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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/De_Offa_Dyke.JPG/220px-De_Offa_Dyke.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/De_Offa_Dyke.JPG/330px-De_Offa_Dyke.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/De_Offa_Dyke.JPG/440px-De_Offa_Dyke.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">Offa's Dyke</a>, Britain</figcaption></figure> <p>In archaeology, <b>earthworks</b> are artificial changes in land level, typically made from piles of artificially placed or sculpted rocks and soil. Earthworks can themselves be archaeological features, or they can show features beneath the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthworks_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earthworks of interest to <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a> include <a href="/wiki/Hill_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill fort">hill forts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">henges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">platform mounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">effigy mounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enclosure_(archaeology)" title="Enclosure (archaeology)">enclosures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ridge_and_furrow" title="Ridge and furrow">ridge and furrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">mottes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">round barrows</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill fort">Hill forts</a>, a type of fort made out of mostly earth and other natural materials including sand, straw, and water, were built as early as the late <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> and were built more frequently during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> as a means of protection.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> earthworks are those that consist of a flat area of earth in a circular shape that are encircled by a ditch, or several circular ditches, with a bank on the outside of the ditch built with the earth from inside the ditch. They are believed to have been used as monuments for spiritual ritual ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mound</a> is a substantial manmade pile of earth or rocks that was frequently created to mark burial sites <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">Platform mounds</a> are pyramid or rectangular-shaped mounds that are used to hold a building or temple on top.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">effigy mound</a> is a pile of earth, often very large in scale, that is shaped into the image of a person or animal, often for symbolic or spiritual reasons <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Enclosure_(archaeology)" title="Enclosure (archaeology)">enclosure</a> is a space that is surrounded by an earthwork.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrows</a> are oblong-shaped mounds that are used for burials.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> or barrow is a mound of earth created over a tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Cross_dyke" title="Cross dyke">cross dyke</a> or cross-ridge dyke is a bank and ditch, or sometimes a ditch between two banks, that crosses a ridge or spur of high ground. Found in Europe and often belonging to the later Bronze Age or Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often marked on <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> maps in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_and_furrow" title="Ridge and furrow">Ridge and furrows</a> are sets of parallel depressions and ridges in the ground formed primarily through historic farming techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mottes are mound structures made of earth and stone that once held castles. They are an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">motte-and-bailey castle</a>, a castle design during early <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> times in which the castle is built on the motte, and surrounded by a ditch and a <a href="/wiki/Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">bailey</a>, which is an enclosure with a stone wall.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">round barrow</a> is a mound that is in a rounded shape that was used during <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> times as a burial mound.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a>, a large design or motif</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size">Size</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthworks_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earthworks can vary in height from a few centimetres to the size of <a href="/wiki/Silbury_Hill" title="Silbury Hill">Silbury Hill</a> at 40 metres (130 ft). They can date from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> to the present. The structures can also stretch for many tens of miles (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">Offa's Dyke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a>). In area, they can cover many hectares; for example, <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Castle,_Dorset" title="Maiden Castle, Dorset">Maiden Castle</a>, which is 19 hectares (47 acres). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection">Detection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthworks_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shallow earthworks are often more visible as <a href="/wiki/Cropmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cropmarks">cropmarks</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photographs</a> if taken when the sun is low in the sky and shadows are more pronounced.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, earthworks may be more visible after a frost or a light dusting of snow.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earthworks can be detected and plotted using Light Detection and Ranging (<a href="/wiki/LIDAR" class="mw-redirect" title="LIDAR">LIDAR</a>). This technique is particularly useful for mapping small variations in land height that would be difficult to detect by eye. It can be used to map features beneath forest canopy<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for features hidden by other vegetation. LIDAR results can be input into a geographic information system (<a href="/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a>) to produce three-dimensional representations of the earthworks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthworks_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newark_Works_Squier_and_Davis_Plate_XXV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Newark_Works_Squier_and_Davis_Plate_XXV.jpg/220px-Newark_Works_Squier_and_Davis_Plate_XXV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Newark_Works_Squier_and_Davis_Plate_XXV.jpg/330px-Newark_Works_Squier_and_Davis_Plate_XXV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Newark_Works_Squier_and_Davis_Plate_XXV.jpg/440px-Newark_Works_Squier_and_Davis_Plate_XXV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>A survey of a <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <a href="/wiki/Enclosure_(archaeology)" title="Enclosure (archaeology)">enclosure</a>; <a href="/wiki/Newark_Earthworks" title="Newark Earthworks">Newark Earthworks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An accurate <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_field_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological field survey">survey</a> of the earthworks can enable them to be interpreted without the need for <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">excavation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, earthworks from <a href="/wiki/Deserted_medieval_village" title="Deserted medieval village">deserted medieval villages</a> can be used to determine the location, size, and layout of lost settlements. Often these earthworks can point to the purpose of such a settlement, as well the context in which it existed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthworks_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_Mound_(aerial_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Serpent_Mound_%28aerial_view%29.jpg/220px-Serpent_Mound_%28aerial_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Serpent_Mound_%28aerial_view%29.jpg/330px-Serpent_Mound_%28aerial_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Serpent_Mound_%28aerial_view%29.jpg/440px-Serpent_Mound_%28aerial_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Serpent_Mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Serpent Mound">Great Serpent Mound</a> in Ohio</figcaption></figure> <p>Earthworks in North America include <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mounds</a> built by Native Americans known as the <a href="/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound builder (people)">Mound Builders</a>. Ancient people who lived in the American <a href="/wiki/US_Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="US Midwest">Midwest</a> commonly built <a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">effigy mounds</a>, which are mounds shaped like animals (real or imaginary) or people. Possibly the most famous of these effigy mounds is <a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a>. Located in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, this 411-metre-long (1,348 ft) earthen work is thought to memorialize alignments of the planets and stars that were of special significance to the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> that constructed it.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cone-shaped or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conical_mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conical mound (page does not exist)">conical mounds</a> are also numerous, with thousands of them scattered across the American Midwest, some over 24 m (80 ft) tall. These conical mounds appear to be marking the graves of one person or even dozens of people.<sup id="cite_ref-Feder_54_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder_54-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a conical mound is the <a href="/wiki/Miamisburg_Mound" title="Miamisburg Mound">Miamisburg Mound</a> in central Ohio, which has been estimated to have been built by people of the <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a> in the time range of 800 BC to 100 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Plains also hold temple mounds, or <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">platform mounds</a>, which are giant pyramid-shaped mounds with flat tops that once held temples made of wood. Examples of temple mounds include <a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">Monks Mound</a> located at the <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> site in Collinsville, Illinois,<sup id="cite_ref-Feder_54_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder_54-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mound H at the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Citrus_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus County">Citrus County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earthworks at <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a> occupy one of the largest-area sites in North America, as they cover some 920 acres (320 ha) of land in Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fortification#Nomenclature" title="Fortification">Military earthworks</a> can result in subsequent archaeological earthworks. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Roman marching forts</a> which can leave small earthworks. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, earthwork fortifications were built throughout the country, by both <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> sides.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest earthwork fort built during the war was <a href="/wiki/Old_Fort_Park_and_Golf_Course#Fortress_Rosecrans" title="Old Fort Park and Golf Course">Fortress Rosecrans</a>, which originally encompassed 255 <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a> (103 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (December 2013)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In northeastern <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Bosaso" title="Bosaso">Bosaso</a> at the end of the Baladi valley, lies an earthwork 2 to 3 km (1.2 to 1.9 mi) long.<sup id="cite_ref-Mheah_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mheah-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Astgi_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astgi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local tradition recounts that the massive embankment marks the grave of a community matriarch. It is the largest such structure in the wider <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-Astgi_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astgi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bigo_bya_Mugenyi" title="Bigo bya Mugenyi">Bigo bya Mugenyi</a> is an extensive earthworks site in the <a href="/wiki/Interlacustrine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlacustrine region">interlacustrine region</a> of southwestern <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. On the south shore of the <a href="/wiki/Katonga_River" title="Katonga River">Katonga</a> river, the Bigo earthworks consist of a series of ditches and berms comprising an outer arch that encompasses four interconnected enclosures. When combined, the Bigo earthworks measure more than 10 km (6 mi) long.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric</a> dates from <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> investigations at Bigo date the earthworks to roughly <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> 1300–1500, and they have been called Uganda's "largest and most important ancient monument".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a>, discovered in 2007 using Google Earth, are an example of earthworks in Central Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthworks_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grodzisko_w_Bielsku-Bia%C5%82ej.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An 11th-century hill fort: Bielsko-Biała, Poland"><img alt="An 11th-century hill fort: Bielsko-Biała, Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Grodzisko_w_Bielsku-Bia%C5%82ej.jpg/384px-Grodzisko_w_Bielsku-Bia%C5%82ej.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Grodzisko_w_Bielsku-Bia%C5%82ej.jpg/577px-Grodzisko_w_Bielsku-Bia%C5%82ej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Grodzisko_w_Bielsku-Bia%C5%82ej.jpg/769px-Grodzisko_w_Bielsku-Bia%C5%82ej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Hill_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill fort">hill fort</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau-de-Gisors.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 12th-century motte-and-bailey castle: Château de Gisors in Eure, France"><img alt="A 12th-century motte-and-bailey castle: Château de Gisors in Eure, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chateau-de-Gisors.jpg/383px-Chateau-de-Gisors.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chateau-de-Gisors.jpg/575px-Chateau-de-Gisors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Chateau-de-Gisors.jpg/765px-Chateau-de-Gisors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">motte-and-bailey castle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Gisors" title="Château de Gisors">Château de Gisors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eure" title="Eure">Eure</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 330.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 328.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Adena tumulus (burial mound): Grave Creek Mound in West Virginia, U.S."><img alt="An Adena tumulus (burial mound): Grave Creek Mound in West Virginia, U.S." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg/493px-Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg" decoding="async" width="329" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg/741px-Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg/986px-Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="1478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> (burial mound): <a href="/wiki/Grave_Creek_Mound" title="Grave Creek Mound">Grave Creek Mound</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Mississippian platform mound: Cahokia in Illinois, U.S."><img alt="A Mississippian platform mound: Cahokia in Illinois, U.S." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG/340px-Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG/511px-Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG/680px-Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">platform mound</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 418.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 416.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:17_08_192_ocmulgee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple Mound at Ocmulgee National Monument"><img alt="Temple Mound at Ocmulgee National Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/17_08_192_ocmulgee.jpg/625px-17_08_192_ocmulgee.jpg" decoding="async" width="417" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/17_08_192_ocmulgee.jpg/938px-17_08_192_ocmulgee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/17_08_192_ocmulgee.jpg/1250px-17_08_192_ocmulgee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5290" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temple Mound at <a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocmulgee National Monument">Ocmulgee National Monument</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_Mound1_HRoe_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Fort Ancient effigy mound: Serpent Mound in Ohio, U.S."><img alt="A Fort Ancient effigy mound: Serpent Mound in Ohio, U.S." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Serpent_Mound1_HRoe_2005.jpg/341px-Serpent_Mound1_HRoe_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Serpent_Mound1_HRoe_2005.jpg/512px-Serpent_Mound1_HRoe_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Serpent_Mound1_HRoe_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> <a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">effigy mound</a>: <a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stoney_Littleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Neolithic long barrow: Stoney Littleton Long Barrow in Somerset, U.K."><img alt="A Neolithic long barrow: Stoney Littleton Long Barrow in Somerset, U.K." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Stoney_Littleton.jpg/340px-Stoney_Littleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Stoney_Littleton.jpg/511px-Stoney_Littleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Stoney_Littleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrow</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stoney_Littleton_Long_Barrow" title="Stoney Littleton Long Barrow">Stoney Littleton Long Barrow</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">U.K.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thornborough_Henge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Neolithic henge: Thornborough Henges in North Yorkshire, U.K."><img alt="A Neolithic henge: Thornborough Henges in North Yorkshire, U.K." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Thornborough_Henge.jpg/316px-Thornborough_Henge.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Thornborough_Henge.jpg/474px-Thornborough_Henge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Thornborough_Henge.jpg/631px-Thornborough_Henge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">henge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough Henges</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">U.K.</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthworks_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muir, 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, 85–96; see also: <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">excavation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScott" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Willie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/civil/articles/84408.aspx">"How Earthwork Forts were Built"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Earthwork+Forts+were+Built&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Willie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brighthub.com%2Fengineering%2Fcivil%2Farticles%2F84408.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthworks+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/henge.htm">"The Definition of a Henge"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Definition+of+a+Henge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orkneyjar.com%2Fhistory%2Fhenge.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthworks+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/mound">"Mound"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mound&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fmound&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthworks+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeologywordsmith.com/lookup.php?category=&where=headword&terms=platform+mound">"Platform Mound"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Platform+Mound&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeologywordsmith.com%2Flookup.php%3Fcategory%3D%26where%3Dheadword%26terms%3Dplatform%2Bmound&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthworks+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/effigy-mound">"Effigy Mound"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Answers.com" title="Answers.com">Answers.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Answers.com&rft.atitle=Effigy+Mound&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Feffigy-mound&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthworks+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/enclosure-archaeology">"Enclosure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Answers.com" title="Answers.com">Answers.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Answers.com&rft.atitle=Enclosure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fenclosure-archaeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthworks+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/west-kennet-long-barrow.htm">"West Kennet Long Barrow"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Kennet+Long+Barrow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-destinations.com%2Fengland%2Fwest-kennet-long-barrow.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthworks+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tumulus">"Tumulus"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tumulus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Ftumulus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthworks+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darvill, Timothy (2008). <i>Oxford Concise Dictionary of Archaeology</i>, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, p. 116. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953404-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953404-3">978-0-19-953404-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Landranger series.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/ridge-and-furrow-1">"Ridge and Furrow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Answers.com" title="Answers.com">Answers.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Answers.com&rft.atitle=Ridge+and+Furrow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fridge-and-furrow-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthworks+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeologywordsmith.com/lookup.php?category=&where=headword&terms=motte">"Motte"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ministry of Information and National Guidance, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a>. p. 295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia+Today%3A+General+Information&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information+and+National+Guidance%2C+Somali+Democratic+Republic&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Ismail+Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtMVAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthworks+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sutton, John (2000). "Ntusi and Bigo: Farmers, cattle-herders and rulers in western Uganda, AD 1000–1500". <i>Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azania%3A+Archaeological+Research+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Ntusi+and+Bigo%3A+Farmers%2C+cattle-herders+and+rulers+in+western+Uganda%2C+AD+1000%E2%80%931500&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthworks+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosnansky1969" class="citation journal cs1">Posnansky, Merrick (1969). "Bigo Bya Mugenyi". <i>The Uganda Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Uganda+Journal&rft.atitle=Bigo+Bya+Mugenyi&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Posnansky&rft.aufirst=Merrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarthworks+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthworks_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aston, Mick (2002). <i>Interpreting the Landscape</i>, Tempus, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2520-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2520-X">0-7524-2520-X</a></li> <li>Feder, Kenneth (2008). <i>Linking to the Past</i>, 2nd ed., New York: Oxford, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533117-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533117-2">978-0-19-533117-2</a></li> <li>Muir, Richard (2004). <i>Landscape Encyclopedia</i>, Bollington, Cheshire: Windgather, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9545575-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9545575-0-6">0-9545575-0-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Taylor_(archaeologist)" title="Christopher Taylor (archaeologist)">Taylor, Christopher</a> (1974). <i>Fieldwork in Medieval Archaeology</i>, London: Batsford, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-2850-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-2850-3">0-7134-2850-3</a></li> <li>Wilson, D. R. (2000). <i>Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists</i>, 2nd ed., Stroud: Tempus, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-1498-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-1498-4">0-7524-1498-4</a></li> <li>Wood, Eric (1975). <i>Collins Field Guide to Archaeology</i>, 4th ed., London: Collins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-219168-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-219168-7">0-00-219168-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthworks_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Archaeological_earthworks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Archaeological earthworks">Archaeological earthworks</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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