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(PDF) Biologic and synthetic skin substitutes: An overview
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{"work":{"id":96980241,"created_at":"2023-02-15T19:44:34.787-08:00","from_world_paper_id":227734462,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T01:08:53.948-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","ai_title_tag":"Overview of Biological vs Synthetic Skin Substitutes","grobid_abstract":"The current trend of burn wound care has shifted to more holistic approach of improvement in the long-term form and function of the healed burn wounds and quality of life. This has demanded the emergence of various skin substitutes in the management of acute burn injury as well as post burn reconstructions. Skin substitutes have important roles in the treatment of deep dermal and full thickness wounds of various aetiologies. At present, there is no ideal substitute in the market. Skin substitutes can be divided into two main classes, namely, biological and synthetic substitutes. The biological skin substitutes have a more intact extracellular matrix structure, while the synthetic skin substitutes can be synthesised on demand and can be modulated for specific purposes. Each class has its advantages and disadvantages. The biological skin substitutes may allow the construction of a more natural new dermis and allow excellent re-epithelialisation characteristics due to the presence of a basement membrane. Synthetic skin substitutes demonstrate the advantages of increase control over scaffold composition. The ultimate goal is to achieve an ideal skin substitute that provides an effective and scar-free wound healing.","publication_date":"2010,,","publication_name":"Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"98728569"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Biologic and synthetic skin substitutes: An overview","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [257735943]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":98728569,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Biologic and synthetic skin substitutes: An overview”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/98728569/mini_magick20230216-1-1buc4d8.png?1676519332" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Biologic and synthetic skin substitutes: An overview</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="257735943" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AhmadHalim73"><img alt="Profile image of Ahmad Halim" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/257735943/110117854/99362293/s65_ahmad.halim.jpeg" />Ahmad Halim</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2010, Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">6 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 96980241; 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This has demanded the emergence of various skin substitutes in the management of acute burn injury as well as post burn reconstructions. Skin substitutes have important roles in the treatment of deep dermal and full thickness wounds of various aetiologies. At present, there is no ideal substitute in the market. Skin substitutes can be divided into two main classes, namely, biological and synthetic substitutes. The biological skin substitutes have a more intact extracellular matrix structure, while the synthetic skin substitutes can be synthesised on demand and can be modulated for specific purposes. Each class has its advantages and disadvantages. The biological skin substitutes may allow the construction of a more natural new dermis and allow excellent re-epithelialisation characteristics due to the presence of a basement membrane. Synthetic skin substitutes demonstrate the advantages of increase control over scaffold composition. The ultimate goal is to achieve an ideal skin substitute that provides an effective and scar-free wound healing.</p></div></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="71116889" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71116889/Acellular_Dermis_as_a_Dermal_Matrix_of_Tissue_Engineered_Skin_Substitute_for_Burns_Treatment">Acellular Dermis as a Dermal Matrix of Tissue Engineered Skin Substitute for Burns Treatment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="64354021" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NigamanandaDey">Nigamananda Dey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The current trend of burn wound care has shifted to a more holistic approach of improvement in the long-term form and function of the healed burn wounds and quality of life. This has demanded the emergence of various skin substitutes in the management of acute burn injury as well as post burn reconstructions. Skin substitutes have important roles in the treatment of deep dermal and full thickness wounds of various etiologies. At present, there is no ideal skin substitute in the market. Skin substitutes can be divided into two main classes, namely, biological and synthetic substitutes. The biological skin substitutes have a more intact extracellular matrix structure, while the synthetic skin substitutes can be synthesized on demand and can be modulated for specific purposes. Each class has its advantages and disadvantages. The biological skin substitutes may allow the construction of a more natural new dermis and allow excellent reepithelialization characteristics due to the presence...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Acellular Dermis as a Dermal Matrix of Tissue Engineered Skin Substitute for Burns Treatment","attachmentId":80605184,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71116889/Acellular_Dermis_as_a_Dermal_Matrix_of_Tissue_Engineered_Skin_Substitute_for_Burns_Treatment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71116889/Acellular_Dermis_as_a_Dermal_Matrix_of_Tissue_Engineered_Skin_Substitute_for_Burns_Treatment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="34333391" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34333391/A_guide_to_biological_skin_substitutes">A guide to biological skin substitutes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67552801" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JonesIsabel">Isabel Jones</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The role of artificial skin substitutes in burn surgery and the treatment of chronic wounds is constantly evolving. New products are regularly being produced and approved for clinical use. Studies on existing products clarify their efficacy and effectiveness in different clinical scenarios. This review is aimed at busy clinicians in order to bring them up to date with the latest developments in the field of artificial skin substitutes. It examines the components, structure, performance and comparative costs of the main commercial skin substitutes, and reviews briefly technologies under development that have not yet become widely available. 9 2002 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A guide to biological skin substitutes","attachmentId":54229146,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34333391/A_guide_to_biological_skin_substitutes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34333391/A_guide_to_biological_skin_substitutes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="21827929" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21827929/Preparation_and_Characterization_of_a_Novel_Skin_Substitute">Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Skin Substitute</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43051757" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarlottaCastagnoli">Carlotta Castagnoli</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43102530" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarlaPezzuto">Carla Pezzuto</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Autologous epidermal cell cultures (CEA) represent a possibility to treat extensive burn lesions, since they allow a significative surface expansion which cannot be achieved with other surgical techniques based on autologous grafting. Moreover currently available CEA preparations are difficult to handle and their take rate is unpredictable. This study aimed at producing and evaluating a new cutaneous biosubstitute made up of alloplastic acellular glycerolized dermis (AAGD) and CEA to overcome these difficulties. A procedure that maintained an intact basement membrane was developed, so as to promote adhesion and growth of CEA on AAGD. Keratinocytes were seeded onto AAGD and cultured up to 21 days. Viability tests and immunohistochemical analysis with specific markers were carried out at 7, 14, and 21 days, to evaluate keratinocyte adhesion, growth, and maturation. Our results support the hypothesis that this newly formed skin substitute could allow its permanent engraftment in clinical application.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Skin Substitute","attachmentId":42579121,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21827929/Preparation_and_Characterization_of_a_Novel_Skin_Substitute","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21827929/Preparation_and_Characterization_of_a_Novel_Skin_Substitute"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="56616404" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56616404/Bioengineered_Skin_Substitutes_Advances_and_Future_Trends">Bioengineered Skin Substitutes: Advances and Future Trends</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="151812052" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AgnesKlar">Agnes Klar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Applied Sciences</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">As the largest organ in the human body, the skin has the function of maintaining balance and protecting from external factors such as bacteria, chemicals, and temperature. If the wound does not heal in time after skin damage, it may cause infection or life-threatening complications. In particular, medical treatment of large skin defects caused by burns or trauma remains challenging. Therefore, human bioengineered skin substitutes represent an alternative approach to treat such injuries. Based on the chemical composition and scaffold material, skin substitutes can be classified into acellular or cellular grafts, as well as natural-based or synthetic skin substitutes. Further, they can be categorized as epidermal, dermal, and composite grafts, based on the skin component they contain. This review presents the common commercially available skin substitutes and their clinical use. Moreover, the choice of an appropriate hydrogel type to prepare cell-laden skin substitutes is discussed. A...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioengineered Skin Substitutes: Advances and Future Trends","attachmentId":71915539,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56616404/Bioengineered_Skin_Substitutes_Advances_and_Future_Trends","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56616404/Bioengineered_Skin_Substitutes_Advances_and_Future_Trends"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="38767694" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38767694/The_use_of_dermal_substitutes_in_burn_surgery_Acute_phase">The use of dermal substitutes in burn surgery: Acute phase</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="107299982" href="https://salvador.academia.edu/SilvinaAranda">Silvina Aranda</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Dermal Substitutes, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Major burns represent a challenge in autologous skin coverage and may lead to severe functional and cosmetic sequelae. Dermal substitutes are increasingly becoming an essential part of burn care during the acute phase of treatment. In the long term dermal substitutes improve functional and cosmetic results and thus enhance quality of life. In the chronic wound setting, dermal substitutes are used to reconstruct and improve burn scars and defects. Despite the potential of dermal substitutes, further research is required to strengthen scientific evidence regarding their effects and also to develop new technologies and products. Furthermore, dermal substitutes have a pivotal role in future research strategies as they have the potential to provide adequate scaffold for stem cells, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine with conceivable application of obtaining long-lasting and scarless artificial skin. This review discusses the status quo of dermal substitutes and novel strategies in the use of dermal substitutes with a focus on burn care. Dermal substitutes are becoming more and more an essential part of burn care. During the acute phase of burn treatment, dermal substitutes improve functional and cosmetic results long term and thus enhance quality of life. In the chronic wound setting, dermal substitutes are used to reconstruct and improve burn scars and other defects. Despite the potential and need of dermal substitutes, further research is required not only to strengthen scientific evidence regarding their effects but also to develop new technology and products. Furthermore, dermal substitutes also emerge as pivotal research strategies to develop adequate scaffolds for stem cells, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine applications to obtain long-lasting and scarless artificial skin. DEFINITION OF DERMAL SUBSTITUTES Dermal substitutes are biomatrices that fulfill the functions of the cutaneous dermal layer: control of pain and scarring. They act as matrices or scaffolds and promote new tissue growth and enhance wound healing, 1,2 with enhanced pliability and a more favorable scar. Dermal substitutes play a major role in repairing full-thickness skin defects both in acute and chronic wounds, 3 and there is evidence that they improve scar quality. 4 HISTORY OF DERMAL SUBSTITUTES Advances in acute treatment, acute care, and intensive care have resulted in decreased mortality in major burns. 5 The current focus in burn care has now shifted towards improving the long-term function and appearance of the healed skin in conjunction with quality of life. 6 The loss of the dermis in extensive full-thickness wounds like burns poses a serious problem, which is not completely solved by the application of split-thickness autograft. 7 It is important to have an effective dermal replacement because dermal tissue does not regenerate into normal dermis in vivo after full-thickness dermal injuries. Application of a dermal substitute underneath the autologous skin graft may improve the wound-healing process 8 in the treatment of burns, skin ulcers, various deep wounds, and unstable scar replacement. 3,4,7 In addition, dermal substitutes play a role in control of scarring. 2 Pathologically excessive scar formation (i.e., hypertrophic scars and keloids) represents a significant morbidity in surviving burn patients. The prevalence is variable and can be up to 67%, and this increases with increasing time to heal the wound. 9 Hypertrophic/keloid scars pose several problems both aesthetically and functionally (because of contracture formation). They may also lead to the formation of carcinoma (e.g., Marjolin's ulcer). 10 These patients with keloids also suffer from impairment of their quality of life, causing physical , psychological, and social sequelae. 11 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Functional requirements of dermal substitutes Dermal substitutes are designed to mimic the basic properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) 4 and should share the same functions as normal dermis: ECM Extracellular matrix GAGs Glycosaminoglycans Wound Rep Reg (2014) 22 14-22</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The use of dermal substitutes in burn surgery: Acute phase","attachmentId":58856761,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38767694/The_use_of_dermal_substitutes_in_burn_surgery_Acute_phase","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38767694/The_use_of_dermal_substitutes_in_burn_surgery_Acute_phase"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="57548735" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57548735/Principles_and_practices_for_treatment_of_cutaneous_wounds_with_cultured_skin_substitutes">Principles and practices for treatment of cutaneous wounds with cultured skin substitutes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15300190" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GlennWarden">Glenn Warden</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American journal of surgery, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Skin substitutes prepared from cultured skin cells and biopolymers may reduce requirements for donor skin autograft, and have been shown to be effective in treatment of excised burns, burn scars, and congenital skin lesions. Cultured skin substitutes (CSS) generate skin phenotypes (epidermal barrier, basement membrane) in the laboratory, and restore tissue function and systemic homeostasis. Healed skin is smooth, soft and strong, but develops irregular degrees of pigmentation. Quantitative analysis demonstrates that CSS closes 67 times the area of the donor skin, compared to less than 4 times for split-thickness skin autograft. CSS reduce requirements for donor skin autograft for closure of excised, full-thickness cutaneous wounds, and demonstrate qualitative outcome that is not different from meshed, split-thickness autograft. These results offer reductions in morbidity and mortality for the treatment of burns and chronic wounds, and for cutaneous reconstruction.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Principles and practices for treatment of cutaneous wounds with cultured skin substitutes","attachmentId":72397700,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57548735/Principles_and_practices_for_treatment_of_cutaneous_wounds_with_cultured_skin_substitutes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57548735/Principles_and_practices_for_treatment_of_cutaneous_wounds_with_cultured_skin_substitutes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="29284333" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29284333/Annals_of_Public_Health_and_Research_Acellular_Dermis_as_a_Dermal_Matrix_of_Tissue_Engineered_Skin_Substitute_for_Burns_Treatment">Annals of Public Health and Research Acellular Dermis as a Dermal Matrix of Tissue Engineered Skin Substitute for Burns Treatment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39706582" href="https://ypatil.academia.edu/ArvindKumarShukla">Arvind Kumar Shukla</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The current trend of burn wound care has shifted to a more holistic approach of improvement in the long-term form and function of the healed burn wounds and quality of life. This has demanded the emergence of various skin substitutes in the management of acute burn injury as well as post burn reconstructions. Skin substitutes have important roles in the treatment of deep dermal and full thickness wounds of various etiologies. At present, there is no ideal skin substitute in the market. Skin substitutes can be divided into two main classes, namely, biological and synthetic substitutes. The biological skin substitutes have a more intact extracellular matrix structure, while the synthetic skin substitutes can be synthesized on demand and can be modulated for specific purposes. Each class has its advantages and disadvantages. The biological skin substitutes may allow the construction of a more natural new dermis and allow excellent re-epithelialization characteristics due to the presence of a basement membrane. Acellular dermal scaffold are one of the types of biological skin substitutes which has the extracellular matrix (ECM) almost like the normal skin extracellular matrix. For regeneration and healing of deep burn wound, ECM plays a very important role in rapid healing with minimum scar. Although some acellular dermis based products are available in foreign market, their prohibitive high cost prevents the Indian patient population to use it. Hence, this Method was designed to prepare an acellular dermis, indigenously, suitable for clinical application. NaOH method was used to standardize the decellularization method. In our observation, six weeks of decellularization was sufficient to completely decellularize the skin as confirmed by H&E Staining. Also, it was found out to be biocompatible by cell culture assay.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Annals of Public Health and Research Acellular Dermis as a Dermal Matrix of Tissue Engineered Skin Substitute for Burns Treatment","attachmentId":49729897,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29284333/Annals_of_Public_Health_and_Research_Acellular_Dermis_as_a_Dermal_Matrix_of_Tissue_Engineered_Skin_Substitute_for_Burns_Treatment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29284333/Annals_of_Public_Health_and_Research_Acellular_Dermis_as_a_Dermal_Matrix_of_Tissue_Engineered_Skin_Substitute_for_Burns_Treatment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="127360567" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127360567/Tissue_engineering_for_full_thickness_burns_A_dermal_substitute_from_bench_to_bedside">Tissue engineering for full-thickness burns: A dermal substitute from bench to bedside</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="331108817" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DelphineBouard">Delphine Bouard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Our aim was to obtain a viable and easily available dermal substitute (DS) for the definitive coverage of full-thickness burns. A DS composed of a collagen-glycosaminoglycan-chitosan dermal matrix (DM) colonized with foreskin fibroblasts (FF) is described. FF-colonized DS were compared to the DM seeded with adult dermal fibroblasts (DF). FF-colonized DS expressed more fibrillin and tropoelastin than that with DF. Reconstructed skin obtained with both FF-and DF-colonized DS similarly expressed laminin-5 and collagen VII at the dermal-epidermal junction. Both FF-and DF-colonized DS produced cutaneous wound healing mediators in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of platelet lysate. After freeze-thawing, the FF-colonized DS were recovered in culture and retained their ability to produce vascular endothelial growth factor. Grafting of DS into nude rats achieved a complete healing of a dermal-epidermal lesion with a good epidermalization.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Tissue engineering for full-thickness burns: A dermal substitute from bench to bedside","attachmentId":121103310,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127360567/Tissue_engineering_for_full_thickness_burns_A_dermal_substitute_from_bench_to_bedside","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/127360567/Tissue_engineering_for_full_thickness_burns_A_dermal_substitute_from_bench_to_bedside"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="96090629" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96090629/Porcine_Xenograft_and_Epidermal_Fully_Synthetic_Skin_Substitutes_in_the_Treatment_of_Partial_Thickness_Burns_A_Literature_Review">Porcine Xenograft and Epidermal Fully Synthetic Skin Substitutes in the Treatment of Partial-Thickness Burns: A Literature Review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="192754030" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HerbertHaller2">Herbert Haller</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Medicina, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background and Objectives: Porcine xenografts have been used successfully in partial thickness burn treatment for many years. Their disappearance from the market led to the search for effective and efficient alternatives. In this article, we examine the synthetic epidermal skin substitute Suprathel® as a substitute in the treatment of partial thickness burns. Materials and Methods: A systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines has been performed. Sixteen Suprathel® and 12 porcine xenograft studies could be included. Advantages and disadvantages between the treatments and the studies’ primary endpoints have been investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. Results: Although Suprathel had a nearly six times larger TBSA in their studies (p &lt; 0.001), it showed a significantly lower necessity for skin grafts (p &lt; 0.001), and we found a significantly lower infection rate (p &lt; 0.001) than in Porcine Xenografts. Nonetheless, no significant differences in the healing time (p...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Porcine Xenograft and Epidermal Fully Synthetic Skin Substitutes in the Treatment of Partial-Thickness Burns: A Literature Review","attachmentId":98085708,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96090629/Porcine_Xenograft_and_Epidermal_Fully_Synthetic_Skin_Substitutes_in_the_Treatment_of_Partial_Thickness_Burns_A_Literature_Review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96090629/Porcine_Xenograft_and_Epidermal_Fully_Synthetic_Skin_Substitutes_in_the_Treatment_of_Partial_Thickness_Burns_A_Literature_Review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="52203806" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52203806/Repairing_Injured_Skin_Biologics_Skin_Substitutes_and_Scaffolds_Review">Repairing Injured Skin: Biologics, Skin Substitutes, and Scaffolds: Review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="130504445" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MelikaAkaberi">Melika Akaberi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Skin and Stem Cell</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Context: Skin damage is one of the most common injuries that occur daily for millions around the world. Considering this high prevalence, developing new methods of cells and stem cell administration for healing injured skin is necessary. We discuss different new methods of stem cell and cell administration for repairing injured skin, such as skin stem cell gun, scaffolds, hydrogels, and autologous keratinocytes sheets. Evidence Acquisition: Many approaches are available in injured skin healing, such as traditional therapy, transplanting, cell therapy, and stem cell therapy. Skin grafting is still a standard solution to treat patients; however, there are a lot of limitations in this procedure, for example, patients with severe burns have an insufficient skin area for grafting, which is a painful procedure. Results: Although cell therapy approaches dissolve scarring and reduce healing time, considering its high cost, they are not used in everyday society. This article discusses different regenerative dermatology products and compares them with each other. Conclusions: Herein, we introduced several examples of skin cell products in the pharmaceutics market. Although these products are not well known and even some of them didn't reach clinical trials, comparing different kinds of skin engineered products reveals appropriate guidelines for their use and entrance to dermatology market.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Repairing Injured Skin: Biologics, Skin Substitutes, and Scaffolds: Review","attachmentId":69577495,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52203806/Repairing_Injured_Skin_Biologics_Skin_Substitutes_and_Scaffolds_Review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52203806/Repairing_Injured_Skin_Biologics_Skin_Substitutes_and_Scaffolds_Review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":98728569,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":98728569,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_98728569" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="17809204" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17809204/Tissue_engineering_of_cultured_skin_substitutes">Tissue engineering of cultured skin substitutes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37732417" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RHorch">Raymund Horch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Tissue engineering of cultured skin substitutes","attachmentId":42227843,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17809204/Tissue_engineering_of_cultured_skin_substitutes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17809204/Tissue_engineering_of_cultured_skin_substitutes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="54928158" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54928158/Advances_in_Skin_Substitutes_Potential_of_Tissue_Engineered_Skin_for_Facilitating_Anti_Fibrotic_Healing">Advances in Skin Substitutes—Potential of Tissue Engineered Skin for Facilitating Anti-Fibrotic Healing</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25628305" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MathewVarkey">Mathew Varkey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Advances in Skin Substitutes—Potential of Tissue Engineered Skin for Facilitating Anti-Fibrotic Healing","attachmentId":71049686,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54928158/Advances_in_Skin_Substitutes_Potential_of_Tissue_Engineered_Skin_for_Facilitating_Anti_Fibrotic_Healing","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54928158/Advances_in_Skin_Substitutes_Potential_of_Tissue_Engineered_Skin_for_Facilitating_Anti_Fibrotic_Healing"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="97125525" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97125525/The_role_of_skin_substitutes_in_the_management_of_chronic_cutaneous_wounds">The role of skin substitutes in the management of chronic cutaneous wounds</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="146941881" href="https://mbbsmc.academia.edu/SyedManzoorIqbal">Prof.Dr. Syed Manzoor Iqbal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Wound Repair and Regeneration, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The role of skin substitutes in the management of chronic cutaneous wounds","attachmentId":98833682,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/97125525/The_role_of_skin_substitutes_in_the_management_of_chronic_cutaneous_wounds","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/97125525/The_role_of_skin_substitutes_in_the_management_of_chronic_cutaneous_wounds"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="63365048" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/113766447/Therapeutic_strategies_for_skin_regeneration_based_on_biomedical_substitutes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="100489819" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100489819/Skin_Tissue_Engineering_Advances_in_Burns_A_Brief_Introduction_to_the_Past_the_Present_and_the_Future_Potential">Skin Tissue Engineering Advances in Burns: A Brief Introduction to the Past, the Present, and the Future Potential</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="149833915" 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