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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umqombothi" title="Umqombothi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Umqombothi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umqombothi" title="Umqombothi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umqombothi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umqombothi" title="Umqombothi – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Umqombothi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umqombothi" title="Umqombothi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umqombothi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umqombothi" title="Umqombothi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Umqombothi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umqombothi" title="Umqombothi – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Umqombothi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahafhe" title="Mahafhe – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Mahafhe" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqombhoti" title="Muqombhoti – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Beer made from maize, corn, and sorghum</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Umqombothi_(song)" title="Umqombothi (song)">Umqombothi (song)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn ingredient">Umqombothi</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Umqombothi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Umqombothi.jpg/220px-Umqombothi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Umqombothi.jpg/330px-Umqombothi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Umqombothi.jpg/440px-Umqombothi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="2040" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flavour</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (corn), maize <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> malt, <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Umqombothi</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Xhosa pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="xh-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">[um̩k͡ǃomboːtʰi]</a></span>), is a <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> traditional <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (corn), maize <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> malt, <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> and water. It is very rich in <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B">vitamin B</a>. The beer has a rather low <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> content (usually less than 3%) and is known to have a heavy and distinctly sour aroma. In appearance, the beer is opaque and light tan. It has a thick, creamy, and gritty consistency (from the maize). </p><p>Umqombothi is cheaper than commercial lager beers brewed from <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and flavoured with <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hop</a> flowers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_method_of_preparation">Traditional method of preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umqombothi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional method of preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Umqombothi is brewed following traditional customs, and these vary slightly between regions. The recipe is often passed down through generations. The beer is traditionally prepared over a fire outside of the house. It then passively cools to ambient temperatures outside the house. </p><p>The ingredients used are: equal measures of maize meal, crushed mealie malt (corn malt), and crushed sorghum malt. The maize malt provides a lighter-toned beer with a mellower flavour. The sorghum malt provides a darker beer. </p><p>The ingredients are mixed in a <a href="/wiki/Cast-iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast-iron">cast-iron</a> pot, known as a <a href="/wiki/Potjie" class="mw-redirect" title="Potjie">potjie</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Four measures of warm water are added. The mixture is left overnight. The mixture starts <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">fermenting</a>, and bubbles appear. A sour odour can be detected. </p><p>A small portion of the wort is removed and put to one side. The remaining mash is cooked until a crusty sediment forms. This product is known as <a href="/wiki/Isidudu" title="Isidudu">isidudu</a> and can be eaten as a <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>. When making beer, the isidudu is left to cool for a day. </p><p>After the mixture has cooled, it is poured into a large plastic vat. The wort that was set aside is added to the vat. A handful of sorghum malt and a handful of maize malt is added to the vat. The brew is stirred with a traditional spoon called an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iphini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iphini (page does not exist)">iphini</a>. The vat is covered with a lid and blanket (to retain heat). The vat is put in a warm place overnight to encourage fermentation. </p><p>To see if the brew is ready, the traditional testing method is to light a <a href="/wiki/Match" title="Match">match</a> close to the vat. If the match blows out quickly, the brew is ready. If the match remains lit, the brew is not ready. This is because the fermenting mash produces large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, which does not allow for the combustion of the match. </p><p>When the brew is ready, the fermented mash is filtered through a large metal strainer to remove the spent grains. The sediment at the bottom of the vat is known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intshela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intshela (page does not exist)">intshela</a>. The intshela is added to the strained beer to give extra flavour. </p><p>The spent grains are squeezed out and are usually cast onto the ground for <a href="/wiki/Chickens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickens">chickens</a>. The brewer of the beer traditionally thanks the ancestors while casting the corn. </p><p>Once the beer has been strained, it is poured into a large communal drum known as a gogogo. It is ready for sharing with friends and family. When guests arrive at the brewer's home to taste the beer and join in the celebration, they traditionally bring a bottle of <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> as a symbol of gratitude. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umqombothi_en_ukhamba,_cerveza_tradicional_sudafricana_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Umqombothi_en_ukhamba%2C_cerveza_tradicional_sudafricana_01.jpg/220px-Umqombothi_en_ukhamba%2C_cerveza_tradicional_sudafricana_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Umqombothi_en_ukhamba%2C_cerveza_tradicional_sudafricana_01.jpg/330px-Umqombothi_en_ukhamba%2C_cerveza_tradicional_sudafricana_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Umqombothi_en_ukhamba%2C_cerveza_tradicional_sudafricana_01.jpg/440px-Umqombothi_en_ukhamba%2C_cerveza_tradicional_sudafricana_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Umqombothi served in an <i>ukhamba</i>, <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> beer vessel at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_uses">Traditional uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umqombothi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Umqombothi is used to celebrate the homecoming of young men, known as <i>abakwetha</i> in Xhosa culture, after <a href="/wiki/Ulwaluko" title="Ulwaluko">ulwaluko</a> - initiation and <a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">religious male circumcision</a>. </p><p>This beer plays a significant role when someone contacts their ancestors, the <i><a href="/wiki/Amadlozi" title="Amadlozi">amadlozi</a></i>, and plays a central role in the social context, and so is often used during customary weddings, funerals, and imbizos (traditional meetings).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_concerns">Health concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umqombothi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Health concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found sorghum and maize used as ingredients in umqombothi often are contaminated by <a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">mycotoxin</a>-producing molds <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a></i> spp., <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a></i> spp., <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizopus" title="Rhizopus">Rhizopus</a></i> spp. and <i><a href="/wiki/Mucor" title="Mucor">Mucor</a></i> spp. </p><p>Although the finished beer is not contaminated with the fungi, 33% of commercially brewed sorghum beer contained <a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">aflatoxins</a> and 45% of home-brewed beers contained <a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">zearalenone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ochratoxin_A" title="Ochratoxin A">ochratoxin A</a> (or both) in the final product. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> province of South Africa has a very high incidence of <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research by the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Medical_Research_Council" title="South African Medical Research Council">South African Medical Research Council</a> suggests <a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">mycotoxins</a> in homegrown maize are linked to the high incidence of this cancer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umqombothi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Umqombothi_(song)" title="Umqombothi (song)">song of the same name</a> sung by <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Chaka_Chaka" title="Yvonne Chaka Chaka">Yvonne Chaka Chaka</a>. The lyrics of the song call it a "magic <a href="/wiki/African_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="African beer">African beer</a>." The song is heard in the opening of <i><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Rwanda" title="Hotel Rwanda">Hotel Rwanda</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umqombothi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMurray" class="citation web cs1">Murray, Slater. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602034304/http://www.beerhouse.co.za/2014/10/30/umqombothi-africas-original-sorghum-beer/">"Umqombothi: Africas original beer"</a>. <i>Beerhouse</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Beerhouse" title="The Beerhouse">Beerhouse</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beerhouse.co.za/2014/10/30/umqombothi-africas-original-sorghum-beer/">the original</a> on 2 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beerhouse&rft.atitle=Umqombothi%3A+Africas+original+beer&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Slater&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beerhouse.co.za%2F2014%2F10%2F30%2Fumqombothi-africas-original-sorghum-beer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmqombothi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdhavNaicker2002" class="citation journal cs1">Odhav, B.; Naicker, V. (2002). "Mycotoxins in South African traditionally brewed beers". <i>Food Additives and Contaminants</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 55–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02652030110053426">10.1080/02652030110053426</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11811766">11811766</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27060269">27060269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Additives+and+Contaminants&rft.atitle=Mycotoxins+in+South+African+traditionally+brewed+beers&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-61&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27060269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11811766&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02652030110053426&rft.aulast=Odhav&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Naicker%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmqombothi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222201452/http://www.livewire.co.za/features/tcancer.html">"@Livewire - Throat Cancer"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livewire.co.za/features/tcancer.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_African_cuisine" title="Template:South African cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_African_cuisine" title="Template talk:South African cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_African_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South African cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_African_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Savoury dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobotie" title="Bobotie">Bobotie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerewors" title="Boerewors">Boerewors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokkoms" title="Bokkoms">Bokkoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunny_chow" title="Bunny chow">Bunny chow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_feet" title="Chicken feet">Chicken feet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikgobe" title="Dikgobe">Dikgobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frikkadel" title="Frikkadel">Frikkadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatsby_(sandwich)" title="Gatsby (sandwich)">Gatsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidudu" title="Isidudu">Isidudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morogo" title="Morogo">Morogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samp" title="Samp">Samp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skilpadjies" title="Skilpadjies">Skilpadjies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosatie" title="Sosatie">Sosatie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umngqusho" title="Umngqusho">Umngqusho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterblommetjiebredie" title="Waterblommetjiebredie">Waterblommetjiebredie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealie_bread" title="Mealie bread">Mealie bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pap_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pap (food)">Mieliepap</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mielie-meal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mielie-meal">Mielie-meal</a> porridge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potbrood" title="Potbrood">Potbrood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potjiekos" title="Potjiekos">Potjiekos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatlo" title="Spatlo">Spatlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soetpatats" title="Soetpatats">Soetpatats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_bredie" title="Tomato bredie">Tomato bredie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetkoek" title="Vetkoek">Vetkoek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snacks, condiments and commodities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakalaka" title="Chakalaka">Chakalaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">Chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dro%C3%ABwors" title="Droëwors">Droëwors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konfyt" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfyt">Konfyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_gland_sauce" title="Monkey gland sauce">Monkey gland sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppadew" title="Peppadew">Peppadew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusk" title="Rusk">Rusks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ouma_Rusks" title="Ouma Rusks">Ouma Rusks</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pastries and desserts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koeksister" title="Koeksister">Koeksisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koe%27sister" title="Koe'sister">Koe'sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malva_pudding" title="Malva pudding">Malva pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melktert" title="Melktert">Melktert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosbolletjies" title="Mosbolletjies">Mosbolletjies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameletjie" title="Tameletjie">Tameletjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzoggie" title="Hertzoggie">Hertzoggie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzoggie#Jan_Smuts_cookies" title="Hertzoggie">Smuts cookies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarula" title="Amarula">Amarula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasi" title="Amasi">Amasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeber" title="Boeber">Boeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooibos_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooibos tea">Rooibos tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springbokkie" title="Springbokkie">Springbokkie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Umqombothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wine)" title="Constantia (wine)">Constantia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img 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