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</div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ਖੋਜੋ</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਫੋਂਟ ਦਾ ਆਕਾਰ, ਚੌਡ਼ਾਈ ਅਤੇ ਰੰਗ ਦੀ ਦਿੱਖ ਨੂੰ ਬਦਲੋ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਦਿੱਖ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa" class=""><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ" class=""><span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ਹੋਰ ਚੋਣਾਂ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa"><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਬਾਹਰ ਹੋਏ ਸੰਪਾਦਕਾਂ ਲਈ ਸਫ਼ੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" aria-label="ਸੰਪਾਦਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ"><span>ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ਯੋਗਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਸ IP ਪਤੇ ਤੋਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਸੋਧਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ਸਾਈਟ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-_ਸ਼ਾਖਾਵਾਂ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#_ਸ਼ਾਖਾਵਾਂ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span> ਸ਼ਾਖਾਵਾਂ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-_ਸ਼ਾਖਾਵਾਂ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ_ਦੇ_ਤਿੰਨ_ਅੰਗ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ_ਦੇ_ਤਿੰਨ_ਅੰਗ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ ਦੇ ਤਿੰਨ ਅੰਗ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ_ਦੇ_ਤਿੰਨ_ਅੰਗ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ ਦੇ ਤਿੰਨ ਅੰਗ ਉਪਭਾਗ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ_ਦੇ_ਤਿੰਨ_ਅੰਗ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ਸਨਾਤਨ_ਭਾਰਤ_ਦਾ_ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਸਨਾਤਨ_ਭਾਰਤ_ਦਾ_ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>ਸਨਾਤਨ ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਸਨਾਤਨ_ਭਾਰਤ_ਦਾ_ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਬਾਹਰੀ_ਕੜੀਆਂ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਬਾਹਰੀ_ਕੜੀਆਂ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>ਬਾਹਰੀ ਕੜੀਆਂ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਬਾਹਰੀ_ਕੜੀਆਂ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ਕਿਸੇ ਹੋਰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੇਖ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ। 81 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regsleer" title="Regsleer – ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Regsleer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtswissenschaft" title="Rechtswissenschaft – ਜਰਮਨ (ਸਵਿਸ)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rechtswissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="ਜਰਮਨ (ਸਵਿਸ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="فقه القضاء – ਅਰਬੀ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فقه القضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xurisprudencia" title="Xurisprudencia – ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xurisprudencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCquq%C5%9F%C3%BCnasl%C4%B1q" title="Hüquqşünaslıq – ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hüquqşünaslıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtswissnschoft" title="Rechtswissnschoft – ਬਾਵੇਰੀਅਨ" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rechtswissnschoft" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="ਬਾਵੇਰੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Юрыспрудэнцыя – ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юрыспрудэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Юрыспрудэнцыя – ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ (ਰਵਾਇਤੀ)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Юрыспрудэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ (ਰਵਾਇਤੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Юриспруденция – ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юриспруденция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="कानून शास्त्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कानून शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="আইনশাস্ত্র – ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইনশাস্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncia_del_Dret" title="Ciència del Dret – ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciència del Dret" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زانستی دادمەندی – ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانستی دادمەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vn%C3%AD_v%C4%9Bda" title="Právní věda – ਚੈੱਕ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Právní věda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ਚੈੱਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Юриспруденци – ਚੁਵਾਸ਼" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юриспруденци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ਚੁਵਾਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfreitheg" title="Cyfreitheg – ਵੈਲਸ਼" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfreitheg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ਵੈਲਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retsvidenskab" title="Retsvidenskab – ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Retsvidenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Νομική – ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νομική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence – ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Jurisprudence" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudenco" title="Jurisprudenco – ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jurisprudenco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_del_derecho" title="Ciencia del derecho – ਸਪੇਨੀ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencia del derecho" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ਸਪੇਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95igusteadus" title="Õigusteadus – ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆਈ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õigusteadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzenbidearen_zientzia" title="Zuzenbidearen zientzia – ਬਾਸਕ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuzenbidearen zientzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ਬਾਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="دانش نظری حقوق – ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانش نظری حقوق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikeustiede" title="Oikeustiede – ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oikeustiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95igustiid%C3%BCs" title="Õigustiidüs – ਵੋਰੋ" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Õigustiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="ਵੋਰੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8gfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Løgfrøði – ਫ਼ੇਰੋਸੇ" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Løgfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ਫ਼ੇਰੋਸੇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjochtsgeleardheid" title="Rjochtsgeleardheid – ਪੱਛਮੀ ਫ੍ਰਿਸੀਅਨ" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rjochtsgeleardheid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਫ੍ਰਿਸੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xurisprudencia" title="Xurisprudencia – ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xurisprudencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="ન્યાયશાસ્ત્ર – ਗੁਜਰਾਤੀ" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ન્યાયશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="ਗੁਜਰਾਤੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="משפטים – ਹਿਬਰੂ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משפטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ਹਿਬਰੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="विधिशास्त्र – ਹਿੰਦੀ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विधिशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ਹਿੰਦੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogtudom%C3%A1ny" title="Jogtudomány – ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jogtudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իրավագիտություն – ਅਰਮੀਨੀਆਈ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրավագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਮੀਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իրաւաբանութիւն – ਪੱਛਮੀ ਆਰਮੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իրաւաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਆਰਮੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_hukum" title="Teori hukum – ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teori hukum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudentie" title="Jurisprudentie – ਇੰਟਰਲਿੰਗੂਆ" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Jurisprudentie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਟਰਲਿੰਗੂਆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ttarheimspeki" title="Réttarheimspeki – ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡਿਕ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Réttarheimspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurisprudenza" title="Giurisprudenza – ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giurisprudenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="法学 – ਜਪਾਨੀ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="法学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ਜਪਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94m_%C9%96%C9%A9h%CA%8Ay%C9%9B_taa_t%C9%94m_k%C9%A9kpa%C9%A3t%CA%8A_(Jurisprudence)" title="Tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ (Jurisprudence) – ਕਾਬੀਏ" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ (Jurisprudence)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="ਕਾਬੀਏ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Құқықтану – ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құқықтану" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F" title="យុត្តិសាស្រ្ត – ਖਮੇਰ" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="យុត្តិសាស្រ្ត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="ਖਮੇਰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ನ್ಯಾಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – ਕੰਨੜ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನ್ಯಾಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="ਕੰਨੜ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%95%ED%95%99" title="법학 – ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="법학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83" title="Укук таануу – ਕਿਰਗੀਜ਼" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Укук таануу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ਕਿਰਗੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iurisprudentia" title="Iurisprudentia – ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iurisprudentia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ນິຕິສາດ – ਲਾਓ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນິຕິສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਓ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teis%C4%97tyra" title="Teisėtyra – ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teisėtyra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ties%C4%ABbu_zin%C4%81tne" title="Tiesību zinātne – ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tiesību zinātne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Юриспруденций – ਪੂਰਬੀ ਮੈਰੀ" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Юриспруденций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="ਪੂਰਬੀ ਮੈਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јуриспруденција – ਮੈਕਡੋਨੀਆਈ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јуриспруденција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ਮੈਕਡੋਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="നിയമശാസ്ത്രം – ਮਲਿਆਲਮ" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിയമശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="ਮਲਿਆਲਮ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtswetenschoppen" title="Rechtswetenschoppen – ਲੋ ਜਰਮਨ" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rechtswetenschoppen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ਲੋ ਜਰਮਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="विधिशास्त्र – ਨੇਪਾਲੀ" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विधिशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ਨੇਪਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtsgeleerdheid" title="Rechtsgeleerdheid – ਡੱਚ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rechtsgeleerdheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ਡੱਚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juss" title="Juss – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਨਿਓਨੌਰਸਕ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Juss" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਨਿਓਨੌਰਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rettsvitenskap" title="Rettsvitenskap – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rettsvitenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprud%C3%A9ncia" title="Jurisprudéncia – ਓਕਸੀਟਾਨ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jurisprudéncia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ਓਕਸੀਟਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauki_prawne" title="Nauki prawne – ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nauki prawne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_geral_do_direito" title="Teoria geral do direito – ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teoria geral do direito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurispruden%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Jurisprudență – ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jurisprudență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Юриспруденция – ਰੂਸੀ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юриспруденция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurisprud%C3%A8ntzia" title="Giurisprudèntzia – ਸਾਰਡੀਨੀਆਈ" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Giurisprudèntzia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="ਸਾਰਡੀਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudska_praksa" title="Sudska praksa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sudska praksa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jurisprudence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vna_veda" title="Právna veda – ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Právna veda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_juridike" title="Teoria juridike – ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teoria juridike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Судска пракса – ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Судска пракса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4ttsvetenskap" title="Rättsvetenskap – ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rättsvetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சட்டவியல் – ਤਮਿਲ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சட்டவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ਤਮਿਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D2%9B%D1%83%D2%9B%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ҳуқуқшиносӣ – ਤਾਜਿਕ" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуқуқшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ਤਾਜਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurisprudensiya" title="Hurisprudensiya – ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hurisprudensiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%87%D9%86_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89" title="قانۇن ئىلمى – ਉਇਗੁਰ" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قانۇن ئىلمى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ਉਇਗੁਰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Правознавство – ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Правознавство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huquqshunoslik" title="Huquqshunoslik – ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Huquqshunoslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Luật học – ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luật học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurisprudensiya" title="Hurisprudensiya – ਵੈਰੇ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hurisprudensiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ਵੈਰੇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="法学 – ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="法学 – ਚੀਨੀ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="法學 – ਕੈਂਟੋਨੀਜ਼" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਂਟੋਨੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਸੰਦ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="ਹੋਰ ਚੋਣਾਂ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਕਾਰਵਾਈਆਂ 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0"><span>ਇੱਕ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF ਵਜੋਂ ਡਾਊਨਲੋਡ ਕਰੋ</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0&printable=yes" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਛਪਣਯੋਗ ਰੂਪ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>ਛਪਣਯੋਗ ਸੰਸਕਰਣ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਹੋਰ ਪ੍ਰਾਜੈਕਟਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jurisprudence" hreflang="en"><span>ਵਿਕੀਮੀਡੀਆ ਕਾਮਨਜ਼</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4932206" title="ਡਾਟਾ ਭੰਡਾਰ ਦੀ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਨਾਲ ਕੜੀ ਜੋੜੋ [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ਵਿਕੀਡਾਟਾ ਆਈਟਮ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਸੰਦ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਦਿੱਖ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ, ਇੱਕ ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼ ਤੋਂ</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pa" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:CourtGavel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CourtGavel.JPG/300px-CourtGavel.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CourtGavel.JPG/450px-CourtGavel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/CourtGavel.JPG/600px-CourtGavel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="2011" /></a><figcaption><b>ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ</b> ਦੇ ਸਾਰਸ਼ਨਿਕ ਆਪਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ ਕਰਦੇ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ ਕਿ- ਨਿਯਮ ਕੀ ਹੈ?  ਨਿਯਮ ਕਿਉਂ ਹੋਣਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ?<br /> </figcaption></figure> <p>ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ ਜਾਂ ਵਿਧੀ ਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ (Jurisprudence) <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਾਨੂੰਨ">ਕਾਨੂੰਨ</a> ਦਾ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਅਤੇ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ ਹੈ।ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰੀ ਨਿਆਂ/ਕਾਨੂੰਨ ਦੇ ਰੂਪ, ਕਾਨੂੰਨੀ ਤਰਕ, ਕਾਨੂੰਨੀ ਤੰਤਰ ਅਤੇ ਕਾਨੂੰਨੀ ਸੰਸਥਾਵਾਂ ਦੀ ਦੀ ਗਹਿਰੀ ਸਮਝ ਰੱਖਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ।    </p><p>ਆਮ ਅਰਥਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਾਰੇ ਹੀ ਕਾਨੂੰਨੀ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਅੰਤਰਿਤ ਹਨ। ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ ਦਾ ਅਰਥ ਕਾਨੂੰਨੀ ਗਿਆਨ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਸਾਰੀਆਂ ਹੀ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ ਦੀਆਂ ਕਿਤਾਬਾਂ ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ ਦੀਆ ਕਿਤਾਬਾਂ ਹਨ। ਇਸ ਪ੍ਰਸੰਗ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ ਦਾ ਇਕੋ ਅਰਥ ਹੈ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਸਾਧਾਰਨ ਨਿਯਮ ਵਿਧਾਨ ਜਾਂ ਦੇਸ਼ ਦਾ ਸਾਧਾਰਨ ਕਾਨੂੰ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ। </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="_ਸ਼ਾਖਾਵਾਂ"><span id="_.E0.A8.B8.E0.A8.BC.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.96.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.82"></span> ਸ਼ਾਖਾਵਾਂ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਸ਼ਾਖਾਵਾਂ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ਉਰੋਕਤ ਅਰਥਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ ਦੀਆ ਤਿੰਨ ਸ਼ਾਖਾਵਾਂ ਹਨ- </p> <ul><li>ਵਿਆਖਿਆ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ(Exposition),</li> <li>ਵਿਆਖਿਆਮਈ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ</li> <li>ਕਾਨੂੰਨ ਨਿਰਮਾਣ ਦੇ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ  (Principles of Legislation)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ_ਦੇ_ਤਿੰਨ_ਅੰਗ"><span id=".E0.A8.A8.E0.A8.BF.E0.A8.86.E0.A8.82.E0.A8.B8.E0.A8.BC.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B8.E0.A8.BC.E0.A8.A4.E0.A8.B0_.E0.A8.A6.E0.A9.87_.E0.A8.A4.E0.A8.BF.E0.A9.B0.E0.A8.A8_.E0.A8.85.E0.A9.B0.E0.A8.97"></span>ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ ਦੇ ਤਿੰਨ ਅੰਗ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ ਦੇ ਤਿੰਨ ਅੰਗ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਦੇ ਤਿੰਨ ਅੰਗ - ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣਾਤਮਕ, ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਅਤੇ ਨੈਤਿਕਤਾ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣਾਤਮਕ ਸ਼ਾਖਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਕ੍ਰਮਬਧ ਕਾਨੂੰਨੀ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਦੇ ਦਰਸ਼ਨਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਸਾਧਾਰਨ ਵਿਚਾਰ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ, ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਸ਼ਾਖਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਾਨੂੰਨੀ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਦਾ ਦਰਸ਼ਨਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਸਾਧਾਰਨ ਭਾਗ ਸ਼ਾਮਿਕ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਨੈਤਿਕ ਸ਼ਾਖਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਾਨੂੰਨ ਨਿਰਮਾਣ ਦੇ ਦਾਰਸ਼ਨਿਕ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਪਰ ਇਹ ਤਿੰਨੇ ਸ਼ਾਖਾਵਾਂ ਇੱਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਬੰਧਿਤ ਹਨ। ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਦੂਸਰੇ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਖ ਨਹੀਂ  ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ਸਨਾਤਨ_ਭਾਰਤ_ਦਾ_ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ"><span id=".E0.A8.B8.E0.A8.A8.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.A4.E0.A8.A8_.E0.A8.AD.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B0.E0.A8.A4_.E0.A8.A6.E0.A8.BE_.E0.A8.A8.E0.A8.BF.E0.A8.86.E0.A8.82.E0.A8.B8.E0.A8.BC.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B8.E0.A8.BC.E0.A8.A4.E0.A8.B0"></span>ਸਨਾਤਨ ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਸਨਾਤਨ ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ਸਨਾਤਨ ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ਧਰਮ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ">ਧਰਮ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ‎</a> ਉਤੇ ਆਧਾਰਿਤ ਸੀ। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਧਰਮ">ਧਰਮ</a> ਦੀ ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਇਸ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਹੈ - </p> <dl><dd><b>श्रुति: स्मृति. सदाचार: स्वस्य च प्रियमात्मन:।</b></dd> <dd><b>एतच्चतुर्विधं प्राहू: साक्षाद्धर्मस्य लक्षणम्।।</b></dd></dl> <p>ਭਾਵ ਵੇਦ, ਸਮਰਿਤੀ, ਸਦਾਚਾਰ ਅਤੇ ਨਿਆਂ ਧਰਮ ਦੇ ਉਦੇਸ਼ ਹਨ। ਧਰਮ ਵਿਆਪ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਹੈ। ਧਾਰਮਿਕ, ਨੈਤਿਕ, ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਕਾਨੂੰਨੀ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟੀ ਨਾਲ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਦੇ ਕਰਤਵਾਂ/ਨਿਯਮਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਜੂਮੇਵਾਰੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਸਮੂਹ ਹੈ।  </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਚਾਣਕਿਆ">ਚਾਣਕਿਆ</a> ਦੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਰਥਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ">ਅਰਥਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ</a> ਦੇ ਪਰਮਾਣਿਕ ਸੰਸਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ਿਤ ਹੋਣ ਨਾਲ ਇਹ ਵਿਵਾਦ  ਉਠਿਆ ਕਿ ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਾਜ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਨਿਆਂਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ ਧਰਮਸ਼ਾਸ਼ਤਰ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਘੋਸ਼ਿਤ ਵਿਧਾਨ ਕਿਸੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਵੱਧ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਸੀ ਜਾਂ ਨਾ। ਚਾਣਕਿਆ ਨੇ ਕਿਹਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਵਿਧਾਨ ਚਾਰ ਥੰਮਾਂ ਉਤੇ ਆਧਰਿਤ ਹੈ </p><p>1. ਧਰਮ 2. ਵਿਵਹਾਰ 3.ਚਰਿਤਰ 4.ਰਾਜਸ਼ਾਸਨ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਬਾਹਰੀ_ਕੜੀਆਂ"><span id=".E0.A8.AC.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B9.E0.A8.B0.E0.A9.80_.E0.A8.95.E0.A9.9C.E0.A9.80.E0.A8.86.E0.A8.82"></span>ਬਾਹਰੀ ਕੜੀਆਂ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਬਾਹਰੀ ਕੜੀਆਂ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.redeemer.on.ca/Dooyeweerd-Centre/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050406012709/http://www.redeemer.on.ca/Dooyeweerd-Centre/">Archived</a> 2005-04-06 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Wayback Machine</a>. Navigate to page for Encyclopedia of the Science of Law (Mellen, 2002).</li> <li>John Witte, Jr: A Brief Biography of Dooyeweerd, based on Hendrik van Eikema Hommes, Inleiding tot de Wijsbegeerte van Herman Dooyeweerd (The Hague, 1982; pp 1–4,132).<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.redeemer.on.ca/Dooyeweerd-Centre/biography.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060411002815/http://www.redeemer.on.ca/Dooyeweerd-Centre/biography.html">Archived</a> 2006-04-11 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/jurisprudence.html">LII Law about... Jurisprudence</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/cse.htm">The Case of the Speluncean Explorers: Nine New Opinions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602070313/http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/cse.htm">Archived</a> 2008-06-02 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Wayback Machine</a>.</i>, by Peter Suber (Routledge, 1998.) Lon Fuller's classic of jurisprudence brought up to date 50 years later.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak">The Roman Law Library, incl. <i>Responsa prudentium</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831060912/http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak">Archived</a> 2012-08-31 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Wayback Machine</a>. by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/pashukanis/1924/law/edintro.htm">Evgeny Pashukanis - General Theory of Law and Marxism</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inptep.utm.edu/l/law-phil.htm">Internet Encyclopedia: Philosophy of Law</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86:Link_rot" title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged ਅਕਤੂਬਰ 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theopticon.com">The Opticon: Online Repository of Materials covering Spectrum of U.S. Jurisprudence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516205508/http://www.theopticon.com/">Archived</a> 2008-05-16 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Wayback Machine</a>..</li> <li>For more information about Neil MacCormick and the Edinburgh Legal Theory Research Group visit <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/legaltheory/">[3]</a></li> <li>Jurisprudence Revision Notes for Students: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawteacher.net/jurisprudence">- LawTeacher.net - Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fljs.org">Foundation for Law, Justice and Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105132954/http://www.fljs.org/">Archived</a> 2016-01-05 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=78">Bibliography on the Philosophy of Law. 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