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<li id="toc-Pre-state_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-state_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Pre-state antisemitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-state_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculated_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculated_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Speculated causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculated_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Contemporary attitudes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israeli_Arabs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_Arabs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Israeli Arabs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_Arabs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.7</span> <span>Palestinian territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.8</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.9</span> <span>Yemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_polling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_polling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.10</span> <span>Opinion polling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_polling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismo_en_el_mundo_%C3%A1rabe" title="Antisemitismo en el mundo árabe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antisemitismo en el mundo árabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="یهودستیزی در جهان عرب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودستیزی در جهان عرب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99" title="אנטישמיות בעולם הערבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטישמיות בעולם הערבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8D_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%B6%D8%AF_(%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%9A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A)" title="په عربي نړۍ کې يهوديت ضد (سام دوښمني) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په عربي نړۍ کې يهوديت ضد (سام دوښمني)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="503" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_antisemitism" title="List of writers on antisemitism">Reference</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Definitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Task Force">Nexus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_textbook_controversy" title="Saudi Arabian textbook controversy">textbook controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matar_jud%C3%ADos" title="Matar judíos">Matar judíos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War ('08-'09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas war ('23-'24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish antisemitism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic tropes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_world_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Finance control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International<wbr /> Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby#Viewed_as_antisemitic_and/or_pejorative" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Media control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon#Antisemitism" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#History_of_well_poisoning_as_libel" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#Neo-Nazis'_accusations_against_Jews" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Antisemitic publications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnes_Review" title="The Barnes Review">The Barnes Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Wars" title="Currency Wars">Currency Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing <i>(video game)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_juive" title="La France juive">La France juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter (William Luther Pierce)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule<br />Undisputed Over The World</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship<br />Between Blacks and Jews</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antisemitism on the Internet</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">4chan (/pol/)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disclose.tv" title="Disclose.tv">Disclose.tv</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels Gap">Goebbels Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoyimTV" class="mw-redirect" title="GoyimTV">GoyimTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">The Occidental Observer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade Tribune">Renegade Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)"><i>The Right Stuff</i> (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ron_Unz" title="Ron Unz">The Unz Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Today" title="Veterans Today">Veterans Today</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Prominent figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked Alaska (activist)">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Andrew Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beam" title="Louis Beam">Louis Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Don Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_von_Brunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James von Brunn">James von Brunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Butler_(white_supremacist)" title="Richard Butler (white supremacist)">Richard Girnt Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Édouard Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Eisenmenger" title="Johann Andreas Eisenmenger">Johann Eisenmenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Theodor Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Arthur Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">David Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_G._Liebold" title="Ernest G. Liebold">Ernest G. Liebold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">Kevin MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Eustace Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">William Luther Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard B. Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Kevin Alfred Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Wiles" title="Rick Wiles">Rick Wiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Ernst Zündel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">A. C. Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Buzatu" title="Gheorghe Buzatu">Gheorghe Buzatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nae_Ionescu" title="Nae Ionescu">Nae Ionescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Nichifor Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Slavici" title="Ioan Slavici">Ioan Slavici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Ferenczy" title="László Ferenczy">László Ferenczy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism" title="Anti-antisemitism">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Antisemitism" title="Campaign Against Antisemitism">Campaign Against Antisemitism</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Committee_Against_Antisemitism" title="Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism">Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Watch" title="UN Watch">UN Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Holocaust_Library" title="Wiener Holocaust Library">Wiener Holocaust Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition of antisemitism</a> (IHRA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds of antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a> (prejudice against and hatred of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) has increased greatly in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> since the beginning of the 20th century, for several reasons: the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">dissolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">breakdown of the Ottoman Empire</a> and traditional Islamic society; European influence, brought about by <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Yadlin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadlin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herf_2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herf_2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JCPA_2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCPA_2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resentment over <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Jewish nationalism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rise of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the widespread proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world" title="Conspiracy theories in the Arab world">conspiracy theories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Jews in the Muslim world</a> were considered to be <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a> and were subjected to <i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a></i> status. They were afforded relative security against <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews#Middle_East_and_Islamic_antisemitism" title="Persecution of Jews">persecution</a>, provided they did not contest the varying inferior social and legal status imposed on them under Islamic rule. </p><p>While there were antisemitic incidents before the 20th century, during this time antisemitism in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> increased greatly. During the 1930s and the 1940s several Jewish communities in the Arab world suffered from <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of Jews in Arab countries deteriorated further at the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">Palestinian exodus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">creation of the State of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> victories during the wars of <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis#Invasion" title="Suez Crisis">1956</a> and <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967</a> were a severe humiliation to Israel's opponents—primarily <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the mid-1970s <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">the vast majority of Jews had left Arab and Muslim countries</a>, moving primarily to Israel, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shenhav_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shenhav-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for the exodus are varied and disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Shenhav_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shenhav-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1980s, according to historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, the volume of antisemitic literature published in the Arab world, and the authority of its sponsors, seemed to suggest that classical antisemitism had become an essential part of Arab intellectual life, considerably more than in late 19th- and early 20th-century France and to a degree that has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_Lewis_1986,_p._256_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard_Lewis_1986,_p._256-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">political Islam</a> during the 1980s and afterwards provided a new mutation of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic antisemitism</a>, giving the hatred of Jews a religious component.<sup id="cite_ref-Yadlin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yadlin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their 2008 report on contemporary Arab-Muslim antisemitism, the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Terrorism_Information_Center" title="Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center">Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center</a> dates the beginning of this phenomenon to the spread of classic European <a href="/wiki/Christian_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian antisemitism">Christian antisemitism</a> into the Arab world starting in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-itic_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> published a global survey of worldwide antisemitic attitudes, reporting that in the Middle East, 74% of adults agreed with a majority of the survey's eleven antisemitic propositions, including that "Jews have too much power in international financial markets" and that "Jews are responsible for most of the world's wars."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_times">Medieval times</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism in Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism#Middle_Ages" title="History of antisemitism">History of antisemitism § Middle Ages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">History of the Jews under Muslim rule</a></div> <p>Jews, along with <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a> living under <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">early and medieval Muslim rule</a> were known as "<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>" to Muslims and subjected to the status of <i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a></i> ("protected" minority) in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">lands conquered by Muslim Arabs</a>, a status generally applied to Non-Muslim minorities that was later also extended to other Non-Muslims like <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bonner_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonner-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were generally seen as a religious group (not a separate race), thus being a part of the "Arab family".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Dhimmi</i> were subjected to a number of restrictions, the application and severity of which varied with time and place. Restrictions included residency in <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregated quarters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing#Historical_background" title="Jewish religious clothing">obligation to wear distinctive clothing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman_2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman_2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> public subservience to Muslims, prohibitions against proselytizing and against marrying Muslim women, and limited access to the legal system (the testimony of a Jew did not count if contradicted by that of a Muslim). <i>Dhimmi</i> had to pay a special poll tax (the <i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i>), which exempted them from military service, and also from payment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a></i> alms tax required of Muslims. In return, <i>dhimmi</i> were granted limited rights, including a degree of <a href="/wiki/Toleration#Islam" title="Toleration">tolerance</a>, community autonomy in personal matters, and protection from being killed outright. Jewish communities, like Christian ones, were typically constituted as semi-autonomous entities managed by their own laws and leadership, who carried the responsibility for the community towards the Muslim rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation of Jews was comparatively better than their European counterparts, though they still suffered persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the years of death of <a href="/wiki/Idris_I_of_Morocco" title="Idris I of Morocco">Idris I of Morocco</a> in 793 and beginning of Almohad rule in 1130, Jews mostly led a peaceful existence in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. The Almohads started forcing Jews and Christians to convert to Islam or be killed after conquering the region.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also numerous massacres at other times in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation where Jews both enjoyed cultural and economic prosperity at times, but were widely persecuted at other times, was summarised by G. E. Von Grunebaum: </p> <blockquote><p>It would not be difficult to put together the names of a very sizable number of Jewish subjects or citizens of the Islamic area who have attained to high rank, to power, to great financial influence, to significant and recognized intellectual attainment; and the same could be done for Christians. But it would again not be difficult to compile a lengthy list of persecutions, arbitrary confiscations, attempted forced conversions, or pogroms.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_in_modernity">Views in modernity</h2></div> <p>Some scholars hold that Arab antisemitism in the modern world arose in the nineteenth century, against the backdrop of conflicting Jewish and Arab nationalism, and was imported into the Arab world primarily by nationalistically minded Christian Arabs (and only subsequently was it "Islamized"), Mark Cohen states.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The volume of anti-Semitic books and articles published, the size and number of editions and impressions, the eminence and authority of those who write, publish and sponsor them, their place in school and college curricula, their role in the mass media, would all seem to suggest that classical anti-Semitism is an essential part of Arab intellectual life at the present time-almost as much as happened in Nazi Germany, and considerably more than in late nineteenth and early twentieth century France."<sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_Lewis_1986,_p._256_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard_Lewis_1986,_p._256-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1834_looting_of_Safed" title="1834 looting of Safed">1834 looting of Safed</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Damascus_affair" title="Damascus affair">Damascus affair</a> was an accusation of <a href="/wiki/Ritual_murder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual murder">ritual murder</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a> against Jews in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in 1840. On February 5, 1840, <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Capuchin_friar" class="mw-redirect" title="Capuchin friar">Capuchin friar</a> Father Thomas and his Greek servant were reported missing, never to be seen again. The <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> governor and the French consul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratti-Menton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratti-Menton (page does not exist)">Ratti-Menton</a> believed accusations of ritual murder and blood libel, as the alleged murder occurred before the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>. An investigation was staged, and Solomon Negrin, a Jewish barber, <a href="/wiki/Forced_confession" title="Forced confession">confessed under torture</a> and accused other Jews. Two other Jews died under torture, and one (Moses Abulafia) converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to escape torture. More arrests and atrocities followed, culminating in 63 Jewish children being held <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostage</a> and mob attacks on Jewish communities throughout the Middle East. International outrage led to <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a> in Egypt ordering an investigation. Negotiations in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> eventually secured the unconditional release and recognition of innocence of the nine prisoners still remaining alive (out of thirteen). Later in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Moses Montefiore</a> (leader of the British Jewish community) persuaded Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a> to issue a <a href="/wiki/Firman_(decree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman (decree)">firman</a> (edict) intended to halt the spread of blood libel accusations in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>: </p> <blockquote> <p>... and for the love we bear to our subjects, we cannot permit the Jewish nation, whose innocence for the crime alleged against them is evident, to be worried and tormented as a consequence of accusations which have not the least foundation in truth.... </p> </blockquote> <p>Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a> spread through the Middle East and North Africa: Aleppo (1810, 1850, 1875), Damascus (<a href="/wiki/Damascus_affair" title="Damascus affair">1840</a>, 1848, 1890), Beirut (1862, 1874), Dayr al-Qamar (1847), Jerusalem (1847), Cairo (1844, 1890, 1901–02), Mansura (1877), Alexandria (1870, 1882, 1901–02), Port Said (1903, 1908), and Damanhur (1871, 1873, 1877, 1892).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a> of the late 19th century had consequences in the Arab world. Passionate outbursts of antisemitism in France were echoed in areas of French influence, especially <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. The Muslim Arab press, however, was sympathetic to the falsely accused Captain Dreyfus, and criticized the persecution of Jews in France.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">History of the Jews during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_refugees_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany">Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Jews" title="Arab Jews">Arab Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_Nazism" title="Consequences of Nazism">Consequences of Nazism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_Arabic" title="Mein Kampf in Arabic">Mein Kampf in Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Category:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg/220px-Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg/330px-Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg/440px-Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3387" data-file-height="2267" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">History of the Jews under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antisemitism in the Arab world</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aden" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada" title="1948 anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada">Oujda and Jerada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1948 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Cairo_bombings" title="1948 Cairo bombings">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950%E2%80%931951_Baghdad_bombings" title="1950–1951 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Tripoli_pogrom" title="1967 Tripoli pogrom">Tripoli</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Exodus by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_of_Moroccan_Jews_to_Israel" title="Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mural" title="Operation Mural">Operation Mural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yachin" title="Operation Yachin">Operation Yachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egoz_(ship)" title="Egoz (ship)"><i>Egoz</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)" title="Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah" title="Operation Ezra and Nehemiah">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956%E2%80%931957_exodus_and_expulsions_from_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="1956–1957 exodus and expulsions from Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_migration_from_Lebanon_post-1948" title="Jewish migration from Lebanon post-1948">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Iranian_Jews" title="Exodus of Iranian Jews">Iran</a></li> <li>Tunisia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurum_air_disaster" title="Hurum air disaster">Hurum air disaster</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Remembrance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_to_Mark_the_Departure_and_Expulsion_of_Jews_from_the_Arab_Countries_and_Iran" title="Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran">Awareness day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_Indigenous_to_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa">JIMENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Jews_from_Arab_Countries" title="Justice for Jews from Arab Countries">JJAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Organization_of_Jews_from_Arab_Countries" title="World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries">WOJAC</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Refugees" title="The Forgotten Refugees">The Forgotten Refugees</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical Jewish population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islamic–Jewish relations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Template:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Template talk:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-state_antisemitism">Pre-state antisemitism</h4></div> <p>While Arab antisemitism has increased in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, there were <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> against Jews prior to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a>-inspired pogroms in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> in the 1930s, and attacks on the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> in the 1940s. In 1941, 180 Jews were murdered and 700 were injured in the anti-Jewish riots known as "the <a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four hundred Jews were injured in violent demonstrations in Egypt in 1945 and Jewish property was vandalized and looted. In Libya, 130 Jews were killed and 266 injured. In December 1947, 13 Jews were killed in Damascus, including 8 children, and 26 were injured. In Aleppo, rioting resulted in dozens of Jewish casualties, damage to 150 Jewish homes, and the torching of 5 schools and 10 synagogues. In Yemen, 97 Jews were murdered and 120 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speculated_causes">Speculated causes</h4></div> <p>Antisemitism in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> increased in the 20th century, as resentment against <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish immigration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> activities in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine Mandate</a> grew. Around this time, the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">fabricated antisemitic text</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i> started to become available in Palestine. A translation of the text in Arabic was done by an Arab Christian in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in 1927 or 1928, this time as a published book.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1986_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1986-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1921, Musa Khazem El Husseini, Mayor of Jerusalem, told <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> "The Jews have been amongst the most active advocates of destruction in many lands. ... It is well known that the disintegration of Russia was wholly or in great part brought about by the Jews, and a large proportion of the defeat of Germany and Austria must also be put at their door."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Matthias_K%C3%BCntzel" title="Matthias Küntzel">Matthias Küntzel</a> has suggested that the decisive transfer of <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Antisemitism" title="List of conspiracy theories">Jewish conspiracy theory</a> took place between 1937 and 1945 under the impact of Nazi propaganda targeted at the Arab world.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kuntzel, the Nazi Arabic radio service had a staff of 80 and broadcast every day in Arabic, stressing the similarities between Islam and Nazism and supported by the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a> (who broadcast pro-Nazi propaganda from Berlin).<sup id="cite_ref-Herf_2009_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herf_2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside al-Husseini's <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaboration with the Nazis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JCPA_2020_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCPA_2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cooperative political and military relationships between the Arab world and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>) were founded on shared antisemitic scorn and hostilities toward common enemies: the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herf_2009_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herf_2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JCPA_2020_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCPA_2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazi regime also provided funding to the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Moslem_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Moslem Brotherhood">Moslem Brotherhood</a>, which began calling for boycotts of Jewish businesses in 1936.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> Bernard Lewis also describes Nazi influence in the Arab world, including its impact on <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, the principal founder of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athist thought</a> (which later dominated Syria and Iraq).</p><blockquote><p> After the promulgation of the Nuremberg Laws, Hitler received telegrams of congratulation from all over the Arab and Muslim world, especially from Morocco and Palestine, where the Nazi propaganda had been most active.... Before long political parties of the Nazi and Fascist type began to appear, complete with paramilitary youth organizations, colored shirts, strict discipline and more or less charismatic leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-004-09A,_Amin_al_Husseini_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-004-09A%2C_Amin_al_Husseini_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/230px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-004-09A%2C_Amin_al_Husseini_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-004-09A%2C_Amin_al_Husseini_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/345px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-004-09A%2C_Amin_al_Husseini_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-004-09A%2C_Amin_al_Husseini_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/460px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-004-09A%2C_Amin_al_Husseini_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a>, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem and the chairman of the Supreme Islamic Council meeting with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (December 1941)</figcaption></figure> <p>George Gruen attributes the increased animosity towards Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">defeat and breakdown of the Ottoman Empire</a> and traditional <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic society</a>; domination by <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">Western colonial powers</a> under which Jews gained a disproportionately large role in the commercial, professional, and administrative life of the region; the rise of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>, whose proponents sought the wealth and positions of local Jews through government channels; resentment over <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Jewish nationalism</a> and the Zionist movement; and the readiness of unpopular Arab <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regimes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">scapegoat</a> local Jews for political purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">Palestinian exodus</a>, the creation of the state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and the independence of Arab countries from European control, conditions for Jews in the Arab world deteriorated. Over the next few decades, almost all would flee the Arab world, some willingly, and some under threat (see <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a>). In 1945 there were between 758,000 and 866,000 Jews (see table below) living in communities throughout the Arab world. Today, there are fewer than 8,000. In some Arab states, such as <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> (which was once around 3% Jewish), the Jewish community no longer exists; in other Arab countries, only a few hundred Jews remain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Harvard University Professor <a href="/wiki/Ruth_R._Wisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth R. Wisse">Ruth R. Wisse</a> claims that "anti-Semitism / Zionism has been the cornerstone of pan-Arab politics since the Second World War" and that it is the "strongest actual and potential source of unity" in the Arab world.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because Jews and Israel function as substitutes for Western values that challenge the hegemony of religious and political power in the Middle East. Antisemitism is also malleable enough that it can unite right-wing and left-wing groups within the Arab world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Bernstein" title="Robert L. Bernstein">Robert Bernstein</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, says that antisemitism is "deeply ingrained and institutionalized" in "Arab nations in modern times".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_attitudes">Contemporary attitudes</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israeli_Arabs">Israeli Arabs</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Israeli_Jews_by_Israeli_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Israeli Jews by Israeli Arabs">Racism against Israeli Jews by Israeli Arabs</a></div> <p>In 2003, Israeli-Arab <a href="/wiki/Raed_Salah" title="Raed Salah">Raed Salah</a>, the leader of the northern branch of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_in_Israel" title="Islamic Movement in Israel">Islamic Movement in Israel</a> published the following poem in the Islamic Movement's periodical: </p> <blockquote> <p>You Jews are criminal bombers of mosques,<br /> Slaughterers of pregnant women and babies.<br /> Robbers and germs in all times,<br /> The Creator sentenced you to be loser monkeys,<br /> Victory belongs to Muslims, from the Nile to the Euphrates.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>During a speech in 2007, Salah accused Jews of <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">using children's blood to bake bread</a>. "We have never allowed ourselves to knead [the dough for] the bread that breaks the fast in the holy month of Ramadan with children's blood," he said. "Whoever wants a more thorough explanation, let him ask what used to happen to some children in Europe, whose blood was mixed in with the dough of the [Jewish] holy bread."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kamal Khatib, deputy leader of the northern branch of the Islamic movement, referred in one of his speeches to the Jews as "fleas".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of all groups surveyed, a 2010 Pew Research global poll found that Israeli Arabs have the lowest rate of anti-Jewish attitudes in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Africa#Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Africa">Antisemitism in Africa § Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">History of the Jews in Egypt</a></div> <p>Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mahdi_Akef" title="Mohammed Mahdi Akef">Mohammed Mahdi Akef</a> has denounced what he called "the myth of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>" in defending Iranian president <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">denial</a> of it.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> government-run newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Akhbar_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Akhbar (Egypt)">Al Akhbar</a></i>, on April 29, 2002, published an editorial denying <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> as a fraud. The next paragraph decries the failure of the Holocaust to eliminate all of the Jews: </p> <blockquote> <p>With regard to the fraud of the Holocaust. ... Many French studies have proven that this is no more than a fabrication, a lie, and a fraud!! That is, it is a 'scenario' the plot of which was carefully tailored, using several faked photos completely unconnected to the truth. Yes, it is a film, no more and no less. Hitler himself, whom they accuse of Nazism, is in my eyes no more than a modest 'pupil' in the world of murder and bloodshed. He is completely innocent of the charge of frying them in the hell of his false Holocaust!! </p><p> The entire matter, as many French and British scientists and researchers have proven, is nothing more than a huge Israeli plot aimed at extorting the German government in particular and the European countries in general. But I, personally and in light of this imaginary tale, complain to Hitler, even saying to him from the bottom of my heart, 'If only you had done it, brother, if only it had really happened, so that the world could sigh in relief [without] their evil and sin.'</p></blockquote> <p>In an article in October 2000 columnist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adel_Hammoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adel Hammoda (page does not exist)">Adel Hammoda</a> alleged in the state-owned Egyptian newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">al-Ahram</a></i> that Jews made <a href="/wiki/Matza" class="mw-redirect" title="Matza">Matza</a> from the blood of (non-Jewish) children.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mohammed Salmawy, editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram_Hebdo" title="Al-Ahram Hebdo">Al-Ahram Hebdo</a></i>, "defended the use of old European myths like the <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel_against_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood libel against Jews">blood libel</a>" in his newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2010, Saudi columnist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman_Al-Quwaifli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iman Al-Quwaifli (page does not exist)">Iman Al-Quwaifli</a> sharply criticized the "phenomenon of sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and for Nazism in the Arab world",<sup id="cite_ref-memri_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memri-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically citing the words of Hussam Fawzi Jabar, an Islamic cleric who justified Hitler's actions against the Jews in an Egyptian talk show one month earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-memri_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memri-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an October 2012 sermon broadcast on <a href="/wiki/ERTU" class="mw-redirect" title="ERTU">Egyptian Channel 1</a> (which was attended by Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Morsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Morsi">Muhammad Morsi</a>) Futouh Abd Al-Nabi Mansour, the Head of Religious Endowment of the <a href="/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate" title="Matrouh Governorate">Matrouh Governorate</a>, prayed (as translated by <a href="/wiki/MEMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MEMRI">MEMRI</a>): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O Allah, absolve us of our sins, strengthen us, and grant us victory over the infidels. O Allah, destroy the Jews and their supporters. O Allah, disperse them, rend them asunder. O Allah, demonstrate Your might and greatness upon them.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2001–2002, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Radio_and_Television_Network" title="Arab Radio and Television Network">Arab Radio and Television</a> produced a 30-part television miniseries entitled <i>Horseman Without a Horse</i>, starring prominent Egyptian actor <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sobhi_(actor)" title="Mohamed Sobhi (actor)">Mohamed Sobhi</a>, which contains dramatizations of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i>. The United States and Israel criticized Egypt for airing the program, which includes racist falsehoods that have a history of being used "as a pretext for persecuting Jews".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jordan">Jordan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">History of the Jews in Jordan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> does not allow entry to Jews with visible signs of Judaism or even with personal religious items in their possession. The Jordanian ambassador to Israel replied to a complaint by a religious Jew denied entry that security concerns required that travelers entering the Hashemite Kingdom not do so with prayer shawls (<a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a>) and phylacteries (<a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jordanian authorities state that the policy is in order to ensure the Jewish tourists' safety.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2009, six <a href="/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslov (Hasidic dynasty)">Breslov</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidim</a> were deported after attempting entry into Jordan in order to visit the tomb of Aaron / Sheikh Harun on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hor" title="Mount Hor">Mount Hor</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, because of an alert from the Ministry of Tourism. The group had taken a <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>, Egypt because they understood that Jordanian authorities were making it hard for visible Jews to enter from Israel. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)">Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> is aware of the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <p>Hostility toward Jews is common in Saudi Arabian media, religious sermons, school curriculum, and official government policy. </p><p>Indoctrination against Jews is a part of school curriculum in Saudi Arabia. Children are advised not to befriend Jews, are given false information about them (such as the claim that Jews worship the Devil), and are encouraged to engage in <i>jihad</i> against Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conspiracy theories about Jews are widely disseminated in Saudi Arabian state-controlled media.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the U.S. State Department,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> religious freedom "does not exist" in Saudi Arabia, and therefore, Jews may not freely practice their religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syria">Syria</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeibak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Zeibak.jpg/170px-Zeibak.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Zeibak.jpg/255px-Zeibak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Zeibak.jpg/340px-Zeibak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from top left: Fara Zeibak, Mazal Zeibak, Eva Saad and Lulu Zeibak</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 2, 1974, the bodies of four <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian Jewish</a> women were discovered by border police in a cave in the Zabdani Mountains northwest of Damascus. Fara Zeibak 24, her sisters Lulu Zeibak 23, Mazal Zeibak 22 and their cousin Eva Saad 18, had contracted with a band of smugglers to flee Syria to Lebanon and eventually to Israel. The girls' bodies were found raped, murdered and mutilated. The police also found the remains of two Jewish boys, Natan Shaya 18 and Kassem Abadi 20, victims of an earlier massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian authorities deposited the bodies of all six in sacks before the homes of their parents in the Jewish ghetto in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984 Syrian Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Tlass" title="Mustafa Tlass">Mustafa Tlass</a> published a book called <i>The Matzah of Zion</i>, which claimed that Jews had killed Christian children in Damascus to make Matzas (see <a href="/wiki/Damascus_affair" title="Damascus affair">Damascus affair</a>). His book inspired the Egyptian TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Horseman_Without_a_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseman Without a Horse">Horseman Without a Horse</a></i> (see <a href="#Egypt">§ Egypt</a>) and a spinoff, <i>The Diaspora</i>, which led to <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>'s al-Manar being banned in Europe for broadcasting it.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> leader <a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a> visited Syria in November 2005 and made a speech that was broadcast live on Syrian television.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">history of the Jews in Tunisia</a> goes back to Roman times. Before 1948, the Jewish population of Tunisia reached a peak of 110,000. Today it has a Jewish community of less than 2,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antisemitism in Vichy-era Tunisia was deeply intertwined with colonial politics and Mediterranean rivalries. Following France's 1940 defeat, the Vichy government implemented antisemitic laws in Tunisia, targeting the region’s diverse Jewish community of Tunisian, French, and Italian nationals. These laws, aimed at economic aryanization and exclusion of Jews from public life, were also tools for consolidating French colonial authority. However, enforcement was inconsistent, as colonial officials sought to avoid destabilising the economy or provoking intervention from Fascist Italy, which used its Jewish population to maintain influence. Rather than reflecting ethical restraint, this caution highlighted the tension between antisemitic ideology and pragmatic efforts to safeguard French control amid geopolitical competition and wartime pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a personal account of the discrimination and physical attacks experienced by Jews in Tunisia the Jewish-Arab anti-colonialist writer <a href="/wiki/Albert_Memmi" title="Albert Memmi">Albert Memmi</a> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>At each crisis, with every incident of the slightest importance, the mob would go wild, setting fire to Jewish shops. This even happened during the Yom Kippur War. Tunisia's President, Habib Bourguiba, has in all probability never been hostile to the Jews, but there was always that notorious "delay", which meant that the police arrived on the scene only after the shops had been pillaged and burnt. Is it any wonder that the exodus to France and Israel continued and even increased? </p> </blockquote> <p>On November 30, 2012, prominent Tunisian imam Sheikh Ahmad Al-Suhayli of <a href="/wiki/Rad%C3%A8s" title="Radès">Radès</a>, told his followers during a live broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_TV" title="Hannibal TV">Hannibal TV</a> that "God wants to destroy this [Tunisian] sprinkling of Jews and is sterilizing the wombs of Jewish women."<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael.com_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael.com-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the fourth time incitement against Jews has been reported in the public sphere since the overthrow of Tunisian President <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a> in 2011, thus prompting Jewish community leaders to demand security protection from the Tunisian government.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael.com_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael.com-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Suhayli subsequently posted a video on the Internet in which he claimed that his statements had been misinterpreted.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 18, 2021, Tunisian president <a href="/wiki/Kais_Saied" title="Kais Saied">Kais Saied</a> was caught on video telling a crowd that "We know very well who the people are who are controlling the country today. It is the Jews who are doing the stealing, and we need to put an end to it."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saied's office responded that the president's words had been misheard and that he meant to say something else instead of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, Saied publicly apologized for his statements, holding a phone call with <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>'s chief rabbi, <a href="/wiki/Haim_Bitan" title="Haim Bitan">Haim Bitan</a> in which he expressed regret for his statements.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/El_Ghriba_Synagogue" title="El Ghriba Synagogue">El Ghriba Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a> has twice been the target of terrorist atrocities: in 2002 <a href="/wiki/Ghriba_synagogue_bombing" title="Ghriba synagogue bombing">an al-Qaeda suicide bomber</a> killed 20 and injured dozens more, while in 2023 <a href="/wiki/2023_Djerba_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Djerba shooting">a lone gunman</a> killed two worshippers and two police and injured several others.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palestinian_territories">Palestinian territories</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine#Antisemitism_in_Palestinian_territories" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Racism in the State of Palestine § Antisemitism in Palestinian territories</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antisemitic_graffiti_in_Huwara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Antisemitic_graffiti_in_Huwara.jpg/220px-Antisemitic_graffiti_in_Huwara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Antisemitic_graffiti_in_Huwara.jpg/330px-Antisemitic_graffiti_in_Huwara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Antisemitic_graffiti_in_Huwara.jpg/440px-Antisemitic_graffiti_in_Huwara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastikas</a> next to <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Palestine" title="Flag of Palestine">Palestinian flags</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huwara" title="Huwara">Huwara</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, an offshoot of the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, has a foundational statement of principles, or "covenant" that claims that the French revolution, the Russian revolution, colonialism and both world wars were created by the Zionists. It also claims the <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemasons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotary_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary club">Rotary clubs</a> are Zionist fronts and refers to the <a href="/wiki/Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims that Jews and Freemasons were behind the French Revolution originated in Germany in the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a>, published a Ph.D. thesis (at Moscow University) in 1982, called <i>The Secret Connection between the Nazis and the Leaders of the Zionist Movement</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His doctoral thesis later became a book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Side:_the_Secret_Relationship_Between_Nazism_and_Zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="The Other Side: the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism">The Other Side: the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism</a></i>, which, following his appointment as Palestinian Prime Minister in 2003, was heavily criticized as an example of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>. In his book, Abbas wrote: </p> <blockquote> <p>It seems that the interest of the Zionist movement, however, is to inflate this figure [of Holocaust deaths] so that their gains will be greater. This led them to emphasize this figure [six million] in order to gain the solidarity of international public opinion with Zionism. Many scholars have debated the figure of six million and reached stunning conclusions—fixing the number of Jewish victims at only a few hundred thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Al-Manar" title="Al-Manar">Al-Manar</a> TV channel has often been accused of airing antisemitic broadcasts, blaming the Jews for a Zionist <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world" title="Conspiracy theories in the Arab world">conspiracy against the Arab world</a>, and often airing excerpts from the <i>Protocols of the Elders of Zion</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Manar" title="Al-Manar">Al-Manar</a> recently aired a drama series, called <i>The Diaspora</i>, which is based on historical antisemitic allegations. BBC reporters who watched the series said that: </p><blockquote><p> Correspondents who have viewed <i>The Diaspora</i> note that it quotes extensively from the <i>Protocols of the Elders of Zion</i>, a notorious 19th-century publication used by the Nazis among others to fuel race hatred.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In another incident, an Al-Manar commentator recently referred to "Zionist attempts to transmit <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> to Arab countries". Al-Manar officials deny broadcasting antisemitic incitement and state that their position is anti-Israeli, not antisemitic. However, Hezbollah has directed strong rhetoric both against Israel and Jews, and it has cooperated in publishing and distributing outright antisemitic literature. The government of Lebanon has not criticized continued broadcast of antisemitic material on television.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to protests by the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_Repr%C3%A9sentatif_des_Institutions_juives_de_France" title="Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France">CRIF</a> umbrella group of French Jews regarding allegations of antisemitic content, French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Jean-Pierre Raffarin</a> called for a ban on Al-Manar broadcasting in France on December 2, 2004, just two weeks after al-Manar was authorised to continue broadcasting in Europe by France's media watchdog agency.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 13, 2004, France's highest administrative court banned Hizbullah's Al-Manar TV station on the grounds that it consistently incites racial hatred and antisemitism.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yemen">Yemen</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism#Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography of antisemitism § Yemen</a></div> <p>The 1940s and the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Israel">establishment of Israel</a> saw rapid emigration of Jews out of Yemen, in the wake of anti-Jewish riots and massacres. By the late 1990s, only several hundred remained, mainly in a northwestern mountainous region named <a href="/wiki/Sa%27ada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ada">Sa'ada</a> and town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raida_(town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raida (town) (page does not exist)">Raida</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi">Houthi</a> members put up notes on the Jews' doors, accusing them of corrupting Muslim morals. Eventually, the Houthi leaders sent threatening messages to the Jewish community: "We warn you to leave the area immediately.... We give you a period of 10 days, or you will regret it."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 March 2021, 13 Jews were forced by the Houthis to leave Yemen, leaving four elderly Jews the only Jews still in Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opinion_polling">Opinion polling</h4></div> <p>In 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey found that negative views concerning Jews were most common in the three predominantly Arab nations polled, with 97% of Lebanese having unfavorable opinion of Jews, 95% in Egypt, and 96% in Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_imprints_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Contemporary imprints of <i>The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Umar_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant of Umar I">Covenant of Umar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and antisemitism">Islam and antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pact of Umar II">Pact of Umar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Racism in the Arab world</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In many <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic countries</a>, Jewish men typically wore <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunics</a>, instead of trousers. In the same countries, many different local regulations emerged to make Christian and Jewish <i>dhimmi</i> look distinctive in their public appearance. In 1198, the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur</a> decreed that Jews must wear a <a href="/wiki/Dark_blue_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark blue (color)">dark blue</a> garb, with very large sleeves and a grotesquely oversized hat; his son altered the colour to <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow</a>, a change that may have influenced <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge#Medieval_Catholic_Europe" title="Yellow badge">Catholic ordinances</a> some time later.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman_2013_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman_2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German ethnographer <a href="/wiki/Erich_Brauer" title="Erich Brauer">Erich Brauer</a> (1895–1942) noted that <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Jews in Yemen</a> were not allowed to wear clothing of any color besides <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis (1986), p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yadlin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yadlin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yadlin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yadlin, Rifka. "Antisemitism". <i>The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East</i>. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Avraham Sela</a>. New York: Continuum, 2002. p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herf_2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herf_2009_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herf_2009_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herf_2009_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHerf2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Herf" title="Jeffrey Herf">Herf, Jeffrey</a> (December 2009). "Nazi Germany's Propaganda Aimed at Arabs and Muslims During World War II and the Holocaust: Old Themes, New Archival Findings". <i><a href="/wiki/Central_European_History" title="Central European History">Central European History</a></i>. <b>42</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 709–736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000893890999104X">10.1017/S000893890999104X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9389">0008-9389</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40600977">40600977</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145568807">145568807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=Nazi+Germany%27s+Propaganda+Aimed+at+Arabs+and+Muslims+During+World+War+II+and+the+Holocaust%3A+Old+Themes%2C+New+Archival+Findings&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=709-736&rft.date=2009-12&rft.issn=0008-9389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145568807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40600977%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000893890999104X&rft.aulast=Herf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust-Encyclopedia_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-wartime-propagandist">"Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614075738/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-wartime-propagandist">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hajj+Amin+al-Husayni%3A+Wartime+Propagandist&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhajj-amin-al-husayni-wartime-propagandist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span><br /> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-arab-nationalist-and-muslim-leader">"Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Arab Nationalist and Muslim Leader"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614004538/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-arab-nationalist-and-muslim-leader">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hajj+Amin+al-Husayni%3A+Arab+Nationalist+and+Muslim+Leader&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhajj-amin-al-husayni-arab-nationalist-and-muslim-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JCPA_2020-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JCPA_2020_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCPA_2020_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCPA_2020_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoerl2020" class="citation journal cs1">Spoerl, Joseph S. (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcpa.org/article/parallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism/">"Parallels between Nazi and Islamist Anti-Semitism"</a>. <i>Jewish Political Studies Review</i>. <b>31</b> (1/2). <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a>: 210–244. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-335X">0792-335X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26870795">26870795</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609120031/https://jcpa.org/article/parallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism/">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Political+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Parallels+between+Nazi+and+Islamist+Anti-Semitism&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=210-244&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26870795%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0792-335X&rft.aulast=Spoerl&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Farticle%2Fparallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Poli2018" class="citation book cs1">De Poli, Barbara (2018). "Anti-Jewish and Anti-Zionist Conspiracism in the Arab World: Historical and Political Roots". In Asprem, Egil; Dyrendal, Asbjørn; Robertson, David G. (eds.). <i>Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion</i>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 17. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 321–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004382022_016">10.1163/9789004382022_016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38150-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38150-6"><bdi>978-90-04-38150-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158462967">158462967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-Jewish+and+Anti-Zionist+Conspiracism+in+the+Arab+World%3A+Historical+and+Political+Roots&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Conspiracy+Theory+and+Contemporary+Religion&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=321-342&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004382022_016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158462967%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38150-6&rft.aulast=De+Poli&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis (1986), p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shenhav-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shenhav_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shenhav_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yehouda_Shenhav" title="Yehouda Shenhav">Yehouda Shenhav</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenhav2006" class="citation book cs1">Shenhav, Yehouda A. 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May 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Hating+the+Jew+you%27ve+never+met&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fhating-the-jew-youve-never-met%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global100.adl.org/"><i>The ADL Global 100: An Index of Anti-Semitism</i></a>. Anti-Defamation League.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ADL+Global+100%3A+An+Index+of+Anti-Semitism&rft.pub=Anti-Defamation+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal100.adl.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnemarie_Schimmel2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Annemarie Schimmel</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107"><i>The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861891853" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861891853"><bdi>978-1861891853</bdi></a>. <q>The conqueror <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Qasim">Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem</a> gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Great+Mughals%3A+History%2C+Art+and+Culture&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1861891853&rft.au=Annemarie+Schimmel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofgreatmug00anne%2Fpage%2F107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bonner-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bonner_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Bonner2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bonner" title="Michael Bonner">Michael Bonner</a> (2008). <i>Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691138381" title="Special:BookSources/9780691138381"><bdi>9780691138381</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sg8f">j.ctt7sg8f</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Islamic+History%3A+Doctrines+and+Practice&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt7sg8f%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780691138381&rft.au=Michael+Bonner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWael_B._Hallaq2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wael_Hallaq" title="Wael Hallaq">Wael B. Hallaq</a> (2009). <i>Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511815300">10.1017/CBO9780511815300</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511815300" title="Special:BookSources/9780511815300"><bdi>9780511815300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shar%C4%AB%27a%3A+Theory%2C+Practice%2C+Transformations&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511815300&rft.isbn=9780511815300&rft.au=Wael+B.+Hallaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis (1999), p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silverman_2013-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silverman_2013_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silverman_2013_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Silverman" title="Eric Silverman">Silverman, Eric</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZYdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">"Bitter Bonnets and Badges: Dressing the Infidel"</a>. <i>A Cultural History of Jewish Dress</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. pp. 47–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-85209-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-85209-0"><bdi>978-0-857-85209-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190749766">190749766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bitter+Bonnets+and+Badges%3A+Dressing+the+Infidel&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Jewish+Dress&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47-50&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190749766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-857-85209-0&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZYdAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrauer1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Brauer" title="Erich Brauer">Brauer, Erich</a> (1934). <i>Ethnologie der Jemenitischen Juden</i>. Vol. 7. Heidelberg: Carl Winters Kulturgeschichte Bibliothek, I. Reihe: Ethnologische bibliothek. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnologie+der+Jemenitischen+Juden&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Carl+Winters+Kulturgeschichte+Bibliothek%2C+I.+Reihe%3A+Ethnologische+bibliothek&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Brauer&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_Mark_R.1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Cohen" title="Mark R. Cohen">Cohen, Mark R.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgbib5exskUC&q=cohen+Under+Crescent+and+Cross"><i>Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01082-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01082-X"><bdi>0-691-01082-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Crescent+and+Cross%3A+The+Jews+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-691-01082-X&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Mark+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfgbib5exskUC%26q%3Dcohen%2BUnder%2BCrescent%2Band%2BCross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_R._Cohen1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Cohen" title="Mark R. Cohen">Mark R. Cohen</a> (December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0o9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">"Islam and the Jews: Myth, Counter-Myth, History"</a>. In Walter Zenner; Shlomo A. Deshen (eds.). <i>Jews Among Muslims: Communities in the Precolonial Middle East</i>. NYU Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814796764" title="Special:BookSources/9780814796764"><bdi>9780814796764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+and+the+Jews%3A+Myth%2C+Counter-Myth%2C+History&rft.btitle=Jews+Among+Muslims%3A+Communities+in+the+Precolonial+Middle+East&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1996-12&rft.isbn=9780814796764&rft.au=Mark+R.+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt0o9DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Taieb-Carlen2010" class="citation book cs1">Sarah Taieb-Carlen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9txi3xuuENcC&pg=PA25"><i>The Jews of North Africa: From Dido to De Gaulle</i></a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761850441" title="Special:BookSources/9780761850441"><bdi>9780761850441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+North+Africa%3A+From+Dido+to+De+Gaulle&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780761850441&rft.au=Sarah+Taieb-Carlen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9txi3xuuENcC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roumani, Maurice. <i>The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue</i>, 1977, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. E. Von Grunebaum, <i>Eastern Jewry Under Islam</i>, 1971, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies</i>, p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Bernard. <i>The Jews of Islam</i>. Princeton University Press, 1984. <i>Overdrive</i>. p. 300-301 in "Publisher's Default" mode and "Optimize for readability" checked.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis (1986), p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvi_Zameret2010" class="citation news cs1">Zvi Zameret (October 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/a-distorted-historiography-1.321731">"A distorted historiography"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=A+distorted+historiography&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft.au=Zvi+Zameret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fopinion%2Fa-distorted-historiography-1.321731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hadassa_Ben-Itto" title="Hadassa Ben-Itto">Hadassa Ben-Itto</a>, <i>The Lie that Wouldn't Die: The Protocols of The Elders of Zion</i>, p. 280 (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85303-602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85303-602-0">0-85303-602-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_1986-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1986_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/semitesantisemit00lewi/page/199"><i>Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice</i></a>, WW Norton & Co., p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/semitesantisemit00lewi/page/199">199</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02314-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02314-5"><bdi>978-0-393-02314-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semites+and+Anti-Semites%3A+An+Inquiry+into+Conflict+and+Prejudice&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=WW+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02314-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsemitesantisemit00lewi%2Fpage%2F199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Morris, Benny, <i>Righteous Victims</i>, Knopf, 1999, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Küntzel, Matthias, "National Socialism and Anti-Semitism in the Arab World", <i>Jewish Political Studies Review</i> 17:1–2 (Spring 2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a>. <i>Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice</i>. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31839-5">978-0-393-31839-5</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gruen, George E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/jl/jl102.htm">"The Other Refugees: Jews of the Arab World"</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wisse, Ruth R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/the-functions-of-anti-semitism">"The Functions of Anti-Semitism."</a> <i>National Affairs</i>. Fall 2017. 2 October 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-do-human-rights-groups-ignore-palestinians-war-of-words/2011/09/26/gIQAWU5y2K_story.html">"Why do human rights groups ignore Palestinians' war of words?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+do+human+rights+groups+ignore+Palestinians%27+war+of+words%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fwhy-do-human-rights-groups-ignore-palestinians-war-of-words%2F2011%2F09%2F26%2FgIQAWU5y2K_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110618025029/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/andrewgilligan/100092424/extremist-ife-sponsors-a-man-who-calls-jews-germs-and-monkeys/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Extremist IFE sponsors a man who calls Jews 'germs' and 'monkeys'""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/andrewgilligan/100092424/extremist-ife-sponsors-a-man-who-calls-jews-germs-and-monkeys/">the original</a> on June 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Extremist+IFE+sponsors+a+man+who+calls+Jews+%27germs%27+and+%27monkeys%27%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fandrewgilligan%2F100092424%2Fextremist-ife-sponsors-a-man-who-calls-jews-germs-and-monkeys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2007" class="citation news cs1">Stern, Yoav (February 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/islamic-movement-head-charged-with-incitement-to-racism-violence-1.238209">"Islamic Movement head charged with incitement to racism, violence"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Islamic+Movement+head+charged+with+incitement+to+racism%2C+violence&rft.date=2007-02-16&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fislamic-movement-head-charged-with-incitement-to-racism-violence-1.238209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPontz2012" class="citation news cs1">Pontz, Zach (December 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.algemeiner.com/2012/12/20/scandal-at-haifa-university-as-islamic-movement-chairman-who-called-jews-fleas-arrives-on-campus">"Scandal at Haifa University as Islamic Movement Chairman Who Called Jews "Fleas" Arrives on Campus"</a>. <i>Algemeiner Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Algemeiner+Journal&rft.atitle=Scandal+at+Haifa+University+as+Islamic+Movement+Chairman+Who+Called+Jews+%22Fleas%22+Arrives+on+Campus&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft.aulast=Pontz&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.algemeiner.com%2F2012%2F12%2F20%2Fscandal-at-haifa-university-as-islamic-movement-chairman-who-called-jews-fleas-arrives-on-campus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2010/02/04/chapter-3-views-of-religious-groups/">"Views of Religious Groups"</a>. Mixed Views of Hamas and Hezbollah in Largely Muslim Nations (Report). Pew Research Center. February 4, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mixed+Views+of+Hamas+and+Hezbollah+in+Largely+Muslim+Nations&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2010%2F02%2F04%2Fchapter-3-views-of-religious-groups%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4554986.stm">"Egyptian Islamists deny Holocaust"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, December 23, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Al-Ahram</i> (Egypt), October 28, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Kate (August 10, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3136059.stm">"Interpreting Egypt's anti-semitic cartoons"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-memri-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memri_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-memri_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4499.htm">"Saudi Columnist Condemns Sympathy for Hitler in the Arab World. August 4, 2010 Memri"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Columnist+Condemns+Sympathy+for+Hitler+in+the+Arab+World.+August+4%2C+2010+Memri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memri.org%2Freport%2Fen%2F0%2F0%2F0%2F0%2F0%2F0%2F4499.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/2556.htm">Egyptian Cleric Hussam Fawzi Jabar: Hitler Was Right to Do What He Did to the Jews</a>, MEMRITV, Clip #2556, July 11, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/egypt/hosni-mubarak-troublesome-ally/p23974">Hosni Mubarak, Troublesome Ally</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218020825/http://www.cfr.org/egypt/hosni-mubarak-troublesome-ally/p23974">Archived</a> February 18, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Max_Boot" title="Max Boot">Max Boot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeane_J._Kirkpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeane J. Kirkpatrick">Jeane J. Kirkpatrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> (originally published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703439504576116152251152190?KEYWORDS=max+boot">[1]</a>)), February 1, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/3614.htm">Egyptian President Morsi Joins Preacher in Prayer for Destruction and Dispersal of the Jews</a>, MEMRI, clip 3614, October 19, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israeltoday.co.il/NewsItem/tabid/178/nid/23448/Default.aspx">Egyptian president prays for Jews' demise</a> by Ryan Jones, <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Today">Israel Today</a></i>, October 23, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2012/October/Hamas-Egypt-Use-Social-Aid-to-Promote-Jihad/">Hamas, Egypt Use Social Aid to Promote Jihad</a> by Tzippe Barrow, <i><a href="/wiki/CBN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="CBN News">CBN News</a></i>, October 23, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishpress.com/news/morsi-appears-religiously-fervent-in-prayer-to-destroy-jews/2012/10/22/0/">In Public Prayer Morsi Appeals to Allah to 'Destroy the Jews' (Video)</a> by Malkah Fleisher, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Press" title="The Jewish Press">The Jewish Press</a></i>, October 22, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2386767.stm">"Egypt criticised for 'anti-Semitic' film"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> Online</i>, November 1, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/jordan-denies-entry-to-israeli-with-jewish-prayer-items-1.279743">"Jordan denies entry to Israeli with Jewish prayer items"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. July 10, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Jordan+denies+entry+to+Israeli+with+Jewish+prayer+items&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fjordan-denies-entry-to-israeli-with-jewish-prayer-items-1.279743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eturbonews.com/4337/israeli-tourists-asked-hand-over-jewish-paraphernalia">"Israeli tourists asked to hand over Jewish paraphernalia"</a>. eTurboNews. 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Haredim.co.il. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haredim.co.il/ViewArticle.aspx?catID=1&itmID=970">the original</a> on October 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%91+%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95+%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9F%3A+%22%D7%94%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%96%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D%22&rft.pub=Haredim.co.il&rft.date=2009-07-21&rft.au=Mendel%2C+Arieh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haredim.co.il%2FViewArticle.aspx%3FcatID%3D1%26itmID%3D970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nina_Shea" title="Nina Shea">Shea, Nina</a> (May 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/19/AR2006051901769.html">"This is a Saudi textbook. 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May 21, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3581514.stm">"France offers 'hate TV' reprieve"</a>, <i>BBC News Online</i>, August 20, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100315152840/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136073.htm">"2009 Human Rights Report: Lebanon"</a>. State.gov. March 11, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136073.htm">the original</a> on March 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2009+Human+Rights+Report%3A+Lebanon&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2009%2Fnea%2F136073.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usher, Sebastian (December 3, 2004) .<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4064317.stm">"French seek 'anti-Semitic' TV ban"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4093579.stm">"France pulls plug on Arab network"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> Online</i>, December 14, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710042018/http://fighthatred.com/recent-events/national-political-hate/416-jews-flee-yemen-due-to-rising-anti-semitism">"Jews flee Yemen due to rising anti-Semitism, Fight Hartred"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fighthatred.com/recent-events/national-political-hate/416-jews-flee-yemen-due-to-rising-anti-semitism">the original</a> on July 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews+flee+Yemen+due+to+rising+anti-Semitism%2C+Fight+Hartred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffighthatred.com%2Frecent-events%2Fnational-political-hate%2F416-jews-flee-yemen-due-to-rising-anti-semitism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/03/houthis-deport-some-yemens-last-remaining-jews">"Houthis deport some of Yemen's last remaining Jews"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Houthis+deport+some+of+Yemen%27s+last+remaining+Jews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2021%2F03%2Fhouthis-deport-some-yemens-last-remaining-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/files/pdf/262.pdf">Unfavorable Views of Jews and Muslims on the increase in Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171218070018/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/pdf/262.pdf">Archived</a> December 18, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pew Global Attitudes Research September 17, 2008, page 10</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_G._Bostom" title="Andrew G. Bostom">Bostom, Andrew G.</a> <i>The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: From Sacred texts to Solemn History</i>. Prometheus Books. 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-554-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-554-2">978-1-59102-554-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Gerber" title="Jane Gerber">Gerber, Jane S.</a> (1986). "Anti-Semitism and the Muslim World". In <i>History and Hate: The Dimensions of Anti-Semitism</i>, ed. David Berger. Jewish Publications Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0267-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0267-7">0-8276-0267-7</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerf2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Herf" title="Jeffrey Herf">Herf, Jeffrey</a> (2009). <i>The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World</i>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14579-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14579-3"><bdi>978-0-300-14579-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Enemy%3A+Nazi+Propaganda+for+the+Arab+World&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14579-3&rft.aulast=Herf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Levy, Richard S., ed. <i>Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution</i> (Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO, 2005) pp 30–33.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1984). <i>The Jews of Islam</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00807-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00807-8">0-691-00807-8</a></li> <li>Lewis, Bernard (1999). <i>Semites and anti-Semites</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31839-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31839-7">0-393-31839-7</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Laqueur, Walter</a>. <i>The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times To The Present Day</i>. Oxford University Press. 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-530429-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-530429-2">0-19-530429-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Poliakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Poliakov">Poliakov, Leon</a> (1997). "Anti-Semitism". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i> (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Roth" title="Cecil Roth">Cecil Roth</a>. Keter Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-07-0665-8" title="Special:BookSources/965-07-0665-8">965-07-0665-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatloff2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Satloff" title="Robert Satloff">Satloff, Robert</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amongrighteouslo00robe"><i>Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Long Reach into Arab Lands</i></a>. New York: Perseus Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-399-9"><bdi>978-1-58648-399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Among+the+Righteous%3A+Lost+Stories+from+the+Holocaust%27s+Long+Reach+into+Arab+Lands&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Perseus+Book+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-399-9&rft.aulast=Satloff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famongrighteouslo00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Segev, Tom</a>. <i>One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate</i>. Trans. Haim Watzman. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2001.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2015" class="citation ssrn cs1">Tausch, Arno (2015). "Islamism and Anti-Semitism. Preliminary Evidence on Their Relationship from Cross-National Opinion Data". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2600825">2600825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Islamism+and+Anti-Semitism.+Preliminary+Evidence+on+Their+Relationship+from+Cross-National+Opinion+Data&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2600825%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tausch, Arno (Fall 2014). "The New Global Antisemitism: Implications from the Recent ADL-100 Data". <i>Middle East Review of International Affairs</i>. <b>18</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2549654">2549654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Review+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+New+Global+Antisemitism%3A+Implications+from+the+Recent+ADL-100+Data&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2549654%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism+in+the+Arab+world" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Wistrich" title="Robert S. Wistrich">Wistrich, Robert S.</a> <i>Hitler's Apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi Legacy</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-78719-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-78719-5">0-297-78719-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Wistrich" title="Robert S. Wistrich">Wistrich, Robert S.</a> <i>A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad</i>. Random House. 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6097-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6097-9">978-1-4000-6097-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021126072641/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw98-9/arab.html">Arab Anti-Semitism in 1998/99</a> – summary of Arab antisemitism, by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tel_Aviv" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Tel Aviv">University of Tel Aviv</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107:S.RES.366:">S.RES.366</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704154106/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107:S.RES.366:">Archived</a> July 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Urging the Government of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and other Arab governments not to allow their government-controlled television stations to broadcast any program that lends legitimacy to the <a href="/wiki/Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a>, and for other purposes. (Passed/agreed to in Senate on November 20, 2002).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memri.org">MEMRI</a> Organization that monitors Middle-Eastern media for antisemitism. See <a href="/wiki/MEMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MEMRI">MEMRI</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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antisemitism">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_studies" title="Antisemitism studies">Antisemitism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">Stereotypes of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century">19th <abbr title="Century">C.</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_and_the_New_Testament" title="Antisemitism and the New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Soviet_mathematics" title="Antisemitism in Soviet mathematics">Soviet mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_Arabic" title="Mein Kampf in Arabic">in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_English" title="Mein Kampf in English">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_imprints_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Contemporary imprints</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponization_of_antisemitism" title="Weaponization of antisemitism">Weaponization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Catholic Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_curse" title="Blood curse">Blood curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Antisemitic laws, policies<br />and government actions</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Pogroms in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Zionist_League" title="Jewish Anti-Zionist League">Jewish Anti-Zionist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank trial (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus Affair (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Beilis trial (Russian Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud (Iraq)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_League_in_Iraq" title="Anti-Zionist League in Iraq">Anti-Zionist League (Iraq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (US, 1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism on the internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Believers" title="Bible Believers">Bible Believers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Cobb" title="Craig Cobb">Podblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Islam" title="Radio Islam">Radio Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwatch" title="Redwatch">Redwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)"><i>The Right Stuff</i> (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia and antisemitism">Wikipedia and antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations working<br />against antisemitism</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League (ADL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Holocaust_Oral_History_Project" title="Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project">Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_British_Labour_Party" title="Antisemitism in the British Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Mexico" title="Antisemitism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestinian Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world&oldid=1258914763">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world&oldid=1258914763</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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