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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Systematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence_and_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence_and_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Intelligence and learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_and_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sound_imitation_and_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_imitation_and_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Sound imitation and speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_imitation_and_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Song" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Song</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longevity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longevity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Longevity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longevity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationship with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feral_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feral_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Feral populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feral_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Threats and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Parrot_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Parrot_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>World Parrot Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Parrot_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parrot</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Дыдыкъуш теплъэ хэкӀыгъуэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Дыдыкъуш теплъэ хэкӀыгъуэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papegaaie" title="Papegaaie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Papegaaie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papagei" title="Papagei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Papagei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%89%85%E1%89%A0%E1%89%83" title="ብቅበቃ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብቅበቃ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleohfugol" title="Bleohfugol – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bleohfugol" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="ببغاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ببغاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Psittaciformes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="सुग्गा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सुग्गा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gua%27a" title="Gua'a – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Gua'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuqu%C5%9Fukimil%C9%99r" title="Tutuquşukimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tutuquşukimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Psittaciformes" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="টিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng-ko" title="Eng-ko – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eng-ko" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Папугаепадобныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Папугаепадобныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Папугаепадобныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Папугаепадобныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="सुग्गा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सुग्गा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Папагалоподобни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Папагалоподобни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiga" title="Papiga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Papiga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Psittaciformes" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Тоти – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тоти" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psitaciformes" title="Psitaciformes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Psitaciformes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langgam_nga_adunay_periko" title="Langgam nga adunay periko – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Langgam nga adunay periko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papou%C5%A1ci" title="Papoušci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Papoušci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parot" title="Parot – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Parot" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papeg%C3%B8je" title="Papegøje – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Papegøje" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%88" title="باباغيو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="باباغيو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papageien" title="Papageien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Papageien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADdii_y%C3%A1%C5%82ti%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Tsídii yáłtiʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsídii yáłtiʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="सुवा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सुवा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papagoilised" title="Papagoilised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Papagoilised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Παπαγάλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παπαγάλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Psittaciformes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papagoformaj" title="Papagoformaj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Papagoformaj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Psittaciformes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ako" title="Ako – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Ako" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="طوطی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طوطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papageykar" title="Papageykar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Papageykar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Psittaciformes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappegaai-eftigen" title="Pappegaai-eftigen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pappegaai-eftigen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear%C3%B3id" title="Pearóid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pearóid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piorraid" title="Piorraid – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Piorraid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psitaciformes" title="Psitaciformes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Psitaciformes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%9F" title="પોપટ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પોપટ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%B5%EB%AC%B4%EC%83%88" title="앵무새 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앵무새" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թութակակերպեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թութակակերպեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="तोता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तोता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiga%C5%A1ice" title="Papigašice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Papigašice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayan_(burung)" title="Bayan (burung) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bayan (burung)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Psittaciformes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Тути – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тути" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1fagaukar" title="Páfagaukar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Páfagaukar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Psittaciformes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="תוכאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8th%C3%A8t" title="Bèthèt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bèthèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗಿಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಿಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="თუთიყუშისნაირნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თუთიყუშისნაირნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%81%D9%95" title="طوطہٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="طوطہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тотытәрізділер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тотытәрізділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuku" title="Kasuku – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kasuku" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jako" title="Jako – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jako" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBt%C3%AE" title="Tûtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tûtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тотулар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тотулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Попугай – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Попугай" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A7" title="ນົກແກ້ວ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນົກແກ້ວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Psittaciformes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papagai%C4%BCi" title="Papagaiļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Papagaiļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papageien" title="Papageien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Papageien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BA%D3%80" title="ТуьтуьнуькӀ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ТуьтуьнуькӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C5%ABginiai_pauk%C5%A1%C4%8Diai" title="Papūginiai paukščiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Papūginiai paukščiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappagaggio" title="Pappagaggio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pappagaggio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappegejje" title="Pappegejje – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pappegejje" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psitasiformo" title="Psitasiformo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Psitasiformo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Psittaciformes" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papag%C3%A1jalak%C3%BAak" title="Papagájalakúak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Papagájalakúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Папагаловидни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папагаловидни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4" title="തത്ത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തത്ത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بغبغان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بغبغان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="طوطی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="طوطی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri" title="Nuri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nuri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%94ng-g%C5%8F%CC%A4" title="Ĕng-gŏ̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĕng-gŏ̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Попугайхне – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Попугайхне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Тоть – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тоть" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ကြက်တူရွေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြက်တူရွေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papegaaiachtigen" title="Papegaaiachtigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Papegaaiachtigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="सुगा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुगा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0%E7%9B%AE" title="オウム目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オウム目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popegein" title="Popegein – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Popegein" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papeg%C3%B8yefugler" title="Papegøyefugler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Papegøyefugler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papeg%C3%B8yefuglar" title="Papegøyefuglar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Papegøyefuglar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%86" title="ଶୁଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶୁଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooraa" title="Tooraa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tooraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%CA%BBtilar" title="Toʻtilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toʻtilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤੋਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੋਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="طوطا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="طوطا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="توتي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توتي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paarat" title="Paarat – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Paarat" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Попугай – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Попугай" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papagoyen" title="Papagoyen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Papagoyen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papugowe" title="Papugowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Papugowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Psittaciformes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa%C4%9Fan" title="Papağan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Papağan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes" title="Psittaciformes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Psittaciformes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Попугаеобразные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Попугаеобразные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83" title="शुकः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शुकः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱢᱤᱨᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱤᱨᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paurit" title="Paurit – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paurit" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papagalli" title="Papagalli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Papagalli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ගිරා ගෝත්‍රය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගිරා ගෝත්‍රය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parrot" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88" title="طوطو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="طوطو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papag%C3%A1jotvar%C3%A9" title="Papagájotvaré – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Papagájotvaré" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papige" title="Papige – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papige" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Папагаји – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папагаји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiga%C5%A1ice" title="Papigašice – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Papigašice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papukaijalinnut" title="Papukaijalinnut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Papukaijalinnut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papegojf%C3%A5glar" title="Papegojfåglar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Papegojfåglar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikoy" title="Pikoy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pikoy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="கிளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95" title="చిలుక – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చిలుక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7" title="อันดับนกแก้ว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อันดับนกแก้ว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%AF%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Тӯтӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тӯтӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa%C4%9Fan" title="Papağan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Papağan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Попугай – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Попугай" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Папугоподібні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Папугоподібні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="طوطا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طوطا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roegyengj" title="Roegyengj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Roegyengj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_V%E1%BA%B9t" title="Bộ Vẹt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Vẹt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poapegoais" title="Poapegoais – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Poapegoais" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pik%C3%B3y" title="Pikóy – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pikóy" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%A6%E5%BD%A2%E7%9B%AE" title="鹦形目 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鹦形目" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99" title="פאפוגיי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאפוגיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%ADd%E1%BA%B9r%E1%BA%B9%CC%81" title="Odídẹrẹ́ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Odídẹrẹ́" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Order of birds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Parrot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Parrot (disambiguation)">Parrot (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Parrots<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">50–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:203.07692307692px; width:16.923076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:203.07692307692px; width:16.923076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:204.07692307692px; width:14.923076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Clockwise top to bottom: the Kākāpō and the Kea, both found in New Zealand, the Lesser vasa parrot endemic to Madagascar, the Palm cockatoo, the South American blue-and-yellow macaw, and the Australian ringneck."><img alt="A montage of six different types of parrot. Clockwise from top to bottom, these are two images of a large, squat, dull-green parrot; a skinny black parrot similar to a crow; a blue-black parrot with red cheeks and a large, hooked bill; a blue and yellow parrot with a hooked black beak and a white face; and a small, bright green parrot with a yellow collar and a black face." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Parrot_montage.jpg/330px-Parrot_montage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Parrot_montage.jpg/500px-Parrot_montage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Parrot_montage.jpg/600px-Parrot_montage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="689" usemap="#ImageMap_de54f246a5a0fe99" resource="/wiki/File:Parrot_montage.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_de54f246a5a0fe99"><area href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" shape="rect" coords="0,0,151,105" alt="Kākāpō" title="Kākāpō" /><area href="/wiki/Australian_ringneck" shape="rect" coords="0,206,151,0" alt="Australian ringneck" title="Australian ringneck" /><area href="/wiki/Blue-and-yellow_macaw" shape="rect" coords="0,315,151,0" alt="Blue-and-yellow macaw" title="Blue-and-yellow macaw" /><area href="/wiki/Kea" shape="rect" coords="302,0,151,105" alt="Kea" title="Kea" /><area href="/wiki/Lesser_vasa_parrot" shape="rect" coords="302,206,151,0" alt="Lesser vasa parrot" title="Lesser vasa parrot" /><area href="/wiki/Palm_cockatoo" shape="rect" coords="302,315,151,0" alt="Palm cockatoo" title="Palm cockatoo" /></map><figcaption>Clockwise top to bottom: the Kākāpō and the Kea, both found in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the Lesser vasa parrot endemic to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, the Palm cockatoo, the <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> blue-and-yellow macaw, and the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> ringneck.</figcaption></figure></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Psittaciformes" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psittacopasseres" title="Psittacopasseres">Psittacopasseres</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psittaciformes</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Wagler" title="Johann Georg Wagler">Wagler</a>, 1830</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Superfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cacatuoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacatuoidea">Cacatuoidea</a> (cockatoos)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Psittacoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacoidea">Psittacoidea</a> (true parrots)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Strigopoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopoidea">Strigopoidea</a> (New Zealand parrots)</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Parrot_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Parrot_range.png/220px-Parrot_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Parrot_range.png/330px-Parrot_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Parrot_range.png/440px-Parrot_range.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="745" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Range of parrots, all species (red) </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Parrots</b> (<b>Psittaciformes</b>), also known as <b>psittacines</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> with a strong curved <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beak</a>, upright stance, and clawed feet.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are classified in four families that contain roughly 410 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in 101 <a href="/wiki/Genus_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genus (biology)">genera</a>, found mostly in <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> regions. The four families are the <a href="/wiki/Psittaculidae" title="Psittaculidae">Psittaculidae</a> (Old World parrots), <a href="/wiki/Psittacidae" title="Psittacidae">Psittacidae</a> (African and New World parrots), <a href="/wiki/Cacatuidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacatuidae">Cacatuidae</a> (cockatoos), and <a href="/wiki/Strigopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopidae">Strigopidae</a> (New Zealand parrots). One-third of all parrot species are threatened by <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>, with a higher aggregate extinction risk (<a href="/wiki/Red_List_Index" title="Red List Index">IUCN Red List Index</a>) than any other comparable bird group.<sup id="cite_ref-Olah2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olah2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parrots have a generally <a href="/wiki/Pantropical" title="Pantropical">pantropical</a> distribution with several species inhabiting <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> regions as well. The greatest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diversity</a> of parrots is in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a><sup id="cite_ref-Berkunsky2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkunsky2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Olah2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olah2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parrots—along with <a href="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">ravens, crows, jays, and magpies</a>—are among the most <a href="#Intelligence_and_learning">intelligent</a> birds, and the ability of some species to <a href="/wiki/Talking_bird" title="Talking bird">imitate human speech</a> enhances their popularity as <a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">pets</a>. They form the most variably sized bird order in terms of length; many are vividly coloured and some, multi-coloured. Most parrots exhibit little or no <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism#Birds" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> in the visual spectrum. </p><p>The most important components of most parrots' diets are seeds, nuts, fruit, buds, and other plant material. A few species sometimes eat animals and <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Lories_and_lorikeets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lories and lorikeets">lories and lorikeets</a> are specialised for feeding on <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">floral</a> <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> and soft fruits. Almost all parrots nest in <a href="/wiki/Tree_hollow" title="Tree hollow">tree hollows</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Nest_box" title="Nest box">nest boxes</a> in captivity), and lay white <a href="/wiki/Bird_egg" title="Bird egg">eggs</a> from which hatch <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a> (helpless) young. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Animal_trapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal trapping">Trapping</a> wild parrots for the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">pet trade</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competition</a> from <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, has diminished wild populations, with parrots being subjected to more exploitation than any other group of wild birds. As of 2021, about 50 million parrots (half of all parrots) live in captivity, with the vast majority of these living as pets in people's homes.<sup id="cite_ref-meller_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measures taken to conserve the habitats of some high-profile <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_megafauna" title="Charismatic megafauna">charismatic species</a> have also protected many of the less charismatic species living in the same <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. </p><p>Parrots are the only creatures that display true <a href="/wiki/Tripedalism" title="Tripedalism">tripedalism</a>, using their necks and beaks as limbs with propulsive forces equal to or greater than those forces generated by the forelimbs of <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a> when climbing vertical surfaces. They can travel with cyclical tripedal gaits when climbing.<sup id="cite_ref-forbidden_phenotype_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbidden_phenotype-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_evolution">Origins and evolution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UCMP_143274.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/UCMP_143274.png/220px-UCMP_143274.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/UCMP_143274.png/330px-UCMP_143274.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/UCMP_143274.png/440px-UCMP_143274.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Fossil dentary specimen UCMP 143274 restored as a parrot (left) or an <a href="/wiki/Oviraptorosauria" title="Oviraptorosauria">oviraptorosaur</a></figcaption></figure><p>Psittaciform diversity in South America and Australasia suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> may have evolved in <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, centred in Australasia.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scarcity of parrots in the fossil record, however, presents difficulties in confirming the hypothesis. There is currently a higher number of fossil remains from the northern hemisphere in the early Cenozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr,_G._2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr,_G._2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecular studies suggest that parrots evolved approximately 59 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">million years ago</a> (Mya) (range 66–51 Mya) in Gondwana. The <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_parrot" title="Neotropical parrot">Neotropical Parrots</a> are <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a>, and the three major clades originated about 50 Mya (range 57–41 Mya).<sup id="cite_ref-Tavares2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tavares2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A single 15 mm (0.6 in) fragment from a large lower <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">bill</a> (<a href="/wiki/UCMP" class="mw-redirect" title="UCMP">UCMP</a> 143274), found in deposits from the <a href="/wiki/Lance_Formation" title="Lance Formation">Lance Creek Formation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niobrara_County,_Wyoming" title="Niobrara County, Wyoming">Niobrara County, Wyoming</a>, had been thought to be the oldest parrot fossil and is presumed to have originated from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> period, which makes it about 70 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other studies suggest that this fossil is not from a bird, but from a <a href="/wiki/Caenagnathid" class="mw-redirect" title="Caenagnathid">caenagnathid</a> <a href="/wiki/Oviraptorosauria" title="Oviraptorosauria">oviraptorosaur</a> (a non-avian dinosaur with a birdlike beak), as several details of the fossil used to support its identity as a parrot are not actually exclusive to parrots, and it is dissimilar to the earliest-known unequivocal parrot fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is generally assumed that the Psittaciformes were present during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> (K-Pg extinction), 66 mya. They were probably generalised <a href="/wiki/Arboreal_locomotion" title="Arboreal locomotion">arboreal</a> birds, and did not have the specialised crushing bills of modern species.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayr,_G._2009_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayr,_G._2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genomic analysis provides strong evidence that parrots are the <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a>, forming the clade <a href="/wiki/Psittacopasserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacopasserae">Psittacopasserae</a>, which is the sister group of the <a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">falcons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first uncontroversial parrot fossils date to tropical <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> Europe around 50 mya. Initially, a <a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">neoavian</a> named <i><a href="/wiki/Mopsitta_tanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mopsitta tanta">Mopsitta tanta</a></i>, uncovered in Denmark's <a href="/wiki/Early_Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Eocene">Early Eocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Fur_Formation" title="Fur Formation">Fur Formation</a> and dated to 54 mya, was assigned to the Psittaciformes. However, the rather nondescript bone is not unequivocally psittaciform, and it may rather belong to the <a href="/wiki/Ibis" title="Ibis">ibis</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchaeites" title="Rhynchaeites">Rhynchaeites</a></i>, whose fossil legs were found in the same deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterhouse2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterhouse2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Several fairly complete skeletons of parrot-like birds have been found in England and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are probably not <a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">transitional fossils</a> between ancestral and modern parrots, but rather lineages that evolved parallel to true parrots and cockatoos:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrilavis_colburnorum_FMNH_specimen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cyrilavis_colburnorum_FMNH_specimen.jpg/220px-Cyrilavis_colburnorum_FMNH_specimen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cyrilavis_colburnorum_FMNH_specimen.jpg/330px-Cyrilavis_colburnorum_FMNH_specimen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cyrilavis_colburnorum_FMNH_specimen.jpg/440px-Cyrilavis_colburnorum_FMNH_specimen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrilavis" title="Cyrilavis">Cyrilavis colburnorum</a></i>, from the Eocene <a href="/wiki/Green_River_Formation" title="Green River Formation">Green River Formation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Psittacopes" title="Psittacopes">Psittacopes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serudaptus" title="Serudaptus">Serudaptus</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Halcyornithidae" title="Halcyornithidae">Halcyornithidae</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrilavis" title="Cyrilavis">Cyrilavis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halcyornis" title="Halcyornis">Halcyornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulchrapollia" title="Pulchrapollia">Pulchrapollia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudasturides" title="Pseudasturides">Pseudasturides</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vastanavidae" title="Vastanavidae">Vastanavidae</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vastanavis" title="Vastanavis">Vastanavis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quercypsittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercypsittidae">Quercypsittidae</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercypsitta" title="Quercypsitta">Quercypsitta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Messelasturidae" title="Messelasturidae">Messelasturidae</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1080/14772019.2010.505252_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1080/14772019.2010.505252-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Messelastur" title="Messelastur">Messelastur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tynskya" title="Tynskya">Tynskya</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The earliest records of modern parrots date to around 23–20 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu9qSHzxWdy0CpgPA43_p._43]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu9qSHzxWdy0CpgPA43_p._43]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossil record—mainly from Europe—consists of bones clearly recognisable as belonging to anatomically modern parrots.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Southern Hemisphere contains no known parrot-like remains earlier than the <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a> around 20 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu9qSHzxWdy0CpgPA43_p._43]_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu9qSHzxWdy0CpgPA43_p._43]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p>The name 'Psittaciformes' comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> for parrot, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψιττακός</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">'Psittacus'</i></span>), whose origin is unclear. <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> (5th century BCE) recorded the name <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Psittacus</i></span> after the Indian name for a bird, most likely a parakeet (now placed in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Psittacula" title="Psittacula">Psittacula</a></i>). <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (23/24–79 CE) in his <i>Natural History</i> (book 10, chapter 58) noted that the Indians called the bird "siptaces"; however, no matching Indian name has been traced.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Popinjay</b> is an older term for parrots, first used in English in the 1500s.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> <p>Molecular <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> studies have shown that Psittaciformes form a <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic clade</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kuhl_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuhl-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time calibrated phylogeny indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a> diverged around 65 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> (million years ago) and the Psittaciformes diverged from the Passeriformes around 62 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-kuhl_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuhl-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes</a> – seriemas </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes</a> – falcons </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a> – songbirds </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Psittaciformes</b> – parrots </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Most taxonomists now divide Psittaciformes into four families: <a href="/wiki/Strigopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopidae">Strigopidae</a> (New Zealand parrots), <a href="/wiki/Cacatuidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacatuidae">Cacatuidae</a> (Cockatoos), <a href="/wiki/Psittacidae" title="Psittacidae">Psittacidae</a> (African and New World parrots) and <a href="/wiki/Psittaculidae" title="Psittaculidae">Psittaculidae</a> (Old World parrots).<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Leo Joseph and collaborators proposed that the parrots should be divided into six families. The New Zealand parrots in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(genus)" title="Nestor (genus)">Nestor</a></i> were placed in a separate family Nestoridae and the two <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> genera in the family Psittaculidae (<i><a href="/wiki/Psittrichas" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittrichas">Psittrichas</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Coracopsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coracopsis">Coracopsis</a></i>) were placed in a separate family Psittrichasiidae.<sup id="cite_ref-revision_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revision-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two additional families have not been recognised by taxonomists involved in curating lists of world birds and instead only four families are recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic relationships between the four families. The species numbers are taken from the list maintained by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" title="Frank Gill (ornithologist)">Frank Gill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela Rasmussen">Pamela Rasmussen</a> and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), now the <a href="/wiki/International_Ornithologists%27_Union" title="International Ornithologists' Union">International Ornithologists' Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Psittaciformes</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Strigopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopidae">Strigopidae</a> – New Zealand parrots (4 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cacatuidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacatuidae">Cacatuidae</a> – Cockatoos (22 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psittacidae" title="Psittacidae">Psittacidae</a> – African and New World parrots (179 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psittaculidae" title="Psittaculidae">Psittaculidae</a> – Old World parrots (203 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The Psittaciformes comprise three main lineages: <a href="/wiki/Strigopoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopoidea">Strigopoidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/True_parrots" class="mw-redirect" title="True parrots">Psittacoidea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cockatoo" title="Cockatoo">Cacatuoidea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-revision_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revision-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Strigopoidea were considered part of the Psittacoidea, but the former is now placed at the base of the parrot tree next to the remaining members of the Psittacoidea, as well as all members of the Cacatuoidea.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deKloet_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deKloet-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tokita_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tokita-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cacatuoidea are quite distinct, having a movable head crest, a different arrangement of the <a href="/wiki/Carotid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid">carotid</a> arteries, a <a href="/wiki/Gall_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gall bladder">gall bladder</a>, differences in the skull bones, and lack the <a href="/wiki/Dyck_texture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyck texture">Dyck texture</a> feathers that—in the Psittacidae—scatter light to produce the vibrant colours of so many parrots. Colourful feathers with high levels of <a href="/wiki/Psittacofulvin" title="Psittacofulvin">psittacofulvin</a> resist the feather-degrading <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterium</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_licheniformis" title="Bacillus licheniformis">Bacillus licheniformis</a></i> better than white ones.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lories_and_lorikeets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lories and lorikeets">Lorikeets</a> were previously regarded as a third family, Loriidae,<sup id="cite_ref-Forshaw78_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forshaw78-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> but are now considered a tribe (<a href="/wiki/Loriini" title="Loriini">Loriini</a>) within the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Loriinae" title="Loriinae">Loriinae</a>, family Psittaculidae. The two other tribes in the subfamily are the closely related fig parrots (two genera in the tribe <a href="/wiki/Cyclopsittini" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopsittini">Cyclopsittini</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Budgerigar" title="Budgerigar">budgerigar</a> (tribe Melopsittacini).<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deKloet_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deKloet-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tokita_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tokita-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Psittaciformes</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Strigopoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopoidea">Strigopoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Strigopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopidae">Strigopidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Cacatuoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacatuoidea">Cacatuoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cacatuidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacatuidae">Cacatuidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Psittacoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacoidea">Psittacoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Psittacidae" title="Psittacidae">Psittacidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_parrot" title="Neotropical parrot">Neotropical parrots</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psittacinae" title="Psittacinae">Psittacinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Psittaculidae" title="Psittaculidae">Psittaculidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Psittrichasinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittrichasinae">Psittrichasinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pesquet%27s_parrot" title="Pesquet's parrot">Psittrichas</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Vasa_parrot" title="Vasa parrot">Coracopsis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psittaculinae" title="Psittaculinae">Psittaculinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Broad-tailed_parrot" title="Broad-tailed parrot">Broad-tailed parrots</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Fig_parrot" title="Fig parrot">Fig parrots</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Budgerigar" title="Budgerigar">Budgerigar</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lories_and_lorikeets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lories and lorikeets">Lories and Lorikeets</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bolbopsittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolbopsittacus">Bolbopsittacus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hanging_parrot" title="Hanging parrot">Hanging parrots</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lovebird" title="Lovebird">Lovebirds</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Psittacella" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacella">Psittacella</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Phylogenetic relations between parrots<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systematics">Systematics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parrots" title="List of parrots">List of parrots</a></div> <p>The order Psittaciformes consists of four families containing roughly 410 species belonging to 101 genera.<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-revision_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revision-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_parrot" title="New Zealand parrot">Strigopoidea</a></b>: New Zealand parrots </p> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Strigopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopidae">Strigopidae</a> <ul><li>Subamily <a href="/wiki/Nestorinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorinae">Nestorinae</a>: two genera with two living (<a href="/wiki/Kea" title="Kea">kea</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_k%C4%81k%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand kākā">New Zealand kākā</a>) and several extinct species of the New Zealand region</li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Strigopinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopinae">Strigopinae</a>: the flightless, critically endangered <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" title="Kākāpō">kākāpō</a> of New Zealand</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Cockatoo" title="Cockatoo">Cacatuoidea</a></b>: cockatoos </p> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Cockatoo" title="Cockatoo">Cacatuidae</a> <ul><li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Cockatiel" title="Cockatiel">Nymphicinae</a>: one genus with one species, the <a href="/wiki/Cockatiel" title="Cockatiel">cockatiel</a>.</li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Calyptorhynchinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyptorhynchinae">Calyptorhynchinae</a>: the black cockatoos</li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Cacatuinae" title="Cacatuinae">Cacatuinae</a> <ul><li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Palm_cockatoo" title="Palm cockatoo">Microglossini</a>: one genus with one species, the black <a href="/wiki/Palm_cockatoo" title="Palm cockatoo">palm cockatoo</a></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Cacatuini" title="Cacatuini">Cacatuini</a>: four genera of white, pink, and grey species</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/True_parrot" title="True parrot">Psittacoidea</a></b>: true parrots </p> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Psittacidae" title="Psittacidae">Psittacidae</a> <ul><li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/African_parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="African parrot">Psittacinae</a>: two African genera, <i><a href="/wiki/Psittacus" title="Psittacus">Psittacus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Poicephalus" title="Poicephalus">Poicephalus</a></i></li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_parrot" title="Neotropical parrot">Arinae</a> <ul><li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Arini_(tribe)" title="Arini (tribe)">Arini</a>: 18 genera</li> <li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Androglossini" title="Androglossini">Androglossini</a>: seven genera.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Psittaculidae" title="Psittaculidae">Psittaculidae</a> <ul><li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Pesquet%27s_parrot" title="Pesquet's parrot">Psittrichasinae</a>: two genera, <i><a href="/wiki/Psittrichas" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittrichas">Psittrichas</a></i> (Pesquet's parrot), <i><a href="/wiki/Coracopsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coracopsis">Coracopsis</a></i></li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Platycercinae" title="Platycercinae">Platycercinae</a> <ul><li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Pezoporini" title="Pezoporini">Pezoporini</a>: ground parrots and allies</li> <li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Broad-tailed_parrot" title="Broad-tailed parrot">Platycercini</a>: broad-tailed parrots</li></ul></li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Tiger_parrot" title="Tiger parrot">Psittacellinae</a>: one genus (<i><a href="/wiki/Tiger_parrot" title="Tiger parrot">Psittacella</a></i>) with several species</li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Loriinae" title="Loriinae">Loriinae</a> <ul><li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Lories_and_lorikeets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lories and lorikeets">Loriini</a>: lories and lorikeets</li> <li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Budgerigar" title="Budgerigar">Melopsittacini</a>: one genus with one species, the <a href="/wiki/Budgerigar" title="Budgerigar">budgerigar</a></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Fig_parrot" title="Fig parrot">Cyclopsittini</a>: fig parrots</li></ul></li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Agapornithinae" title="Agapornithinae">Agapornithinae</a>: three genera</li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Psittaculinae" title="Psittaculinae">Psittaculinae</a> <ul><li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Polytelini" title="Polytelini">Polytelini</a>: three genera</li> <li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Psittaculini" title="Psittaculini">Psittaculini</a>: Asian psittacines</li> <li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_parrot" title="Pygmy parrot">Micropsittini</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_parrot" title="Pygmy parrot">pygmy parrots</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:641px;max-width:641px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Skeletons</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:276px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Annals_of_the_Carnegie_Museum_(1901-1902)_(18225408610).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Annals_of_the_Carnegie_Museum_%281901-1902%29_%2818225408610%29.jpg/186px-Annals_of_the_Carnegie_Museum_%281901-1902%29_%2818225408610%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Annals_of_the_Carnegie_Museum_%281901-1902%29_%2818225408610%29.jpg/279px-Annals_of_the_Carnegie_Museum_%281901-1902%29_%2818225408610%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Annals_of_the_Carnegie_Museum_%281901-1902%29_%2818225408610%29.jpg/372px-Annals_of_the_Carnegie_Museum_%281901-1902%29_%2818225408610%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="3012" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" title="Kākāpō">Kākāpō</a> (critically endangered)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:276px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110113_-_Psephotus_pulcherrimus_(Gould,_1845)_-_Paradise_Parrot_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110113_-_Psephotus_pulcherrimus_%28Gould%2C_1845%29_-_Paradise_Parrot_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_%28cropped%29.jpeg/250px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110113_-_Psephotus_pulcherrimus_%28Gould%2C_1845%29_-_Paradise_Parrot_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="208" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110113_-_Psephotus_pulcherrimus_%28Gould%2C_1845%29_-_Paradise_Parrot_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_%28cropped%29.jpeg/330px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110113_-_Psephotus_pulcherrimus_%28Gould%2C_1845%29_-_Paradise_Parrot_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110113_-_Psephotus_pulcherrimus_%28Gould%2C_1845%29_-_Paradise_Parrot_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_%28cropped%29.jpeg/500px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110113_-_Psephotus_pulcherrimus_%28Gould%2C_1845%29_-_Paradise_Parrot_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1092" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Paradise_parrot" title="Paradise parrot">Paradise parrot</a> (extinct)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:276px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110114_-_Anodorhynchus_glaucus_(Vieillot,_1816)_-_Glaucous_Macaw_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110114_-_Anodorhynchus_glaucus_%28Vieillot%2C_1816%29_-_Glaucous_Macaw_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_%28cropped%29.jpeg/235px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110114_-_Anodorhynchus_glaucus_%28Vieillot%2C_1816%29_-_Glaucous_Macaw_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="235" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110114_-_Anodorhynchus_glaucus_%28Vieillot%2C_1816%29_-_Glaucous_Macaw_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_%28cropped%29.jpeg/353px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110114_-_Anodorhynchus_glaucus_%28Vieillot%2C_1816%29_-_Glaucous_Macaw_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110114_-_Anodorhynchus_glaucus_%28Vieillot%2C_1816%29_-_Glaucous_Macaw_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_%28cropped%29.jpeg/470px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.110114_-_Anodorhynchus_glaucus_%28Vieillot%2C_1816%29_-_Glaucous_Macaw_-_specimen_-_lateral_view_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1077" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Glaucous_macaw" title="Glaucous macaw">Glaucous macaw</a> (extinct)</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Living species</a> range in size from the <a href="/wiki/Buff-faced_pygmy_parrot" title="Buff-faced pygmy parrot">buff-faced pygmy parrot</a>, at under 10 g (0.4 oz) in weight and 8 cm (3.1 in) in length,<sup id="cite_ref-Forshaw78_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forshaw78-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149">: 149 </span></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_macaw" title="Hyacinth macaw">hyacinth macaw</a>, at 1 m (3.3 ft) in length,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" title="Kākāpō">kākāpō</a>, at 4.0 kg (8.8 lb) in weight.<sup id="cite_ref-mass_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the superfamilies, the three extant Strigopoidea species are all large parrots, and the cockatoos tend to be large birds, as well. The Psittacoidea parrots are far more variable, ranging the full spectrum of sizes shown by the family.<sup id="cite_ref-mass_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyacinth_Macaw_(Anodorhynchus_hyacinthinus)_feeding_on_palm_nuts_..._-_Flickr_-_berniedup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hyacinth_Macaw_%28Anodorhynchus_hyacinthinus%29_feeding_on_palm_nuts_..._-_Flickr_-_berniedup.jpg/220px-Hyacinth_Macaw_%28Anodorhynchus_hyacinthinus%29_feeding_on_palm_nuts_..._-_Flickr_-_berniedup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hyacinth_Macaw_%28Anodorhynchus_hyacinthinus%29_feeding_on_palm_nuts_..._-_Flickr_-_berniedup.jpg/330px-Hyacinth_Macaw_%28Anodorhynchus_hyacinthinus%29_feeding_on_palm_nuts_..._-_Flickr_-_berniedup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hyacinth_Macaw_%28Anodorhynchus_hyacinthinus%29_feeding_on_palm_nuts_..._-_Flickr_-_berniedup.jpg/440px-Hyacinth_Macaw_%28Anodorhynchus_hyacinthinus%29_feeding_on_palm_nuts_..._-_Flickr_-_berniedup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_macaw" title="Hyacinth macaw">Hyacinth macaw</a> cracking a <a href="/wiki/Palm_nut" title="Palm nut">palm nut</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most obvious physical characteristic is the strong, curved, broad bill. The upper mandible is prominent, curves downward, and comes to a point. It is not fused to the skull, which allows it to move independently, and contributes to the tremendous biting pressure the birds are able to exert. A large macaw, for example, has a bite force of 35 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> (500 lb/sq in), close to that of a large dog.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower mandible is shorter, with a sharp, upward-facing cutting edge, which moves against the flat part of the upper mandible in an anvil-like fashion. Touch receptors occur along the inner edges of the <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratinised</a> bill, which are collectively known as the "<a href="/wiki/Bill_tip_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill tip organ">bill tip organ</a>", allowing for highly dexterous manipulations. Seed-eating parrots have a strong <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> (containing similar touch receptors to those in the bill tip organ), which helps to manipulate seeds or position nuts in the bill so that the mandibles can apply an appropriate cracking force. The head is large, with eyes positioned high and laterally in the skull, so the visual field of parrots is unlike any other birds. Without turning its head, a parrot can see from just below its bill tip, all above its head, and quite far behind its head. Parrots also have quite a wide frontal binocular field for a bird, although this is nowhere near as large as primate binocular visual fields.<sup id="cite_ref-senegal_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senegal-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike humans, the vision of parrots is also sensitive to ultraviolet light.<sup id="cite_ref-odeen_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odeen-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg/220px-Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg/330px-Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg/440px-Ara_chloropterus_-Bioparc_Zoo_de_Doue_la_Fontaine-8a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_macaw" title="Scarlet macaw">Scarlet macaw</a> displaying its zygodactyl feet.</figcaption></figure> <p>Parrots have strong <a href="/wiki/Zygodactyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygodactyl">zygodactyl</a> feet (two toes facing forward and two back) with sharp, elongated claws, which are used for climbing and swinging. Most species are capable of using their feet to manipulate food and other objects with a high degree of dexterity, in a similar manner to a human using their hands. A study conducted with Australian parrots has demonstrated that they exhibit "<a href="/wiki/Handedness" title="Handedness">handedness</a>", a distinct preference with regards to the foot used to pick up food, with adult parrots being almost exclusively "left-footed" or "right-footed", and with the prevalence of each preference within the population varying by species.<sup id="cite_ref-brennand_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennand-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eclectus_roratus-20030511.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Eclectus_roratus-20030511.jpg/220px-Eclectus_roratus-20030511.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Eclectus_roratus-20030511.jpg/330px-Eclectus_roratus-20030511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Eclectus_roratus-20030511.jpg/440px-Eclectus_roratus-20030511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eclectus_parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclectus parrot">Eclectus parrots</a>, male left and female right</figcaption></figure><p>Cockatoo species have a mobile <a href="/wiki/Crest_(feathers)" title="Crest (feathers)">crest</a> of feathers on the top of their heads, which they can raise for display, and retract.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu9qSHzxWdy0CpgPA57_p._57]_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu9qSHzxWdy0CpgPA57_p._57]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No other parrots can do so, but the Pacific lorikeets in the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Vini_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vini (genus)">Vini</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Phigys" class="mw-redirect" title="Phigys">Phigys</a></i> can ruffle the feathers of the crown and nape, and the <a href="/wiki/Red-fan_parrot" title="Red-fan parrot">red-fan parrot</a> (or hawk-headed parrot) has a prominent feather <a href="/wiki/Neck_frill" title="Neck frill">neck frill</a> that it can raise and lower at will. The predominant colour of <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> in parrots is green, though most species have some red or another colour in small quantities. Cockatoos, however, are predominately black or white with some red, pink, or yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu9qSHzxWdy0CpgPA1_p._1]_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu9qSHzxWdy0CpgPA1_p._1]-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strong <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> in plumage is not typical among parrots, with some notable exceptions, the most striking being the <a href="/wiki/Eclectus_parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclectus parrot">eclectus parrot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forshaw78_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forshaw78-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 202–207">: 202–207 </span></sup> However, it has been shown that some parrot species exhibit sexually dimorphic plumage in the ultraviolet spectrum, normally invisible to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Psittaciformes_by_population" title="List of Psittaciformes by population">List of Psittaciformes by population</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cacha%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cacha%C3%B1a.jpg/220px-Cacha%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cacha%C3%B1a.jpg/330px-Cacha%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cacha%C3%B1a.jpg/440px-Cacha%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Most parrot species are tropical, but a few species, like this <a href="/wiki/Austral_parakeet" title="Austral parakeet">austral parakeet</a>, range deeply into temperate zones.</figcaption></figure> <p>Parrots are found on all tropical and subtropical continents and regions including <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Olah2018_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olah2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Berkunsky2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkunsky2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Caribbean and Pacific islands are home to <a href="/wiki/Endemic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic species">endemic species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-range_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-range-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By far the greatest number of parrot species come from Australasia and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lories and lorikeets range from <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> in the north to Australia and across the Pacific as far as <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, with the greatest diversity being found in and around <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-range_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-range-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subfamily <a href="/wiki/Arinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arinae">Arinae</a> encompasses all the neotropical parrots, including the amazons, macaws, and conures, and ranges from northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> in the southern tip of South America.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pygmy parrots, tribe <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_parrot" title="Pygmy parrot">Micropsittini</a>, form a small genus restricted to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The superfamily Strigopoidea contains three living species of aberrant parrots from New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broad-tailed parrots, subfamily <a href="/wiki/Platycercinae" title="Platycercinae">Platycercinae</a>, are restricted to Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific islands as far eastwards as <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The true parrot superfamily, Psittacoidea, includes a range of species from Australia and New Guinea to South Asia and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-range_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-range-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The centre of cockatoo biodiversity is Australia and New Guinea, although some species reach the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (and one formerly occurred in <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Steadman_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steadman-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a> and the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu9qSHzxWdy0CpgPA86_p._86]_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu9qSHzxWdy0CpgPA86_p._86]-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keas_perch_on_snowy_mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Keas_perch_on_snowy_mountain.jpg/250px-Keas_perch_on_snowy_mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Keas_perch_on_snowy_mountain.jpg/330px-Keas_perch_on_snowy_mountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Keas_perch_on_snowy_mountain.jpg/500px-Keas_perch_on_snowy_mountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kea" title="Kea">kea</a> is the only alpine parrot.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several parrots inhabit the cool, <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> regions of South America and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Three species—the <a href="/wiki/Thick-billed_parrot" title="Thick-billed parrot">thick-billed parrot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Green_parakeet" title="Green parakeet">green parakeet</a>, and the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Carolina_parakeet" title="Carolina parakeet">Carolina parakeet</a>—have lived as far north as the southern United States. Many parrots, especially <a href="/wiki/Monk_parakeets" class="mw-redirect" title="Monk parakeets">monk parakeets</a>, have been <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> to areas with temperate climates, and have established stable populations in parts of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (including <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Butler05_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler05-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These birds can be quite successful in introduced areas, such as the non-native population of <a href="/wiki/Red-crowned_amazon" title="Red-crowned amazon">red-crowned amazons</a> in the U.S. which may rival that of their native Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only parrot to inhabit <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine climates</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Kea" title="Kea">kea</a>, which is endemic to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a> mountain range on New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benham_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Few parrots are wholly <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> or fully <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory</a>. Most fall somewhere between the two extremes, making poorly understood regional movements, with some adopting an entirely nomadic lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-collar_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collar-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only three species are migratory – the orange-bellied, blue-winged and <a href="/wiki/Swift_parrot" title="Swift parrot">swift parrots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-juniper_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juniper-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agapornis_nigrigenis_-_head_and_shoulders_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Agapornis_nigrigenis_-_head_and_shoulders_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Agapornis_nigrigenis_-_head_and_shoulders_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Agapornis_nigrigenis_-_head_and_shoulders_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Agapornis_nigrigenis_-_head_and_shoulders_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Agapornis_nigrigenis_-_head_and_shoulders_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Agapornis_nigrigenis_-_head_and_shoulders_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black-cheeked_lovebird" title="Black-cheeked lovebird">Black-cheeked lovebird</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pin_feather" title="Pin feather">pin feathers</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_lorikeet_and_Aloe_sp_Brisbane_Botanic_Gardens_Mt_Coot-tha_P1030135.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rainbow_lorikeet_and_Aloe_sp_Brisbane_Botanic_Gardens_Mt_Coot-tha_P1030135.jpg/250px-Rainbow_lorikeet_and_Aloe_sp_Brisbane_Botanic_Gardens_Mt_Coot-tha_P1030135.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rainbow_lorikeet_and_Aloe_sp_Brisbane_Botanic_Gardens_Mt_Coot-tha_P1030135.jpg/330px-Rainbow_lorikeet_and_Aloe_sp_Brisbane_Botanic_Gardens_Mt_Coot-tha_P1030135.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rainbow_lorikeet_and_Aloe_sp_Brisbane_Botanic_Gardens_Mt_Coot-tha_P1030135.jpg/500px-Rainbow_lorikeet_and_Aloe_sp_Brisbane_Botanic_Gardens_Mt_Coot-tha_P1030135.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_lorikeet" title="Rainbow lorikeet">Rainbow lorikeet</a> feeding on <i><a href="/wiki/Aloe" title="Aloe">Aloe</a></i> nectar</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous challenges are found in studying wild parrots, as they are difficult to catch and once caught, they are difficult to mark. Most wild bird studies rely on <a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">banding</a> or wing tagging, but parrots chew off such attachments.<sup id="cite_ref-collar_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collar-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parrots also tend to range widely, and consequently many gaps occur in knowledge of their behaviour. Some parrots have a strong, direct flight. Most species spend much of their time perched or climbing in <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">tree canopies</a>. They often use their bills for climbing by gripping or hooking on branches and other supports. Researchers at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Institute_of_Technology" title="New York Institute of Technology">New York Institute of Technology</a> published findings that showed parrots used their beaks as a "third limb" to propel themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the ground, parrots often walk with a rolling gait.<sup id="cite_ref-senegal_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senegal-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yellow-tailed_Black-Cockatoo_kobble08.ogv/220px--Yellow-tailed_Black-Cockatoo_kobble08.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Yellow-tailed_Black-Cockatoo_kobble08.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Yellow-tailed_Black-Cockatoo_kobble08.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Yellow-tailed_Black-Cockatoo_kobble08.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="512" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Yellow-tailed_Black-Cockatoo_kobble08.ogv/Yellow-tailed_Black-Cockatoo_kobble08.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="512" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Yellow-tailed_Black-Cockatoo_kobble08.ogv/Yellow-tailed_Black-Cockatoo_kobble08.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Yellow-tailed_black_cockatoo" title="Yellow-tailed black cockatoo">yellow-tailed black cockatoo</a> using its strong bill to search for grubs</figcaption></figure> <p>The diet of parrots consists of <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">buds</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and other animal prey. The most important of these for most true parrots and cockatoos are seeds; the large and powerful bill has evolved to open and consume tough seeds. All true parrots, except the <a href="/wiki/Pesquet%27s_parrot" title="Pesquet's parrot">Pesquet's parrot</a>, employ the same method to obtain the seed from the husk; the seed is held between the mandibles and the lower mandible crushes the husk, whereupon the seed is rotated in the bill and the remaining husk is removed.<sup id="cite_ref-collar_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collar-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may use their foot sometimes to hold large seeds in place. Parrots are <a href="/wiki/Granivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Granivore">granivores</a> rather than seed <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersers</a>, and in many cases where they are seen <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">consuming fruit</a>, they are only eating the fruit to get at the seed. As seeds often have <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">poisons</a> that protect them, parrots carefully remove seed coats and other chemically defended fruit parts prior to ingestion. Many species in the Americas, Africa, and Papua New Guinea consume <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, which releases minerals and absorbs toxic compounds from the gut.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parrots_at_a_clay_lick_-Tambopata_National_Reserve,_Peru-8d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Parrots_at_a_clay_lick_-Tambopata_National_Reserve%2C_Peru-8d.jpg/220px-Parrots_at_a_clay_lick_-Tambopata_National_Reserve%2C_Peru-8d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Parrots_at_a_clay_lick_-Tambopata_National_Reserve%2C_Peru-8d.jpg/330px-Parrots_at_a_clay_lick_-Tambopata_National_Reserve%2C_Peru-8d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Parrots_at_a_clay_lick_-Tambopata_National_Reserve%2C_Peru-8d.jpg/440px-Parrots_at_a_clay_lick_-Tambopata_National_Reserve%2C_Peru-8d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1623" data-file-height="2271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-yellow_macaw" title="Blue-and-yellow macaw">Blue-and-yellow macaws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_macaw" title="Scarlet macaw">scarlet macaws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut-fronted_macaw" title="Chestnut-fronted macaw">chestnut-fronted macaws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mealy_amazon" title="Mealy amazon">mealy amazons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue-headed_parrot" title="Blue-headed parrot">blue-headed parrots</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Orange-cheeked_parrot" title="Orange-cheeked parrot">orange-cheeked parrot</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Mineral_lick" title="Mineral lick">clay lick</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tambopata_National_Reserve" title="Tambopata National Reserve">Tambopata National Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Geographical range and body size predominantly explains the diet composition of Neotropical parrots rather than phylogeny.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lories, lorikeets, <a href="/wiki/Hanging_parrot" title="Hanging parrot">hanging parrots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swift_parrot" title="Swift parrot">swift parrots</a> are primarily <a href="/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore">nectar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palynivore" title="Palynivore">pollen</a> consumers, and have tongues with brush tips to collect it, as well as some specialised gut adaptations. Many other species also consume nectar when it becomes available.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some parrot species prey on animals, especially invertebrate larvae. <a href="/wiki/Golden-winged_parakeet" title="Golden-winged parakeet">Golden-winged parakeets</a> prey on water <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Kea" title="Kea">kea</a> can, though uncommonly, hunt adult sheep,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Antipodes_parakeet" title="Antipodes parakeet">Antipodes parakeet</a>, another New Zealand parrot, enters the burrows of nesting <a href="/wiki/Grey-backed_storm_petrel" title="Grey-backed storm petrel">grey-backed storm petrels</a> and kills the incubating adults.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cockatoos and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_k%C4%81k%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand kākā">New Zealand kākā</a> excavate branches and wood to feed on grubs; the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow-tailed_black_cockatoo" title="Yellow-tailed black cockatoo">yellow-tailed black cockatoo</a>'s diet is made up of insects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu9qSHzxWdy0CpgPA114_p._114–116]_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu9qSHzxWdy0CpgPA114_p._114–116]-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some extinct parrots had carnivorous diets. <a href="/wiki/Pseudasturidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudasturidae">Pseudasturids</a> were probably <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoo</a>- or <a href="/wiki/Puffbird" title="Puffbird">puffbird</a>-like insectivores, while <a href="/wiki/Messelasturidae" title="Messelasturidae">messelasturids</a> were <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">raptor</a>-like carnivores.<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1080/14772019.2010.505252_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1080/14772019.2010.505252-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3></div> <p>With few exceptions, parrots are <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a> breeders who nest in cavities and hold no <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territories</a> other than their nesting sites.<sup id="cite_ref-collar_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collar-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rowley_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowley-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">pair bonds</a> of the parrots and cockatoos are strong and a pair remains close during the nonbreeding season, even if they join larger flocks. As with many birds, pair bond formation is preceded by courtship displays; these are relatively simple in the case of cockatoos. In Psittacidae parrots' common breeding displays, usually undertaken by the male, include slow, deliberate steps known as a "parade" or "stately walk" and the "<a href="/wiki/Eye_pinning" title="Eye pinning">eye-blaze</a>", where the pupil of the eye constricts to reveal the edge of the iris.<sup id="cite_ref-collar_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collar-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Allopreening" class="mw-redirect" title="Allopreening">Allopreening</a> is used by the pair to help maintain the bond. <a href="/wiki/Helpers_at_the_nest" title="Helpers at the nest">Cooperative breeding</a>, where birds other than the breeding pair help raise the young and is common in some bird families, is extremely rare in parrots, and has only unambiguously been demonstrated in the <a href="/wiki/El_Oro_parakeet" title="El Oro parakeet">El Oro parakeet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_parakeet" title="Golden parakeet">golden parakeet</a> (which may also exhibit <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Polygamy" title="Animal sexual behaviour">polygamous</a>, or group breeding, behaviour with multiple females contributing to the clutch).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose-ringed_Parakeet_(Psittacula_krameri),_Parc_de_Woluwe,_Brussels,_Belgium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rose-ringed_Parakeet_%28Psittacula_krameri%29%2C_Parc_de_Woluwe%2C_Brussels%2C_Belgium.jpg/220px-Rose-ringed_Parakeet_%28Psittacula_krameri%29%2C_Parc_de_Woluwe%2C_Brussels%2C_Belgium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rose-ringed_Parakeet_%28Psittacula_krameri%29%2C_Parc_de_Woluwe%2C_Brussels%2C_Belgium.jpg/330px-Rose-ringed_Parakeet_%28Psittacula_krameri%29%2C_Parc_de_Woluwe%2C_Brussels%2C_Belgium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rose-ringed_Parakeet_%28Psittacula_krameri%29%2C_Parc_de_Woluwe%2C_Brussels%2C_Belgium.jpg/440px-Rose-ringed_Parakeet_%28Psittacula_krameri%29%2C_Parc_de_Woluwe%2C_Brussels%2C_Belgium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2819" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption>The vast majority of parrots are, like this <a href="/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet" title="Rose-ringed parakeet">rose-ringed parakeet</a>, cavity nesters.</figcaption></figure> <p>Only the <a href="/wiki/Monk_parakeet" title="Monk parakeet">monk parakeet</a> and five species of <a href="/wiki/Lovebird" title="Lovebird">lovebirds</a> build nests in trees,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three Australian and New Zealand ground parrots nest on the ground. All other parrots and cockatoos nest in cavities, either tree hollows or cavities dug into cliffs, banks, or the ground. The use of holes in cliffs is more common in the Americas. Many species use <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termite</a> nests, possibly to reduce the conspicuousness of the nesting site or to create a favourable <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, both parents participate in nest excavation. The length of the burrow varies with species, but is usually between 0.5 and 2 m (1.6 and 6.6 ft) in length. The nests of cockatoos are often lined with sticks, wood chips, and other plant material. In the larger species of parrots and cockatoos, the availability of nesting hollows may be limited, leading to intense competition for them both within the species and between species, as well as with other bird families. The intensity of this competition can limit breeding success in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollows created artificially by arborists have proven successful in boosting breeding rates in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species are <a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">colonial</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Burrowing_parrot" title="Burrowing parrot">burrowing parrot</a> nesting in colonies up to 70,000 strong.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coloniality is not as common in parrots as might be expected, possibly because most species adopt old cavities rather than excavate their own.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eggs of parrots are white. In most species, the female undertakes all the <a href="/wiki/Avian_incubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian incubation">incubation</a>, although incubation is shared in cockatoos, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_lorikeet" title="Blue lorikeet">blue lorikeet</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vernal_hanging_parrot" title="Vernal hanging parrot">vernal hanging parrot</a>. The female remains in the nest for almost all of the incubation period and is fed both by the male and during short breaks. Incubation varies from 17 to 35 days, with larger species having longer incubation periods. The newly born young are <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a>, either lacking feathers or with sparse white <a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">down</a>. The young spend three weeks to four months in the nest, depending on species, and may receive parental care for several months thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-EoB_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoB-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As typical of <a href="/wiki/K-selection" class="mw-redirect" title="K-selection">K-selected</a> species, the macaws and other larger parrot species have low reproductive rates. They require several years to reach maturity, produce one or very few young per year, and do not necessarily breed every year.<sup id="cite_ref-tweti_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tweti-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125">: 125 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence_and_learning">Intelligence and learning</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunconurepuzzle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sunconurepuzzle.jpg/220px-Sunconurepuzzle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Sunconurepuzzle.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sun_conure" title="Sun conure">Sun conure</a> demonstrating parrots' puzzle-solving skills</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bird_intelligence" title="Bird intelligence">Bird intelligence</a></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Grey_parrot" title="Grey parrot">grey parrots</a> have shown an ability to associate words with their <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (linguistics)">meanings</a> and form simple sentences. Along with <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">ravens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jay" title="Jay">jays</a> (family <a href="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a>), parrots are considered the most intelligent of birds. The brain-to-body size ratio of psittacines and corvines is comparable to that of higher primates.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of using the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> like mammals, birds use the mediorostral <a href="/wiki/HVC_(avian_brain_region)" title="HVC (avian brain region)">HVC</a> for cognition.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Not only have parrots demonstrated intelligence through scientific testing of their language-using ability, but also some species of parrots, such as the kea, are also highly skilled at using tools and solving puzzles.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Learning in early life is apparently important to all parrots, and much of that learning is social learning. Social interactions are often practised with siblings, and in several species, <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8che_(zoology)" title="Crèche (zoology)">crèches</a> are formed with several broods. Foraging behaviour is generally learnt from parents, and can be a very protracted affair. <a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">Generalists and specialists</a> generally become independent of their parents much quicker than partly specialised species who may have to learn skills over long periods as various resources become seasonally available. Play forms a large part of learning in parrots; play can be solitary or social. Species may engage in play fights or wild flights to practice predator evasion. An absence of stimuli can delay the development of young birds, as demonstrated by a group of <a href="/wiki/Vasa_parrot" title="Vasa parrot">vasa parrots</a> kept in tiny cages with domesticated chickens from the age of three months; at nine months, these birds still behaved in the same way as three-month-olds, but had adopted some chicken behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-collar_65-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collar-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar fashion, captive birds in zoo collections or pets can, if deprived of stimuli, develop <a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">stereotyped</a> and harmful behaviours like self-plucking. Aviculturists working with parrots have identified the need for <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_enrichment" title="Behavioral enrichment">environmental enrichment</a> to keep parrots stimulated.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sound_imitation_and_speech">Sound imitation and speech</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Talking_bird" title="Talking bird">Talking bird</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animal_language" title="Animal language">Animal language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Amazon_edited.ogv/220px-seek%3D1-Amazon_edited.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="44" data-mwtitle="Amazon_edited.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Amazon_edited.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Amazon_edited.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="500" data-height="376" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Amazon_edited.ogv/Amazon_edited.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Amazon_edited.ogv/Amazon_edited.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Amazon_edited.ogv/Amazon_edited.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Amazon_edited.ogv/Amazon_edited.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAmazon_edited.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of an orange-winged amazon saying "hello" having been prompted by some humans</figcaption></figure> <p>Many parrots can imitate human <a href="/wiki/Speech_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech communication">speech</a> or other sounds. A study by scientist <a href="/wiki/Irene_Pepperberg" title="Irene Pepperberg">Irene Pepperberg</a> suggested a high learning ability in a grey parrot named <a href="/wiki/Alex_(parrot)" title="Alex (parrot)">Alex</a>. Alex was trained to use words to identify objects, describe them, count them, and even answer complex questions such as "How many red squares?" with over 80% accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-alex_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alex-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/N%27kisi" title="N'kisi">N'kisi</a>, another grey parrot, has been shown to have a vocabulary of around a thousand words, and has displayed an ability to invent and use words in context in correct tenses.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parrots do not have vocal cords, so sound is accomplished by expelling air across the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> in the organ called the <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">syrinx</a>. Different sounds are produced by changing the depth and shape of the trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grey parrots are known for their superior ability to imitate sounds and human speech, which has made them popular pets since ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most parrot species are able to imitate, some of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_parrot" title="Amazon parrot">amazon parrots</a> are generally regarded as the next-best imitators and speakers of the parrot world. The question of why birds imitate remains open, but those that do often score very high on tests designed to measure problem-solving ability. Wild grey parrots have been observed imitating other birds.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides imitation, it is possible that parrots could be trained to use simple communication tools, e.g., to request food or a favourite activity by pushing a button.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Song">Song</h4></div> <p>Parrots are unusual among birds due to their learned <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">vocalizations</a>, a trait they share with only <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">songbirds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaunt83_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaunt83-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">syrinx</a> (vocal organ) of parrots, which aids in their ability to produce song, is located at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> and consists of two complex syringeal muscles that allow for the production of sound vibrations, and a pair of lateral tympaniform membranes that control sound frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of the syrinx in birds allows for directed air flow into the interclavicular <a href="/wiki/Air_sac" title="Air sac">air sacs</a> according to air sac pressure, which in turn creates a higher and louder tone in birds' singing.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaunt83_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaunt83-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooperation">Cooperation</h4></div> <p>A 2011 study stated that some African grey parrots preferred to work alone, while others like to work together.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With two parrots, they know the order of tasks or when they should do something together at once, but they have trouble exchanging roles. With three parrots, one parrot usually prefers to cooperate with one of the other two, but all of them are cooperating to solve the task.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longevity">Longevity</h3></div> <p>The heightened <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">longevity</a> of parrots appears to involve increased expression of several <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomic</a> features including genes employed in <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">cell cycle</a> regulation, <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> binding/processing, <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">repair of DNA damage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a> response pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pets">Pets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Companion parrot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pet_parrots_in_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pet_parrots_in_Cuba.jpg/250px-Pet_parrots_in_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pet_parrots_in_Cuba.jpg/330px-Pet_parrots_in_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pet_parrots_in_Cuba.jpg/500px-Pet_parrots_in_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Pet <a href="/wiki/Cuban_amazon" title="Cuban amazon">Cuban amazons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Parrots may not make good pets for most people because of their natural wild instincts such as screaming and chewing. Although parrots can be very affectionate and cute when immature, they often become aggressive when mature (partly due to mishandling and poor training) and may bite, causing serious injury.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, parrot rescue groups estimate that most parrots are surrendered and rehomed through at least five homes before reaching their permanent destinations or before dying prematurely from unintentional or intentional neglect and abuse. The parrots' ability to mimic human words and their bright colours and beauty prompt impulse buying from unsuspecting consumers. The domesticated budgerigar, a small parrot, is the most popular of all pet bird species.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> published that 11 million pet birds were in the United States alone,<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of them parrots. Europeans kept birds matching the description of the <a href="/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet" title="Rose-ringed parakeet">rose-ringed parakeet</a> (or called the ring-necked parrot), documented particularly in a first-century account by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As they have been prized for thousands of years for their beauty and ability to talk, they have also often been misunderstood. For example, author Wolfgang de Grahl says in his 1987 book <i>The Grey Parrot</i> that some importers had parrots drink only coffee while they were shipped by boat, believing that pure water was detrimental and that their actions would increase survival rates during shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, it is commonly accepted that the caffeine in coffee is toxic to birds.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pet parrots may be kept in a cage or <a href="/wiki/Aviary" title="Aviary">aviary</a>; though generally, tame parrots should be allowed out regularly on a stand or gym. Depending on locality, parrots may be either wild-caught or be captive-bred, though in most areas without native parrots, pet parrots are captive-bred. Parrot species that are commonly kept as pets include <a href="/wiki/Conures" class="mw-redirect" title="Conures">conures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macaw" title="Macaw">macaws</a>, amazon parrots, <a href="/wiki/Cockatoos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockatoos">cockatoos</a>, greys, <a href="/wiki/Lovebirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovebirds">lovebirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cockatiel" title="Cockatiel">cockatiels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budgerigar" title="Budgerigar">budgerigars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Caiques">caiques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parakeet" title="Parakeet">parakeets</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Eclectus" title="Eclectus">Eclectus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pionus" title="Pionus">Pionus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Poicephalus" title="Poicephalus">Poicephalus</a></i> species. Temperaments and personalities vary even within a species, just as with dog breeds. Grey parrots are thought to be excellent talkers, but not all grey parrots want to talk, though they have the capability to do so. Noise level, talking ability, cuddliness with people, and care needs can sometimes depend on how the bird is cared for and the attention he/she regularly receives.<sup id="cite_ref-care_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-care-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ara_macao_-on_a_small_bicycle-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ara_macao_-on_a_small_bicycle-8.jpg/220px-Ara_macao_-on_a_small_bicycle-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ara_macao_-on_a_small_bicycle-8.jpg/330px-Ara_macao_-on_a_small_bicycle-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ara_macao_-on_a_small_bicycle-8.jpg/440px-Ara_macao_-on_a_small_bicycle-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_macaw" title="Scarlet macaw">Scarlet macaw</a> riding a tricycle at a show in Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>Parrots invariably require an enormous amount of attention, care, and intellectual stimulation to thrive, akin to that required by a three-year-old child, which many people find themselves unable to provide in the long term.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parrots that are bred for pets may be hand-fed or otherwise accustomed to interacting with people from a young age to help ensure they become tame and trusting. However, even when hand fed, parrots revert to biting and aggression during hormonal surges and if mishandled or neglected.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parrots are not low-maintenance pets; they require feeding, grooming, veterinary care, training, and environmental enrichment through the provision of toys, exercise, and social interaction (with other parrots or humans) for good health.<sup id="cite_ref-patt_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patt-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some large parrot species, including large cockatoos, amazons, and macaws, have very long lifespans, with 80 years being reported,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and record ages of over 100.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small parrots, such as lovebirds, hanging parrots, and budgies, have shorter lifespans up to 15–20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some parrot species can be quite loud, and many of the larger parrots can be destructive and require a very large cage, and a regular supply of new toys, branches, or other items to chew up.<sup id="cite_ref-care_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-care-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intelligence of parrots means they are quick to learn tricks and other behaviours—both good and bad—that get them what they want, such as attention or treats.<sup id="cite_ref-patt_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patt-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity, longevity, and intelligence of many of the larger kinds of pet parrots and their wild traits such as screaming, has led to many birds needing to be rehomed during the course of their long lifespans. A common problem is that large parrots that are cuddly and gentle as juveniles mature into intelligent, complex, often demanding adults who can outlive their owners, and can also become aggressive or even dangerous. Due to an increasing number of homeless parrots, they are being euthanised like dogs and cats, and parrot adoption centres and sanctuaries are becoming more common.<sup id="cite_ref-tweti_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tweti-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77–78">: 77–78 </span></sup> Parrots do not often do well in captivity, causing some parrots to go insane and develop repetitive behaviours, such as swaying and screaming, or they become riddled with intense fear. Feather destruction and self-mutilation, although not commonly seen in the wild, occur often in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some owners have offered their pet parrots mobile apps for entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_mobile_apps_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_mobile_apps-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists Rébecca Kleinberger of <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a> and Ilyena Hirskyj-Douglas of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> performed a pilot study to tailor apps to parrots' preferences. The birds tended to use rapid tongue movements to interact with screens, possibly mimicking movements used to manipulate seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_mobile_apps_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_mobile_apps-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To motivate parrots participating in the pilot study, researchers used treats such as peanut butter, yoghurt and pine nuts; one bird responded better to "cheering and praise".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_mobile_apps_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_mobile_apps-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PANTANAL-MT_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PANTANAL-MT_001.JPG/250px-PANTANAL-MT_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PANTANAL-MT_001.JPG/330px-PANTANAL-MT_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PANTANAL-MT_001.JPG/500px-PANTANAL-MT_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2595" data-file-height="1731" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_macaw" title="Hyacinth macaw">Hyacinth macaws</a> were taken from the wild for the <a href="/wiki/International_parrot_trade" title="International parrot trade">pet trade</a> in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Brazil now has only a very small number of breeding pairs left in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_parrot_trade" title="International parrot trade">International parrot trade</a></div> <p>The popularity of parrots as pets has led to a thriving—and often illegal—trade in the birds, and some species are now threatened with extinction. A combination of trapping of wild birds and damage to parrot habitats makes survival difficult or even impossible for some species of parrot. Importation of wild-caught parrots into the US and Europe is illegal after the Wild Bird Population Act was passed in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scale of the problem can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Silva" title="Tony Silva">Tony Silva</a> case of 1996, in which a parrot expert and former director at <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Loro_Parque" title="Loro Parque">Loro Parque</a> (Europe's largest parrot park) was jailed in the United States for 82 months and fined $100,000 for smuggling hyacinth macaws (such birds command a very high price.)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different nations have different methods of handling internal and international trade. Australia has banned the export of its native birds since 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2007, following years of campaigning by <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a> and outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Avian_flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian flu">avian flu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) halted the importation of all wild birds with a permanent ban on their import.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to an earlier temporary ban started in late October 2005, the EU was importing about two million live birds a year, about 90% of the international market: hundreds of thousands of these were parrots.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No national laws protect feral parrot populations in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mexico has a licensing system for capturing and selling native birds.<sup id="cite_ref-mexico_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexico-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2007 report, 65,000 to 78,500 parrots are captured annually, but the mortality rate before reaching a buyer is over 75%, meaning around 50,000 to 60,000 will die.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParrotLMCMOCHE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ParrotLMCMOCHE.jpg/220px-ParrotLMCMOCHE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/ParrotLMCMOCHE.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption>Moche parrot, 200 CE <a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum</a> Collection Lima, Peru</figcaption></figure> <p>Parrots have featured in human writings, story, art, humor, religion, and music for thousands of years, such as <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_fable" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesop's fable">Aesop's fable</a> "The parrot and the cat",<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the mention "<i>The parrot can speak, and yet is nothing more than a bird</i>" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Rites" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Rites">The Book of Rites</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Muhammad_Balkhi-Rumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi">Rumi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> in 1250 "The Merchant and the Parrot".<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent books about parrots in human culture include <i>Parrot Culture</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient times and current, parrot <a href="/wiki/Feathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathers">feathers</a> have been used in ceremonies and for decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also have a long history as pets, stretching back thousands of years, and were often kept as a symbol of royalty or wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parrots are used as symbols of nations and nationalism. A parrot is found on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Dominica" title="Flag of Dominica">flag of Dominica</a> and two parrots on their <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Dominica" title="Coat of arms of Dominica">coat of arms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vincent parrot">St. Vincent parrot</a> is the national bird of <a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a>, a Caribbean nation.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sayings about parrots colour the modern English language. The verb "parrot" in the dictionary means "to repeat by rote". Also clichés such as the British expression "sick as a parrot" are given; although this refers to extreme disappointment rather than illness, it may originate from the disease of <a href="/wiki/Psittacosis" title="Psittacosis">psittacosis</a>, which can be passed to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first occurrence of a related expression is in <a href="/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn">Aphra Behn</a>'s 1681 play <i>The False Count</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fans of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Buffett" title="Jimmy Buffett">Jimmy Buffett</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Parrothead" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrothead">parrotheads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parrots feature in many media. Magazines are devoted to parrots as pets, and to the conservation of parrots.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fictional media include <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Dead_Parrot_sketch" title="Dead Parrot sketch">Dead Parrot sketch</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Home_Alone_3" title="Home Alone 3">Home Alone 3</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rio_(2011_film)" title="Rio (2011 film)">Rio</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and documentaries include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Parrots_of_Telegraph_Hill" title="The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill">The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parrots have been a food source to several groups. <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> settlers made parrot pies,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Maori hunted kakapos for their meat and feathers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mythology">Mythology</h4></div> <p>As early as the ancient Chinese <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 BCE – 1045 BCE), jade artifacts are found crafted in the shape of parrots and were subjected to burning over wood along with other jade objects and livestock, likely as a part of ritual sacrifices known as 'Liao' sacrifices (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">燎祭</span></span>), generating smoke offerings to the heavens, gods and ancestors. This ritual is believed to have been inherited from previous worship practices and continued into the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>. A jade parrot, among other artifacts, recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Fu_Hao" title="Tomb of Fu Hao">tomb of Fu Hao</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yinxu</a> provides significant evidence of this practice.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> legend as current in the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a>, the hero <a href="/wiki/Laka" title="Laka">Laka</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laka#Marquesas" title="Laka">Aka</a> is mentioned as having undertaken a long and dangerous voyage to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aotona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aotona (page does not exist)">Aotona</a> in what are now the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, to obtain the highly prized feathers of a red parrot as gifts for his son and daughter. On the voyage, 100 of his 140 rowers died of hunger on their way, but the survivors reached Aotona and captured enough parrots to fill 140 bags with their feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parrots have also been considered sacred. The <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche</a> people of ancient <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> worshipped birds and often depicted parrots in their art.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parrots are popular in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> scripture and many writings about them exist. For example, <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> once changed himself into a parrot to aid in converting people. Another old story tells how after a forest caught fire, the parrot was so concerned, it carried water to try to put out the flames. The ruler of heaven was so moved upon seeing the parrot's act, he sent rain to put out the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Chinese Buddhist</a> iconography, a parrot is sometimes depicted hovering on the upper right side <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yin" class="mw-redirect" title="Guan Yin">Guan Yin</a> clasping a pearl or prayer beads in its beak.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, the parrot is the mount of the god of love, <a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kamadeva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bird is also associated with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi" title="Meenakshi">Meenakshi</a> and the poet-saint <a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feral_populations">Feral populations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parrots_of_telegraph_hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Parrots_of_telegraph_hill.jpg/250px-Parrots_of_telegraph_hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Parrots_of_telegraph_hill.jpg/330px-Parrots_of_telegraph_hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Parrots_of_telegraph_hill.jpg/500px-Parrots_of_telegraph_hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Feral <a href="/wiki/Red-masked_parakeet" title="Red-masked parakeet">red-masked parakeets</a> in San Francisco</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feral_parrot" title="Feral parrot">Feral parrot</a></div> <p>Escaped parrots of several species have become established in the wild outside their natural ranges and in some cases outside the natural range of parrots. Among the earliest instances were pet <a href="/wiki/Maroon_shining_parrot" title="Maroon shining parrot">red shining-parrots</a> from Fiji, which established a population on the islands of southern <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>. These introductions were prehistoric and red-shining parrots were recorded in Tonga by <a href="/wiki/Captain_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Cook">Captain Cook</a> in the 1770s.<sup id="cite_ref-Steadman_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steadman-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Escapees first began breeding in cities in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> in the 1950s (with unproven earlier claims dating to the 1920s in Texas and Florida).<sup id="cite_ref-Butler05_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler05-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have proved surprisingly hardy in adapting to conditions in Europe and North America. They sometimes even multiply to the point of becoming a nuisance or pest, and a threat to local ecosystems, and control measures have been used on some feral populations.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feral parrot flocks can be formed after mass escapes of newly imported, wild-caught parrots from airports or quarantine facilities. Large groups of escapees have the protection of a flock and possess the skills to survive and breed in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-feral_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feral-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some feral parakeets may have descended from escaped zoo birds. Escaped or released pets rarely contribute to establishing feral populations, as they usually result in only a few escapees, and most captive-born birds do not possess the necessary survival skills to find food or avoid predators and often do not survive long without human caretakers. However, in areas where there are existing feral parrot populations, escaped pets may sometimes successfully join these flocks.<sup id="cite_ref-feral_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feral-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler05_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler05-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common years that feral parrots were released to non-native environments was from the 1890s to the 1940s, during the wild-caught parrot era.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler05_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler05-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the "<a href="/wiki/Parrot_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrot fever">parrot fever</a>" panic of 1930, a city health commissioner urged everyone who owned a parrot to put them down, but some owners abandoned their parrots on the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-newyorker_parrotfever_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorker_parrotfever-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats_and_conservation">Threats and conservation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John-Gould-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/John-Gould-001.jpg/170px-John-Gould-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/John-Gould-001.jpg/255px-John-Gould-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/John-Gould-001.jpg/340px-John-Gould-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_k%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Norfolk kākā">Norfolk kākā</a> went extinct in the mid-1800s due to overhunting and habitat loss.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The principal threats of parrots are habitat loss and degradation, hunting, and, for certain species, the wild-bird trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Olah2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olah2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parrots are persecuted because, in some areas, they are (or have been) hunted for food and feathers, and as <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">agricultural pests</a>. For a time, Argentina offered a bounty on <a href="/wiki/Monk_parakeet" title="Monk parakeet">monk parakeets</a> for that reason, resulting in hundreds of thousands of birds being killed, though apparently this did not greatly affect the overall population.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parrots, being cavity nesters, are vulnerable to the loss of nesting sites and to competition with introduced species for those sites. The loss of old trees is a particular problem in some areas, particularly in Australia, where suitable nesting trees must be centuries old. Many parrots occur only on islands and are vulnerable to introduced species such as rats and <a href="/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">feral cat</a>, as they lack the <a href="/wiki/Island_tameness" title="Island tameness">appropriate antipredator behaviours</a> needed to deal with predators.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Island species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_amazon" title="Puerto Rican amazon">Puerto Rican amazon</a>, which have small populations in restricted habitats, are also vulnerable to natural events, such as hurricanes.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to deforestation, the Puerto Rican amazon is one of the world's rarest birds despite conservation efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karolinasittich_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Karolinasittich_01.jpg/220px-Karolinasittich_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Karolinasittich_01.jpg/330px-Karolinasittich_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Karolinasittich_01.jpg/440px-Karolinasittich_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A mounted specimen of the <a href="/wiki/Carolina_parakeet" title="Carolina parakeet">Carolina parakeet</a>, which was hunted to extinction</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parrot_in_conservatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Parrot_in_conservatory.jpg/220px-Parrot_in_conservatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Parrot_in_conservatory.jpg/330px-Parrot_in_conservatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Parrot_in_conservatory.jpg/440px-Parrot_in_conservatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Senegal_parrot" title="Senegal parrot">Senegal parrot</a> in conservatory</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the largest parrot conservation groups is the <a href="/wiki/World_Parrot_Trust" title="World Parrot Trust">World Parrot Trust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an international organisation. The group gives assistance to worthwhile projects, as well as producing a magazine (<i>PsittaScene</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and raising funds through donations and memberships, often from pet parrot owners. On a smaller scale, local parrot clubs raise money to donate to a conservation cause. Zoo and wildlife centres usually provide public education, to change habits that cause damage to wild populations. Conservation measures to conserve the habitats of some of the high-profile charismatic parrot species has also protected many of the less charismatic species living in the ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-vii_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vii-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> A popular attraction that many zoos employ is a feeding station for lories and lorikeets, where visitors feed them with cups of liquid food. This is usually done in association with educational signs and lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> can be beneficial to economies.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several projects aimed specifically at parrot conservation have met with success. Translocation of vulnerable kākāpō, followed by intensive management and supplementary feeding, has increased the population from 50 individuals to 123 in 2010<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 247 in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New Caledonia, the <a href="/wiki/Ouvea_parakeet" title="Ouvea parakeet">Ouvea parakeet</a> was threatened by trapping for the pet trade and loss of habitat. Community-based conservation, which eliminated the threat of poaching, has allowed the population to increase from around 600 birds in 1993 to over 2,000 birds in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2009, the IUCN recognises 19 species of parrot as extinct since 1500 (the date used to denote modern extinctions).<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not include species like the <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonian_lorikeet" title="New Caledonian lorikeet">New Caledonian lorikeet</a>, which has not been officially seen for 100 years, yet is still listed as critically endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade, export, and import of all wild-caught parrots is regulated and only permitted under special licensed circumstances in countries party to the <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species</a> (CITES) which came into force in 1975 to regulate the international trade of all endangered, wild-caught animal and plant species. In 1975, 24 parrot species were included in Appendix I, thus prohibiting commercial international trade in these birds. Since that initial listing, continuing threats from international trade led it to add an additional 32 parrot varieties to Appendix I.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All other parrot species, aside from the <a href="/wiki/Rosy-faced_lovebird" title="Rosy-faced lovebird">rosy-faced lovebird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budgerigar" title="Budgerigar">budgerigar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cockatiel" title="Cockatiel">cockatiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet" title="Rose-ringed parakeet">rose-ringed parakeet</a> (which are not included in the appendices) are protected on Appendix II of CITES.<sup id="cite_ref-CITES_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, individual countries may have laws to regulate trade in certain species; for example, the EU has banned parrot trade,<sup id="cite_ref-eu_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Mexico has a licensing system for capturing parrots.<sup id="cite_ref-mexico_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexico-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Parrot_Day">World Parrot Day</h3></div> <p>Every year on 31 May, World Parrot Day is celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/23px-Eagle_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/35px-Eagle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/47px-Eagle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="381" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Birds portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parrots" title="List of parrots">List of parrots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrots_of_New_Guinea" title="Parrots of New Guinea">Parrots of New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrots_of_New_Zealand" title="Parrots of New Zealand">Parrots of New Zealand</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They are <a href="/wiki/Dactyly#Zygodactyly" title="Dactyly">zygodactyl</a> feet: two toes facing forward and two back.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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M.; Symes, Andy; Guzmán, Iliana Medina; Cunningham, Ross; Brightsmith, Donald J.; Heinsohn, Robert (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgeolah.com/documents/olah_et_al_2016_extinction_risks_in_parrots.pdf">"Ecological and socio-economic factors affecting extinction risk in parrots"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i>. <b>25</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>223. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016BiCon..25..205O">2016BiCon..25..205O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-015-1036-z">10.1007/s10531-015-1036-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-3115">0960-3115</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17282072">17282072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Ecological+and+socio-economic+factors+affecting+extinction+risk+in+parrots&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10531-015-1036-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17282072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0960-3115&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016BiCon..25..205O&rft.aulast=Olah&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Butchart%2C+Stuart+H.+M.&rft.au=Symes%2C+Andy&rft.au=Guzm%C3%A1n%2C+Iliana+Medina&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Ross&rft.au=Brightsmith%2C+Donald+J.&rft.au=Heinsohn%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgeolah.com%2Fdocuments%2Folah_et_al_2016_extinction_risks_in_parrots.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParrot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkunsky2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berkunsky2017_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berkunsky2017_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerkunskyQuillfeldtBrightsmithAbbud2017" class="citation journal cs1">Berkunsky, I.; Quillfeldt, P.; Brightsmith, D.J.; Abbud, M.C.; Aguilar, J.M.R.E.; Alemán-Zelaya, U.; Aramburú, R.M.; Arce Arias, A.; Balas McNab, R.; Balsby, T.J.S.; Barredo Barberena, J.M.; Beissinger, S.R.; Rosales, M.; Berg, K.S.; Bianchi, C.A. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3061162">"Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">214–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2010.0716">10.1098/rsbl.2010.0716</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3061162">3061162</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20926430">20926430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Colourful+parrot+feathers+resist+bacterial+degradation&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3061162%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20926430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2010.0716&rft.aulast=Burtt&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+M.+R.&rft.au=Smith%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Sroka%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=McGraw%2C+K.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3061162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParrot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forshaw78-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forshaw78_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forshaw78_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forshaw78_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForshaw,_Joseph_M.Cooper,_William_T.1978" class="citation book cs1">Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1978) [1973]. <i>Parrots of the World</i> (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Landsdowne Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7018-0690-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7018-0690-3"><bdi>978-0-7018-0690-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1345237692">1345237692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parrots+of+the+World&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Landsdowne+Editions&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1345237692&rft.isbn=978-0-7018-0690-3&rft.au=Forshaw%2C+Joseph+M.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParrot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForshaw2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Forshaw" title="Joseph Forshaw">Forshaw, Joseph M.</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parrotsofworldid0000fors"><i>Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parrotsofworldid0000fors/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09251-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09251-5"><bdi>978-0-691-09251-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parrots+of+the+World%3B+an+Identification+Guide&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09251-5&rft.aulast=Forshaw&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparrotsofworldid0000fors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParrot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mass-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mass_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mass_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunning2008" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, John B. 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Penguin UK. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-182-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-182-6"><bdi>978-81-8475-182-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953576656">953576656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Animals+of+India&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953576656&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-182-6&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Nanditha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDF_af8_547EC%26pg%3DPT250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParrot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Conservation2008" class="citation web cs1">Department of Conservation (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222532/http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/threats-and-impacts/animal-pests/animal-pests-a-z/rainbow-lorikeet/docs-work/">"DOC's work with rainbow lorikeet"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendices+I%2C+II+and+III+valid+from+22+June+2021&rft.pub=CITES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcites.org%2Feng%2Fapp%2Fappendices.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParrot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170414222827/http://www.afabirds.org/cites_intro.shtml">"CITES Information"</a>. American Federation of Aviculture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afabirds.org/cites_intro.shtml">the original</a> on 14 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CITES+Information&rft.pub=American+Federation+of+Aviculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afabirds.org%2Fcites_intro.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParrot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northernparrots.com/world-parrot-day-blog277/">"World Parrot Day"</a>. <i>Northern Parrots</i>. 22 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Parrots&rft.atitle=World+Parrot+Day&rft.date=2017-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northernparrots.com%2Fworld-parrot-day-blog277%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParrot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCameron2007" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Matt (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u9qSHzxWdy0C"><i>Cockatoos</i></a>. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2F9780643095588">10.1071/9780643095588</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09232-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09232-7"><bdi>978-0-643-09232-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1453274155">1453274155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cockatoos&rft.place=Collingwood%2C+VIC%2C+Australia&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1453274155&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2F9780643095588&rft.isbn=978-0-643-09232-7&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du9qSHzxWdy0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParrot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Psittaciformes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Psittaciformes">Psittaciformes</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bie.ala.org.au/species/https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/dc1a2f10-1110-4365-a7b6-2edf17c70505#overview">"PSITTACIFORMES"</a>. Atlas of Living Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PSITTACIFORMES&rft.pub=Atlas+of+Living+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbie.ala.org.au%2Fspecies%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversity.org.au%2Fafd%2Ftaxa%2Fdc1a2f10-1110-4365-a7b6-2edf17c70505%23overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParrot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/parrots-psittacidae">Parrot videos</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Bird_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Bird Collection">Internet Bird Collection</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psittacopasseres" title="Template:Psittacopasseres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psittacopasseres" title="Template talk:Psittacopasseres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psittacopasseres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psittacopasseres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genera_of_parrots_and_their_extinct_allies238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Genera of <a href="/wiki/Psittaciformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittaciformes">parrots</a> and their extinct allies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">Aves</a></li> <li>Clade: <a href="/wiki/Eufalconimorphae" title="Eufalconimorphae">Eufalconimorphae</a></li> <li>Clade: <a href="/wiki/Psittacopasseres" title="Psittacopasseres">Psittacopasseres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psittacopasseres238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psittacopasseres" title="Psittacopasseres">Psittacopasseres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Vastanavidae" title="Vastanavidae">Vastanavidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Avolatavis" title="Avolatavis">Avolatavis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcardea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcardea (page does not exist)">Calcardea</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurofluvioviridavis" title="Eurofluvioviridavis">Eurofluvioviridavis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vastanavis" title="Vastanavis">Vastanavis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Psittacopedidae" title="Psittacopedidae">Psittacopedidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eofringillirostrum" title="Eofringillirostrum">Eofringillirostrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parapsittacopes" title="Parapsittacopes">Parapsittacopes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psittacomimus" title="Psittacomimus">Psittacomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psittacopes" title="Psittacopes">Psittacopes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapasseres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapasseres (page does not exist)">Parapasseres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Minutornis" title="Minutornis">Minutornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Zygodactylidae" title="Zygodactylidae">Zygodactylidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eozygodactylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eozygodactylus (page does not exist)">Eozygodactylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primoscens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primoscens (page does not exist)">Primoscens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primozygodactylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primozygodactylus (page does not exist)">Primozygodactylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygodactylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygodactylus (page does not exist)">Zygodactylus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Passeriformes" title="Template:Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Halcyornithidae" title="Halcyornithidae">Halcyornithidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrilavis" title="Cyrilavis">Cyrilavis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halcyornis" title="Halcyornis">Halcyornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudasturides" title="Pseudasturides">Pseudasturides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulchrapollia" title="Pulchrapollia">Pulchrapollia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serudaptus" title="Serudaptus">Serudaptus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Messelasturidae" title="Messelasturidae">Messelasturidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Messelastur" title="Messelastur">Messelastur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tynskya" title="Tynskya">Tynskya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Quercypsittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercypsittidae">Quercypsittidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeopsittacus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeopsittacus (page does not exist)">Palaeopsittacus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercypsitta" title="Quercypsitta">Quercypsitta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Morsoravidae" title="Morsoravidae">Morsoravidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Morsoravis" title="Morsoravis">Morsoravis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pumiliornis" title="Pumiliornis">Pumiliornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sororavis" title="Sororavis">Sororavis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittaciformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittaciformes">Psittaciformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>See below ↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psittaciformes238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psittaciformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittaciformes">Psittaciformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mogontiacopsitta" title="Mogontiacopsitta">Mogontiacopsitta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namapsittidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namapsittidae (page does not exist)">Namapsittidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Namapsitta" title="Namapsitta">Namapsitta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strigopoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopoidea">Strigopoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Strigopidae15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strigopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigopidae">Strigopidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Heracles_inexpectatus" title="Heracles inexpectatus">Heracles</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Nelepsittacus" title="Nelepsittacus">Nelepsittacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(genus)" title="Nestor (genus)">Nestor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strigops" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigops">Strigops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cacatuoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacatuoidea">Cacatuoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cacatuidae14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cacatuidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacatuidae">Cacatuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cacatua" title="Cacatua">Cacatua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callocephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Callocephalon">Callocephalon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calyptorhynchus" title="Calyptorhynchus">Calyptorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eolophus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eolophus">Eolophus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophochroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophochroa">Lophochroa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nymphicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphicus">Nymphicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Probosciger" class="mw-redirect" title="Probosciger">Probosciger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zanda_(bird)" title="Zanda (bird)">Zanda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittacoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacoidea">Psittacoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittacidae" title="Psittacidae">Psittacidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopsittacus" title="Archaeopsittacus">Archaeopsittacus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arinae">Arinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brotogeris" title="Brotogeris">Brotogeris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deroptyus" class="mw-redirect" title="Deroptyus">Deroptyus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hapalopsittaca" title="Hapalopsittaca">Hapalopsittaca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myiopsitta" title="Myiopsitta">Myiopsitta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pionites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pionites">Pionites</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoropsittacini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amoropsittacini (page does not exist)">Amoropsittacini</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolborhynchus" title="Bolborhynchus">Bolborhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nannopsittaca" title="Nannopsittaca">Nannopsittaca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psilopsiagon" title="Psilopsiagon">Psilopsiagon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Touit" title="Touit">Touit</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Androglossini" title="Androglossini">Androglossini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alipiopsitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipiopsitta">Alipiopsitta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazona" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazona">Amazona</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graydidascalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Graydidascalus">Graydidascalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pionopsitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pionopsitta">Pionopsitta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pionus" title="Pionus">Pionus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrilia" title="Pyrilia">Pyrilia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triclaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Triclaria">Triclaria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arini_(tribe)" title="Arini (tribe)">Arini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anodorhynchus" title="Anodorhynchus">Anodorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ara_(bird)" title="Ara (bird)">Ara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aratinga" title="Aratinga">Aratinga</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Conuropsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Conuropsis">Conuropsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyanoliseus" title="Cyanoliseus">Cyanoliseus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyanopsitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanopsitta">Cyanopsitta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diopsittaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Diopsittaca">Diopsittaca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enicognathus" title="Enicognathus">Enicognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eupsittula" title="Eupsittula">Eupsittula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guaruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaruba">Guaruba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptosittaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptosittaca">Leptosittaca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ognorhynchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ognorhynchus">Ognorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orthopsittaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopsittaca">Orthopsittaca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primolius" title="Primolius">Primolius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psittacara" title="Psittacara">Psittacara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhura" title="Pyrrhura">Pyrrhura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchopsitta" title="Rhynchopsitta">Rhynchopsitta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thectocercus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thectocercus">Thectocercus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Forpini" class="mw-redirect" title="Forpini">Forpini</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Forpus" title="Forpus">Forpus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittacinae" title="Psittacinae">Psittacinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bavaripsitta" title="Bavaripsitta">Bavaripsitta</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Khwenena" title="Khwenena">Khwenena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poicephalus" title="Poicephalus">Poicephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psittacus" title="Psittacus">Psittacus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Xenopsitta" title="Xenopsitta">Xenopsitta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittrichasiidae" title="Psittrichasiidae">Psittrichasiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coracopsinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coracopsinae">Coracopsinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coracopsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coracopsis">Coracopsis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coracopsinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coracopsinae">Coracopsinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Psittrichas" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittrichas">Psittrichas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittaculidae" title="Psittaculidae">Psittaculidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agapornithinae" title="Agapornithinae">Agapornithinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agapornis" class="mw-redirect" title="Agapornis">Agapornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolbopsittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolbopsittacus">Bolbopsittacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loriculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Loriculus">Loriculus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loriinae" title="Loriinae">Loriinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclopsittini" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopsittini">Cyclopsittini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclopsitta" title="Cyclopsitta">Cyclopsitta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psittaculirostris" title="Psittaculirostris">Psittaculirostris</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loriini" title="Loriini">Loriini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chalcopsitta" title="Chalcopsitta">Chalcopsitta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charminetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Charminetta">Charminetta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charmosyna" title="Charmosyna">Charmosyna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charmosynoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmosynoides">Charmosynoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charmosynopsis" title="Charmosynopsis">Charmosynopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eos_(bird)" title="Eos (bird)">Eos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glossopsitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossopsitta">Glossopsitta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glossoptilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossoptilus">Glossoptilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypocharmosyna" title="Hypocharmosyna">Hypocharmosyna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lorius" title="Lorius">Lorius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neopsittacus" title="Neopsittacus">Neopsittacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreopsittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreopsittacus">Oreopsittacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parvipsitta" title="Parvipsitta">Parvipsitta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudeos" title="Pseudeos">Pseudeos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psitteuteles" class="mw-redirect" title="Psitteuteles">Psitteuteles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saudareos" title="Saudareos">Saudareos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Synorhacma" class="mw-redirect" title="Synorhacma">Synorhacma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichoglossus" title="Trichoglossus">Trichoglossus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vini_(bird)" title="Vini (bird)">Vini</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melopsittacini" class="mw-redirect" title="Melopsittacini">Melopsittacini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Melopsittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Melopsittacus">Melopsittacus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platycercinae" title="Platycercinae">Platycercinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pezoporini" title="Pezoporini">Pezoporini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neophema" title="Neophema">Neophema</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neopsephotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopsephotus">Neopsephotus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pezoporus" title="Pezoporus">Pezoporus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platycercini" class="mw-redirect" title="Platycercini">Platycercini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barnardius" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnardius">Barnardius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyanoramphus" title="Cyanoramphus">Cyanoramphus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eunymphicus" title="Eunymphicus">Eunymphicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lathamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathamus">Lathamus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northiella" class="mw-redirect" title="Northiella">Northiella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platycercus" class="mw-redirect" title="Platycercus">Platycercus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopeia">Prosopeia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psephotellus" title="Psephotellus">Psephotellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psephotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Psephotus">Psephotus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purpureicephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Purpureicephalus">Purpureicephalus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittacellinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacellinae">Psittacellinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Psittacella" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittacella">Psittacella</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittaculinae" title="Psittaculinae">Psittaculinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micropsittini" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropsittini">Micropsittini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Micropsitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropsitta">Micropsitta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polytelini" title="Polytelini">Polytelini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alisterus" title="Alisterus">Alisterus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aprosmictus" title="Aprosmictus">Aprosmictus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polytelis" title="Polytelis">Polytelis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psittaculini" title="Psittaculini">Psittaculini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eclectus" title="Eclectus">Eclectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geoffroyus" title="Geoffroyus">Geoffroyus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lophopsittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophopsittacus">Lophopsittacus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mascarinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascarinus">Mascarinus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Necropsittacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Necropsittacus">Necropsittacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prioniturus" class="mw-redirect" title="Prioniturus">Prioniturus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psittacula" title="Psittacula">Psittacula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psittinus" title="Psittinus">Psittinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanygnathus" title="Tanygnathus">Tanygnathus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Birds_(class:_Aves)683" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds" title="Template:Birds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds" title="Template talk:Birds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birds_(class:_Aves)683" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>: Aves)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_birds" title="Outline of birds">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">Anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">Beak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_brain" title="Avian brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)#Birds" title="Crop (anatomy)">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyly#bird_digits" title="Dactyly">Dactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_egg" title="Bird egg">Eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropygial_gland" title="Uropygial gland">Preen gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">Plumage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">Vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird behaviour">Behaviour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_intelligence" title="Bird intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_foraging" title="Avian foraging">Foraging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_birds" title="Sexual selection in birds">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">Lek mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_breeding_behavior" title="Seabird breeding behavior">Seabird breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_incubation#Avian_incubation" title="Egg incubation">Incubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">Brood parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">Nesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hybrid" title="Bird hybrid">Hybrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Origin of flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Evolution of birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabirds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_bird_genera" title="List of fossil bird genera">Fossil birds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivoropterygidae" title="Omnivoropterygidae">Omnivoropterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeholornithidae" title="Jeholornithidae">Jeholornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Confuciusornithiformes">Confuciusornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantiornithes" title="Enantiornithes">Enantiornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyangiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoyangiformes">Chaoyangiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagopterygiformes" title="Patagopterygiformes">Patagopterygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiortiformes" title="Ambiortiformes">Ambiortiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songlingornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Songlingornithiformes">Songlingornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshanornithidae" title="Hongshanornithidae">Hongshanornithidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gansus" title="Gansus">Gansuiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyornithes" title="Ichthyornithes">Ichthyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperornithes" title="Hesperornithes">Hesperornithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithornithidae" title="Lithornithidae">Lithornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">Dinornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">Aepyornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastornithiformes" title="Gastornithiformes">Gastornithiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human <br />interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">Ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithomancy" title="Ornithomancy">Ornithomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_collections" title="Bird collections">Bird collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_feeding" title="Bird feeding">Bird feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheasantry" title="Pheasantry">Pheasantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imping" title="Imping">Imping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oology" title="Oology">Egg collecting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds" title="List of birds">Families and orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bird_genera" title="List of bird genera">Genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms" title="Glossary of bird terms">Glossary of bird terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_by_population" title="List of birds by population">List by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_birds_by_region" title="Lists of birds by region">Lists by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_bird_species_since_1500" title="List of extinct bird species since 1500">Extinct species since 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Quaternary_prehistoric_bird_species" title="List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species">Late Quaternary prehistoric birds</a></li> <li>Notable birds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_birds" title="List of individual birds">individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_birds" title="List of fictional birds">fictional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neornithes10" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neornithes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palaeognathae421" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Struthionidae" title="Struthionidae">Struthioniformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(ostriches)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheidae" title="Rheidae">Rheiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(rheas)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">Tinamiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(tinamous)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">Apterygiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(kiwis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuariiformes" title="Casuariiformes">Casuariiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(emus and cassowaries)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="margin:-2.5em;display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-90deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">Neognathae</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Galloanserae(fowls)1694" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="margin:0 -2.5em 0 -3em;display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-90deg);"><a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloanserae">Galloanserae</a></span><span style="margin: -1em;display: inline-block; transform: rotate(-90deg);"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowls</a>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(waterfowls)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatidae" title="Anatidae">Anatidae</a> <br /> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatinae" title="Anatinae">Anatinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_duck" title="Diving duck">Aythyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergini" title="Mergini">Mergini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyurini" title="Oxyurini">Oxyurini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anserinae" title="Anserinae">Anserinae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan"><span style="font-size: 85%;">swans</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose"><span style="font-size: 85%;">true geese</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistling_duck" title="Whistling duck">Dendrocygninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freckled_duck" title="Freckled duck">Stictonettinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadorninae" title="Tadorninae">Tadorninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anhimidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhimidae">Anhimidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Horned_screamer" title="Horned screamer">Anhima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chauna" title="Chauna">Chauna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anseranatidae" title="Anseranatidae">Anseranatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magpie_goose" title="Magpie goose">Anseranas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> <br /> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Landfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfowl">landfowls</a>-</span> <br /> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gamebirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamebirds">gamebirds</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cracidae" title="Cracidae">Cracidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cracinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracinae">Cracinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreophasinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreophasinae">Oreophasinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelopinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelopinae">Penelopinae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megapodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodidae">Megapodidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepypodius" title="Aepypodius">Aepypodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectura" class="mw-redirect" title="Alectura">Alectura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eulipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulipoa">Eulipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leipoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipoa">Leipoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrocephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocephalon">Macrocephalon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapodius">Megapodius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talegalla" title="Talegalla">Talegalla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Numididae">Numididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vulturine_guineafowl" title="Vulturine guineafowl">Acryllium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agelastes" title="Agelastes">Agelastes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttera" title="Guttera">Guttera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numida" class="mw-redirect" title="Numida">Numida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odontophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophoridae">Odontophoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Callipepla" title="Callipepla">Callipepla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colinus" title="Colinus">Colinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtonyx" title="Cyrtonyx">Cyrtonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylortyx">Dactylortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendrortyx" title="Dendrortyx">Dendrortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontophorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontophorus">Odontophorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreortyx">Oreortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Philortyx">Philortyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhynchortyx">Rhynchortyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meleagridinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meleagridinae">Meleagridinae <span style="font-size: 85%;">(turkeys)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdicinae" title="Perdicinae">Perdicinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasianinae" title="Phasianinae">Phasianinae <span style="font-size: 85%;">(pheasants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">Tetraoninae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbea" title="Columbea">Columbea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbimorphae" title="Columbimorphae">Columbimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(doves and pigeons)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesite" title="Mesite">Mesitornithiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(mesites)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">Pterocliformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(sandgrouse)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirandornithes" title="Mirandornithes">Mirandornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">Phoenicopteriformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(flamingos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebe" title="Grebe">Podicipediformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(grebes)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passerea" title="Passerea">Passerea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otidimorphae" title="Otidimorphae">Otidimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">Cuculiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(cuckoos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turaco" title="Turaco">Musophagiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(turacos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustard" title="Bustard">Otidiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(bustards)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strisores" title="Strisores">Strisores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caprimulgiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Caprimulgiformes">Caprimulgiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(nightjars and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatornithiformes">Steatornithiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(oilbirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctibiiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyctibiiformes">Nyctibiiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(potoos)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podargiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Podargiformes">Podargiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(frogmouths)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegotheliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegotheliformes">Aegotheliformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(owlet-nightjars)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(swifts and hummingbirds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthocomiformes">Opisthocomiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomidae" title="Opisthocomidae">Opisthocomiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(hoatzins)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cursorimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursorimorphae">Cursorimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(gulls and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruiformes" title="Gruiformes">Gruiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(cranes and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phaethontimorphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaethontimorphae">Phaethontimorphae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropicbird" title="Tropicbird">Phaethontiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(tropicbirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypygiformes" title="Eurypygiformes">Eurypygiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(kagus and sunbitterns)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aequornithes" title="Aequornithes">Aequornithes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">Gaviiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(loons or divers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">Sphenisciformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(penguins)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procellariiformes" title="Procellariiformes">Procellariiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(albatrosses and petrels)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">Ciconiiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(storks)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suliformes" title="Suliformes">Suliformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(cormorants and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecaniformes" title="Pelecaniformes">Pelecaniformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(pelicans and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australaves" title="Australaves">Australaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(seriemas and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(falcons and relatives)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psittaciformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(parrots)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(perching birds)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroaves" title="Afroaves">Afroaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(raptors)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Strigiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(owls)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousebird" title="Mousebird">Coliiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(mousebirds)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogon" title="Trogon">Trogoniformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(trogons and quetzals)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo-roller" title="Cuckoo-roller">Leptosomiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(cuckoo-rollers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucerotiformes" title="Bucerotiformes">Bucerotiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(hornbills and hoopoes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(kingfishers and rollers)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes <span style="font-size: 85%;">(woodpeckers and relatives)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds" title="Category:Birds">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Birds" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Birds">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Birds" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cockatoos_(family:_Cacatuidae)211" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cockatoos" title="Template:Cockatoos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cockatoos" title="Template talk:Cockatoos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cockatoos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cockatoos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cockatoos_(family:_Cacatuidae)211" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cockatoo" title="Cockatoo">Cockatoos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>: <b>Cacatuidae</b>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Appearance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Genus9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;"><div id="Species11"><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Small</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i>Nymphicus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockatiel" title="Cockatiel">Cockatiel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockatiel_colour_genetics" title="Cockatiel colour genetics">Cockatiel colour genetics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Black_cockatoo" title="Black cockatoo">Black</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i>Probosciger</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_cockatoo" title="Palm cockatoo">Palm cockatoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Calyptorhynchus" title="Calyptorhynchus">Calyptorhynchus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_black_cockatoo" title="Red-tailed black cockatoo">Red-tailed black cockatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossy_black_cockatoo" title="Glossy black cockatoo">Glossy black cockatoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Zanda_(bird)" title="Zanda (bird)">Zanda</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-tailed_black_cockatoo" title="Yellow-tailed black cockatoo">Yellow-tailed black cockatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaby%27s_black_cockatoo" title="Carnaby's black cockatoo">Carnaby's black cockatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudin%27s_black_cockatoo" title="Baudin's black cockatoo">Baudin's black cockatoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Pink or grey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i>Callocephalon</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang-gang_cockatoo" title="Gang-gang cockatoo">Gang-gang cockatoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i>Eolophus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galah" title="Galah">Galah (or rose-breasted cockatoo)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">White</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cacatua15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cacatua" title="Cacatua">Cacatua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cacatua_(subgenus)" title="Cacatua (subgenus)">Cacatua</a></i><br />(subgenus)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-crested_cockatoo" title="Yellow-crested cockatoo">Yellow-crested cockatoo (or lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citron-crested_cockatoo" title="Citron-crested cockatoo">Citron-crested cockatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulphur-crested_cockatoo" title="Sulphur-crested cockatoo">Sulphur-crested cockatoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleonora_cockatoo" title="Eleonora cockatoo">Eleonora cockatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_sulphur-crested_cockatoo" title="Greater sulphur-crested cockatoo">Greater sulphur-crested cockatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathews_cockatoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathews cockatoo">Mathews cockatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_cockatoo" title="Triton cockatoo">Triton cockatoo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-eyed_cockatoo" title="Blue-eyed cockatoo">Blue-eyed cockatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_cockatoo" title="White cockatoo">White cockatoo (or umbrella cockatoo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon-crested_cockatoo" title="Salmon-crested cockatoo">Salmon-crested cockatoo (or Moluccan cockatoo)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Corella_(bird)" title="Corella (bird)">Licmetis</a></i><br />(subgenus)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-billed_corella" title="Long-billed corella">Long-billed corella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_corella" title="Western corella">Western corella</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muir%27s_corella" title="Muir's corella">Muir's corella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_corella" title="Butler's corella">Butler's corella</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_corella" title="Little corella">Little corella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbar_corella" title="Tanimbar corella">Tanimbar corella (or Goffin's cockatoo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomons_cockatoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomons cockatoo">Solomons cockatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-vented_cockatoo" title="Red-vented cockatoo">Red-vented cockatoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i>Lophochroa</i><br />(subgenus)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pink_cockatoo" title="Pink cockatoo">Pink cockatoo (or Major Mitchell's/Leadbeater's cockatoo)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookie_(cockatoo)" title="Cookie (cockatoo)">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cockatoo)" title="Snowball (cockatoo)">Snowball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_(feathers)" title="Crest (feathers)">Crest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kea,_Kākā_and_kākāpō_(family:_Strigopidae)202" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Strigopoidea" title="Template:Strigopoidea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Strigopoidea" title="Template talk:Strigopoidea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strigopoidea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strigopoidea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kea,_Kākā_and_kākāpō_(family:_Strigopidae)202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kea, Kākā and kākāpō (<a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_parrot" title="New Zealand parrot">Strigopidae</a></b>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Genus9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Species_(extinctions:_†_indicates_a_species_confirmed_to_be_extinct;_₴_indicates_evidence_only_from_sub-fossils)126"><b><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></b> (extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct; ₴ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Nestoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestoridae">Nestoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nestor29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(genus)" title="Nestor (genus)">Nestor</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kea" title="Kea">Kea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Kākā">New Zealand kākā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_k%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Norfolk kākā">Norfolk kākā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_k%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Chatham kākā">Chatham kākā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Strigopidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Strigops12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i>Strigops</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" title="Kākāpō">Kākāpō</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirocco_(parrot)" title="Sirocco (parrot)">Sirocco</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Strigopoidea" title="List of Strigopoidea">List of Strigopoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Birds of New Zealand">Birds of New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_use_of_birds115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds_in_culture" title="Template talk:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_use_of_birds115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human use</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">Big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">Fletching</a></li> <li>In sport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinkensport" title="Vinkensport">Vinkensport</a></li></ul></li> <li>In science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IP_over_Avian_Carriers" title="IP over Avian Carriers">IP over Avian Carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li></ul></li> <li>In mythology and religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_sacred_ibis" title="African sacred ibis">Sacred ibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li>In hunting <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cormorant_fishing" title="Cormorant fishing">Cormorant fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Wildfowling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/120px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/250px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">Guano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>In art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird-and-flower_painting" title="Bird-and-flower painting">Bird-and-flower painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_tights" title="Feather tights">Feather tights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heraldic_birds" title="Category:Heraldic birds">In heraldry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalerion" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalerion">Avalerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvus (heraldry)">Crow/Raven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_rooster" title="Gallic rooster">Gallic rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turul" title="Turul">Turul</a></li></ul></li> <li>In poetry <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birds" title="The Conference of the Birds">The Conference of the Birds</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_a_Nightingale" title="Ode to a Nightingale">Ode to a Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_a_Skylark" title="To a Skylark">To a Skylark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crow_(poetry)" title="Crow (poetry)">Crow</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In prose <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Jemima_Puddle-Duck" title="The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck">The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ugly_Duckling" title="The Ugly Duckling">The Ugly Duckling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In theatre and ballet <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(play)" title="The Birds (play)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In film <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kes_(film)" title="Kes (film)">Kes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Year" title="The Big Year">The Big Year</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animated_films_about_birds" title="Category:Animated films about birds">Animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chickens" title="Category:Films about chickens">Chicken films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_films_about_birds" title="Category:Horror films about birds">Horror films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds in music">In music</a></li> <li>In fashion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigrette" title="Aigrette">Aigrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_boa" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather boa">Feather boa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_cloak" title="Feather cloak">Feather cloak</a></li></ul></li> <li>In dance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cendrawasih_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cendrawasih (dance)">Cendrawasih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(dance)" title="Chicken (dance)">Chicken dance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_eagles_in_human_culture" title="Golden eagles in human culture">Golden eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_penguins" title="Cultural depictions of penguins">Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbidae#Domestication" title="Columbidae">Pigeon/Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_ravens" title="Cultural depictions of ravens">Raven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">of the Tower of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Illustrators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Jonsson_(illustrator)" title="Lars Jonsson (illustrator)">Lars Jonsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerrard_Keulemans" title="John Gerrard Keulemans">John Gerrard Keulemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewington_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lewington (artist)">Richard Lewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tory_Peterson" title="Roger Tory Peterson">Roger Tory Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Constantine_Richter" title="Henry Constantine Richter">Henry Constantine Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smit" title="Joseph Smit">Joseph Smit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Thorburn" title="Archibald Thorburn">Archibald Thorburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolf" title="Joseph Wolf">Joseph Wolf</a></li></ul></li> <li>Conservationists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Krabbe" title="Niels Krabbe">Niels Krabbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scott" title="Peter Scott">Peter Scott</a></li></ul></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93dinosaur_coexistence" title="Human–dinosaur coexistence">Human–dinosaur coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds_and_humans" title="Category:Birds and humans">Category:Birds and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3917" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3917" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Psittaciformes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31431" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q31431">Q31431</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Psittaciformes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Psittaciformes">Psittaciformes</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Psittaciformes/">Psittaciformes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Psittaciformes">Psittaciformes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=47B16A4A4FA8A23E">47B16A4A4FA8A23E</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id8739">8739</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=312">312</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3X7">3X7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1590">1590</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PSITO">1PSITO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:16694">16694</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/d9c96c99-ae14-467c-94a7-ff896a8071bb">d9c96c99-ae14-467c-94a7-ff896a8071bb</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Featherbase: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.featherbase.info/en/order/psittaciformes">psittaciformes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/1445">1445</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/18874">18874</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10536">10536</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177404">177404</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000160823">NBNSYS0000160823</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9223">9223</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/ed395e02-2b7e-4877-b373-47758b8a063f">ed395e02-2b7e-4877-b373-47758b8a063f</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1020133">1020133</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39357">39357</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=196030">196030</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1567" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-585dc88b6-86dbq","wgBackendResponseTime":316,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.755","walltime":"3.280","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31300,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":773094,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":35273,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":39,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":752638,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":23,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2778.080 1 -total"," 38.22% 1061.678 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.23% 423.194 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 14.62% 406.224 23 Template:Clade"," 12.53% 348.176 59 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.50% 319.501 59 Template:Cite_web"," 7.50% 208.413 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 6.80% 189.039 33 Template:Cite_book"," 4.84% 134.480 26 Template:Navbox"," 3.89% 107.960 1 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[\"CITEREFButler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameron2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell,_T._S.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarolyn_Wilke2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamberlain2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristianPottsBurnettLacher1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChung_Tai_World2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClementsSchulenbergIliffFredericks2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoila\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollar1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookeBruce2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooney2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoughlan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCruickshankGautier,_JChappuis,_C1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCussenMench2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemeryChappell,_J.Martin,_G._R.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Conservation2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinsonRemsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunayer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunning2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDykeCooper2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDykeMayr1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhard1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhard2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmery2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForshaw,_Joseph1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForshaw,_Joseph_M.Cooper,_William_T.1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForshaw1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForshaw2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGartrellJonesBreretonAstheimer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaunt1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrindol2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuzmanSanchezGrosseletGomez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandy1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeads2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinsohnMurphy,_StephenLegge,_Sarah2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIdema2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwaniukNelson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephToonSchirtzingerWright2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuniperMike_Parr2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalodimos2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatherineMuseum1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellyRaeMenzel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishna2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKsepkaClarkeGrande2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKuhlFrankl-VilchesBakkerMayr2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeisure\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLepore2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowtherCookRoberts2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinPerrinBoyesAbebe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasello,_J._F.Lubjuhn,_T.Quillfeldt,_P.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaselloPagnossinSommerQuillfeldt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayer-Hohdahl2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayr2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellorMcDonald_KinkaidMendlCuthill2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoorhouseGreeneDilksPowlesland2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunnThomsenYamashita2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoethJohnson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlahButchartSymesGuzmán2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlahTheuerkaufLegaultGula2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrenNovaes,_Fernando1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattersonPepperbergStoryHoffman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPellTidemann,_C1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepperberg1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrumBervDornburgField2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPéronRat-FischerLalotNagle2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinion2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRecovery_Programme2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowley1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanchez-MartinezKatherine_Renton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantosElwardLumeij2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrader,_O.1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweizerGüntertSeehausenLeuenberger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithMerwinProvostThom2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyderMcGowanGilardiGrajal2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolSantosFeriaClavell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoucek2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteadman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteve_Baldwin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStidham1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuhPausKiefmannChurakov2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuthersZollinger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweat2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwithenbank\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTavaresBakerPereiraMiyaki2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_National_Parrot_Sanctuary\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToftWright2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTokitaKiyoshi_TArmstrong_KN2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTweti2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallery2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangWangTang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterhouse,_D.M.Lindow,_B.E.K.Zelenkov,_N.Dyke,_G.J.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterhouse2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteCollazoVilellaGuerrero2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWirthlinLimaGuedesSoares2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightSchirtzinger_E._E.Matsumoto_T.Eberhard_J._R.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Grahl1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Kloetde_Kloet_SR2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖdeenHåstad2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As written\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Birds\"] = 1,\n [\"Birds in culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 59,\n [\"Clade\"] = 23,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cockatoos\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 6,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Emdash\"] = 2,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 8,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Psittacopasseres\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 6,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Strigopidae\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","380","19.8"],["dataWrapper 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