Graham H.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DitVtGWdYeYC"><i>Jesus the miracle worker: a historical & theological study</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1596-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1596-8"><bdi>978-0-8308-1596-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+the+miracle+worker%3A+a+historical+%26+theological+study&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1596-8&rft.aulast=Twelftree&rft.aufirst=Graham+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDitVtGWdYeYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Sandt2005" class="citation book cs1">Van de Sandt, H.W.M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTE0FQtrphwC&q=Matthew+and+the+Didache">"<i>Introduction</i>"</a>. <i>Matthew and the Didache: Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu ?</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9023240778" title="Special:BookSources/978-9023240778"><bdi>978-9023240778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Matthew+and+the+Didache%3A+Two+Documents+from+the+Same+Jewish-Christian+Milieu+%3F&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9023240778&rft.aulast=Van+de+Sandt&rft.aufirst=H.W.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTE0FQtrphwC%26q%3DMatthew%2Band%2Bthe%2BDidache&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span>, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Sandt2005" class="citation book cs1">Van de Sandt, H.W.M, ed. (2005). <i>Matthew and the Didache</i>. Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-4077-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-4077-8"><bdi>978-90-232-4077-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+and+the+Didache&rft.pub=Royal+Van+Gorcum%26Fortress+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-232-4077-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2006" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Geza (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J00OOo-3RqEC&q=The+nativity+history+and+legend&pg=PT109"><i>The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: Their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141912615" title="Special:BookSources/9780141912615"><bdi>9780141912615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+meaning+of+the+Dead+Sea+scrolls%3A+Their+significance+for+understanding+the+Bible%2C+Judaism%2C+Jesus%2C+and+Christianity&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780141912615&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ00OOo-3RqEC%26q%3DThe%2Bnativity%2Bhistory%2Band%2Blegend%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWansbrough2009" class="citation book cs1">Wansbrough, Henry (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_gRBwAAQBAJ&q=New+Perspectives+on+the+Nativity&pg=PA1">"The Infancy Stories of the Gospels Since Raymond E. Brown"</a>. In Corley, Jeremy (ed.). <i>New Perspectives on the Nativity</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567613790" title="Special:BookSources/9780567613790"><bdi>9780567613790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Infancy+Stories+of+the+Gospels+Since+Raymond+E.+Brown&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Nativity&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780567613790&rft.aulast=Wansbrough&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_gRBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DNew%2BPerspectives%2Bon%2Bthe%2BNativity%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeren2005" class="citation book cs1">Weren, Wim (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTE0FQtrphwC&q=Matthew+and+the+Didache">"The History and Social Setting of the Matthean Community"</a>. <i>Matthew and the Didache: Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu ?</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789023240778" title="Special:BookSources/9789023240778"><bdi>9789023240778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Social+Setting+of+the+Matthean+Community&rft.btitle=Matthew+and+the+Didache%3A+Two+Documents+from+the+Same+Jewish-Christian+Milieu+%3F&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789023240778&rft.aulast=Weren&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTE0FQtrphwC%26q%3DMatthew%2Band%2Bthe%2BDidache&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span>, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Sandt2005" class="citation book cs1">Van de Sandt, H.W.M., ed. (2005). <i>Matthew and the Didache</i>. Royal Van Gorcum&Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-4077-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-4077-8"><bdi>978-90-232-4077-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+and+the+Didache&rft.pub=Royal+Van+Gorcum%26Fortress+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-232-4077-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Berghorn, Matthias, <i>Die Genesis Jesu Christi aber war so ...</i>. Die Herkunft Jesu Christi nah dem matthäischen Prolog (Mt 1,1-4,16), Göttingen 2019.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> <i>The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke</i>. London: G. Chapman, 1977.</li> <li>Calkins, Robert G. <i>Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages</i>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1983.</li> <li>Carter, Warren. <i>Matthew and Empire.</i> Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 2001.</li> <li>France, R.T. <i>The Gospel According to Matthew: an Introduction and Commentary.</i> Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1985.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhose,_Tia2014" class="citation web cs1">Ghose, Tia (December 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.livescience.com/49228-nativity-story-facts-history.html">"A Christmas Tale: How Much of the Nativity Story is True?"</a>. <i>LiveScience</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LiveScience&rft.atitle=A+Christmas+Tale%3A+How+Much+of+the+Nativity+Story+is+True%3F&rft.date=2014-12-22&rft.au=Ghose%2C+Tia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.livescience.com%2F49228-nativity-story-facts-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Gundry" title="Robert H. Gundry">Gundry, Robert H.</a> <i>Matthew a Commentary on his Literary and Theological Art.</i> Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1982.</li> <li>Gundry, Robert H. "Salvation in Matthew." <i>Society of Biblical Literature – 2000 Seminar Papers.</i> Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2000.</li> <li>Hill, David. <i>The Gospel of Matthew</i>. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981</li> <li>Jones, Alexander. <i>The Gospel According to St. Matthew.</i> London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1965.</li> <li>Levine, Amy-Jill. "Matthew." <i>Women's Bible Commentary.</i> Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe, eds. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1998.</li> <li>Schaberg, Jane. <i>Illegitimacy of Jesus: A Feminist Theological Interpretation of the Infancy Narratives (Biblical Seminar Series, No 28)</i> Sheffield Academic Press (March 1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85075-533-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85075-533-7">1-85075-533-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Schweizer" title="Eduard Schweizer">Schweizer, Eduard</a>. <i>The Good News According to Matthew.</i> Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Vermes, Géza</a> <i>The Nativity: History and Legend</i>. Penguin (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102446-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102446-1">0-14-102446-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2010" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Geza (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSV5O_b5PecC&pg=PT71"><i>Jesus: Nativity - Passion - Resurrection</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141957449" title="Special:BookSources/9780141957449"><bdi>9780141957449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Nativity+-+Passion+-+Resurrection&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780141957449&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSV5O_b5PecC%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANativity+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nativity_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template talk:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nativity_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nativity of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_(magus)" title="Melchior (magus)">Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_(magus)" title="Caspar (magus)">Caspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)" title="Balthazar (magus)">Balthazar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/220px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/330px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/440px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi#Gifts" title="Biblical Magi">Gifts of the Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:18" title="Matthew 1:18">Matthew 1:18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:19" title="Matthew 1:19">Matthew 1:19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:20" title="Matthew 1:20">Matthew 1:20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:21" title="Matthew 1:21">Matthew 1:21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:22" title="Matthew 1:22">Matthew 1:22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:23" title="Matthew 1:23">Matthew 1:23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:24" title="Matthew 1:24">Matthew 1:24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:25" title="Matthew 1:25">Matthew 1:25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:11" title="Matthew 2:11">Matthew 2:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_art" title="Category:Adoration of the Magi in art">In art</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">Luke 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">Manger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Saint Joseph's dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">In art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_the_Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Category:Films about the Nativity of Jesus">In film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batlejka" title="Batlejka">Batlejka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_village" title="Christmas village">Christmas village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Jesus_theft" title="Baby Jesus theft">theft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertep_(Serbian)" title="Vertep (Serbian)">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Category:Nativity of Jesus in art">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus_footer" title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a><br />of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas"><span style="color:white">Christmas</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)"><span style="color:white">Blue Christmas</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day"><span style="color:white">Boxing Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day"><span style="color:white">Children's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve"><span style="color:white">Christmas Eve</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day"><span style="color:white">Saint Nicholas Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day"><span style="color:white">St. Stephen's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus"><span style="color:white">Sol Invictus</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule"><span style="color:white">Yule</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore"><span style="color:white">folklore</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer"><span style="color:white">Gift-bringers</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas"><span style="color:white">Companions of<br />Saint Nicholas</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions"><span style="color:white">Traditions</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_events_and_celebrations" title="Category:Christmas events and celebrations">Events and celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_meals_and_feasts" title="Category:Christmas meals and feasts">Meals and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seal">Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country"><span style="color:white">By country</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_England" title="Category:Christmas in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Christmas in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_United_States_(1946%E2%80%931964)" title="Christmas in the United States (1946–1964)">Post-War United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music"><span style="color:white">Music</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music#Popular_Christmas_songs" title="Christmas music">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (<i>Billboard</i>)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium"><span style="color:white">Other media</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas novels">novels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films (Christmas,</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa,</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a>)</li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomten">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />modern<br />society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Conspiracy" title="Advent Conspiracy">Advent Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Ugly sweaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_festivals_and_holidays" title="List of multinational festivals and holidays">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WWE_Tribute_to_the_Troops" title="WWE Tribute to the Troops">WWE Tribute to the Troops</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes"><span style="color:white">Food and<br />drink</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner"><span style="color:white">Dinner</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking Bishop">Smoking Bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">Varenyky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas"><span style="color:white">Category</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Matthew" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template talk:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Matthew" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_3" title="Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_4" title="Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_5" title="Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6" title="Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_7" title="Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_8" title="Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_9" title="Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_11" title="Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_12" title="Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_13" title="Matthew 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_14" title="Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_15" title="Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16" title="Matthew 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_17" title="Matthew 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_18" title="Matthew 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_19" title="Matthew 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_20" title="Matthew 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_21" title="Matthew 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_22" title="Matthew 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_23" title="Matthew 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_25" title="Matthew 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_26" title="Matthew 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_28" title="Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_verses" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_1" title="Category:Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_2" title="Category:Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_3" title="Category:Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_4" title="Category:Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_5" title="Category:Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_6" title="Category:Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_7" title="Category:Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_8" title="Category:Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_9" title="Category:Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_10" title="Category:Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_11" title="Category:Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_12" title="Category:Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_14" title="Category:Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_15" title="Category:Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:2b%E2%80%933" title="Matthew 16:2b–3">16:2b–3</a>,<a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:19" title="Matthew 16:19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_27" title="Category:Matthew 27">27:1–12; 52–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_28" title="Category:Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events<br />and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jesus' birth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo#Eastern_Christianity" title="Ecce homo">Behold the bridegroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_preaches_in_a_ship" title="Jesus preaches in a ship">Jesus preaches in a ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Ten_Virgins" title="Parable of the Ten Virgins">Ten Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Groups</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Matthew">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis" title="Augustinian hypothesis">Augustinian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthean_Posteriority_hypothesis" title="Matthean Posteriority hypothesis">Matthean Posteriority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_translations_of_Matthew" title="Rabbinical translations of Matthew">Rabbinical translations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tob%27s_Hebrew_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Shem Tob's Hebrew Gospel of Matthew">Shem Tob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> (Bach, 1727/29) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion_structure" title="St Matthew Passion structure">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_(film)" title="The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)">The Gospel According to St. Matthew</a></i> (1964 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a></i> (1971 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell_(film)" title="Godspell (film)">Godspell</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Matthew" title="The Visual Bible: Matthew">The Visual Bible: Matthew</a></i> (1993 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_1" title="Papyrus 1">Papyrus 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_19" title="Papyrus 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_21" title="Papyrus 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_25" title="Papyrus 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_35" title="Papyrus 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_37" title="Papyrus 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_70" title="Papyrus 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_71" title="Papyrus 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_73" title="Papyrus 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_77" title="Papyrus 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_83" title="Papyrus 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_86" title="Papyrus 86">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_96" title="Papyrus 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_101" title="Papyrus 101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_102" title="Papyrus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_103" title="Papyrus 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_104" title="Papyrus 104">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_105" title="Papyrus 105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_110" title="Papyrus 110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_papyrus" title="Magdalen papyrus">Magdalen papyrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ματθαίον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Matthew">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Matthew">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Matthew">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Luke" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Template:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Template talk:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Luke" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Luke_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Luke chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_1" title="Luke 1">Luke 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_3" title="Luke 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_4" title="Luke 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_5" title="Luke 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_6" title="Luke 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_7" title="Luke 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_8" title="Luke 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_9" title="Luke 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_10" title="Luke 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_11" title="Luke 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_12" title="Luke 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_13" title="Luke 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_14" title="Luke 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_15" title="Luke 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_16" title="Luke 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_17" title="Luke 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_18" title="Luke 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_19" title="Luke 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_20" title="Luke 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_21" title="Luke 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_22" title="Luke 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_23" title="Luke 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_24" title="Luke 24">24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_22:43%E2%80%9344" title="Luke 22:43–44">Luke 22:43–44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation to Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">and the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">John the Baptist's Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jesus' Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation at the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting_the_cost" title="Counting the cost">Counting the cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Prodigal son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Benedictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wine_into_Old_Wineskins" title="New Wine into Old Wineskins">New Wine into Old Wineskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis (Song of Simeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Unjust_Steward" title="Parable of the Unjust Steward">Parable of the Unjust Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Rich man and Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_four_woes_of_Jesus" title="The four woes of Jesus">The four woes of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abijah" title="Abijah">Abijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_of_Bethany" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha of Bethany">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naaman" title="Naaman">Naaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip (apostle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip (tetrarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Caesar">Tiberius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_(biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abilene (biblical)">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_(biblical_village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethany (biblical village)">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nein" title="Nein">Nain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship of Luke–Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_source" title="L source">L source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_school_hypothesis" title="Jerusalem school hypothesis">Jerusalem school hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Luke">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiizas:_di_Buk_We_Luuk_Rait_bout_Im" title="Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im">Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke_Passion,_BWV_246" title="St Luke Passion, BWV 246"><i>St Luke Passion</i>, BWV 246</a> (1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke_Passion_(Penderecki)" title="St Luke Passion (Penderecki)"><i>St Luke Passion</i></a> (Penderecki, 1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_(1979_film)" title="Jesus (1979 film)">Jesus</a></i> (1979 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witness:_Five_Plays_from_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke">Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke</a></i> (2007, radio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Savior_(2014_film)" title="The Savior (2014 film)">The Savior</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_2" title="Papyrus 2">Papyrus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_3" title="Papyrus 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_7" title="Papyrus 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_42" title="Papyrus 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_69" title="Papyrus 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_82" title="Papyrus 82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_97" title="Papyrus 97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_111" title="Papyrus 111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Nitriensis" title="Codex Nitriensis">Codex Nitriensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Glagolitic_fragments" title="Ohrid Glagolitic fragments">Ohrid Glagolitic fragments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Λουκάν">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Lucas" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Lucas">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Luke">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Luke">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Luke">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: #ffea7d; font-weight: normal;"><div id="Ordinary_Form_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Latin_Church_(1969_Calendar)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Ordinary Form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">1969 Calendar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">December 17 to 23</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/250px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/375px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/500px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Mary, Mother of God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Baptism_of_the_Lord" title="Feast of the Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Presentation of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">5th</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sunday" title="Divine Mercy Sunday">Divine Mercy Sunday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">7th</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Feast of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Nativity of John the Baptist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: #ffea7d; font-weight: normal;"><div id="Tridentine_Mass_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Latin_Church_(1960_Calendar)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">1960 Calendar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sunday of Advent">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorate_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rorate Mass">Rorate Mass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">Greater Ferias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Winter Ember Days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Circumcision_of_Christ" title="Feast of the Circumcision of Christ">Octave Day of Christmas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_season" title="Epiphany season">Epiphany Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Purification of Mary</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Lent" title="Pre-Lent">Pre-Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septuagesima" title="Septuagesima">Septuagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesima" title="Sexagesima">Sexagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquagesima" title="Quinquagesima">Quinquagesima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Spring Ember Days</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passiontide" title="Passiontide">Passiontide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">Passion Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_procession" title="Holy Week procession">P</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrae" title="Tenebrae">Tenebrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Easter_parade" title="Easter parade">P</a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays after Easter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogation_days" title="Rogation days">Rogation Days</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a></i><sup><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood" title="Procession of the Holy Blood">P</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Pentecost_season" title="Pentecost season">Pentecost Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Summer Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a></i><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Saint John the Baptist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Most_Precious_Blood" title="Feast of the Most Precious Blood">Precious Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Autumn Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Maternity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffea7d"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>P = <a href="/wiki/Procession#Roman_Catholics" title="Procession">Ordinary Procession</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: gold;"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd><i>Italic font</i> marks the 10 <a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">holy days of obligation</a> in the universal calendar which do not normally fall on a Sunday.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Older calendars <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954" title="General Roman Calendar of 1954">pre-1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_colours" title="Liturgical colours">Liturgical colours</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Ranking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">Computus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_cycle" title="Easter cycle">Easter cycle</a></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a 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