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color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Pyongan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Pyeongan</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">평안도 사투리</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/P%27y%C5%8Fng%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="P'yŏng'an">P'yŏng'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chagang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagang">Chagang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Northern<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Pyongan</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_standard_language" title="North Korean standard language">Munhwaŏ</a>?</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pyon1239">pyon1239</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Pyeongan dialect</b> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">평안도 사투리</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">MR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">p'yŏngando sat'uri</i></span>), alternatively <b>Northwestern Korean</b> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">서북 방언</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hancha</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">西北方言</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">MR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">sŏbuk pangŏn</i></span>), is the <a href="/wiki/Korean_dialects" title="Korean dialects">Korean dialect</a> of the Northwestern <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> and neighboring parts of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, it is the base of the country's standard Korean, however some <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> researchers have claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_dialect" title="Gyeonggi dialect">Gyeonggi dialect</a> is the foundation of standard Korean in both the North and the South. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongan_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongan_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Pyongan dialect an eight vowel system is used (이·에·애·으·어·아·우·오). The sound of 어 is much closer to that of 오 compared to other dialects as it is [ɔ], the rounded equivalent to South Korean [ʌ̹].<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> 으 is also closer to [i] than to [ɨ], e.g. 그렇다 becomes 기렇다. However, the opposite is true after ㅅ. The palatalization that occurred for other dialects with 시 is absent in the Pyongan dialect, e.g. 싫다 becomes 슳다.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various features that differentiate the sound of words from southwestern and midland dialects. 위, 왜, 워 and 와 are closer to an original sound of 야, 여, 요 and 유. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palatalization">Palatalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongan_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Palatalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ㄷ (d) consonant, in addition to the first syllable of ㄱ (g) and ㅎ (h) are not palatalized in the Pyongan dialect (e.g. 뎡거댱, 정거장: chyŏnggŏjyang, chŏgŏjang). <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean words</a> beginning with ㄴ (n) in southern dialects are pronounced as ㄹ (r), as in the cases of 류행 (ryuhaeng) and 로동 (rodong). </p><p>In the example of 같이, southern Korean dialects palatize the sound to resemble the sound "ca-chi", as if it was written 가치, but Pyeonyan accents do not palatize the sound, pronouncing it phonetically as "catti".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjugation">Conjugation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongan_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conjugation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stems of the ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ irregulars use both forms, such as in the case of 듣다· 드드니, 들으니 (tŭtta-tŭdŭni, tŭrŭni) (listening, to hear). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Words">Words</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongan_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongan_dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongan_dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various words used in the Pyongan dialect differ to that of other Korean dialects, such as 간나 (<i>kanna</i>) (sissy), 클마니 (<i>k'ŭlmani</i>) (father) and 클마니 (grandmother). The etymology of words such as "우틔" (<i>ut'ŭi</i>) (衣) arises from the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu language</a>, but has been removed by the North Korean government in order to promote <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">language purity</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongan_dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.korean.go.kr/nkview/nklife/1998_4/8-3.html">"::: 새국어생활 :::"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+Language&rft.atitle=%3A%3A%3A+%EC%83%88%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4%EC%83%9D%ED%99%9C+%3A%3A%3A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.korean.go.kr%2Fnkview%2Fnklife%2F1998_4%2F8-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongan+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2016" class="citation cs2">Kim, Nam-Kil (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315084862-73/korean-nam-kil-kim">"Korean"</a>, <i>The World's Major Languages</i> (2 ed.), Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315084862-73%2Fkorean-nam-kil-kim">10.4324/9781315084862-73/korean-nam-kil-kim</a> (inactive 1 November 2024), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-08486-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-08486-2"><bdi>978-1-315-08486-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-22</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.atitle=Korean&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315084862-73%2Fkorean-nam-kil-kim&rft.isbn=978-1-315-08486-2&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Nam-Kil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781315084862-73%2Fkorean-nam-kil-kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongan+dialect" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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