CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ethnography - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e34318ce-0416-4c09-9479-a039db0bdc2b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ethnography","wgTitle":"Ethnography","wgCurRevisionId":1258634970,"wgRevisionId":1258634970,"wgArticleId":152626,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2020","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2020","All articles with style issues","Articles needing additional references from August 2020", "All articles needing additional references","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022","Articles to be expanded from November 2022","All articles to be expanded","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Ethnography","Anthropology","Cultural anthropology","Social anthropology","Ethnology","Ethnicity","Ethnic studies"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ethnography","wgRelevantArticleId":152626,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q132151","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/1200px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/800px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/640px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ethnography - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ethnography rootpage-Ethnography skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ethnography" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ethnography" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ethnography" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ethnography" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_as_a_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_as_a_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Development as a science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_as_a_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features_of_ethnographic_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_of_ethnographic_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Features of ethnographic research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_of_ethnographic_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_collection_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_collection_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Data collection methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_collection_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_across_disciplines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_across_disciplines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Differences across disciplines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Differences_across_disciplines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Differences across disciplines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Differences_across_disciplines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_social_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_social_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cultural and social anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_social_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Communication studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluating_ethnography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluating_ethnography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Evaluating ethnography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluating_ethnography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classic_virtues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic_virtues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Classic virtues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic_virtues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_skills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_skills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Technical skills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_skills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnographic_self" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnographic_self"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ethnographic self</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnographic_self-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autoethnography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autoethnography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Autoethnography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autoethnography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogical_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogical_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Genealogical method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogical_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_ethnography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_ethnography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Digital ethnography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_ethnography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multispecies_ethnography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multispecies_ethnography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Multispecies ethnography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multispecies_ethnography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relational_ethnography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relational_ethnography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Relational ethnography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relational_ethnography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_ethnographers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_ethnographers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable ethnographers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_ethnographers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethnography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8" title="وصف الشعوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وصف الشعوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ազգագրութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ազգագրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnograf%C3%ADa" title="Etnografía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Etnografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnoqrafiya" title="Etnoqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Etnoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="নৃকুলবিদ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নৃকুলবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEn-cho%CC%8Dk-ch%C3%AC" title="Bîn-cho̍k-chì – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bîn-cho̍k-chì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Этнография – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Этнография" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Этнаграфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Этнаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Этнаграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Этнаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Етнография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Етнография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografia" title="Etnografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Etnografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Этнографи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Этнографи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografie" title="Etnografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Etnografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnograffeg" title="Ethnograffeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ethnograffeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografi" title="Etnografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Etnografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographie" title="Ethnographie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ethnographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnograafia" title="Etnograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Etnograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Εθνογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnograf%C3%ADa" title="Etnografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etnografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografio" title="Etnografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Etnografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografia" title="Etnografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Etnografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قوم‌نگاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قوم‌نگاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographie" title="Ethnographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ethnographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografy" title="Etnografy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Etnografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnograf%C3%ADa" title="Etnografía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Etnografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%EC%A7%80" title="민족지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민족지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ազգագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազգագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="नृवंशविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नृवंशविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografija" title="Etnografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Etnografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografio" title="Etnografio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Etnografio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografi" title="Etnografi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Etnografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Этнографи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Этнографи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografia" title="Etnografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etnografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="אתנוגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתנוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88tnografi" title="Ètnografi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ètnografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეთნოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეთნოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Этнография – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Этнография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Этнография – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Этнография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografia" title="Etnografia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Etnografia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographia" title="Ethnographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ethnographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnogr%C4%81fija" title="Etnogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Etnogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Этнография – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Этнография" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografija" title="Etnografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Etnografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografia" title="Etnografia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Etnografia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9prajz" title="Néprajz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Néprajz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Етнографија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Етнографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വംശീയശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വംശീയശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეთნოგრაფია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეთნოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografi" title="Etnografi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Etnografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografie" title="Etnografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Etnografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="नृवंशशास्त्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नृवंशशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%8C" title="民族誌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民族誌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografi" title="Etnografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Etnografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografi" title="Etnografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Etnografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Этнографий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Этнографий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografiya" title="Etnografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Etnografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografia" title="Etnografia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Etnografia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%85%DA%A9%DA%9A%D9%86%D9%87" title="توکمکښنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توکمکښنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografia" title="Etnografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Etnografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografia" title="Etnografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Etnografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografie" title="Etnografie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Etnografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Етноґрафія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Етноґрафія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Этнография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этнография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografia" title="Etnografia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Etnografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ethnography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografija" title="Etnografija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Etnografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="ئیتنۆگرافی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیتنۆگرافی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Етнографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Етнографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografija" title="Etnografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Etnografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografi" title="Etnografi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Etnografi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografia" title="Etnografia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etnografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografi" title="Etnografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Etnografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnograpiya" title="Etnograpiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Etnograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இனவரைவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இனவரைவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Этнография – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Этнография" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ชาติพันธุ์วรรณนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาติพันธุ์วรรณนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Мардумнигорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мардумнигорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnografya" title="Etnografya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Etnografya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Етнографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Етнографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%99c_ch%C3%AD" title="Dân tộc chí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dân tộc chí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnograafia" title="Etnograafia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Etnograafia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnograpiya" title="Etnograpiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Etnograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%BF%97" title="民族志 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="民族志" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="民族誌學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="民族誌學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnuograp%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Etnuograpėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Etnuograpėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%8C" title="民族誌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="民族誌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q132151#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ethnography" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ethnography"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ethnography"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ethnography" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ethnography" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&oldid=1258634970" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ethnography&id=1258634970&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEthnography"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEthnography"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ethnography&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethnography" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ethnography" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Ethnography" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q132151" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Systematic study of people and cultures</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the academic periodical, see <a href="/wiki/Ethnography_(journal)" title="Ethnography (journal)"><i>Ethnography</i> (journal)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ethnography" title="Special:EditPage/Ethnography">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ethnography" title="Talk:Ethnography">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Research_paper plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_manual,_guidebook,_textbook,_or_scientific_journal" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">research paper or scientific journal</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit">help improve the article</a> by rewriting it in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Encyclopedic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Encyclopedic style">encyclopedic style</a> and simplify <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">overly technical phrases</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ethnography" title="Special:EditPage/Ethnography">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ethnography%22">"Ethnography"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ethnography%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ethnography%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ethnography%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ethnography%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ethnography%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology" title="Category:Anthropology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/100px-Queue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/150px-Queue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/200px-Queue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anthropology" title="Outline of anthropology">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anthropology" title="History of anthropology">History</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.75em;padding-right:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_archaeology" title="Aviation archaeology">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_archaeology" title="Battlefield archaeology">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_archaeology" title="Environmental archaeology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">Experiential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_anthropology" title="Molecular anthropology">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanthropology" title="Neuroanthropology"> Neurological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anthropology" title="Nutritional anthropology">Nutritional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_anthropology" title="Applied anthropology">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_art" title="Anthropology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_anthropology" title="Cognitive anthropology">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology"><span class="wrap">Political economy</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_food" title="Anthropology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_institutions" title="Anthropology of institutions">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_media" title="Anthropology of media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_anthropology" title="Psychological anthropology">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_anthropology" title="Public anthropology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpersonal_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpersonal anthropology">Transpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_anthropology" title="Urban anthropology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Visual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">Linguistic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_ideology" title="Language ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_anthropology" title="Semiotic anthropology">Semiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology#Methods" title="Cultural anthropology">Research framework</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">Anthropometry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-ethnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-ethnography">cyber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_cross-cultural_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard cross-cultural sample">Cross-cultural comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">Reflexivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick_description" title="Thick description">Thick description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emic_and_etic" title="Emic and etic">Emic and etic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_anthropology" title="Development anthropology">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">sociocultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship and descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value" title="Anthropological theories of value">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Key theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93network_theory" title="Actor–network theory">Actor–network theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_materialism_(anthropology)" title="Cultural materialism (anthropology)">Cultural materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Diffusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_particularism" title="Historical particularism">Historical particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boasian_anthropology" title="Boasian anthropology">Boasian anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_studies" title="Performance studies">Performance studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_theory" title="Practice theory">Practice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_anthropology" title="Structural anthropology">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropologists_by_nationality" title="Category:Anthropologists by nationality">Anthropologists by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_anthropology" title="List of years in anthropology">Anthropology by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_anthropology" title="Bibliography of anthropology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropology_journals" title="List of anthropology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">List of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology_organizations" title="Category:Anthropology organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology" title="Template:Anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology" title="Template talk:Anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Research" title="Category:Research">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Research</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A laptop computer next to archival materials" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/220px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/330px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/440px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_proposal" title="Research proposal">Proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_question" title="Research question">Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_writing" title="Academic writing">Writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">Argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Referencing</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Research strategy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimethodology" title="Multimethodology">Multimethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art-based_research" title="Art-based research">Art-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Constructivism (philosophy of science)"> Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism" title="Postpositivism">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)" title="Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_realism" title="Subtle realism">Subtle realism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">Methodology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_research" title="Action research">Action research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_methodology" title="Art methodology">Art methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounded_theory" title="Grounded theory">Grounded theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_inquiry" title="Narrative inquiry">Narrative inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(sociology)" title="Phenomenology (sociology)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_experiment" title="Field experiment">Field experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-experiment" title="Quasi-experiment">Quasi-experiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">Field research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">Inferential statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Mapping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenography" title="Phenomenography">Phenomenography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_research" title="Secondary research">Secondary research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">Meta-analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoping_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoping review">Scoping review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">Systematic review</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">Simulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Tools and software</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Argument_technology" title="Category:Argument technology">Argument technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:GIS_software" title="Category:GIS software">Geographic information system software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Library_and_information_science_software" title="Category:Library and information science software">Library and information science software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bibliometrics_software" title="Category:Bibliometrics software">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reference_management_software" title="Category:Reference management software">Reference management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_software" title="Category:Science software">Science software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:QDA_software" title="Category:QDA software">Qualitative data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_simulation_software" title="Category:Scientific simulation software">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Statistical_software" title="Category:Statistical software">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Research_sidebar" title="Template:Research sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Research_sidebar" title="Template talk:Research sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Research_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Research sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ethnography</b> is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and the systematic study of individual <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a>. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study. Ethnography is also a type of <a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">social research</a> that involves examining the behavior of the participants in a given social situation and understanding the group members' own interpretation of such behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-s896_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s896-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a form of inquiry, ethnography relies heavily on <a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">participant observation</a>—on the researcher participating in the setting or with the people being studied, at least in some marginal role, and seeking to document, in detail, patterns of social interaction and the perspectives of participants, and to understand these in their local contexts. It had its origin in social and cultural anthropology in the early twentieth century, but spread to other social science disciplines, notably sociology, during the course of that century. </p><p>Ethnographers mainly use <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative</a> methods, though they may also employ <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative data.</a> The typical ethnography is a <a href="/wiki/Holistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic">holistic</a> study and so includes a brief history, and an analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">terrain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>. A wide range of groups and organisations have been studied by this method, including traditional communities, youth <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gangs</a>, religious <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cults</a>, and organisations of various kinds. While, traditionally, ethnography has relied on the physical presence of the researcher in a setting, there is research using the label that has relied on interviews or documents, sometimes to investigate events in the past such as the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a>. There is also a considerable amount of 'virtual' or online ethnography, sometimes labelled <a href="/wiki/Netnography" title="Netnography">netnography</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyber-ethnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-ethnography">cyber-ethnography</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg/220px-Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg/330px-Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg/440px-Gaius_Cornelius_Tacitus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>The Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus was a prolific ethnographer in antiquity</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>ethnography</i> is from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔθνος</span></span> <i>éthnos</i> "folk, people, nation" and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γράφω</span></span> <i>gráphō</i> "I write") and encompasses the ways in which ancient authors described and analyzed foreign cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedfield2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedfield2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkinner2014171–203_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkinner2014171–203-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedfield2019_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedfield2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthony Kaldellis loosely suggests the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> as a starting point for ancient ethnography, while noting that <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i> is the usual starting point; while <a href="/wiki/Edith_Hall" title="Edith Hall">Edith Hall</a> has argued that Homeric poetry lacks "the coherence and vigour of ethnological science".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner20136_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner20136-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2013vii_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2013vii-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Herodotus forward, ethnography was a mainstay of ancient <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dench_2017_pp._471–480_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dench_2017_pp._471–480-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> has ethnographies in the <i><a href="/wiki/Agricola_(book)" title="Agricola (book)">Agricola</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Tacitus)" title="Histories (Tacitus)">Histories</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i>. Tacitus' <i>Germania</i> "stands as the sole surviving full-scale monograph by a classical author on an alien people."<sup id="cite_ref-CHAPTER_SIX._Tacitus_on_the_Germans_2010_pp._159–178_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHAPTER_SIX._Tacitus_on_the_Germans_2010_pp._159–178-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnography formed a relatively coherent subgenre in Byzantine literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2013vii_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2013vii-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_as_a_science">Development as a science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development as a science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Off_the_verandah" title="Off the verandah">Off the verandah</a></div> <p>While ethnography ("ethnographic writing") was widely practiced in antiquity, ethnography as a science (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnology</a>) did not exist in the ancient world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner2013133_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner2013133-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no ancient term or concept applicable to ethnography, and those writers probably did not consider the study of other cultures as a distinct mode of inquiry from history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner20132_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner20132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Friedrich_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerhard Friedrich Müller">Gerhard Friedrich Müller</a> developed the concept of ethnography as a separate discipline whilst participating in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Kamchatka_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kamchatka Expedition">Second Kamchatka Expedition</a> (1733–43) as a professor of history and geography. Whilst involved in the expedition, he differentiated <i>Völker-Beschreibung</i> as a distinct area of study. This became known as "ethnography", following the introduction of the Greek neologism <i>ethnographia</i> by Johann Friedrich Schöpperlin and the German variant by A. F. Thilo in 1767.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/August_Ludwig_von_Schl%C3%B6zer" title="August Ludwig von Schlözer">August Ludwig von Schlözer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wilhelm_Jacob_Gatterer" title="Christoph Wilhelm Jacob Gatterer">Christoph Wilhelm Jacob Gatterer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> introduced the term into the academic discourse in an attempt to reform the contemporary understanding of world history.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vermeulen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermeulen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features_of_ethnographic_research">Features of ethnographic research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Features of ethnographic research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Dewan (2018), the researcher is not looking for generalizing the findings; rather, they are considering it in reference to the context of the situation. In this regard, the best way to integrate ethnography in a quantitative research would be to use it to discover and uncover relationships and then use the resultant data to test and explain the empirical assumptions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ethnography, the researcher gathers what is available, what is normal, what it is that people do, what they say, and how they work.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethnography can also be used in other methodological frameworks, for instance, an action research program of study where one of the goals is to change and improve the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethnographic research is a fundamental methodology in cultural ecology, development studies, and feminist geography. In addition, it has gained importance in social, political, cultural, and nature-society geography.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnography is an effective methodology in qualitative geographic research that focuses on people's perceptions and experiences and their traditionally place-based immersion within a social group.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_collection_methods">Data collection methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Data collection methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Izmir_Ethnography_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Izmir_Ethnography_Museum.jpg/220px-Izmir_Ethnography_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Izmir_Ethnography_Museum.jpg/330px-Izmir_Ethnography_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Izmir_Ethnography_Museum.jpg/440px-Izmir_Ethnography_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Ethnography_Museum" title="İzmir Ethnography Museum">İzmir Ethnography Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, Turkey, from the courtyard</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnography_Museum_Budapest_architecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ethnography_Museum_Budapest_architecture.jpg/220px-Ethnography_Museum_Budapest_architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ethnography_Museum_Budapest_architecture.jpg/330px-Ethnography_Museum_Budapest_architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ethnography_Museum_Budapest_architecture.jpg/440px-Ethnography_Museum_Budapest_architecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_Museum_(Budapest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic Museum (Budapest)">Ethnography museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/John_David_Brewer" title="John David Brewer">John Brewer</a>, a leading social scientist, data collection methods are meant to capture the "social meanings and ordinary activities"<sup id="cite_ref-brewer_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brewer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of people (informants) in "naturally occurring settings"<sup id="cite_ref-brewer_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brewer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that are commonly referred to as "the field". The goal is to collect data in such a way that the researcher imposes a minimal amount of personal bias in the data.<sup id="cite_ref-brewer_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brewer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple methods of data collection may be employed to facilitate a relationship that allows for a more personal and in-depth portrait of the informants and their community. These can include participant observation, field notes, interviews and surveys, as well as various visual methods.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interviews are often taped and later transcribed, allowing the interview to proceed unimpaired of note-taking, but with all information available later for full analysis. Secondary research and document analysis are also used to provide insight into the research topic. In the past, kinship charts were commonly used to "discover logical patterns and social structure in non-Western societies".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, anthropology focuses more on the study of people in urban settings and the use of kinship charts is seldom employed. </p><p>In order to make the data collection and interpretation transparent, researchers creating ethnographies often attempt to be "reflexive". Reflexivity refers to the researcher's aim "to explore the ways in which [the] researcher's involvement with a particular study influences, acts upon and informs such research".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>[Marvasti, Amir & Gubrium, Jaber. 2023. Crafting Ethnographic Fieldwork: Sites, Selves & Social Worlds. Routledge. Despite these attempts of reflexivity, no researcher can be totally unbiased. This factor has provided a basis to criticize ethnography. </p><p>Traditionally, the ethnographer focuses attention on a community, selecting knowledgeable informants who know the activities of the community well.<sup id="cite_ref-G1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These informants are typically asked to identify other informants who represent the community, often using snowball or chain sampling.<sup id="cite_ref-G1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is often effective in revealing common cultural denominators connected to the topic being studied.<sup id="cite_ref-G1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnography relies greatly on up-close, personal experience. Participation, rather than just observation, is one of the keys to this process.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnography is very useful in social research. </p><p>An inevitability during ethnographic participation is that the researcher experiences at least some resocialization. In other words, the ethnographer to some extent “becomes” what they are studying.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, an ethnographer may become skilled at a work activity that they are studying; they may become members of a particular religious group they are interested in studying; or they may even inhabit a familial role in a community they are staying with. Robert M. Emerson, Rachel Fretz, and Linda Shaw summarize this idea in their book Writing Ethnographic Field Notes using a common metaphor: “the fieldworker cannot and should not attempt to be a fly on the wall.”<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ybema <i>et al.</i> (2010) examine the ontological and epistemological presuppositions underlying ethnography. Ethnographic research can range from a realist perspective, in which behavior is observed, to a constructivist perspective where understanding is socially constructed by the researcher and subjects. Research can range from an objectivist account of fixed, observable behaviors to an interpretive narrative describing "the interplay of individual agency and social structure."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critical theory researchers address "issues of power within the researcher-researched relationships and the links between knowledge and power." </p><p>Another form of data collection is that of the "image". The image is the projection that an individual puts on an object or abstract idea. An image can be contained within the physical world through a particular individual's perspective, primarily based on that individual's past experiences. One example of an image is how an individual views a novel after completing it. The physical entity that is the novel contains a specific image in the perspective of the interpreting individual and can only be expressed by the individual in the terms of "I can tell you what an image is by telling you what it feels like."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of an image relies on the imagination and has been seen to be utilized by children in a very spontaneous and natural manner. Effectively, the idea of the image is a primary tool for ethnographers to collect data. The image presents the perspective, experiences, and influences of an individual as a single entity and in consequence, the individual will always contain this image in the group under study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_across_disciplines">Differences across disciplines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Differences across disciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ethnographic method is used across a range of different disciplines, primarily by anthropologists/ethnologists but also occasionally by sociologists. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">occupational therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">human factors and ergonomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">folkloristics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Performance_studies" title="Performance studies">performance studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accounting_research" title="Accounting research">accounting research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a> are other fields which have made use of ethnography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_and_social_anthropology">Cultural and social anthropology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural and social anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social anthropology</a> were developed around ethnographic research and their <a href="/wiki/Canon_(basic_principle)" title="Canon (basic principle)">canonical</a> texts, which are mostly ethnographies: e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Argonauts_of_the_Western_Pacific" title="Argonauts of the Western Pacific">Argonauts of the Western Pacific</a></i> (1922) by <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a>, <i>Ethnologische Excursion in Johore</i> (1875) by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Miklouho-Maclay" title="Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay">Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></i> (1928) by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nuer" title="The Nuer">The Nuer</a></i> (1940) by <a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a>, <i>Naven</i> (1936, 1958) by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>, or "<a href="/wiki/The_Lele_of_the_Kasai" title="The Lele of the Kasai">The Lele of the Kasai</a>" (1963) by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a>. Cultural and social anthropologists today place a high value on doing ethnographic research. The typical ethnography is a document written about a particular people, almost always based at least in part on <a href="/wiki/Emic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emic">emic</a> views of where the culture begins and ends. Using language or community boundaries to bound the ethnography is common.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnographies are also sometimes called "case studies".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnographers study and interpret culture, its universalities, and its variations through the ethnographic study based on <a href="/wiki/Fieldwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Fieldwork">fieldwork</a>. An ethnography is a specific kind of written observational science which provides an account of a particular culture, society, or community. The fieldwork usually involves spending a year or more in another society, living with the local people and learning about their ways of life. Ruth Fulton Benedict uses examples of Enthrotyhy in her serious of field work that began in 1922 of Serrano, of the Zuni in 1924, the Cochiti in 1925 and the Pina in 1926. All being people she wished to study for her anthropological data. Benedict's experiences with the Southwest Zuni pueblo is to be considered the basis of her formative fieldwork. The experience set the idea for her to produce her theory of "culture is personality writ large" (modell, 1988). By studying the culture between the different Pueblo and Plain Indians, She discovered the culture isomorphism that would be considered her personalized unique approach to the study of anthropology using ethnographic techniques. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski_among_Trobriand_tribe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski_among_Trobriand_tribe.jpg/220px-Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski_among_Trobriand_tribe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski_among_Trobriand_tribe.jpg/330px-Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski_among_Trobriand_tribe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski_among_Trobriand_tribe.jpg/440px-Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski_among_Trobriand_tribe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a> among <a href="/wiki/Trobriand_Islands" title="Trobriand Islands">Trobriand</a> tribe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No%C4%87_muzeja_2014,_%C4%8Cakovec_-_poljoprivredni_izlo%C5%A1ci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/No%C4%87_muzeja_2014%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_-_poljoprivredni_izlo%C5%A1ci.jpg/220px-No%C4%87_muzeja_2014%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_-_poljoprivredni_izlo%C5%A1ci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/No%C4%87_muzeja_2014%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_-_poljoprivredni_izlo%C5%A1ci.jpg/330px-No%C4%87_muzeja_2014%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_-_poljoprivredni_izlo%C5%A1ci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/No%C4%87_muzeja_2014%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_-_poljoprivredni_izlo%C5%A1ci.jpg/440px-No%C4%87_muzeja_2014%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_-_poljoprivredni_izlo%C5%A1ci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Part of the ethnographic collection of the <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje_County_Museum" title="Međimurje County Museum">Međimurje County Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A typical ethnography attempts to be <a href="/wiki/Holistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic">holistic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ember_2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ember_2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heider,_Karl_2001_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heider,_Karl_2001-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and typically follows an outline to include a brief history of the culture in question, an analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a> or terrain inhabited by the people under study, including <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, and often including what biological anthropologists call <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>. Folk notions of botany and zoology are presented as ethnobotany and ethnozoology alongside references from the formal sciences. Material culture, technology, and means of subsistence are usually treated next, as they are typically bound up in physical geography and include descriptions of infrastructure. Kinship and social structure (including age grading, peer groups, gender, voluntary associations, clans, moieties, and so forth, if they exist) are typically included. Languages spoken, dialects, and the history of language change are another group of standard topics.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Practices of child rearing, acculturation, and emic views on personality and values usually follow after sections on social structure.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rites, rituals, and other evidence of religion have long been an interest and are sometimes central to ethnographies, especially when conducted in public where visiting anthropologists can see them.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As ethnography developed, anthropologists grew more interested in less tangible aspects of culture, such as values, worldview and what <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a> termed the "ethos" of the culture. In his fieldwork, Geertz used elements of a <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">phenomenological</a> approach, tracing not just the doings of people, but the cultural elements themselves. For example, if within a group of people, winking was a communicative gesture, he sought to first determine what kinds of things a wink might mean (it might mean several things). Then, he sought to determine in what contexts winks were used, and whether, as one moved about a region, winks remained meaningful in the same way. In this way, cultural boundaries of communication could be explored, as opposed to using linguistic boundaries or notions about the residence. Geertz, while still following something of a traditional ethnographic outline, moved outside that outline to talk about "webs" instead of "outlines"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of culture. </p><p>Within cultural anthropology, there are several subgenres of ethnography. Beginning in the 1950s and early 1960s, anthropologists began writing "bio-confessional" ethnographies that intentionally exposed the nature of ethnographic research. Famous examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Tristes_Tropiques" title="Tristes Tropiques">Tristes Tropiques</a></i> (1955) by Lévi-Strauss, <i>The High Valley</i> by Kenneth Read, and <i>The Savage and the Innocent</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Maybury-Lewis" title="David Maybury-Lewis">David Maybury-Lewis</a>, as well as the mildly fictionalized <i>Return to Laughter</i> by Elenore Smith Bowen (<a href="/wiki/Laura_Bohannan" title="Laura Bohannan">Laura Bohannan</a>). </p><p>Later "<a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">reflexive</a>" ethnographies refined the technique to translate cultural differences by representing their effects on the ethnographer. Famous examples include <i>Deep Play: Notes on a Balinese Cockfight</i> by <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a>, <i>Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rabinow" title="Paul Rabinow">Paul Rabinow</a>, <i>The Headman and I</i> by Jean-Paul Dumont, and <i>Tuhami</i> by Vincent Crapanzano. In the 1980s, the rhetoric of ethnography was subjected to intense scrutiny within the discipline, under the general influence of <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial">post-colonial</a>/<a href="/wiki/Post-structuralist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-structuralist">post-structuralist</a> thought. "Experimental" ethnographies that reveal the ferment of the discipline include <i>Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man</i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Taussig" title="Michael Taussig">Michael Taussig</a>, <i>Debating Muslims</i> by Michael F. J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi, <i>A Space on the Side of the Road</i> by Kathleen Stewart, and <i>Advocacy after Bhopal</i> by Kim Fortun. </p><p>This critical turn in sociocultural anthropology during the mid-1980s can be traced to the influence of the now classic (and often contested) text, <i>Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography</i>, (1986) edited by <a href="/wiki/James_Clifford_(historian)" title="James Clifford (historian)">James Clifford</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_E._Marcus" title="George E. Marcus">George Marcus</a>. <i>Writing Culture</i> helped bring changes to both anthropology and ethnography often described in terms of being 'postmodern,' 'reflexive,' 'literary,' 'deconstructive,' or 'poststructural' in nature, in that the text helped to highlight the various epistemic and political predicaments that many practitioners saw as plaguing ethnographic representations and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where Geertz's and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Turner's</a> interpretive anthropology recognized subjects as creative actors who constructed their sociocultural worlds out of symbols, postmodernists attempted to draw attention to the privileged status of the ethnographers themselves. That is, the ethnographer cannot escape the personal viewpoint in creating an ethnographic account, thus making any claims of objective neutrality highly problematic, if not altogether impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to this last point, <i>Writing Culture</i> became a focal point for looking at how ethnographers could describe different cultures and societies without denying the subjectivity of those individuals and groups being studied while simultaneously doing so without laying claim to absolute knowledge and objective authority.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the development of experimental forms such as 'dialogic anthropology,' 'narrative ethnography,'<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 'literary ethnography',<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Writing Culture</i> helped to encourage the development of 'collaborative ethnography.'<sup id="cite_ref-ZenkerKumoll_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZenkerKumoll-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This exploration of the relationship between writer, audience, and subject has become a central tenet of contemporary anthropological and ethnographic practice. In certain instances, active collaboration between the researcher(s) and subject(s) has helped blend the practice of collaboration in ethnographic fieldwork with the process of creating the ethnographic product resulting from the research.<sup id="cite_ref-ZenkerKumoll_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZenkerKumoll-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology">Sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ethnography" title="Special:EditPage/Ethnography">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br /> </p> <b>1900s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a> · <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminology" title="Category:Sociological terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociology_journals" title="List of sociology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociological_associations" title="List of sociological associations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_by_country" title="Category:Sociology by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociology" title="Template:Sociology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociology" title="Template talk:Sociology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> is another field which prominently features ethnographies. <a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban sociology</a>, Atlanta University (now Clark-Atlanta University), and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)" title="Chicago school (sociology)">Chicago School</a>, in particular, are associated with ethnographic research, with some well-known early examples being <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Negro" title="The Philadelphia Negro">The Philadelphia Negro</a></i> (1899) by W. E. B. Du Bois, <i><a href="/wiki/Street_Corner_Society" title="Street Corner Society">Street Corner Society</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Foote_Whyte" title="William Foote Whyte">William Foote Whyte</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Metropolis" title="Black Metropolis">Black Metropolis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/St._Clair_Drake" title="St. Clair Drake">St. Clair Drake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace_R._Cayton,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Horace R. Cayton, Jr.">Horace R. Cayton, Jr.</a> Well-known is Jaber F. Gubrium's pioneering ethnography on the experiences of a nursing home, <i>Living and Dying at Murray Manor</i>. Major influences on this development were anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd Warner">Lloyd Warner</a>, on the Chicago sociology faculty, and to <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Park" title="Robert E. Park">Robert Park</a>'s experience as a journalist. <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a> developed from the same tradition and yielded such sociological ethnographies as <i>Shared Fantasy</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Alan_Fine" title="Gary Alan Fine">Gary Alan Fine</a>, which documents the early history of fantasy <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-playing games">role-playing games</a>. Other important ethnographies in sociology include <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>'s work in Algeria and France. </p><p>Jaber F. Gubrium's series of organizational ethnographies focused on the everyday practices of illness, care, and recovery are notable. They include <i>Living and Dying at Murray Manor,</i> which describes the social worlds of a nursing home; <i>Describing Care: Image and Practice in Rehabilitation,</i> which documents the social organization of patient subjectivity in a physical rehabilitation hospital; <i>Caretakers: Treating Emotionally Disturbed Children,</i> which features the social construction of behavioral disorders in children; and <i>Oldtimers and Alzheimer's: The Descriptive Organization of Senility,</i> which describes how the Alzheimer's disease movement constructed a new subjectivity of senile dementia and how that is organized in a geriatric hospital. Another approach to ethnography in sociology comes in the form of <a href="/wiki/Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">institutional ethnography</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_E._Smith" title="Dorothy E. Smith">Dorothy E. Smith</a> for studying the social relations which structure people's everyday lives. </p><p>Other notable ethnographies include <a href="/wiki/Paul_Willis_(cultural_theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Willis (cultural theorist)">Paul Willis</a>'s <i>Learning to Labour,</i> on working class youth; the work of <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Anderson_(sociologist)" title="Elijah Anderson (sociologist)">Elijah Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Duneier" title="Mitchell Duneier">Mitchell Duneier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Wacquant" title="Loïc Wacquant">Loïc Wacquant</a> on black America, and Lai Olurode's <i>Glimpses of Madrasa From Africa</i>. But even though many sub-fields and theoretical perspectives within sociology use ethnographic methods, ethnography is not the <i><a href="/wiki/Sine_qua_non" title="Sine qua non">sine qua non</a></i> of the discipline, as it is in cultural anthropology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_studies">Communication studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Communication studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, ethnographic research methods began to be widely used by communication scholars. As the purpose of ethnography is to describe and interpret the shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, beliefs, and language of a culture-sharing group, Harris, (1968), also Agar (1980) note that ethnography is both a process and an outcome of the research. Studies such as <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Philipsen" title="Gerry Philipsen">Gerry Philipsen</a>'s analysis of cultural communication strategies in a <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-collar">blue-collar</a>, working-class neighborhood on the south side of Chicago, <i>Speaking 'Like a Man' in Teamsterville</i>, paved the way for the expansion of ethnographic research in the study of communication. </p><p>Scholars of <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a> use ethnographic research methods to analyze communicative behaviors and phenomena. This is often characterized in the writing as attempts to understand taken-for-granted routines by which working definitions are socially produced. Ethnography as a method is a storied, careful, and systematic examination of the reality-generating mechanisms of everyday life (Coulon, 1995). Ethnographic work in communication studies seeks to explain "how" ordinary methods/practices/performances construct the ordinary actions used by ordinary people in the accomplishments of their identities. This often gives the perception of trying to answer the "why" and "how come" questions of human communication.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often this type of research results in a <a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">case study</a> or <a href="/wiki/Field_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Field study">field study</a> such as an analysis of speech patterns at a protest rally, or the way firemen communicate during "down time" at a fire station. Like anthropology scholars, communication scholars often immerse themselves, and participate in and/or directly observe the particular <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social group</a> being studied.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_fields">Other fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American anthropologist <a href="/wiki/George_Spindler" title="George Spindler">George Spindler</a> was a pioneer in applying the ethnographic methodology to the classroom. </p><p>Anthropologists such as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Miller_(anthropologist)" title="Daniel Miller (anthropologist)">Daniel Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a> have used ethnographic data to answer academic questions about consumers and consumption. In this sense, Tony Salvador, <a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Bell" title="Genevieve Bell">Genevieve Bell</a>, and Ken Anderson describe design ethnography as being "a way of understanding the particulars of daily life in such a way as to increase the success probability of a new product or service or, more appropriately, to reduce the probability of failure specifically due to a lack of understanding of the basic behaviors and frameworks of consumers."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist Sam Ladner argues in her book,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that understanding consumers and their desires requires a shift in "standpoint", one that only ethnography provides. The results are products and services that respond to consumers' unmet needs. </p><p>Businesses, too, have found ethnographers helpful for understanding how people use products and services. By assessing user experience in a "natural" setting, ethnology yields insights into the practical applications of a product or service. It is one of the best ways to identify areas of friction and improve overall user experience.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies make increasing use of ethnographic methods to understand consumers and consumption, or for new product development (such as <a href="/wiki/Video_ethnography" title="Video ethnography">video ethnography</a>). The <i>Ethnographic Praxis in Industry</i> (EPIC) conference is evidence of this. Ethnographers' systematic and holistic approach to real-life experience is valued by product developers, who use the method to understand unstated desires or cultural practices that surround products. Where focus groups fail to inform marketers about what people really do, ethnography links what people say to what they do—avoiding the pitfalls that come from relying only on self-reported, focus-group data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluating_ethnography">Evaluating ethnography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evaluating ethnography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ethnographic methodology is not usually evaluated in terms of philosophical standpoint (such as <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appearance_emotionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Appearance emotionalism">emotionalism</a>). Ethnographic studies need to be evaluated in some manner. No consensus has been developed on evaluation standards, but Richardson (2000, p. 254)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides five criteria that ethnographers might find helpful. Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein's (1997) monograph, <i>The New Language of Qualitative Method,</i> discusses forms of ethnography in terms of their "methods talk". </p> <ol><li><i>Substantive contribution</i>: "Does the piece contribute to our understanding of social life?"</li> <li><i>Aesthetic merit</i>: "Does this piece succeed aesthetically?"</li> <li><i>Reflexivity</i>: "How did the author come to write this text...Is there adequate self-awareness and self-exposure for the reader to make judgments about the point of view?"<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Impact</i>: "Does this affect me? Emotionally? Intellectually?" Does it move me?</li> <li><i>Expresses a reality</i>: "Does it seem 'true'—a credible account of a cultural, social, individual, or communal sense of the 'real'?"</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics">Ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gary_Alan_Fine" title="Gary Alan Fine">Gary Alan Fine</a> argues that the nature of ethnographic inquiry demands that researchers deviate from formal and idealistic rules or ethics that have come to be widely accepted in qualitative and quantitative approaches in research. Many of these ethical assumptions are rooted in positivist and post-positivist <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemologies</a> that have adapted over time but are apparent and must be accounted for in all research paradigms. These ethical dilemmas are evident throughout the entire process of conducting ethnographies, including the design, implementation, and reporting of an ethnographic study. Essentially, Fine maintains that researchers are typically not as ethical as they claim or assume to be — and that "each job includes ways of doing things that would be inappropriate for others to know".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also see Jaber F. Gubrium concept of "site-specificity" discussed his book co-edited with Amir Marvasti titled CRAFTING ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELDWORK. Routledge, 2023. </p><p>Fine is not necessarily casting blame at ethnographic researchers but tries to show that researchers often make idealized ethical claims and standards which are inherently based on partial truths and self-deceptions. Fine also acknowledges that many of these partial truths and self-deceptions are unavoidable. He maintains that "illusions" are essential to maintain an occupational reputation and avoid potentially more caustic consequences. He claims, "Ethnographers cannot help but lie, but in lying, we reveal truths that escape those who are not so bold".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on these assertions, Fine establishes three conceptual clusters in which ethnographic ethical dilemmas can be situated: "Classic Virtues", "Technical Skills", and "Ethnographic Self". </p><p>Much debate surrounding the issue of ethics arose following revelations about how the ethnographer <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Chagnon" title="Napoleon Chagnon">Napoleon Chagnon</a> conducted his ethnographic fieldwork with the <a href="/wiki/Yanomani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanomani">Yanomani</a> people of South America. </p><p>While there is no international standard on Ethnographic Ethics, many western anthropologists look to the American Anthropological Association for guidance when conducting ethnographic work.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethics_p.1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethics_p.1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the Association adopted a code of ethics, stating: Anthropologists have "moral obligations as members of other groups, such as the family, religion, and community, as well as the profession".<sup id="cite_ref-Ethics_p.1_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethics_p.1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code of ethics notes that anthropologists are part of a wider scholarly and political network, as well as human and natural environment, which needs to be reported on respectfully.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethics_p.1_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethics_p.1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code of ethics recognizes that sometimes very close and personal relationship can sometimes develop from doing ethnographic work.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethics_p.1_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethics_p.1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Association acknowledges that the code is limited in scope; ethnographic work can sometimes be multidisciplinary, and anthropologists need to be familiar with ethics and perspectives of other disciplines as well.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eight-page code of ethics outlines ethical considerations for those conducting Research, Teaching, Application and Dissemination of Results, which are briefly outlined below.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Conducting Research" – When conducting research Anthropologists need to be aware of the potential impacts of the research on the people and animals they study.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethics_p.2-3_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethics_p.2-3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the seeking of new knowledge will negatively impact the people and animals they will be studying they may not undertake the study according to the code of ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethics_p.2-3_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethics_p.2-3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Teaching" – When teaching the discipline of anthropology, instructors are required to inform students of the ethical dilemmas of conducting ethnographies and field work.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Application" – When conducting an ethnography, Anthropologists must be "open with funders, colleagues, persons studied or providing information, and relevant parties affected by the work about the purpose(s), potential impacts, and source(s) of support for the work."<sup id="cite_ref-Ethics_p.5_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethics_p.5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Dissemination of Results" – When disseminating results of an ethnography, "[a]nthropologists have an ethical obligation to consider the potential impact of both their research and the communication or dissemination of the results of their research on all directly or indirectly involved."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research results of ethnographies should not be withheld from participants in the research if that research is being observed by other people.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethics_p.5_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethics_p.5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_virtues">Classic virtues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Classic virtues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"The kindly ethnographer" – Most ethnographers present themselves as being more sympathetic than they are, which aids in the research process, but is also deceptive. The identity that we present to subjects is different from whom we are in other circumstances.</li> <li>"The friendly ethnographer" – Ethnographers operate under the assumption that they should not dislike anyone. When ethnographers find they intensely dislike individuals encountered in the research, they may crop them out of the findings.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The honest ethnographer" – If research participants know the research goals, their responses will likely be skewed. Therefore, ethnographers often conceal what they know in order to increase the likelihood of acceptance by participants.<sup id="cite_ref-Fine_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_skills">Technical skills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Technical skills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"The Precise Ethnographer" – Ethnographers often create the illusion that field notes are data and reflect what "really" happened. They engage in the opposite of plagiarism, giving undeserved credit through loose interpretations and paraphrasing. Researchers take near-fictions and turn them into claims of fact. The closest ethnographers can ever really get to reality is an approximate truth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>"The Observant Ethnographer" – Readers of ethnography are often led to assume the report of a scene is complete – that little of importance was missed. In reality, an ethnographer will always miss some aspect because of lacking omniscience. Everything is open to multiple interpretations and misunderstandings. As ethnographers' skills in observation and collection of data vary by individual, what is depicted in ethnography can never be the whole picture.</li> <li>"The Unobtrusive Ethnographer" – As a "participant" in the scene, the researcher will always have an effect on the communication that occurs within the research site. The degree to which one is an "active member" affects the extent to which sympathetic understanding is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnographic_self">Ethnographic self</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ethnographic self"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are commonly misconceived conceptions of ethnographers:<sup id="cite_ref-Fine,_p._282-89_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine,_p._282-89-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"The Candid Ethnographer" – Where the researcher personally situates within the ethnography is ethically problematic. There is an illusion that everything reported was observed by the researcher.</li> <li>"The Chaste Ethnographer" – When ethnographers participate within the field, they invariably develop relationships with research subjects/participants. These relationships are sometimes not accounted for within the reporting of the ethnography, although they may influence the research findings.</li> <li>"The Fair Ethnographer" – Fine claims that objectivity is an illusion and that everything in ethnography is known from a perspective. Therefore, it is unethical for a researcher to report fairness in findings.</li> <li>"The Literary Ethnographer" – Representation is a balancing act of determining what to "show" through poetic/prosaic language and style, versus what to "tell" via straightforward, 'factual' reporting. The individual skills of an ethnographer influence what appears to be the value of the research.</li></ul> <p>According to Norman K. Denzin, ethnographers should consider the following seven principles when observing, recording, and sampling data:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li>The groups should combine symbolic meanings with patterns of interaction.</li> <li>Observe the world from the point of view of the subject, while maintaining the distinction between everyday and scientific perceptions of reality.</li> <li>Link the group's symbols and their meanings with the social relationships.</li> <li>Record all behavior.</li> <li>The methodology should highlight phases of process, change, and stability.</li> <li>The act should be a type of symbolic interactionism.</li> <li>Use concepts that would avoid casual explanations.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Autoethnography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></div> <p>Autoethnography is a form of ethnographic research in which a researcher connects personal experiences to wider cultural, political, and social meanings and understandings.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Adams et al., autoethnography </p> <ol><li>uses a researcher's personal experience to describe and critique cultural beliefs, practices, and experiences;</li> <li>acknowledges and values a researcher's relationships with others</li> <li>uses deep and careful self-reflection—typically referred to as "reflexivity"—to name and interrogate the intersections between self and society, the particular and the general, the personal and the political</li> <li>shows people in the process of figuring out what to do, how to live, and the meaning of their struggles</li> <li>balances intellectual and methodological rigor, emotion, and creativity</li> <li>strives for social justice and to make life better.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Bochner" title="Arthur P. Bochner">Bochner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Ellis" title="Carolyn Ellis">Ellis</a> have also defined autoethnography as "an autobiographical genre of writing and research that displays multiple layers of consciousness, connecting the personal to the cultural."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 65">: 65 </span></sup> They further indicate that autoethnography is typically written in first-person and can "appear in a variety of forms," such as "short stories, poetry, fiction, novels, photographic essays, personal essays, journals, fragmented and layered writing, and social science prose."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 65">: 65 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genealogical_method">Genealogical method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Genealogical method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>genealogical method</b> investigates links of <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> determined by <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">descent</a>. The method owes its origin from the book of British ethnographer <a href="/wiki/W._H._R._Rivers" title="W. H. R. Rivers">W. H. R. Rivers</a> titled "Kinship and Social Organisation" in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a> or kinship commonly plays a crucial role in the structure of non-industrial societies, determining both social relations and group relationship to the past. Marriage, for example, is frequently pivotal in determining military alliances between <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">villages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">ethnic groups</a>. </p><p>In the field of <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> the term is used to characterize the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> method employed by such writers as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_ethnography">Digital ethnography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Digital ethnography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital ethnography is also seen as virtual ethnography. This type of ethnography is not so typical as ethnography recorded by pen and pencil. Digital ethnography allows for a lot more opportunities to look at different cultures and societies. Traditional ethnography may use videos or images, but digital ethnography goes more in-depth. For example, digital ethnographers would use social media platforms such as Twitter or blogs so that people's interactions and behaviors can be studied. Modern developments in computing power and AI have enabled higher efficiencies in ethnographic data collection via multimedia and computational analysis using machine learning to corroborate many data sources together to produce a refined output for various purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modern example of this technology in application, is the use of captured audio in smart devices, transcribed to issue targeted adverts (often reconciled vs other metadata, or product development data for designers.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital ethnography comes with its own set of ethical questions, and the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Internet_Researchers" title="Association of Internet Researchers">Association of Internet Researchers</a>' ethical guidelines are frequently used.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabriele de Seta's paper "Three Lies of Digital Ethnography"<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explores some of the methodological questions more central to a specifically ethnographical approach to internet studies, drawing upon Fine's classic text.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multispecies_ethnography">Multispecies ethnography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Multispecies ethnography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multispecies ethnography in particular focuses on both nonhuman and human participants within a group or culture, as opposed to just human participants in traditional ethnography. A multispecies ethnography, in comparison to other forms of ethnography, studies species that are connected to people and our social lives. Species affect and are affected by culture, economics, and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study's roots go back to general anthropology of animals. One of the earliest well-known studies was <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis Henry Morgan</a>'s The American Beaver and His Works (1868). His study closely observed a group of beavers in Northern Michigan. Morgan's main objective was to highlight that the daily individual tasks that the beavers performed were complex communicative acts that had been passed down for generations.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 2000s multi-species ethnography took on a huge increase in popularity. The annual meetings of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> began to host the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.multispecies-salon.org/">Multispecies Salon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a collection of discussions, showcases, and other events for anthropologists. The event provided a space for anthropologists and artists to come together and showcase vast knowledge of different organisms and their intertwined systems.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multispecies ethnography highlights a lot of the negative effects of these shared environments and systems. Not only does multispecies ethnography observe the physical relationships between organisms, it also takes note of the emotional and psychological relationships built between species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relational_ethnography">Relational ethnography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Relational ethnography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most ethnographies take place in specific places where the observer can observe specific instances that relate to the topic involved. Relational Ethnography articulates studying fields rather than places or processes rather than processed people. Meaning that relational ethnography doesn't take an object nor a bounded group that is defined by its members shared social features nor a specific location that is delimited by the boundaries of a particular area. But rather the processes involving configurations of relations among different agents or institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_ethnographers">Notable ethnographers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable ethnographers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: missing attribution of who or what source considers these persons ethnographers. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Anc%C3%ADzar_Basterra" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Ancízar Basterra">Manuel Ancízar Basterra</a> (1812–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> (1858–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a> (1904–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaen_Cornelissen_van_der_Donck" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriaen Cornelissen van der Donck">Adriaen Cornelissen van der Donck</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1618–1655</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a> (1921–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Firth" title="Raymond Firth">Raymond Firth</a> (1901–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frobenius" title="Leo Frobenius">Leo Frobenius</a> (1873–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Thor Heyerdahl</a> (1914–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a> (1891–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jenness" title="Diamond Jenness">Diamond Jenness</a> (1886–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kingsley" title="Mary Kingsley">Mary Kingsley</a> (1862–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carobeth_Laird" title="Carobeth Laird">Carobeth Laird</a> (1895–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Landes" title="Ruth Landes">Ruth Landes</a> (1908–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leach" title="Edmund Leach">Edmund Leach</a> (1910–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Leite_de_Vasconcelos" title="José Leite de Vasconcelos">José Leite de Vasconcelos</a> (1858–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a> (1908–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a> (1884–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maybury-Lewis" title="David Maybury-Lewis">David Maybury-Lewis</a> (1929–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> (1901–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Miklouho-Maclay" title="Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay">Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay</a> (1846–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Friedrich_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerhard Friedrich Müller">Gerhard Friedrich Müller</a> (1705–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Nadezhdin" title="Nikolai Nadezhdin">Nikolai Nadezhdin</a> (1804–1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubor_Niederle" title="Lubor Niederle">Lubor Niederle</a> (1865–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Dositej Obradović</a> (1739–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Okladnikov" title="Alexey Okladnikov">Alexey Okladnikov</a> (1908-)_1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Oldenburg" title="Sergey Oldenburg">Sergey Oldenburg</a> (1863–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a> (1884–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Ludwig_von_Schl%C3%B6zer" title="August Ludwig von Schlözer">August Ludwig von Schlözer</a> (1735–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Spradley" title="James Spradley">James Spradley</a> (1933–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Briggs" title="Jean Briggs">Jean Briggs</a> (1929–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_Du_Bois" title="Cora Du Bois">Cora Du Bois</a> (1903–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Abu-Lughod" title="Lila Abu-Lughod">Lila Abu-Lughod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Anderson_(sociologist)" title="Elijah Anderson (sociologist)">Elijah Anderson</a> (born 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Behar" title="Ruth Behar">Ruth Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuzana_Be%C5%88u%C5%A1kov%C3%A1" title="Zuzana Beňušková">Zuzana Beňušková</a> (born 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalpa_Bersanova" title="Zalpa Bersanova">Zalpa Bersanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Chagnon" title="Napoleon Chagnon">Napoleon Chagnon</a> (1938–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena_Das" title="Veena Das">Veena Das</a> (born 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Duneier" title="Mitchell Duneier">Mitchell Duneier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristen_R._Ghodsee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen R. Ghodsee">Kristen R. Ghodsee</a> (born 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Goffman" title="Alice Goffman">Alice Goffman</a> (born 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaber_F._Gubrium" title="Jaber F. Gubrium">Jaber F. Gubrium</a> (born 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrina_Karkazis" title="Katrina Karkazis">Katrina Karkazis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Cviji%C4%87" title="Jovan Cvijić">Jovan Cvijić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price_(American_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Price (American historian)">Richard Price</a> (born 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Strathern" title="Marilyn Strathern">Marilyn Strathern</a> (born 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Ellis" title="Carolyn Ellis">Carolyn Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie_Thorne" title="Barrie Thorne">Barrie Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Venkatesh" title="Sudhir Venkatesh">Sudhir Venkatesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Visvanathan" title="Susan Visvanathan">Susan Visvanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Willis_(cultural_theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Willis (cultural theorist)">Paul Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolaevich_Smirnov" title="Mikhail Nikolaevich Smirnov">Mikhail Nikolaevich Smirnov</a></li> <li>James H McAlexander (Consumer Culture Ethnography) (1958 to 2022)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_ethnography" title="Critical ethnography">Critical ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">Ethnography of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic Museum">Ethnographic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosemiotics" title="Ethnosemiotics">Ethnosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_lab" title="Living lab">Living lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_ethnography" title="Online ethnography">Online ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_ethnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist ethnography">Realist ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_ethnography" title="Video ethnography">Video ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_ethnography" title="Visual ethnography">Visual ethnography</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-s896-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s896_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrupat2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krupat, A. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1HhEAAAQBAJ"><i>Ethnocriticism: Ethnography, History, Literature</i></a> (in Spanish). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-33443-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-33443-4"><bdi>978-0-520-33443-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnocriticism%3A+Ethnography%2C+History%2C+Literature&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-520-33443-4&rft.aulast=Krupat&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT1HhEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner2013_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlmagorSkinner2013">Almagor & Skinner 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedfield2019-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedfield2019_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedfield2019_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedfield2019">Redfield 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkinner2014171–203-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkinner2014171–203_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkinner2014">Skinner 2014</a>, pp. 171–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolf2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolf2011">Woolf 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner20136-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner20136_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlmagorSkinner2013">Almagor & Skinner 2013</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2013vii-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2013vii_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2013vii_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2013">Kaldellis 2013</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dench_2017_pp._471–480-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dench_2017_pp._471–480_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDench2017" class="citation book cs1">Dench, Emma (2017-09-12). "Ethnography and History". <i>A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography</i>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 471–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405185110.ch51">10.1002/9781405185110.ch51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8511-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8511-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-8511-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnography+and+History&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Greek+and+Roman+Historiography&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=471-480&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405185110.ch51&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8511-0&rft.aulast=Dench&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHAPTER_SIX._Tacitus_on_the_Germans_2010_pp._159–178-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHAPTER_SIX._Tacitus_on_the_Germans_2010_pp._159–178_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"CHAPTER SIX. Tacitus on the Germans". <i>Rethinking the Other in Antiquity</i>. Princeton University Press. 2010-12-31. pp. 159–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400836550.159">10.1515/9781400836550.159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3655-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3655-0"><bdi>978-1-4008-3655-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+SIX.+Tacitus+on+the+Germans&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+Other+in+Antiquity&rft.pages=159-178&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400836550.159&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3655-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner2013133-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner2013133_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlmagorSkinner2013">Almagor & Skinner 2013</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner20132-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmagorSkinner20132_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlmagorSkinner2013">Almagor & Skinner 2013</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vermeulen, Han F., 2008, <i>Early History of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German Enlightenment</i>, Leiden, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vermeulen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vermeulen_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeulen2008" class="citation book cs1">Vermeulen, Hans (2008). <i>Early History of Ethnograph and Ethnolog in the German Enlightenment: Anthropological Discourse in Europe and Asia, 1710–1808</i>. Leiden: Privately published.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+History+of+Ethnograph+and+Ethnolog+in+the+German+Enlightenment%3A+Anthropological+Discourse+in+Europe+and+Asia%2C+1710%E2%80%931808&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Privately+published&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Vermeulen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Dewan M. (2018) Understanding Ethnography: An 'Exotic' Ethnographer's Perspective. In: Mura P., Khoo-Lattimore C. (eds) Asian Qualitative Research in Tourism. Perspectives on Asian Tourism. Springer, Singapore).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Preece, J., Sharp, H., & Rogers, Y. (2015). Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction (4th edition). Wiley.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTill2009" class="citation cs2">Till, K. E. (2009-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080449104004302">"Ethnography"</a>, in Kitchin, Rob; Thrift, Nigel (eds.), <i>International Encyclopedia of Human Geography</i>, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 626–631, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044910-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044910-4"><bdi>978-0-08-044910-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnography&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Human+Geography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=626-631&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044910-4&rft.aulast=Till&rft.aufirst=K.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780080449104004302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimleyHaviceValdivia2021" class="citation book cs1">Himley, Matthew; Havice, Elizabeth; Valdivia, Gabriela (2021-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qKYvEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Critical Resource Geography</i></a>. Routledge. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-78408-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-78408-8"><bdi>978-0-429-78408-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Critical+Resource+Geography&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft.isbn=978-0-429-78408-8&rft.aulast=Himley&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Havice%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Valdivia%2C+Gabriela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqKYvEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brewer-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brewer_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brewer_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brewer_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Brewer, John D. (2000). <i>Ethnography.</i> Philadelphia: Open University Press. p.10.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPink2021" class="citation book cs1">Pink, Sarah (2021). <i>Doing visual ethnography</i> (Fourth ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5297-1766-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5297-1766-2"><bdi>978-1-5297-1766-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+visual+ethnography&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5297-1766-2&rft.aulast=Pink&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.anthrobase.com/Dic/eng/def/kinship.html">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Nightingale, David & Cromby, John. <i>Social Constructionist Psychology: A Critical Analysis of Theory and Practice</i>. Philadelphia: Open University Press. p. 228.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G1_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarson2015" class="citation book cs1">Garson, G. David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statisticalassociates.com/ethnography.htm"><i>Ethnographic Research</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnographic+Research&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Garson&rft.aufirst=G.+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statisticalassociates.com%2Fethnography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenzuk1999" class="citation book cs1">Genzuk, Michael (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023021956/http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~genzuk/Ethnographic_Research.html">"Tapping Into Community Funds of Knowledge"</a>. <i>Effective Strategies for English Language Acquisition: A Curriculum Guide for the Development of Teachers, Grades Kindergarten through Eight</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~genzuk/Ethnographic_Research.html">the original</a> on October 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tapping+Into+Community+Funds+of+Knowledge&rft.btitle=Effective+Strategies+for+English+Language+Acquisition%3A+A+Curriculum+Guide+for+the+Development+of+Teachers%2C+Grades+Kindergarten+through+Eight&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Genzuk&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-bcf.usc.edu%2F~genzuk%2FEthnographic_Research.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmersonFretzShaw2011" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Robert M.; Fretz, Rachel I.; Shaw, Linda L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226206868.001.0001"><i>Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes, Second Edition</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-20683-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-20683-7"><bdi>978-0-226-20683-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Ethnographic+Fieldnotes%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-20683-7&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Fretz%2C+Rachel+I.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Linda+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226206868.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmersonFretzShaw2011" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Robert M.; Fretz, Rachel I.; Shaw, Linda L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226206868.001.0001"><i>Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes, Second Edition</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-20683-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-20683-7"><bdi>978-0-226-20683-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Ethnographic+Fieldnotes%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-20683-7&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Fretz%2C+Rachel+I.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Linda+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226206868.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Ybema, D. Yanow, H. Wels, & F. Kamsteeg (2010). "Ethnography." In A. Mills, G. Durepos, & E. Wiebe (Eds.), <i>Encyclopedia of Case Study Research.</i> (pp. 348–352). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry" class="citation web cs1">Barry, Lynda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/hmT4wLWksOw">"Lynda Barry: The answer is in the picture"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. INKtalks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmT4wLWksOw">the original</a> on 2021-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Lynda+Barry%3A+The+answer+is+in+the+picture&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Lynda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhmT4wLWksOw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schatz, Edward, ed. <i>Political Ethnography: What Immersion Contributes to the Study of Power</i>. University Of Chicago Press. 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalsigerLambelet2014" class="citation book cs1">Balsiger, Philip; Lambelet, Alexandre (2014). "Participant observation". In <a href="/wiki/Donatella_della_Porta" title="Donatella della Porta">Della Porta, Donatella</a> (ed.). <i>Methodological practices in social movement research</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 144–172. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1814%2F33395">1814/33395</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871957-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871957-1"><bdi>978-0-19-871957-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Participant+observation&rft.btitle=Methodological+practices+in+social+movement+research&rft.pages=144-172&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1814%2F33395&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871957-1&rft.aulast=Balsiger&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Lambelet%2C+Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naroll, Raoul. <i>Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chavez, Leo. <i>Shadowed Lives: Undocumented Workers in American Society</i> (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology). 1997, Prentice Hall.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ember_2006-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ember_2006_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ember, Carol and Melvin Ember, <i>Cultural Anthropology</i> (Prentice Hall, 2006), chapter one.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heider,_Karl_2001-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heider,_Karl_2001_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heider, Karl. <i>Seeing Anthropology</i>. 2001. Prentice Hall, Chapters One and Two.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Ember and Ember 2006, Heider 2001 op cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ember and Ember 2006, op cit., Chapters 7 and 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerTurner1970" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Victor; Turner, Victor Witter (1970). <i>The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9101-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9101-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-9101-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forest+of+Symbols%3A+Aspects+of+Ndembu+Ritual&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9101-6&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Turner%2C+Victor+Witter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geertz, Clifford. <i>The Interpretation of Culture,</i> Chapter one.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olaf Zenker & Karsten Kumoll. <i>Beyond Writing Culture: Current Intersections of Epistemologies and Representational Practices.</i> (2010). New York: Berghahn Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-675-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-675-7">978-1-84545-675-7</a>. pp. 1–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul A. Erickson & Liam D. Murphy. <i>A History of Anthropological Theory,</i> Third Edition. (2008). Toronto: Broadview Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-871-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-871-0">978-1-55111-871-0</a>. p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson & Murphy (2008). A History of Anthropological Theory, pp. 190–191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2013" class="citation web cs1">Ghodsee, Kristen (May 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/writing_ethnographies.pdf">"Writing Ethnographies that Ordinary People Can Read"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anthropology News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+News&rft.atitle=Writing+Ethnographies+that+Ordinary+People+Can+Read&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fkristenghodsee%2Ffiles%2Fwriting_ethnographies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Literary Ethnography <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://literary-ethnography.tumblr.com/">http://literary-ethnography.tumblr.com/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZenkerKumoll-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZenkerKumoll_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZenkerKumoll_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Olaf Zenker & Karsten Kumoll. Beyond Writing Culture: Current Intersections of Epistemologies and Representational Practices. (2010). New York: Berghahn Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-675-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-675-7">978-1-84545-675-7</a>. p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLassiter2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lassiter, Luke E. (2001). "From 'Reading over the Shoulders of Natives' to 'Reading alongside Natives', Literally: Toward a Collaborative and Reciprocal Ethnography". <i>Journal of Anthropological Research</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 137–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fjar.57.2.3631564">10.1086/jar.57.2.3631564</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147547789">147547789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Research&rft.atitle=From+%27Reading+over+the+Shoulders+of+Natives%27+to+%27Reading+alongside+Natives%27%2C+Literally%3A+Toward+a+Collaborative+and+Reciprocal+Ethnography&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-149&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fjar.57.2.3631564&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147547789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lassiter&rft.aufirst=Luke+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLassiter2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lassiter, Luke E. (2005). "Collaborative Ethnography and Public Anthropology". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 83–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F425658">10.1086/425658</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147418975">147418975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Collaborative+Ethnography+and+Public+Anthropology&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-106&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F425658&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147418975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lassiter&rft.aufirst=Luke+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubin, R. B., Rubin, A. M., and Piele, L. J. (2005). <i>Communication Research: Strategies and Sources.</i> Belmont, California: Thomson Wadworth. pp. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentz, V. M., and Shapiro, J. J. (1998). <i>Mindful Inquiry in Social Research.</i> Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salvador, Tony; Genevieve Bell; and Ken Anderson (1999) "Design Ethnography," <i>Design Management Journal</i> (pp. 35-41). p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadner2014" class="citation book cs1">Ladner, Sam (2014). <i>Practical Ethnography</i>. Left Coast Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-390-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-390-0"><bdi>978-1-61132-390-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Ethnography&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61132-390-0&rft.aulast=Ladner&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Simple Guide For Conducting Consumer Research by Brian Lischer <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ignytebrands.com/customer-research/">http://www.ignytebrands.com/customer-research/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson, Laurel (29 June 2016). "Evaluating Ethnography". <i>Qualitative Inquiry</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 253–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107780040000600207">10.1177/107780040000600207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220899430">220899430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qualitative+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Evaluating+Ethnography&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=253-255&rft.date=2016-06-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F107780040000600207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220899430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Laurel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For post-colonial critiques of ethnography from various locations, see essays in Prem Poddar et al, <i>Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures--Continental Europe and its Empires,</i> Edinburgh University Press, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethics_p.1-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethics_p.1_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethics_p.1_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethics_p.1_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethics_p.1_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaanet.org/issues/policy-advocacy/upload/AAA-Ethics-Code-2009.pdf"><i>American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics</i></a> (PDF). p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics, p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics, p. 1–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethics_p.2-3-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethics_p.2-3_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethics_p.2-3_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics, p.2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethics_p.5-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethics_p.5_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethics_p.5_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Anthropology Association Code of Ethics, p. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fine_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, p. 270–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, p. 277–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine,_p._282-89-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_p._282-89_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine, p. 282–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:21_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2020" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Patricia (2020). <i>Method Meets Art: Arts-Based Research Practice</i> (3rd ed.). The Guilford Ford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-3897-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-3897-3"><bdi>978-1-4625-3897-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Method+Meets+Art%3A+Arts-Based+Research+Practice&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=The+Guilford+Ford&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4625-3897-3&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaréchal2010" class="citation book cs1">Maréchal, Garance (2010). "Autoethnography". In Mills, Albert J.; Durepos, Gabrielle; Wiebe, Elden (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of case study research. Volume 2</i>. Los Angeles [Calif.]: SAGE. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6572-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6572-8"><bdi>978-1-4522-6572-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/811140520">811140520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Autoethnography&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+case+study+research.+Volume+2&rft.place=Los+Angeles+%5BCalif.%5D&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F811140520&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6572-8&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%A9chal&rft.aufirst=Garance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2004" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Carolyn (2004). <i>The ethnographic I: a methodological novel about autoethnography</i>. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0050-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0050-0"><bdi>0-7591-0050-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52845847">52845847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ethnographic+I%3A+a+methodological+novel+about+autoethnography&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+CA&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52845847&rft.isbn=0-7591-0050-0&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsJonesEllis2015" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Tony E.; Jones, Stacy Holman; Ellis, Carolyn (2015). <i>Autoethnography</i>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997210-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997210-4"><bdi>978-0-19-997210-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/891397276">891397276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autoethnography&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F891397276&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997210-4&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Tony+E.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Stacy+Holman&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:24_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulos2021" class="citation cs2">Poulos, Christopher N. (2021), "Conceptual foundations of autoethnography.", <i>Essentials of autoethnography.</i>, Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 3–17, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0000222-001">10.1037/0000222-001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4338-3454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4338-3454-7"><bdi>978-1-4338-3454-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234961975">234961975</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essentials+of+autoethnography.&rft.atitle=Conceptual+foundations+of+autoethnography.&rft.pages=3-17&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234961975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0000222-001&rft.isbn=978-1-4338-3454-7&rft.aulast=Poulos&rft.aufirst=Christopher+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBochnerEllis2016" class="citation book cs1">Bochner, Arthur; Ellis, Carolyn (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315545417/evocative-autoethnography-arthur-bochner-carolyn-ellis"><i>Evocative Autoethnography: Writing Lives and Telling Stories</i></a>. New York, New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315545417">10.4324/9781315545417</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81587-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81587-6"><bdi>978-1-134-81587-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evocative+Autoethnography%3A+Writing+Lives+and+Telling+Stories&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315545417&rft.isbn=978-1-134-81587-6&rft.aulast=Bochner&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9781315545417%2Fevocative-autoethnography-arthur-bochner-carolyn-ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Windows on Humanity</i> by Conrad Phillip Kottak. Chapter 2, page 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixonLiuSetchi2016" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Adam; Liu, Ying; Setchi, Rossi (2016). "Computer-Aided Ethnography in Engineering Design". <i>Volume 7: 28th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2FDETC2016-59832">10.1115/DETC2016-59832</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7918-5019-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7918-5019-0"><bdi>978-0-7918-5019-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Computer-Aided+Ethnography+in+Engineering+Design&rft.btitle=Volume+7%3A+28th+International+Conference+on+Design+Theory+and+Methodology&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1115%2FDETC2016-59832&rft.isbn=978-0-7918-5019-0&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Liu%2C+Ying&rft.au=Setchi%2C+Rossi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5568815/amazon-workers-listen-to-alexa/">"Thousands of Amazon Workers Listen to Alexa Users' Conversations"</a>. 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thousands+of+Amazon+Workers+Listen+to+Alexa+Users%27+Conversations&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5568815%2Famazon-workers-listen-to-alexa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aoir.org/ethics/">"Association of Internet Researchers Ethics Guidelines"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Association+of+Internet+Researchers+Ethics+Guidelines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faoir.org%2Fethics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeta2020" class="citation journal cs1">Seta, Gabriele de (2020-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jdsr.se/ojs/index.php/jdsr/article/view/24">"Three lies of digital ethnography"</a>. <i>Journal of Digital Social Research</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 77–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33621%2Fjdsr.v2i1.24">10.33621/jdsr.v2i1.24</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2754160">11250/2754160</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2003-1998">2003-1998</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213035202">213035202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Digital+Social+Research&rft.atitle=Three+lies+of+digital+ethnography&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-97&rft.date=2020-02-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2754160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213035202%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2003-1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33621%2Fjdsr.v2i1.24&rft.aulast=Seta&rft.aufirst=Gabriele+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjdsr.se%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjdsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1993" class="citation journal cs1">Fine, Gary Alan (1993-10-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/089124193022003001">"TEN LIES OF ETHNOGRAPHY: Moral Dilemmas of Field Research"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Contemporary Ethnography</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 267–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F089124193022003001">10.1177/089124193022003001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-2416">0891-2416</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144256882">144256882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Ethnography&rft.atitle=TEN+LIES+OF+ETHNOGRAPHY%3A+Moral+Dilemmas+of+Field+Research&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267-294&rft.date=1993-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144256882%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0891-2416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F089124193022003001&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Gary+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F089124193022003001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkseyHelmreich2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kirksey, S. Eben; Helmreich, Stefan (2010). "The Emergence of Multispecies Ethnography". <i>Cultural Anthropology</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 545–576. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-1360.2010.01069.x">10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01069.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F61966">1721.1/61966</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145087075">145087075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Multispecies+Ethnography&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=545-576&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F61966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145087075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1548-1360.2010.01069.x&rft.aulast=Kirksey&rft.aufirst=S.+Eben&rft.au=Helmreich%2C+Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1986" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Lewis Henry (1986). <i>The American beaver: a classic of natural history and ecology</i>. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-24995-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-24995-6"><bdi>0-486-24995-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12135104">12135104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+beaver%3A+a+classic+of+natural+history+and+ecology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12135104&rft.isbn=0-486-24995-6&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.multispecies-salon.org/">"The Multispecies Salon"</a>. <i>The Multispecies Salon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Multispecies+Salon&rft.atitle=The+Multispecies+Salon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.multispecies-salon.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkseyHelmreich2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kirksey, S. Eben; Helmreich, Stefan (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01069.x">"The Emergence of Multispecies Ethnography"</a>. <i>Cultural Anthropology</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 545–576. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-1360.2010.01069.x">10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01069.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F61966">1721.1/61966</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145087075">145087075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Multispecies+Ethnography&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=545-576&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F61966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145087075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1548-1360.2010.01069.x&rft.aulast=Kirksey&rft.aufirst=S.+Eben&rft.au=Helmreich%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1548-1360.2010.01069.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Agar, Michael (1996) <i>The Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to Ethnography</i>. Academic Press.</li> <li>Burns, Janet M.C. (1992) <i>Caught in the Riptide: Female Researcher in a Patricentric Setting</i>. pp. 171–182 in Fragile Truths: 25 Years of Sociology and Anthropology in Canada. D. Harrison, W.K. Carroll, L. Christiansen-Ruffman and Raymond Currie (eds.). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Carleton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clifford_(historian)" title="James Clifford (historian)">Clifford</a>, James & <a href="/wiki/George_E._Marcus" title="George E. Marcus">George E. Marcus</a> (Eds.). Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. (1986). Berkeley: University of California Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Douglas</a>, Mary and Baron Isherwood (1996) <i>The World of Goods: Toward and Anthropology of Consumption</i>. Routledge, London.</li> <li>Dubinsky, Itamar (2017). Global and local methodological and ethical questions in researching football academies in Ghana. <i>Children's Geographies</i>, 15(4), 385-398. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2016.1249823">https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2016.1249823</a>.</li> <li>Erickson, Ken C. and Donald D. Stull (1997) <i>Doing Team Ethnography : Warnings and Advice</i>. Sage, Beverly Hills.</li> <li>Fetterman, D. (2009) <i>Ethnography: Step by Step</i>, Third edition, Thousand Oaks CA, Sage.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1993" class="citation journal cs1">Fine, G. A. (1993). "Ten lies of ethnography: Moral dilemmas of field research". <i>Journal of Contemporary Ethnography</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 267–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F089124193022003001">10.1177/089124193022003001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144256882">144256882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Ethnography&rft.atitle=Ten+lies+of+ethnography%3A+Moral+dilemmas+of+field+research.&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267-294&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F089124193022003001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144256882%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Geertz</a>, Clifford. <i>The Interpretation of Cultures</i>, New York, Basic Books.</li> <li>Ghodsee, Kristen (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/writing_ethnographies.pdf?m=1442785354">[2]</a> <i>Anthropology News</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham,_S._Scott2015" class="citation book cs1">Graham, S. Scott (2015). <i><span></span></i>The Politics of Pain Medicine: A Rhetorical-Ontological Inquiry<i><span></span></i>. Chicago Scholarship Online. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26405-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26405-9"><bdi>978-0-226-26405-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Pain+Medicine%3A+A+Rhetorical-Ontological+Inquiry&rft.pub=Chicago+Scholarship+Online&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-26405-9&rft.au=Graham%2C+S.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Groh, Arnold A. (2018). <i>Research Methods in Indigenous Contexts.</i> New York: Springer.</li> <li>Gubrium, Jaber F. (1988). "Analyzing Field Reality." Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</li> <li>Gubrium, Jaber F. and James A. Holstein. (1997) "The New Language of Qualitative Method." New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Gubrium, Jaber F. and James A. Holstein. (2009). "Analyzing Narrative Reality." Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Hammersley" title="Martyn Hammersley">Hammersley</a>, Martyn (2018) <i>What's Wrong With Ethnography?</i>, London, Routledge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Hammersley" title="Martyn Hammersley">Hammersley</a>, Martyn and Atkinson, Paul (2019) <i>Ethnography: Principles in Practice</i>, Fourth edition, London, Routledge.</li> <li>Heath, Shirley Brice & Brian Street, with Molly Mills. On Ethnography.</li> <li>Hymes, Dell. (1974). <i>Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.</li> <li>Kottak, Conrad Phillip (2005) <i>Window on Humanity : A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology</i>, (pages 2–3, 16–17, 34-44). McGraw Hill, New York.</li> <li>Mannik, L., & McGarry, K. (2017). Practicing Ethnography: A Student Guide to Method and Methodology. University of Toronto Press.</li> <li>Marcus, George E. & Michael Fischer. Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences. (1986). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoelker2014" class="citation book cs1">Moelker, René (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftDpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">"Being one of the guys or the fly on the wall? Participant observation of veteran bikers"</a>. In Soeters, Joseph; Shields, Patricia M.; Rietjens, Sebastiaan (eds.). <i>Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies</i>. Routledge. pp. 104–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203093801-20">10.4324/9780203093801-20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-09380-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-09380-1"><bdi>978-0-203-09380-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Being+one+of+the+guys+or+the+fly+on+the+wall%3F+Participant+observation+of+veteran+bikers&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Research+Methods+in+Military+Studies&rft.pages=104-114&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203093801-20&rft.isbn=978-0-203-09380-1&rft.aulast=Moelker&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DftDpAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Miller, Daniel (1987) <i>Material Culture and Mass Consumption</i>. Blackwell, London.</li> <li>Spradley, James P. (1979) <i>The Ethnographic Interview</i>. Wadsworth Group/Thomson Learning.</li> <li>Salvador, Tony; Genevieve Bell; and Ken Anderson (1999) <i>Design Ethnography.</i> Design Management Journal.</li> <li>Van Maanen, John. 1988. <i>Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography</i> Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Westbrook, David A. Navigators of the Contemporary: Why Ethnography Matters. (2008). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmagorSkinner2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Almagor, Eran; Skinner, Joseph (2013). <i>Ancient ethnography: new approaches</i> (in French). New York: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-3760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-3760-7"><bdi>978-1-4725-3760-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/860827852">860827852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+ethnography%3A+new+approaches&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F860827852&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-3760-7&rft.aulast=Almagor&rft.aufirst=Eran&rft.au=Skinner%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedfield2019" class="citation cs2">Redfield, James Adam (2019-04-24), "Ethnography in Antiquity", <i>Anthropology</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199766567-0214">10.1093/obo/9780199766567-0214</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976656-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976656-7"><bdi>978-0-19-976656-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnography+in+Antiquity&rft.btitle=Anthropology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199766567-0214&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976656-7&rft.aulast=Redfield&rft.aufirst=James+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Skinner, Joseph (2014-05-30). "Greek Ethnography and Archaeology: Limits and Boundaries". <i>Dialogues d'histoire ancienne</i>. <b>S 10</b> (Supplement10). CAIRN: 171–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fdha.hs91.0171">10.3917/dha.hs91.0171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0755-7256">0755-7256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+d%27histoire+ancienne&rft.atitle=Greek+Ethnography+and+Archaeology%3A+Limits+and+Boundaries&rft.volume=S+10&rft.issue=Supplement10&rft.pages=171-203&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fdha.hs91.0171&rft.issn=0755-7256&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaldellis2013" class="citation book cs1">Kaldellis, Anthony (2013). <i>Ethnography after antiquity: foreign lands and peoples in Byzantine literature</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0840-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0840-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-0840-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859162344">859162344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnography+after+antiquity%3A+foreign+lands+and+peoples+in+Byzantine+literature&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859162344&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0840-5&rft.aulast=Kaldellis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2011" class="citation book cs1">Woolf, Greg (2011). <i>Tales of the barbarians: ethnography and empire in the Roman west</i>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6073-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6073-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-6073-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/690960312">690960312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+the+barbarians%3A+ethnography+and+empire+in+the+Roman+west&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F690960312&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6073-5&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac2004" class="citation book cs1">Isaac, Benjamin H. (2004). <i>The invention of racism in classical antiquity</i>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11691-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11691-1"><bdi>0-691-11691-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51942570">51942570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+invention+of+racism+in+classical+antiquity&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51942570&rft.isbn=0-691-11691-1&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthnography" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Ethnography</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ethnography">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ethnography&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnicity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnicity" title="Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnicity" title="Template talk:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_group" title="Ethnographic group">Ethnographic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonational_group" title="Ethnonational group">Ethnonational group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">Ethnoreligious group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_realism" title="Ethnographic realism">Ethnographic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_ethnicity" title="Hyphenated ethnicity">Hyphenated ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethnicity" title="Meta-ethnicity">Meta-ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroethnicity" title="Metroethnicity">Metroethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">Minority group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minority_influence" title="Minority influence">Influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">Monoethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethnicity" title="Polyethnicity">Polyethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraethnicity" title="Supraethnicity">Supraethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_ethnicity" title="Symbolic ethnicity">Symbolic ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_studies" title="Ethnic studies">Ethnic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">Ethnozoology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocinema" title="Ethnocinema">Ethnocinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogeology" title="Ethnogeology">Ethnogeology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_ethnography" title="Clinical ethnography">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_ethnography" title="Critical ethnography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netnography" title="Netnography">Netnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_ethnography" title="Online ethnography">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_ethnography" title="Person-centered ethnography">Person-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_ethnography" title="Salvage ethnography">Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transidioethnography" title="Transidioethnography">Transidioethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_ethnography" title="Video ethnography">Video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Ethnohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomathematics" title="Ethnomathematics">Ethnomathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnostatistics" title="Ethnostatistics">Ethnostatistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Ethnomuseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnophilosophy" title="Ethnophilosophy">Ethnophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopsychopharmacology" title="Ethnopsychopharmacology">Ethnopsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoscience" title="Ethnoscience">Ethnoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosemiotics" title="Ethnosemiotics">Ethnosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnotaxonomy" title="Ethnotaxonomy">Ethnotaxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Groups by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>World</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_groups" title="List of countries by ethnic groups">Countries by ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Africa</a></b></li> <li><b>Americas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greenland#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Central_America" title="Ethnic groups in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Asia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Northern Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Australia">Australia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names" title="List of Australian Aboriginal group names">Aboriginal groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europe</a></b></li> <li><b>Oceania</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-race_effect" title="Cross-race effect">Cross-race effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity_development" title="Ethnic identity development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_flag" title="Ethnic flag">Ethnic flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_option" title="Ethnic option">Ethnic option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">Ethnic origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Ethnicity in censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">Linguistic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythomoteur" title="Mythomoteur">Mythomoteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantribal_sodality" title="Pantribal sodality">Pantribal sodality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistext" title="Statistext">Statistext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_name" title="Tribal name">Tribal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detribalization" title="Detribalization">Detribalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multiethnic society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">Dominant minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">Ethnic enclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_interest_group" title="Ethnic interest group">Ethnic interest group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_majority" title="Ethnic majority">Ethnic majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_media" title="Ethnic media">Ethnic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_theme_park" title="Ethnic theme park">Ethnic theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoburb" title="Ethnoburb">Ethnoburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_village" title="Ethnographic village">Ethnographic village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">Middleman minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority_myth" title="Model minority myth">Model minority myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ideology and<br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_bioweapon" title="Ethnic bioweapon">Ethnic bioweapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots" title="List of ethnic riots">Ethnic riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">Ethnofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosymbolism" title="Ethnosymbolism">Ethnosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophilia" title="Xenophilia">Xenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu (anthropology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132151#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132151#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132151#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="etnografie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137601&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Etnogrāfija"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000334093&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=18059">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&oldid=1258634970">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&oldid=1258634970</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnography" title="Category:Ethnography">Ethnography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology" title="Category:Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_anthropology" title="Category:Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_anthropology" title="Category:Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnology" title="Category:Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnicity" title="Category:Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_studies" title="Category:Ethnic studies">Ethnic studies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017">Articles with dead external links from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2020">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_February_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2020">Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2020">Articles needing additional references from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from November 2022">Articles to be expanded from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 19:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r2wfs","wgBackendResponseTime":171,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.400","walltime":"1.659","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7546,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":238764,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16092,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":234391,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1389.730 1 -total"," 33.94% 471.632 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.11% 265.600 26 Template:Cite_book"," 9.23% 128.289 3 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.89% 109.646 2 Template:Lang"," 7.53% 104.713 1 Template:Anthropology"," 6.86% 95.337 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 6.02% 83.718 10 Template:Sfn"," 5.46% 75.887 6 Template:Fix"," 5.38% 74.700 9 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.841","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18260415,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdamsJonesEllis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlmagorSkinner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalsigerLambelet2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarry\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBochnerEllis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDench2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixonLiuSetchi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmersonFretzShaw2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFine1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGarson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenzuk1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham,_S._Scott2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHimleyHaviceValdivia2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaldellis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkseyHelmreich2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKrupat2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLassiter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLassiter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaréchal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoelker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPink2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoulos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedfield2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeta2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkinner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTill2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnerTurner1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermeulen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Anthropology\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Cn\"] = 3,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col start\"] = 2,\n [\"Ethnicity\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Research\"] = 1,\n [\"Research paper\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 10,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sociology\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-j4d7q","timestamp":"20241124161022","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ethnography","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethnography","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q132151","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q132151","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-28T09:01:34Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T19:57:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d9\/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG","headline":"qualitative research design aimed at exploring cultural phenomena"}</script> </body> </html>