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href="#Studying_in_Germany_and_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Studying in Germany and Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studying_in_Germany_and_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris,_1903–1906" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris,_1903–1906"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paris, 1903–1906</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris,_1903–1906-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Florence,_1906–1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Florence,_1906–1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Florence, 1906–1916</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Florence,_1906–1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_Manifesto_(c._1914)" 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Europe_and_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lamp-designing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lamp-designing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lamp-designing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lamp-designing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>List of works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Poetry books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_prose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_prose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Published prose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_prose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Critical exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A" title="مينا لوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مينا لوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Loy" title="Mina Loy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mina Loy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Loy" title="Mina Loy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mina Loy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Loy" title="Mina Loy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mina Loy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Loy" title="Mina Loy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mina Loy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C" title="مینا لوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مینا لوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Loy" title="Mina Loy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mina Loy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D" title="മിന ലോയ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിന ലോയ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%89" title="مينا لوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مينا لوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%8F" title="ਮੀਨਾ ਲੋਏ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੀਨਾ ਲੋਏ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Loy" title="Mina Loy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mina Loy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Мина Лой – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мина Лой" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Loy" title="Mina Loy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mina Loy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Міна Лой – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міна Лой" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q470063#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British writer and designer of lamps (1882–1966)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Myrna_Loy" title="Myrna Loy">Myrna Loy</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mina Loy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina_Loy_-_1917.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Mina_Loy_-_1917.gif" decoding="async" width="143" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="221" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mina Loy in 1917</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mina Gertrude Löwy</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1882-12-27</span>)</span>27 December 1882<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 September 1966<span style="display:none">(1966-09-25)</span> (aged 83)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado" title="Aspen, Colorado">Aspen, Colorado</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Writer: poet, playwright, novelist; actress, designer, painter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaism">Dadaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Stephen Haweis (1903 - divorced 1917, separated years beforehand), Arthur Cravan (25 January 1918 -)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mina Loy</b> (born <b>Mina Gertrude Löwy</b>; 27 December 1882 – 25 September 1966) was a British-born artist, writer, poet, playwright, novelist, painter, designer of lamps, and <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian</a>. She was one of the last of the first-generation <a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">modernists</a> to achieve posthumous recognition. Her poetry was admired by <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil_Bunting" title="Basil Bunting">Basil Bunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yvor_Winters" title="Yvor Winters">Yvor Winters</a>, among others. As stated by Nicholas Fox Weber in the <i>New York Times</i>, "This brave soul had the courage and wit to be original. Mina Loy may never be more than a vaguely familiar name, a passing satellite, but at least she sparkled from an orbit of her own choosing." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Loy was born in Hampstead, London.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> tailor, Sigmund Felix Lowy, who had moved to London to evade persistent <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> in Budapest, and a Christian, English mother, Julia Bryan.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loy reflected on their relationship, and the production of her identity, in great detail in her mock-epic <i>Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose</i> (1923–1925). The marriage of Lowy and Bryan was fraught. Unknown to Loy, as biographer <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Burke" title="Carolyn Burke">Carolyn Burke</a> records, her mother married her father under the pressure of disgrace as she was already seven months pregnant with the child that would be Mina; this situation was mirrored later in Loy's life when she rushed into a marriage with Stephen Haweis after becoming pregnant out of wedlock.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lowy and Bryan had three daughters in total, with Mina being the oldest.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As recorded extensively in both her poetry and writing, from <i>Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose</i> to late prose pieces, Loy describes her mother as overbearingly Evangelical Victorian. As Burke records: "Like most Evangelicals, for whom the imagination was a source of sin, Julia distrusted her child's ability to invent."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reference to her mother, Loy recalled that she was troubled by the fact of "the very author of my being, being author of my fear."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loy found it hard to identify with her mother, who not only punished her continually for her "sinfulness," but also espoused fervent support of the British Empire, rampant antisemitism (which included her husband), and nationalistic jingoism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loy's formal art education began late in 1897 at <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood_School_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="St John's Wood School of Art">St. John's Wood School</a> where she remained for about two years. In retrospect, Loy called it "the worst art school in London" and "a haven of disappointment".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loy's father pushed for her to go to the art school in the hope that it would make her more marriageable.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, Loy became fascinated with both <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a>, and after much convincing was able to persuade her father to purchase her Dante's <i>Complete Works</i> and reproductions of his paintings as well as a red Moroccan leather-bound version of Christina's poems.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_1996_40_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke_1996_40-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also became passionate about the Pre-Raphaelites, starting first with the work of <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> before then turning to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a> (her favourite work of which, at the time, was <i>Love Among the Ruins</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_1996_40_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke_1996_40-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loy had to be careful as to how she expressed herself due to her mother's control. For example, Loy described that when her mother found a drawing she had done of the naked <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a> bound to a rock her mother, scandalised and disgusted, tore up the work and called her daughter "a vicious slut".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studying_in_Germany_and_Paris">Studying in Germany and Paris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Studying in Germany and Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1900 Loy attended the Munich <i>Künstlerinnenverein</i>, or the Society of Female Artists' School, which was connected with the fine art school of Munich University, it was there that she claimed she learned draughtsmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon returning to the stifling environment of her family home in London, after the relative freedom she found in Munich, Loy suffered from "headaches, respiratory problems, and generalized weakness" which was then diagnosed as <a href="/wiki/Neurasthenia" title="Neurasthenia">neurasthenia</a> – "a catch-all term for a variety of psychosomatic complaints suffered by artistic or intellectual women and a few sensitive men" during that time period.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the age of eighteen, Loy convinced her parents to allow her to continue her education in Paris with a chaperone – a woman called Mrs. Knight.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After much persuasion, she was allowed to move to <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a>, which in 1902 had not yet been urbanised, and attend the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Colarossi" title="Académie Colarossi">Académie Colarossi</a> as an art student.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the segregated classes at the Munich <i>Künstlerinnenverein</i>, these art classes were mixed. It was here, through an English friend of a similar social standing named Madeline Boles, that Loy first came into contact with the English painter Stephen Haweis who Loy later described as enacting the "parasitic drawing-out of one's vitality to recharge, as it were, his own deficient battery of life."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Burke's biography, Haweis was unpopular with his fellow students, being considered a "poseur," and Boles in particular took him under her wing.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haweis, whose father was the well-known Reverend <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Reginald_Haweis" title="Hugh Reginald Haweis">Hugh Reginald Haweis</a> and his mother <a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Haweis" title="Mary Eliza Haweis">Mary Eliza Haweis</a>, a writer who wrote, amongst other things, <i>Chaucer for Children</i>: <i>A Golden Key</i>, was an aesthete of sorts and "despite being very short[,] he managed to condescend to his listeners from a height."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to exert himself over Loy, recognising her beauty and desirability, and played the role of the misunderstood eccentric which led Loy to feel guilty for disliking him and distrusting him as he borrowed more and more money from her without paying her back. Later she would reflect that Haweis loomed over her and she became, in Loy's own words, "as sullenly involved as with my mother's sadistic hysterics."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One night he convinced her to stay over and, in what she would later describe as a state of hypnosis, she was seduced by him. Waking up next morning in his bed, semi-naked, Loy was horrified and repulsed. </p><p>A few months after this, she realised that she was pregnant, something which terrified her as it bound her, as she later described, even closer to "the being on earth whom she would have least chosen."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being only twenty-one, she faced a difficult situation and, fearing rejection from her family and disinheritance, which would leave her penniless, she sought her parents' approval to marry Haweis, which they agreed to due to his respectable social status as the son of a preacher. Reflecting on this in later life, and how her upbringing influenced her in the decisions she made, Loy remarked that "If anyone I disliked insisted upon my doing anything I was averse to I would automatically comply, so systematically had they obfuscated my instinct of self-preservation."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paris,_1903–1906"><span id="Paris.2C_1903.E2.80.931906"></span>Paris, 1903–1906</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paris, 1903–1906"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relocating to Paris, Haweis and Loy married there, in the 14th Arrondissement, on 13 December 1903 – Loy was twenty-one, and four months pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially they agreed that it would be just a marriage of convenience, but Stephen became quickly more possessive and demanding. Instead of taking her husband's name, after their marriage she changed her last name from "Lowy" to "Loy."<sup id="cite_ref-Hanscombe_Smyers_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanscombe_Smyers-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i> (1996) biographer Carolyn Burke notes that "[t]he anagrammatic shifts of Lowy into Loy and later Lloyd symbolize her attempts to resolve personal crises and chooses to refer to Loy as Mina – the name that stayed fixed as her surname varied."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1903 until 1904, after meeting the Englishman Henry Coles, Haweis began selling <i>photographies d'art</i>, or fine art photography pieces, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style. The most notable commission of this time was the photographing of the recent works of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a> which came about after Haweis met with Rodin himself.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, Loy was Haweis's favourite subject to photograph; this is something which Loy never commented on.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Haweis gained more contacts and work, Loy became increasingly isolated and heavily pregnant. </p><p>Loy's first child, Oda, was born on 27 May 1903. The labour was hard, as recalled in the early poem "Parturition" (first published in <i>The Trend</i> 8:1, October 1914).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening details: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>I am the centre<br /> Of a circle of pain<br /> Exceeding its boundaries in every direction<br /> The business of the bland sun<br /> Has no affair with me<br /> In my congested cosmos of agony<br /> From which there is no escape [...]<sup id="cite_ref-:5_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Whilst Loy was in labour through the night, Haweis was absent with his mistress. Loy records this in "Parturition" thus: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>The irresponsibility of the male<br /> Leaves woman her superior Inferiority.<br /> He is running upstairs<sup id="cite_ref-:5_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Two days after her first birthday, Oda died of meningitis and Loy was left completely bereft with grief over the loss.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A day or so after Oda's death Loy reportedly painted a (now lost) tempera painting <i>The Wooden Mother</i> in which she depicted two mothers with their children, one being a "foolish-looking mother holding her baby, whose small fingers are raised in an impotent blessing over the other anguished mother who, on her knees, curses them both with great, upraised, clenched fists, and her own baby sprawling dead with little arms and legs outstretched lifeless."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Loy decided to enter the <a href="/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne" title="Salon d'Automne">Salon d'Automne</a> under the name "Mina Loy" (having dropped the "w" in Lowy) in 1905. That autumn she exhibited six watercolours and the following spring she exhibited two watercolours at the Salon des Beaux-Art of 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the latter exhibition, Loy was written of favourably in the <i>Gazette des Beaux-Arts</i>:</p><blockquote><p>Mlle Mina Loy who, in her uncommon watercolours where Guys, Rops and Beardsley are combined shows us ambiguous ephebes whose nudity is caressed by ladies dressed in furbelows of 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>After this positive reception Loy was asked to become a <i>sociétaire</i> of the drawing category, which meant that her work could be exhibited without having to pass through a selection committee. This was a "vote of confidence" which, as biographer Burke recognises, "was an exceptional mark of recognition for an unknown Englishwoman of twenty-three".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1906 Loy and Haweis had agreed to live separately. During this period of separation Loy was treated by a French doctor named Henry Joël le Savoureux for neurasthenia, which had worsened with the death of Oda and living with Haweis, and the pair embarked on an affair which would end with her becoming pregnant. This made Haweis jealous and precipitated their move to Florence, where there were fewer people who knew them.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Florence,_1906–1916"><span id="Florence.2C_1906.E2.80.931916"></span>Florence, 1906–1916</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Florence, 1906–1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At first, Loy and Haweis moved into a <i>villino</i> located in <a href="/wiki/Arcetri" title="Arcetri">Arcetri</a>, finding themselves in a large expatriate community. In the Spring of 1907 Haweis found a studio on the Costa San Giorgio in <a href="/wiki/Oltrarno" title="Oltrarno">Oltrarno</a>. </p><p>On 20 July 1907, Loy gave birth to Joella Sinara. A few months before Joella's first birthday Loy was pregnant again, this time with the child of Haweis, and she was to give birth to a son named John Stephen Giles Musgrove Haweis on 1 February 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joella was late learning to walk, which was later diagnosed as a type of infantile paralysis which caused her muscles to atrophy. Dreading that Joella's condition might be like the meningitis that killed Oda, Loy sought medical and spiritual support. This was one of her earliest, critical encounters with <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a> as she sought out a <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_practitioner" title="Christian Science practitioner">practitioner</a>, who prescribed a treatment and told Loy to feed Joella beef broth and donkey's milk. After this succeeded in improving Joella's health, Loy began to attend church regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1909, with the financial support of Loy's father, Loy and Haweis moved into a three-storey home on the Costa San Giorgio.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family had a nurse, Giulia, who helped raise the children and would later spend years being the children's sole support, and her sister Estere, who was the family cook. Once the children were toddlers, Loy spent increasingly less time with them and they were often cared for in the cooler climate of the mountains and Forte de Marmi in the summers. Burke speculates that this may have been a reaction to the overbearing intrusion of her own mother which led her to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loy frequented the social gatherings held by socialite <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Dodge_Luhan" title="Mabel Dodge Luhan">Mabel Dodge Luhan</a> at the Villa Curonia and it was here that she met <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a>, her brother <a href="/wiki/Leo_Stein" title="Leo Stein">Leo Stein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alice_B._Toklas" title="Alice B. Toklas">Alice B. Toklas</a>. Loy was drawn to Gertrude and even got the opportunity to dine with her, Dodge, and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Andre Gide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gertrude would later recall that Loy, as well as Haweis, were amongst the few at that time who expressed serious interest in her work (she had not yet been widely recognised for her literary achievement). However, Gertrude recalls an incident where Haweis begged her to add two commas in exchange for a painting, which she did, but then later removed them; contrarily, Gertrude noted that "Mina Loy equally interested was able to understand without the commas. She has always been able to understand."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In daughter Joella (née Sinara) Bayer's memoir, now part of the Mina Loy Estate, she reflected on her parents, saying: </p><blockquote><p>My mother, tall, willowy, extraordinarily beautiful, very talented, undisciplined, a free spirit, with the beginning of too strong an ego; my father, short, dark, a mediocre painter, bad tempered, with charming social manners and endless conversation about the importance of his family.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>According to Gillian Hanscombe and Virginia L. Smyers:</p><blockquote><p>During their ten years in Florence, both Mina and Haweis took lovers and developed their separate lives. In 1913 and 1914, though she was coping with motherhood, a soured marriage, lovers, and her own artistic aspirations, Mina found time to notice and take part in the emerging Italian Futurist movement, led by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Filippo Marinetti</a>, whom Loy had a brief affair with, and to read Stein's manuscript: <i>The Making of Americans</i>. Loy even showed some of her own art at the first Free Futurist International Exhibition in Rome. She became, also, at this time, a lifelong convert to <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanscombe_Smyers_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanscombe_Smyers-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In winter 1913, at <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Giubbe_Rosse" title="Caffè Giubbe Rosse">Caffe Giubbe Rosse</a> (an informal meeting place of those involved in <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Giovanni Papini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lacerba" title="Lacerba">Lacerba</a>)</i> Loy's lodger friend and fellow artist, the American Frances Simpson Stevens, met Florentine artists <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Carr%C3%A0" title="Carlo Carrà">Carlo Carrà</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Ardengo Soffici</a>, who, with <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a>, had joined forces with <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a>'s Futurists earlier that year. They soon began visiting Stevens on the Costa San Giorgio and through this connection Stevens and Loy met many other Italian artists.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soffici would later invite Loy and Stevens to exhibit their work in the First Free Futurist International Exhibition, to be held in Rome at the Sprovieri Gallery – Loy was the only artist representing Britain and Stevens the only North American.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1914 until her departure for America in 1916, Loy was involved in a complicated love triangle between <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a> – which she was to write about extensively in her poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminist_Manifesto_(c._1914)"><span id="Feminist_Manifesto_.28c._1914.29"></span><i>Feminist Manifesto</i> (c. 1914)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Feminist Manifesto (c. 1914)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1914, while living in an expatriate community in Florence, Italy, Loy wrote her <i><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Manifesto" title="Feminist Manifesto">Feminist Manifesto</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A galvanising polemic against the subordinate position of women in society, the short text remained unpublished in Loy's lifetime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_York,_1916"><span id="New_York.2C_1916"></span>New York, 1916</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New York, 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disillusioned with the macho and destructive elements in <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>, as well as craving independence and participation in a modernist art community, Loy left her children, and moved to New York in winter 1916. Before arriving in New York Loy had already created a stir – most notably with the 1915 publication of her <i>Love Songs</i> in the first edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Others:_A_Magazine_of_the_New_Verse" title="Others: A Magazine of the New Verse">Others</a>.</i> She became a key figure in the group that formed around <a href="/wiki/Others:_A_Magazine_of_the_New_Verse" title="Others: A Magazine of the New Verse"><i>Others</i></a> magazine, which also included <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Marianne Moore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loy soon became a well-known member of the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> bohemian circuit. Frances Stevens, who had stayed with Loy previously in Florence, helped Loy get a small apartment on West Fifty-seventh Street. Within days of being in New York Stevens took Loy to an evening gathering at Walter and Louise <a href="/wiki/Walter_Conrad_Arensberg" title="Walter Conrad Arensberg">Arensberg</a>'s 33 West Sixty-seventh Street duplex apartment. </p><p> As Loy's biographer Carolyn Burke describes: </p><blockquote><p>'On any given evening the Arensbergs’ guests might include <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a>’s friends from Paris: the painters <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gleizes" title="Albert Gleizes">Albert Gleizes</a>; his wife, <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Roche" title="Juliette Roche">Juliette Roche</a>; Jean and Yvonne <a href="/wiki/Jean_Crotti" title="Jean Crotti">Crotti</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a>, as well as his wife, <a href="/wiki/Gabri%C3%A8le_Buffet-Picabia" title="Gabrièle Buffet-Picabia">Gabrielle Buffet-Picabia</a>; the composer <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a>; and the novelist and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Henri-Pierre_Roch%C3%A9" title="Henri-Pierre Roché">Henri-Pierre Roché</a>. The new figures in American art and letters were also represented: at various times the salon attracted the artists <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Wood" title="Beatrice Wood">Beatrice Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sheeler" title="Charles Sheeler">Charles Sheeler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Sophie_Dreier" title="Katherine Sophie Dreier">Katherine Dreier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Charles Demuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Tice" title="Clara Tice">Clara Tice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Simpson_Stevens" title="Frances Simpson Stevens">Frances Stevens</a>, as well as poets <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kreymborg" title="Alfred Kreymborg">Alfred Kreymborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, writers Allen and Louise Norton and Bob Brown, and art critic <a href="/wiki/Henry_McBride_(art_critic)" title="Henry McBride (art critic)">Henry McBride</a>. And then there was the Baroness <a href="/wiki/Elsa_von_Freytag-Loringhoven" title="Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven">Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven</a> – artist’s model, poet, and ultra-eccentric.'<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Early in 1917, Loy starred alongside William Carlos Williams, as wife and husband, in Alfred Kreymborg's one act play <i>Lima Beans</i> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Provincetown_Players" title="Provincetown Players">Provincetown Players</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loy contributed a (since lost) painting entitled <i>Making Lampshades</i> to the first exhibition of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Independent_Artists" title="Society of Independent Artists">Society of Independent Artists</a> (formed in December 1916) at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Palace" title="Grand Central Palace">Grand Central Palace</a> New York which opened on 10 April 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Walter_Conrad_Arensberg" title="Walter Conrad Arensberg">Walter Arensberg</a> acting as the director and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> as the head of the hanging committee, the show broke new ground in America as they ran with the slogan 'No jury, no prizes' as well as flouting tradition by displaying art works alphabetically, with no regard to reputation, and allowing anyone to enter for the price of $6.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917 she met the "poet-boxer" <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cravan" title="Arthur Cravan">Arthur Cravan</a>, a nephew of <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>'s wife, <a href="/wiki/Constance_Lloyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Constance Lloyd">Constance Lloyd</a>. Cravan fled to Mexico to avoid the draft; when Loy's divorce was final she followed him, and they married in Mexico City in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanscombe_Smyers_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanscombe_Smyers-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here they lived in poverty and years later, Loy would write of their destitution. </p><p>When she found out that she was pregnant, she travelled on a hospital ship to <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, "where she intended to wait for Cravan, but Cravan never appeared, nor was he ever seen again".<sup id="cite_ref-Hanscombe_Smyers_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanscombe_Smyers-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly, "Cravan disappeared while testing a boat he planned to escape in. He was presumed drowned, but reported sightings continued to haunt Loy for the rest of her life."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cravan was lost at sea without trace;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some mistakenly claim that his body was found later in the desert (post-mortem, his life acquired even more epic proportions and dozens of stories proliferated).<sup id="cite_ref-Rainey_417_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainey_417-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tale of Cravan's disappearance is strongly anecdotal, as recounted by Loy's biographer, Carolyn Burke. Their daughter, Fabienne, was born in April 1919 in England. </p><p>In a chapter of her largely unpublished memoir entitled <i>Colossus</i>, Loy writes about her relationship with Cravan, who was introduced to her as "the prizefighter who writes poetry."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irene_Gammel" title="Irene Gammel">Irene Gammel</a> argues that their relationship was "located at the heart of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> activities [which included boxing and poetry]."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loy draws on the language of boxing throughout her memoir to define the terms of her relationship with Cravan.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Europe_and_New_York">Return to Europe and New York</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Return to Europe and New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Heap,_Mina_Loy,_and_Ezra_Pound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Jane_Heap%2C_Mina_Loy%2C_and_Ezra_Pound.jpg/220px-Jane_Heap%2C_Mina_Loy%2C_and_Ezra_Pound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Jane_Heap%2C_Mina_Loy%2C_and_Ezra_Pound.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Loy (<i>centre</i>) with <a href="/wiki/Jane_Heap" title="Jane Heap">Jane Heap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> in Paris, c. 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>After Cravan's death/disappearance, Loy travelled back to England, where she gave birth to her daughter, Fabienne.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loy would return to Florence and her other children. However, in 1916 she moved to New York, arriving on 15 October on the ship <i>Duca D 'Aosta</i>, which set sail from the port of Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in New York, she worked in a lamp-shade studio, as well as acting in the Provincetown Theater. Here she returned to her old Greenwich Village life, engaging in theatre or mixing with her fellow writers. During this period, some of Loy's poems ended up in small magazines such as <i>Little Review</i> and <i>Dial</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She would mingle and develop friendships with the likes of <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, Dadaist <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tristan Tzara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Heap" title="Jane Heap">Jane Heap</a>. Loy contributed writing to <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>'s two editions of the journal <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Man" title="The Blind Man">The Blind Man</a></i>. </p><p>Appearing to be somewhat mystified by the new kinds of poetry being produced by Loy and her ilk, Pound remarked in a March 1918 piece for <i>Little Review</i>, "In the verse of <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Marianne Moore</a> I detect traces of emotion; in that of Mina Loy I detect no emotion whatsoever", seeing them both as demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound%27s_Three_Kinds_of_Poetry" title="Ezra Pound's Three Kinds of Poetry">logopoeia</a>, the writing of poetry without caring for its music or imagism. Instead, in their poetry, they performed "a dance of the intelligence among words and ideas and modification of ideas and characters." Pound concludes, "The point of my praise, for I intend this as praise...is that without any pretences and without clamours about nationality, these girls have written a distinctly national product, they have written something which would not have come out of any other country, and (while I have before now seen a great deal of rubbish by both of them) they are, as selected by Mr. Kreymborg, interesting and readable (by me...)."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loy travelled back to Florence, then New York, then back to Florence, "provoked by the news that Haweis had moved with Giles to the Caribbean".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She brought her daughters to Berlin to enrol her daughter in dance school, but left them once more because she was drawn back to Paris by the art and literature scene.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, she returned to Paris. Her first volume of poetry, <i>Lunar Baedecker</i>, a collection of thirty-one poems,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published this year and was mistakenly printed with the spelling error "Baedecker" rather than the intended "Baedeker".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lamp-designing">Lamp-designing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lamp-designing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1936, Loy returned to New York and lived for a time with her daughter in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. She moved to the <a href="/wiki/Bowery" title="Bowery">Bowery</a>, where she found inspiration for poems and <a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">found object</a> <a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">assemblage</a> art in the destitute people she encountered. On 15 April 1946, she became a <a href="/wiki/Naturalised_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalised citizen">naturalised citizen</a> of the United States under the name "Gertrude Mina Lloyd", resident at 302 East 66 Street in New York City.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Her second and last book, <i>Lunar Baedeker & Time Tables</i>, appeared in 1958. In 1953, Loy moved to <a href="/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado" title="Aspen, Colorado">Aspen, Colorado</a>, where her daughters were already living; Joella, who had been married to the art dealer of Surrealism in New York, Julien Levy, next married the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> artist and typographer <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bayer" title="Herbert Bayer">Herbert Bayer</a>. She exhibited her <a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">found object</a> art constructions in New York in 1951 and at the <a href="/wiki/Bodley_Gallery" title="Bodley Gallery">Bodley Gallery</a> in 1959 in a show entitled 'Constructions' but she did not personally attend it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publishing">Publishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mina_Loy_-_Consider_Your_Grandmother%27s_Stays.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Mina_Loy_-_Consider_Your_Grandmother%27s_Stays.jpg/220px-Mina_Loy_-_Consider_Your_Grandmother%27s_Stays.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Mina_Loy_-_Consider_Your_Grandmother%27s_Stays.jpg/330px-Mina_Loy_-_Consider_Your_Grandmother%27s_Stays.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Mina_Loy_-_Consider_Your_Grandmother%27s_Stays.jpg/440px-Mina_Loy_-_Consider_Your_Grandmother%27s_Stays.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption><i>Consider Your Grandmother's Stays</i>, a 1916 drawing by Mina Loy</figcaption></figure> <p>Loy is described as a "brilliant literary enigma" by Rachel Potter and Suzanne Hobson who outline a chronological map of her geographical and literary shifts.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loy's poetry was published in several magazines before being published in book form. The magazines that she was featured in include <i><a href="/wiki/Camera_Work" title="Camera Work">Camera Work</a></i>, <i>Trend</i>, <i>Rogue, Little Review</i>, and <i>Dial</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loy had two volumes of her poetry published in her lifetime: <i>The Lunar Baedeker</i> (1923) and <i>The Lunar Baedeker & Time-tables</i> (1958). The <i>Lunar Baedeker</i> included her most famous work, "Love Songs", in a shortened version.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also included four poems included in <i>Others</i> in 1915, but their sexual explicitness had provoked a violent reaction, which made it difficult to publish the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posthumously, two updated volumes of her poetry were released, <i>The Last Lunar Baedeker</i> (Highlands, NC, Jargon Society, 1982) and <i>The Lost Lunar Baedeker</i> (New York, Farrar Straus Girous, 1996 and Manchester, Carcanet, 1997), both edited by Roger L. Conover. The 1997 edition unaccountably omits Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose, a sequence of 21 poems, part semi-autobiographical, part social satire, arguably Loy's most accomplished work -- which, as a result of this omission, remains out of print. Songs to Joannes is in both editions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her only novel, <i>Insel</i>, was published posthumously in 1991. It is about the relationship between a German artist, Insel, and an art dealer, Mrs. Jones. Some critics have suggested that the novel is based on Loy's relationship with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Oelze" title="Richard Oelze">Richard Oelze</a>. However, Sandeep Parmar has said that it is actually about Loy's relationship with her creative self.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Loy had four children; her children by Haweis were Oda Janet Haweis (1903–1904), Joella Synara Haweis Levy Bayer (1907–2004) and John Giles Stephen Musgrove Haweis (1909–1923). Her only child with Cravan was Jemima Fabienne Cravan Benedict (1919–1997).<sup id="cite_ref-Rainey_417_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainey_417-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Oda and John Giles died prematurely—Oda at the age of one year and John Giles at fourteen. </p><p>Oda's birth took place on 27 May 1903, the labour of which is intimately related in the early poem "Parturition" (first published in <i>The Trend</i> 8:1, October 1914). One year later, two days after her first birthday, Oda died of meningitis and Loy was left completely bereft with grief over the loss.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giles, whose father Stephen Haweis picked him up from Florence in Loy's absence and took Giles without her consent to the Caribbean, died of a rare cancerous growth at the age of fourteen having never been reunited with his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Loy biographer Burke, the loss of Giles, following as it did upon the disappearance or death of Cravan, precipitated struggles with her mental health. As a result, Loy’s daughter Joella often had to care for her and prevent her from self-harming.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>She continued to write and work on her assemblages until her death at the age of 83, on 25 September 1966 from pneumonia in Aspen, Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loy is buried in Aspen Grove Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Loy's name may have been an inspiration for the stage name of actress <a href="/wiki/Myrna_Loy" title="Myrna Loy">Myrna Loy</a> (born Myrna Williams); the idea apparently came from screenwriter Peter Ruric, also known as crime novelist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cain_(pen_name)" title="Paul Cain (pen name)">Paul Cain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Loy1987_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loy1987-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LARB2012_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARB2012-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently in Argentina Camila Evia has translated and prepared an edition that includes the Feminist Manifesto and many poems by Mina Loy, making her legacy known in depth throughout Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_works">List of works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_books">Poetry books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Poetry books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Lunar Baedeker</i> (Paris: Contact Publishing Co.,1923)</li> <li><i>Lunar Baedeker and Time-Tables</i> (Highlands, N.C.: Jonathan Williams Publisher [Jargon 23], 1958)</li> <li><i>The Last Lunar Baedeker</i>, Roger Conover ed. (Highlands: Jargon Society [Jargon 53], 1982)</li> <li><i>The Lost Lunar Baedeker</i>, Roger Conover ed. (Carcanet: Manchester, 1997)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_prose">Published prose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Published prose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Insel</i>, Elizabeth Arnold ed. (Black Sparrow Press, 1991)</li> <li><i>Stories and Essays</i>, Sara Crangle ed. (Dalkey Press Archive [British Literature Series], 2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_exhibitions">Critical exhibitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Critical exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Salon d'Automne (Paris, 1905) – six watercolours</li> <li>Salon des Beaux Arts (Paris, 1906) – two watercolours</li> <li>First Free Futurist International Exhibition (Rome, 1914)</li> <li>The New York Society of Independent Artists (Inaugural exhibition, 1917)</li> <li><i>Constructions</i> at <a href="/wiki/Bodley_Gallery" title="Bodley Gallery">Bodley Gallery</a>, New York (April 14 – 25th 1959; her only solo show until 2023)</li> <li><i>Mina Loy: Strangeness is Inevitable</i> at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine (April 6, 2023 - September 17, 2023; the first monographic presentation of the art of Mina Loy)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-57345">"Loy [formerly Lowy; married names Haweis, Lloyd], Mina Gertrude (1882–1966), poet and painter | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F57345">10.1093/ref:odnb/57345</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Loy+%5Bformerly+Lowy%3B+married+names+Haweis%2C+Lloyd%5D%2C+Mina+Gertrude+%281882%E2%80%931966%29%2C+poet+and+painter+%7C+Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F57345&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-57345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1997" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/becomingmodernli00burk_0/page/17"><i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/becomingmodernli00burk_0/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374109646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374109646"><bdi>978-0374109646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0374109646&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbecomingmodernli00burk_0%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/becomingmodernli00burk_0/page/15"><i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/becomingmodernli00burk_0/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374109646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374109646"><bdi>978-0374109646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0374109646&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbecomingmodernli00burk_0%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 21–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. 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Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. 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Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 72–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=72-76&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Stephen+Haweis+Papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindingaids.library.columbia.edu%2Fead%2Fnnc-rb%2Fldpd_4078458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern:The Life of Mina Loy</i>. 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University of California Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520210899" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520210899"><bdi>978-0520210899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0520210899&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 90–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=90-92&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoy1914" class="citation web cs1">Loy, Mina (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/145363/parturition">"Parturition"</a>. <i>Poetry Foundation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poetry+Foundation&rft.atitle=Parturition&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Loy&rft.aufirst=Mina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoems%2F145363%2Fparturition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 102–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Berkeley: University of California. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.pages=151&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoy1996" class="citation book cs1">Loy, Mina (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. HarperCollins. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Loy&rft.aufirst=Mina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. HarperCollins. pp. 143–208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.pages=143-208&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100607220536/http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/Mina_Loy"><i>Feminist Manifesto</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkstra1978" class="citation book cs1">Dijkstra, Bram (21 July 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISOqrP9BWYoC&q=mina+loy"><i>Cubism, Stieglitz, and the Early Poetry of William Carlos Williams: The Hieroglyphics of a New Speech</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691013459" title="Special:BookSources/9780691013459"><bdi>9780691013459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cubism%2C+Stieglitz%2C+and+the+Early+Poetry+of+William+Carlos+Williams%3A+The+Hieroglyphics+of+a+New+Speech&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978-07-21&rft.isbn=9780691013459&rft.aulast=Dijkstra&rft.aufirst=Bram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISOqrP9BWYoC%26q%3Dmina%2Bloy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. HarperCollins. pp. 213–214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.pages=213-214&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. HarperCollins. p. 222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. HarperCollins. p. 227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1996" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1996). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. HarperCollins. pp. 223–227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.pages=223-227&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parmar, Sandeep, <i>Mina Loy's 'Colossus' and the Myth of Arthur Cravan</i>, Jacket 34, October 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rainey_417-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rainey_417_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rainey_417_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainey2005" class="citation book cs1">Rainey, Lawrence (2005). <i>Modernism: An Anthology</i>. Malden, MA, United States of America: Blackwell Publishing. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20448-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20448-0"><bdi>978-0-631-20448-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism%3A+An+Anthology&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20448-0&rft.aulast=Rainey&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loy cited in Gammel, Irene (2012), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bloomsbury/cash/2012/00000009/00000003/art00004?crawler=true">Lacing up the Gloves: Women, Boxing and Modernity</a>". Cultural and Social History 9.3, p. 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gammel 2012, p. 380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gammel 2012, pp. 379–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1997" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (1997). <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. Harper Collins. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Modern%3A+The+Life+of+Mina+Loy&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pound, Ezra. A review of "Others." Anthology for 1917, part of <i>A List of Books.</i> <i>The Little Review.</i> March 1918. Republished in Selected Prose, 1909-1965. New Directions Publishing, 1975. Pg. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Mina-Loy/125000#">"Britannica Academic"</a>. <i>academic.eb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academic.eb.com&rft.atitle=Britannica+Academic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.eb.com%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2FMina-Loy%2F125000%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter,_R.,_and_Hobson,_S.2010" class="citation book cs1">Potter, R., and Hobson, S. (2010). <i>The Salt Companion to Mina Loy</i>. London: Salt Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Salt+Companion+to+Mina+Loy.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Salt+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Potter%2C+R.%2C+and+Hobson%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyonMajerus" class="citation web cs1">Lyon, Janet; Majerus, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/loy/joannes.htm">"On "Love Songs" / "Songs to Joannes"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Modern American Poetry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+American+Poetry&rft.atitle=On+%22Love+Songs%22+%2F+%22Songs+to+Joannes%22&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Majerus%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.illinois.edu%2Fmaps%2Fpoets%2Fg_l%2Floy%2Fjoannes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmar2013" class="citation book cs1">Parmar, Sandeep (2013). <i>The Reading Mina Loy's Autobiographies: Myth of the Modern Woman</i>. London: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441176400" title="Special:BookSources/9781441176400"><bdi>9781441176400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reading+Mina+Loy%27s+Autobiographies%3A+Myth+of+the+Modern+Woman&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781441176400&rft.aulast=Parmar&rft.aufirst=Sandeep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jacketmagazine.com/05/mina-ep.html"><i>Jacket</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loy1987-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loy1987_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoyKotsilibas-Davis1987" class="citation book cs1">Loy, Myrna; Kotsilibas-Davis, James (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G2ZZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Myrna Loy: Being and Becoming</i></a>. Knopf. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55593-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55593-5"><bdi>978-0-394-55593-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myrna+Loy%3A+Being+and+Becoming&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-394-55593-5&rft.aulast=Loy&rft.aufirst=Myrna&rft.au=Kotsilibas-Davis%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG2ZZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARB2012-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARB2012_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDralyuk2012" class="citation news cs1">Dralyuk, Boris (26 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-incomplete-cain/">"The Incomplete Cain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books" title="Los Angeles Review of Books">Los Angeles Review of Books</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Incomplete+Cain&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft.aulast=Dralyuk&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flareviewofbooks.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-incomplete-cain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/juan-arabia-on-poetry-and-the-pandemic-maria-agustina-pardini">wordswithoutborders.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bowdoin.edu/art-museum/exhibitions/2023/mina-loy.html">"Mina Loy: Strangeness Is Inevitable"</a>. <i>Bowdoin College Museum of Art</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bowdoin+College+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Mina+Loy%3A+Strangeness+Is+Inevitable&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bowdoin.edu%2Fart-museum%2Fexhibitions%2F2023%2Fmina-loy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMina+Loy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Burke" title="Carolyn Burke">Burke, Carolyn</a>. <i>Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1996.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Gammel" title="Irene Gammel">Gammel, Irene</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bloomsbury/cash/2012/00000009/00000003/art00004?crawler=true">Lacing up the Gloves: Women, Boxing and Modernity</a>." <i>Cultural and Social History</i> 9.3 (2012): 369–390.</li> <li>Gross, Jennifer R., Dawn Ades, Roger L. Conover, and Ann Lauterbach. Mina Loy: Strangeness is inevitable. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2023.</li> <li>Kouidis, Virginia. <i>Mina Loy: American Modernist Poet</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1980.</li> <li>Kuenzli, Rudolf. <i>Dada (Themes and Movements)</i>. Phaidon Press, 2006. [Includes poetry by Mina and her relationship to several artists.]</li> <li>Loy, Mina. <i>The Lost Lunar Baedeker</i>. Selected and ed. Roger Conover. 1996.</li> <li>–––, and Julien Levy. <i>Constructions, 14–25 April 1959</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Bodley_Gallery" title="Bodley Gallery">Bodley Gallery</a>, 1959. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/11251843&referer=brief_results">OCLC 11251843</a>. [Solo exhibition catalogue with commentary.]</li> <li>Lusty, Natalya. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09574040802413834">'Sexing the Manifesto: Mina Loy, Feminism and Futurism'</a>", <i>Women: A Cultural Review</i>, 19:3, pp. 245–260. 2008.</li> <li>Parmar, Sandeep (2013). Reading Mina Loy's Autobiographies: Myth of the Modern Woman. London: Bloomsbury Academic.</li> <li>Prescott, Tara. '<i>A Lyric Elixir': The Search for Identity in the Works of Mina Loy</i>, Claremont Colleges, 2010.</li> <li>Shreiber, Maeera, and Keith Tuma, eds. <i>Mina Loy: Woman and Poet</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Poetry_Foundation" title="National Poetry Foundation">National Poetry Foundation</a>, 1998. [Collection of essays on Mina Loy's poetry, with 1965 interview and bibliography.]</li> <li>Parisi, Joseph. <i>100 Essential Modern Poems by Women</i> (The greatest poems written in English by women over the past 150 years, memorable masterpieces to read, reread, and enjoy). Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_Loy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://writing.upenn.edu/epc/authors/loy/">Mina Loy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Poetry_Center" title="Electronic Poetry Center">Electronic Poetry Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Loy,%20Mina.%22&type=author&inst=">Works by or about Mina Loy</a> at <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Loy%2C+Mina%22">Works by or about Mina Loy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Mina+Loy%22&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7lJKq-fvgAhUq_4MKHYZ2BrAQ9AgIODAC&biw=1225&bih=793&dpr=1">Works by or about Mina Loy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/mina-loy">Works by Mina Loy in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cordite.org.au/scholarly/vorticist-portraiture-mina-loy/">Vorticist Portraiture in Mina Loy's <i>Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose</i></a> in <i>Cordite Poetry Review</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/loy/loy.htm">Mina Loy at Modern American Poetry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219150320/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/loy/loy.htm">Archived</a> 19 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.case.edu/artsci/engl/VSALM/mod/wolkowski/main.html">Mina Loy at Modernism: American Salons (Case Western)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423025205/https://case.edu/artsci/engl/VSALM/mod/wolkowski/main.html">Archived</a> 23 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – photographs, works, bibliography, and links</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902180316/http://dl.lib.brown.edu:8080/exist/mjp/plookup.xq?id=LoyMina">Mina Loy at the Modernist Journals Project</a> – examples of visual art</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512131606/http://highway49.library.yale.edu/awia/gallery/loybarnes.html">Mina Loy and Djuna Barnes</a></i> and <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512131615/http://highway49.library.yale.edu/awia/gallery/loybarnes6.html">Mina Loy: Drafts of "Nancy Cunard"</a></i>, <i>Intimate Circles: American Women in the Arts</i>, <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_and_Manuscript_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library">Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, accessed 30 January 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canopycanopycanopy.com/14/the_sacred_prostitute">Mina Loy, "The Sacred Prostitute"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130713034043/http://www.funcionlenguaje.com/rincon-bibliografico/en-breve-luz-arthur-cravan-y-mina-loy.html">En breve luz: Arthur Cravan y Mina Loy</a> (in Spanish). Función Lenguaje.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jacketmagazine.com/34/parmar-loy.shtml#fn10"><i>Mina Loy's 'Colossus' and the Myth of Arthur Cravan</i> by Sandeep Parmar, Jacket 34, October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.loy" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.loy">Mina Loy Papers</a>. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470063#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470063#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470063#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081159670">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37055642">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/49672/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJq74pyfGYhYfwcbH6MkjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119153319">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80013219">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131754893">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131754893">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001179249">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35363636">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jcu2014832503&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1457988">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072267011">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Loy, Mina"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000023214&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75knrjlr3sv0pcz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810664519805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264724605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08341162?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500125080">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/11682/">Victoria</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/926308">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119153319.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119153319">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033281092">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65t65dc">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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