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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iridescence_and_structural_coloration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iridescence_and_structural_coloration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Iridescence and structural coloration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iridescence_and_structural_coloration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courtship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courtship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Courtship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courtship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Sexual selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aposematism_and_natural_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aposematism_and_natural_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Aposematism and natural selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aposematism_and_natural_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Female choice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plumage_colours_as_attractants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plumage_colours_as_attractants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Plumage colours as attractants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plumage_colours_as_attractants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redundant_signal_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redundant_signal_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Redundant signal hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redundant_signal_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_peafowl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_peafowl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Indian peafowl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_peafowl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yazidism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yazidism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Yazidism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yazidism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding_and_colour_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding_and_colour_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Breeding and colour variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding_and_colour_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gastronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peafowl</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3" title="طاووس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طاووس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merak" title="Merak – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Merak" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="मोर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मोर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8D" title="རྨ་བྱ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྨ་བྱ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paun" title="Paun – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paun" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dausi" title="Dausi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dausi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paun" title="Paun – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paun" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3" title="طاووس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طاووس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paon" title="Paon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0" title="મોર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મોર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%91_(%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC)" title="공작 (동물) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공작 (동물)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="मोर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93" title="পাভ্যাও – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পাভ্যাও" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merak" title="Merak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Merak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1fugl" title="Páfugl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Páfugl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merak" title="Merak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Merak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%CA%8Ama%C9%A3_Taataa" title="Sʊmaɣ Taataa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sʊmaɣ Taataa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ನವಿಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನವಿಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مور – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مور" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tausi" title="Tausi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tausi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81vs" title="Pāvs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pāvs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1vaform%C3%A1k" title="Pávaformák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pávaformák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="मयूर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मयूर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="മയിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മയിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="मोर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA(%E1%80%82%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA)" title="မြာ်(ဂစေံမြာ်) – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="မြာ်(ဂစေံမြာ်)" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3" title="طاووس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="طاووس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merak" title="Merak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Merak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABng-chi%C3%B3k" title="Kūng-chiók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kūng-chiók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabon" title="Pabon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Pabon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="मयूर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मयूर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF" title="クジャク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クジャク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5fugler" title="Påfugler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Påfugler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5fugl" title="Påfugl – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Påfugl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shokoree" title="Shokoree – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Shokoree" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮੋਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੋਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%80" title="ក្ងោក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្ងោក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paon" title="Paon – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Paon" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavonini" title="Pavonini – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pavonini" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pav%C3%A3o" title="Pavão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pavão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱜ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱜ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palloi" title="Palloi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Palloi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="මොනරා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මොනරා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peafowl" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مور – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merak" title="Merak – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Merak" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paboreal" title="Paboreal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paboreal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மயில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மயில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF" title="నెమలి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నెమలి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87" title="นกยูง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นกยูง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavus_ku%C5%9Fu" title="Tavus kuşu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tavus kuşu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%96" title="Павичі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Павичі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungjcoz" title="Gungjcoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gungjcoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_(chim)" title="Công (chim) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công (chim)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawon" title="Pawon – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pawon" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80" title="孔雀 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="孔雀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2" title="פאווע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאווע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80" title="孔雀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孔雀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80" title="孔雀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孔雀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubou" title="Tubou – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Tubou" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a 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For the streaming service, see <a href="/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock (streaming service)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Peacock_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Peacock (disambiguation)">Peacock (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota biota-infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Peafowl<div><small>Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">3–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:218.98461538462px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span><small>Late <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> – present</small></small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Plumage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Indian peacock displaying his train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Peacock_Plumage.jpg/220px-Peacock_Plumage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Peacock_Plumage.jpg/330px-Peacock_Plumage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Peacock_Plumage.jpg/440px-Peacock_Plumage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3174" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><a href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" title="Indian peafowl">Indian peacock</a> displaying his train </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Pavonini" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phasianinae" title="Phasianinae">Phasianinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pavonini" title="Pavonini">Pavonini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Groups included </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pavo_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavo (genus)">Pavo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afropavo" class="mw-redirect" title="Afropavo">Afropavo</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistically</a> included but traditionally excluded taxa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rheinardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinardia">Rheinardia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argusianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Argusianus">Argusianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tropicoperdix" title="Tropicoperdix">Tropicoperdix</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227369696">.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox{text-align:left;width:200px;font-size:100%}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td:not(.image-section){padding:2px 10px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox th.section-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.section-content{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.list-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.taxon-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.image-section{text-align:center;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy{margin:0 auto;text-align:left;background:transparent;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy td{padding:1px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Magnificent_Peafowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Magnificent_Peafowl.jpg/220px-The_Magnificent_Peafowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Magnificent_Peafowl.jpg/330px-The_Magnificent_Peafowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Magnificent_Peafowl.jpg/440px-The_Magnificent_Peafowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2584" /></a><figcaption>A peacock spreading his tail, displaying his plumage</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Pefowl_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Female_Pefowl_001.jpg/220px-Female_Pefowl_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Female_Pefowl_001.jpg/330px-Female_Pefowl_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Female_Pefowl_001.jpg/440px-Female_Pefowl_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1695" data-file-height="2115" /></a><figcaption>Peahen</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Peafowl</b> is a common name for two bird species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pavo_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavo (genus)">Pavo</a></i> and one species of the closely related genus <i><a href="/wiki/Afropavo" class="mw-redirect" title="Afropavo">Afropavo</a></i> within the tribe <a href="/wiki/Pavonini" title="Pavonini">Pavonini</a> of the family <a href="/wiki/Phasianidae" title="Phasianidae">Phasianidae</a> (the pheasants and their allies). Male peafowl are referred to as <b>peacocks</b>, and female peafowl are referred to as <b>peahens</b>. </p><p>The two Asiatic species are the blue or <a href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" title="Indian peafowl">Indian peafowl</a> originally from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Green_peafowl" title="Green peafowl">green peafowl</a> from Southeast Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Congo_peafowl" title="Congo peafowl">Congo peafowl</a>, native only to the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a>, is not a true peafowl. Male peafowl are known for their piercing calls and their extravagant plumage. The latter is especially prominent in the Asiatic species, which have an eye-spotted "tail" or "train" of <a href="/wiki/Covert_feathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert feathers">covert feathers</a>, which they display as part of a <a href="/wiki/Courtship_(animals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtship (animals)">courtship</a> ritual. </p><p>The functions of the elaborate <a href="/wiki/Iridescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridescent">iridescent</a> coloration and large "train" of peacocks have been the subject of extensive scientific debate. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> suggested that they served to attract females, and the showy features of the males had evolved by <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Amotz_Zahavi" title="Amotz Zahavi">Amotz Zahavi</a> proposed in his <a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">handicap principle</a> that these features <a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">acted as honest signals</a> of the males' fitness, since less-fit males would be disadvantaged by the difficulty of surviving with such large and conspicuous structures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eggs_of_Peafowl_at_Aravath_Kasaragod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Eggs_of_Peafowl_at_Aravath_Kasaragod.jpg/220px-Eggs_of_Peafowl_at_Aravath_Kasaragod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Eggs_of_Peafowl_at_Aravath_Kasaragod.jpg/330px-Eggs_of_Peafowl_at_Aravath_Kasaragod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Eggs_of_Peafowl_at_Aravath_Kasaragod.jpg/440px-Eggs_of_Peafowl_at_Aravath_Kasaragod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="2603" /></a><figcaption>Peafowl eggs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baby_Peacock_(18131813108).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Baby_Peacock_%2818131813108%29.jpg/220px-Baby_Peacock_%2818131813108%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Baby_Peacock_%2818131813108%29.jpg/330px-Baby_Peacock_%2818131813108%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Baby_Peacock_%2818131813108%29.jpg/440px-Baby_Peacock_%2818131813108%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4417" data-file-height="3125" /></a><figcaption>Peachick</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock-JS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Peacock-JS.jpg/220px-Peacock-JS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Peacock-JS.jpg/330px-Peacock-JS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Peacock-JS.jpg/440px-Peacock-JS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2757" data-file-height="1723" /></a><figcaption>Head of adult peacock</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peahen_at_the_zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Peahen_at_the_zoo.jpg/220px-Peahen_at_the_zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Peahen_at_the_zoo.jpg/330px-Peahen_at_the_zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Peahen_at_the_zoo.jpg/440px-Peahen_at_the_zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A female peafowl, or peahen, walking freely around a zoo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv/220px--Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="73" data-mwtitle="Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv/Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv/Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv/Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv/Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv/Biomechanics-of-the-Peacocks-Display-How-Feather-Structure-and-Resonance-Influence-Multimodal-pone.0152759.s002.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video analysis of the mechanisms behind the display</figcaption></figure> <p>The Indian peacock (<i>Pavo cristatus</i>) has iridescent blue and green plumage, mostly metal-like blue and green. In both species, females are a little smaller than males in terms of weight and wingspan, but males are significantly longer due to the "tail", also known as a "train".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peacock train consists not of tail quill feathers but highly elongated upper tail coverts. These feathers are marked with eyespots, best seen when a peacock fans his tail. All species have a crest atop the head. The Indian peahen has a mixture of dull grey, brown, and green in her plumage. The female also displays her plumage to ward off female competition or signal danger to her young. </p><p>Male <a href="/wiki/Green_peafowl" title="Green peafowl">green peafowls</a> (<i>Pavo muticus</i>) have green and bronze or gold plumage, and black wings with a sheen of blue. Unlike Indian peafowl, the green peahen is similar to the male, but has shorter upper tail coverts, a more coppery neck, and overall less iridescence. Both males and females have spurs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Congo_peafowl" title="Congo peafowl">Congo peacock</a> (<i>Afropavo congensis</i>) male does not display his covert feathers, but uses his actual tail feathers during courtship displays. These feathers are much shorter than those of the Indian and green species, and the ocelli are much less pronounced. Females of the Indian and African species are dull grey and/or brown. </p><p>Chicks of both sexes in all the species are cryptically colored. They vary between yellow and tawny, usually with patches of darker brown or light tan and "dirty white" ivory. </p><p>Mature peahens have been recorded as suddenly growing typically male peacock plumage and making male calls.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has suggested that changes in mature birds are due to a lack of estrogen from old or damaged ovaries, and that male plumage and calls are the default unless hormonally suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iridescence_and_structural_coloration">Iridescence and structural coloration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iridescence and structural coloration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Structural_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural colouration">Structural colouration</a></div> <p>As with many birds, vibrant iridescent plumage colors are not primarily <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">structural coloration</a>. Optical <a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">interference</a> <a href="/wiki/Bragg_reflections" class="mw-redirect" title="Bragg reflections">Bragg reflections</a>, based on regular, periodic nanostructures of the <a href="/wiki/Barbule" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbule">barbules</a> (fiber-like components) of the feathers, produce the peacock's colors. 2D photonic-crystal structures within the layers of the barbules cause the coloration of their feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slight changes to the spacing of the barbules result in different colors. Brown feathers are a mixture of red and blue: one color is created by the periodic structure and the other is created by a <a href="/wiki/Fabry%E2%80%93P%C3%A9rot_interferometer" title="Fabry–Pérot interferometer">Fabry–Pérot interference</a> peak from reflections from the outer and inner boundaries. Color derived from physical structure rather than pigment can vary with viewing angle, causing iridescence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courtship">Courtship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Courtship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most commonly, during a courtship display, the visiting female peahen will stop directly in front of the male peacock, thus providing her with the ability to assess the male at 90° to the surface of the feather. Then, the male will turn and display his feathers about 45° to the right of the sun's azimuth which allows the sunlight to accentuate the iridescence of his train. If the female chooses to interact with the male, he will then turn to face her and shiver his train so as to begin the mating process.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexual_selection">Sexual selection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sexual selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> suggested in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" class="mw-redirect" title="The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex</a></i> that peafowl plumage may have evolved through <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Many female progenitors of the peacock must, during a long line of descent, have appreciated this superiority; for they have unconsciously, by the continued preference for the most beautiful males, rendered the peacock the most splendid of living birds. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aposematism_and_natural_selection">Aposematism and natural selection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aposematism and natural selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been suggested that a peacock's train, loud call, and fearless behavior have been formed by natural selection (with or without sexual selection too), and served as an <a href="/wiki/Aposematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aposematic">aposematic</a> display to intimidate predators and rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-jj2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jj2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis is designed to explain Takahashi's observations that in Japan, neither reproductive success nor physical condition correlate with the train's length, symmetry or number of eyespots.<sup id="cite_ref-takahashi_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-takahashi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Female_choice">Female choice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Female choice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peahen_in_front_of_displaying_peacock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Peahen_in_front_of_displaying_peacock.jpg/220px-Peahen_in_front_of_displaying_peacock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Peahen_in_front_of_displaying_peacock.jpg/330px-Peahen_in_front_of_displaying_peacock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Peahen_in_front_of_displaying_peacock.jpg/440px-Peahen_in_front_of_displaying_peacock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Peacock (seen from behind) displaying to attract peahen in foreground</figcaption></figure> <p>Multiple hypotheses involving female choice have been posited. One hypothesis is that females choose mates with good genes. Males with more exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics, such as bigger, brighter peacock trains, tend to have better genes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (May 2023)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the peahen's eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Age-advertisement_and_the_evolution_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Age-advertisement_and_the_evolution-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These better genes directly benefit her offspring, as well as her fitness and reproductive success. </p><p>Runaway selection is another hypothesis. In runaway sexual selection, linked genes in males and females code for sexually dimorphic traits in males, and preference for those traits in females.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The close spatial association of <a href="/wiki/Alleles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleles">alleles</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> for <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">loci</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> involved in the train in males, and for preference for more exuberant trains in females, on the chromosome (<a href="/wiki/Linkage_disequilibrium" title="Linkage disequilibrium">linkage disequilibrium</a>) causes a <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">positive feedback</a> loop that exaggerates both the male traits and the female preferences. </p><p>Another hypothesis is sensory bias, in which females have a preference for a trait in a non-mating context that becomes transferred to mating, such as Merle Jacobs' food-courtship hypothesis, which suggests that peahens are attracted to peacocks for the resemblance of their eye spots to blue berries.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple causalities for the evolution of female choice are also possible. </p><p>The peacock's train and iridescent plumage are perhaps the best-known examples of traits believed to have arisen through sexual selection, though with some controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male peafowl erect their trains to form a shimmering fan in their display for females. Marion Petrie tested whether or not these displays signalled a male's genetic quality by studying a feral population of peafowl in <a href="/wiki/Whipsnade_Wildlife_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Whipsnade Wildlife Park">Whipsnade Wildlife Park</a> in southern England. The number of <a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">eyespots</a> in the train predicted a male's mating success. She was able to manipulate this success by cutting the eyespots off some of the males' tails:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> females lost interest in pruned males and became attracted to untrimmed ones. Males with fewer eyespots, thus having lower mating success, suffered from greater predation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She allowed females to mate with males with differing numbers of eyespots, and reared the offspring in a communal incubator to control for differences in maternal care. Chicks fathered by more ornamented males weighed more than those fathered by less ornamented males, an attribute generally associated with better survival rate in birds. These chicks were released into the park and recaptured one year later. Those with heavily ornamented feathers were better able to avoid predators and survive in natural conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuk_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Petrie's work shows correlations between tail ornamentation, mating success, and increased survival ability in both the ornamented males and their offspring. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Flying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peacock_Flying.jpg/220px-Peacock_Flying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peacock_Flying.jpg/330px-Peacock_Flying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peacock_Flying.jpg/440px-Peacock_Flying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption>A peacock in flight: Zahavi argued that the long train would be a handicap.</figcaption></figure> <p>Furthermore, peafowl and their sexual characteristics have been used in the discussion of the causes for sexual traits. Amotz Zahavi used the excessive tail plumes of male peafowls as evidence for his "<a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">handicap principle</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these trains are likely to be deleterious to an individual's survival (as their brilliance makes them more visible to <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> and their length hinders escape from danger), Zahavi argued that only the fittest males could survive the handicap of a large train. Thus, a brilliant train serves as an <a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">honest indicator</a> for females that these highly ornamented males are good at surviving for other reasons, so are preferable mates.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory may be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a>'s hypothesis that male sexual traits are the result of initially arbitrary <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> selection by females. </p><p>In contrast to Petrie's findings, a seven-year Japanese study of free-ranging peafowl concluded that female peafowl do not select mates solely on the basis of their trains. Mariko Takahashi found no evidence that peahens preferred peacocks with more elaborate trains (such as with more eyespots), a more symmetrical arrangement, or a greater length.<sup id="cite_ref-takahashi_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-takahashi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Takahashi determined that the peacock's train was not the universal target of female <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">mate choice</a>, showed little variance across male populations, and did not correlate with male physiological condition. Adeline Loyau and her colleagues responded that alternative and possibly central explanations for these results had been overlooked.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They concluded that female choice might indeed vary in different ecological conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plumage_colours_as_attractants">Plumage colours as attractants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plumage colours as attractants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Feather_Close_Up.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Peacock_Feather_Close_Up.JPG/170px-Peacock_Feather_Close_Up.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Peacock_Feather_Close_Up.JPG/255px-Peacock_Feather_Close_Up.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Peacock_Feather_Close_Up.JPG/340px-Peacock_Feather_Close_Up.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Eyespot on a peacock's train feather</figcaption></figure> <p>A peacock's copulation success rate depends on the colours of his <a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">eyespots (ocelli)</a> and the angle at which they are displayed. The angle at which the ocelli are displayed during courtship is more important in a peahen's choice of males than train size or number of ocelli.<sup id="cite_ref-Dakin_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dakin-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peahens pay careful attention to the different parts of a peacock's train during his display. The lower train is usually evaluated during close-up courtship, while the upper train is more of a long-distance attraction signal. Actions such as train rattling and wing shaking also kept the peahens' attention.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Redundant_signal_hypothesis">Redundant signal hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Redundant signal hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although an intricate display catches a peahen's attention, the redundant signal hypothesis also plays a crucial role in keeping this attention on the peacock's display. The redundant signal hypothesis explains that whilst each signal that a male projects is about the same quality, the addition of multiple signals enhances the reliability of that mate. This idea also suggests that the success of multiple signalling is not only due to the repetitiveness of the signal, but also of multiple receivers of the signal. In the peacock species, males congregate a communal display during breeding season and the peahens observe. Peacocks first defend their territory through intra-sexual behaviour, defending their areas from intruders. They fight for areas within the congregation to display a strong front for the peahens. Central positions are usually taken by older, dominant males, which influences mating success. Certain morphological and behavioural traits come in to play during inter and intra-sexual selection, which include train length for territory acquisition and visual and vocal displays involved in mate choice by peahens.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_at_cat_rescue_centre_May_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/af/Peacock_at_cat_rescue_centre_May_2017.jpg/220px-Peacock_at_cat_rescue_centre_May_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/af/Peacock_at_cat_rescue_centre_May_2017.jpg/330px-Peacock_at_cat_rescue_centre_May_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/af/Peacock_at_cat_rescue_centre_May_2017.jpg/440px-Peacock_at_cat_rescue_centre_May_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Peacock sitting</figcaption></figure> <p>Peafowl are forest birds that nest on the ground, but roost in trees. They are terrestrial feeders. All species of peafowl are believed to be <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Polygamy" title="Animal sexual behaviour">polygamous</a>. In common with other members of the <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a>, the males possess metatarsal spurs or "thorns" on their legs used during <a href="/wiki/Intraspecific_antagonism" title="Intraspecific antagonism">intraspecific</a> territorial fights with some other members of their kind. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavo%2Bcristatus.wav" title="File:Pavo+cristatus.wav"><i>Pavo cristatus</i> vocalisation</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Pavo+cristatus.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Pavo%2Bcristatus.wav/Pavo%2Bcristatus.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Pavo%2Bcristatus.wav/Pavo%2Bcristatus.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Pavo%2Bcristatus.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>In courtship, vocalisation stands to be a primary way for peacocks to attract peahens. Some studies suggest that the intricacy of the "song" produced by displaying peacocks proved to be impressive to peafowl. Singing in peacocks usually occurs just before, just after, or sometimes during copulation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diet">Diet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peafowl_at_the_Taipei_Zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Peafowl_at_the_Taipei_Zoo.jpg/220px-Peafowl_at_the_Taipei_Zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Peafowl_at_the_Taipei_Zoo.jpg/330px-Peafowl_at_the_Taipei_Zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Peafowl_at_the_Taipei_Zoo.jpg/440px-Peafowl_at_the_Taipei_Zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A green peafowl (<i><a href="/wiki/Pavo_muticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavo muticus">Pavo muticus</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Peafowl are <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a> and mostly eat plants, flower petals, seed heads, insects and other <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>. Wild peafowl look for their food scratching around in <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a> either early in the morning or at dusk. They retreat to the shade and security of the woods for the hottest portion of the day. These birds are not picky and will eat almost anything they can fit in their beak and digest. They actively hunt insects like ants, crickets and termites; millipedes; and other <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and small mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian peafowl also eat small snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domesticated peafowl may also eat bread and cracked grain such as oats and corn, cheese, cooked rice and sometimes cat food. It has been noticed by keepers that peafowl enjoy protein-rich food including larvae that infest <a href="/wiki/Granaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Granaries">granaries</a>, different kinds of meat and fruit, as well as vegetables including dark leafy greens, broccoli, carrots, beans, beets, and peas.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultural significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_peafowl">Indian peafowl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indian peafowl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/220px-Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/330px-Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/440px-Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2545" data-file-height="3474" /></a><figcaption>The Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> with his wives on his peacock mount</figcaption></figure> <p>The peafowl is native to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><sup id="cite_ref-q163_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q163-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and significant in its culture.<sup id="cite_ref-s256_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s256-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the Indian peacock is the <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">mount</a> of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_war_deities" title="List of war deities">god of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a>, and the warrior goddess <a href="/wiki/Kaumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaumari">Kaumari</a>, and is also depicted around the goddess <a href="/wiki/Santoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Santoshi">Santoshi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a war with <a href="/wiki/Asuras" class="mw-redirect" title="Asuras">Asuras</a>, Kartikeya split the demon king <a href="/wiki/Surapadman" class="mw-redirect" title="Surapadman">Surapadman</a> in half. Out of respect for his adversary's prowess in battle, the god converted the two halves into an integral part of himself. One half became a peacock serving as his mount, and the other a rooster adorning his flag. The peacock displays the divine shape of <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Omkara</a> when it spreads its magnificent plumes into a full-blown circular form.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayyar_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayyar-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_tantric_literature" title="Hindu tantric literature">Tantric</a> traditions of Hinduism the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tvarita" title="Tvarita">Tvarita</a> is depicted with peacock feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A peacock feather also adorns the crest of the god <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-w643_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w643-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>, was born an orphan and raised by a family farming peacocks. According to the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> tradition<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, the ancestors of the Maurya kings had settled in a region where peacocks (<i>mora</i> in <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>) were abundant. Therefore, they came to be known as "Moriyas", literally, "belonging to the place of peacocks". According to another Buddhist account, these ancestors built a city called Moriya-nagara ("Moriya-city"), which was so called, because it was built with the "bricks coloured like peacocks' necks".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196614_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196614-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After conquering the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a> and defeating the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, the Chandragupta dynasty reigned uncontested during its time. Its royal emblem remained the peacock until Emperor Ashoka changed it to a <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">lion</a>, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a>, as well in his <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">edicts</a>. The peacock continued to represent elegance and royalty in India during medieval times; for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal</a> seat of power was called the <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Throne" title="Peacock Throne">Peacock Throne</a>. </p><p>The peacock is represented in both the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_zodiac#Weekdays" title="Burmese zodiac">Burmese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> <a href="/wiki/Zodiacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Zodiacs">zodiacs</a>. To the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese people</a>, the peacock is the third animal of the zodiac of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peacocks (often a symbol of pride and vanity) were believed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to deliberately consume poisonous substances in order to become immune to them, as well as to make the colours of their resplendent plumage all the more vibrant – seeing as so many poisonous flora and fauna are so colourful due to <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a>, this idea appears to have merit. The Buddhist deity <a href="/wiki/Mahamayuri" title="Mahamayuri">Mahamayuri</a> is depicted seated on a peacock. Peacocks are seen supporting the throne of <a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha</a>, the ruby red sunset coloured archetypal Buddha of Infinite Light. </p><p>India adopted the peacock as its national bird in 1963 and it is one of the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_India" title="National symbols of India">national symbols of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yazidism">Yazidism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Yazidism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tawûsî Melek (lit. 'Peacock Angel')<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the central figures of the <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidi religion</a>, is symbolized with a peacock.<sup id="cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Yazidi <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation stories</a>, before the creation of this world, God created seven <a href="/wiki/Yazidism#Holy_figures" title="Yazidism">Divine Beings</a>, of whom Tawûsî Melek was appointed as the leader. God assigned all of the world's affairs to these seven Divine Beings, also often referred to as the Seven <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a> or heft sirr ("the Seven Mysteries").<sup id="cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allison_2017_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allison_2017-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Yazidism, the peacock is believed to represent the diversity of the world,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the colourfulness of the peacock's feathers is considered to represent of all the colours of nature. The feathers of the peacock also symbolize sun rays, from which come light, luminosity and brightness. The peacock opening the feathers of its tail in a circular shape symbolizes the sunrise.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequently, due to its holiness, Yazidis are not allowed to hunt and eat the peacock, ill-treat it or utter bad words about it. Images of the peacock are also found drawn around the sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Lalish" title="Lalish">Lalish</a> and on other Yazidi shrines and holy sites, homes, as well as religious, social, cultural and academic centres.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mandaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Hibil_Ziwa" title="The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa">The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa</a></i>, the Mandaean <a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">uthra</a> and emanation <a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a> is described as a peacock.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_walking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peacock_walking.jpg/220px-Peacock_walking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peacock_walking.jpg/330px-Peacock_walking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Peacock_walking.jpg/440px-Peacock_walking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4529" data-file-height="2956" /></a><figcaption>A peacock walking freely around a zoo</figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient Greeks believed that the flesh of peafowl did not decay after death,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> so it became a symbol of immortality. In Hellenistic imagery, the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>'s chariot was pulled by peacocks, birds not known to Greeks before the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>. Alexander's tutor, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, refers to it as "the Persian bird". When Alexander saw the birds in India, he was so amazed at their beauty that he threatened the severest penalties for any man who slew one.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Claudius Aelianus</a> writes that there were peacocks in India, larger than anywhere else.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One myth states that Hera's servant, the hundred-eyed <a href="/wiki/Argus_Panoptes" title="Argus Panoptes">Argus Panoptes</a>, was instructed to guard the woman-turned-cow, <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a>. Hera had transformed Io into a cow after learning of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>'s interest in her. Zeus had the messenger of the gods, <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, kill Argus through eternal sleep and free Io. According to <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, to commemorate her faithful watchman, Hera had the hundred eyes of Argus preserved forever, in the peacock's tail.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The symbolism was adopted by early Christianity, thus many early Christian paintings and mosaics show the peacock.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peacock is still used in the Easter season, especially in the east. The "eyes" in the peacock's tail feathers can symbolise the all-seeing Christian God,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Church,<sup id="cite_ref-Mercatante_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercatante-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or angelic wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emblem of a pair of peacocks drinking from a vase is used as a symbol of the eucharist and the resurrection, as it represents the Christian believer drinking from the waters of eternal life.<sup id="cite_ref-Migotti_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Migotti-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peacock can also symbolise the cosmos if one interprets its tail with its many "eyes" as the vault of heaven dotted by the sun, moon, and stars.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the adoption by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> of the ancient idea that the peacock's flesh did not decay, the bird was again associated with immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-Mercatante_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercatante-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Migotti_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Migotti-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Christian iconography, two peacocks are often depicted either side of the Tree of Life.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The symbolic association of peacock feathers with the wings of angels led to the belief that the waving of such liturgical fans resulted in an automated emission of prayers. This affinity between peacocks' and angels' feathers was also expressed in other artistic media, including paintings of angels with peacock feather wings <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, the golden peacock is a symbol for joy and creativity, with quills from the bird's feathers being a metaphor for a writer's inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The peacock motif was revived in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> iconography that unified Hera and <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, and on which European painters focused.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1956, John J. Graham created an abstraction of an 11-feathered <a href="/wiki/Peacock_logo" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock logo">peacock logo</a> for American broadcaster <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>. This brightly hued peacock was adopted due to the increase in colour programming. NBC's first colour broadcasts showed only a still frame of the colourful peacock. The emblem made its first on-air appearance on 22 May 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current, six-feathered logo debuted on 12 May 1986. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasian_albanian_stone_azerbaijan_mingechaur2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone from Mingachevir Church Complex (4th-7th century AD)"><img alt="Stone from Mingachevir Church Complex (4th-7th century AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Caucasian_albanian_stone_azerbaijan_mingechaur2.jpg/200px-Caucasian_albanian_stone_azerbaijan_mingechaur2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Caucasian_albanian_stone_azerbaijan_mingechaur2.jpg/300px-Caucasian_albanian_stone_azerbaijan_mingechaur2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Caucasian_albanian_stone_azerbaijan_mingechaur2.jpg/400px-Caucasian_albanian_stone_azerbaijan_mingechaur2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3469" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone from <a href="/wiki/Mingachevir_Church_Complex" title="Mingachevir Church Complex">Mingachevir Church Complex</a> (4th-7th century AD)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kesi_roundel_with_five-clawed_dragon_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roundel with dragon design. China, Qing-dynasty, late 17th century. Peacock feather barbules are used to highlight the dragon's scales."><img alt="Roundel with dragon design. China, Qing-dynasty, late 17th century. Peacock feather barbules are used to highlight the dragon's scales." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kesi_roundel_with_five-clawed_dragon_design.jpg/200px-Kesi_roundel_with_five-clawed_dragon_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kesi_roundel_with_five-clawed_dragon_design.jpg/300px-Kesi_roundel_with_five-clawed_dragon_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kesi_roundel_with_five-clawed_dragon_design.jpg/400px-Kesi_roundel_with_five-clawed_dragon_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roundel with dragon design. China, <a href="/wiki/Qing-dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing-dynasty">Qing-dynasty</a>, late 17th century. Peacock feather <a href="/wiki/Barbule" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbule">barbules</a> are used to highlight the dragon's scales.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abramishvili1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Peacock by Merab Abramishvili (1957–2006)"><img alt="Peacock by Merab Abramishvili (1957–2006)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Abramishvili1.JPG/200px-Abramishvili1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Abramishvili1.JPG/300px-Abramishvili1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Abramishvili1.JPG/400px-Abramishvili1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Peacock</i> by <a href="/wiki/Merab_Abramishvili" title="Merab Abramishvili">Merab Abramishvili</a> (1957–2006)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Annunciation,_with_Saint_Emidius_-_Carlo_Crivelli_-_National_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Annunciation with St. Emidius (1486) by Carlo Crivelli. A peacock is sitting on the roof above the praying Virgin Mary."><img alt="Annunciation with St. Emidius (1486) by Carlo Crivelli. A peacock is sitting on the roof above the praying Virgin Mary." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Annunciation%2C_with_Saint_Emidius_-_Carlo_Crivelli_-_National_Gallery.jpg/142px-The_Annunciation%2C_with_Saint_Emidius_-_Carlo_Crivelli_-_National_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Annunciation%2C_with_Saint_Emidius_-_Carlo_Crivelli_-_National_Gallery.jpg/213px-The_Annunciation%2C_with_Saint_Emidius_-_Carlo_Crivelli_-_National_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Annunciation%2C_with_Saint_Emidius_-_Carlo_Crivelli_-_National_Gallery.jpg/283px-The_Annunciation%2C_with_Saint_Emidius_-_Carlo_Crivelli_-_National_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2996" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Annunciation with St. Emidius</i> (1486) by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Crivelli" title="Carlo Crivelli">Carlo Crivelli</a>. A peacock is sitting on the roof above the praying <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PeacockInTheWoods.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting by Abbott Thayer and Richard Meryman for Thayer's 1909 book, wrongly suggesting that the peacock's plumage was camouflage"><img alt="Painting by Abbott Thayer and Richard Meryman for Thayer's 1909 book, wrongly suggesting that the peacock's plumage was camouflage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PeacockInTheWoods.jpg/160px-PeacockInTheWoods.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PeacockInTheWoods.jpg/240px-PeacockInTheWoods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PeacockInTheWoods.jpg/320px-PeacockInTheWoods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting by <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Thayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a> and Richard Meryman for <a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Thayer's 1909 book</a>, wrongly suggesting that the peacock's plumage was <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavo_Cristafus-_Common_Pea_Fowl._64.98.209.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common peafowl, by John Gould, c. 1880. Brooklyn Museum."><img alt="Common peafowl, by John Gould, c. 1880. Brooklyn Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pavo_Cristafus-_Common_Pea_Fowl._64.98.209.jpg/150px-Pavo_Cristafus-_Common_Pea_Fowl._64.98.209.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pavo_Cristafus-_Common_Pea_Fowl._64.98.209.jpg/225px-Pavo_Cristafus-_Common_Pea_Fowl._64.98.209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pavo_Cristafus-_Common_Pea_Fowl._64.98.209.jpg/300px-Pavo_Cristafus-_Common_Pea_Fowl._64.98.209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Common peafowl, by John Gould, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1880</span>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowl_with_Peacock_Motif,_ca._1200%E2%80%931230,_78.81.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Syrian bowl with peacock motif, c. 1200. Brooklyn Museum."><img alt="Syrian bowl with peacock motif, c. 1200. Brooklyn Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bowl_with_Peacock_Motif%2C_ca._1200%E2%80%931230%2C_78.81.jpg/161px-Bowl_with_Peacock_Motif%2C_ca._1200%E2%80%931230%2C_78.81.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bowl_with_Peacock_Motif%2C_ca._1200%E2%80%931230%2C_78.81.jpg/242px-Bowl_with_Peacock_Motif%2C_ca._1200%E2%80%931230%2C_78.81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bowl_with_Peacock_Motif%2C_ca._1200%E2%80%931230%2C_78.81.jpg/323px-Bowl_with_Peacock_Motif%2C_ca._1200%E2%80%931230%2C_78.81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Syrian bowl with peacock motif, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span>. Brooklyn Museum.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golingeswara_temple_complex_Biccavole_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peacock sculpture at Golingeshwara temple complex in Biccavolu, India"><img alt="Peacock sculpture at Golingeshwara temple complex in Biccavolu, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Golingeswara_temple_complex_Biccavole_02.jpg/200px-Golingeswara_temple_complex_Biccavole_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Golingeswara_temple_complex_Biccavole_02.jpg/300px-Golingeswara_temple_complex_Biccavole_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Golingeswara_temple_complex_Biccavole_02.jpg/400px-Golingeswara_temple_complex_Biccavole_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="2386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peacock sculpture at Golingeshwara temple complex in <a href="/wiki/Biccavolu" title="Biccavolu">Biccavolu</a>, India</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breeding_and_colour_variations">Breeding and colour variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Breeding and colour variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Peafowl" title="Special:EditPage/Peafowl">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22spalding%22">"spalding"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22spalding%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22spalding%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22spalding%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22spalding%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22spalding%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paon_blanc_Mad%C3%A8re_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Paon_blanc_Mad%C3%A8re_2008.jpg/220px-Paon_blanc_Mad%C3%A8re_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Paon_blanc_Mad%C3%A8re_2008.jpg/330px-Paon_blanc_Mad%C3%A8re_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Paon_blanc_Mad%C3%A8re_2008.jpg/440px-Paon_blanc_Mad%C3%A8re_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Leucistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucistic">leucistic</a> Indian peacock</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pauw,_RP-P-2003-219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Pauw%2C_RP-P-2003-219.jpg/220px-Pauw%2C_RP-P-2003-219.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Pauw%2C_RP-P-2003-219.jpg/330px-Pauw%2C_RP-P-2003-219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Pauw%2C_RP-P-2003-219.jpg/440px-Pauw%2C_RP-P-2003-219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="5718" /></a><figcaption>Japanese woodblock print of a white peacock, by <a href="/wiki/Ohara_Koson" title="Ohara Koson">Ohara Koson</a> (小原古邨), 1925–1936</figcaption></figure> <p>Hybrids between Indian peafowl and Green peafowl are called <i>Spaldings</i>, after the first person to successfully hybridise them, Keith Spalding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Spaldings with a high-green phenotype do much better in cold temperatures than the cold-intolerant green peafowl while still looking like their green parents. Plumage varies between individual spaldings, with some looking far more like green peafowl and some looking far more like blue peafowl, though most visually carry traits of both. </p><p>In addition to the wild-type "blue" colouration, several hundred variations in colour and pattern are recognised as separate morphs of the Indian Blue among peafowl breeders. Pattern variations include solid-wing/black shoulder (the black and brown stripes on the wing are instead one solid colour), pied, white-eye (the ocelli in a male's eye feathers have white spots instead of black), and silver pied (a mostly white bird with small patches of colour). Colour variations include white, purple, Buford bronze, opal, midnight, charcoal, jade, and taupe, as well as the sex-linked colours purple, cameo, peach, and Sonja's Violeta. Additional colour and pattern variations are first approved by the United Peafowl Association to become officially recognised as a morph among breeders. Alternately-coloured peafowl are born differently coloured than wild-type peafowl, and though each colour is recognisable at hatch, their peachick plumage does not necessarily match their adult plumage. </p><p>Occasionally, peafowl appear with white plumage. Although <a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">albino</a> peafowl do exist,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> this is quite rare, and almost all white peafowl are not albinos; they have a genetic condition called <a href="/wiki/Leucism" title="Leucism">leucism</a>, which causes pigment cells to fail to migrate from the neural crest during development. Leucistic peafowl can produce pigment but not deposit the pigment to their feathers, resulting in a blue-grey eye colour and the complete lack of colouration in their plumage. Pied peafowl are affected by partial leucism, where only some pigment cells fail to migrate, resulting in birds that have colour but also have patches absent of all colour; they, too, have blue-grey eyes. By contrast, true albino peafowl would have a complete lack of <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>, resulting in irises that look red or pink. Leucistic peachicks are born yellow and become fully white as they mature. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-shouldered_Indian_Peafowl-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Black-shouldered_Indian_Peafowl-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center.jpg/220px-Black-shouldered_Indian_Peafowl-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Black-shouldered_Indian_Peafowl-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center.jpg/330px-Black-shouldered_Indian_Peafowl-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Black-shouldered_Indian_Peafowl-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center.jpg/440px-Black-shouldered_Indian_Peafowl-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Black-shouldered Indian peafowl <i>Pavo cristatus</i> from private collection of <a href="/wiki/Coenraad_Jacob_Temminck" title="Coenraad Jacob Temminck">Coenraad Jacob Temminck</a> (1778–1858), held at <a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center" title="Naturalis Biodiversity Center">Naturalis Biodiversity Center</a>, Leiden, the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>The black-shouldered or <a href="/wiki/Japanning" title="Japanning">Japanned</a> mutation was initially considered as a subspecies of the Indian peafowl (<i>P. c. nigripennis</i>) (or even a separate species (<i>P. nigripennis</i>))<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a topic of some interest during Darwin's time. Others had doubts about its taxonomic status, but the English naturalist and biologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1809–1882) presented firm evidence for it being a variety under domestication, which treatment is now well established and accepted. It being a colour variation rather than a wild species was important for Darwin to prove, as otherwise it could undermine his theory of slow modification by natural selection in the wild. <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is, however, only a case of genetic variation within the population. In this mutation, the adult male is melanistic with black wings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gastronomy">Gastronomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gastronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_(detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste,_Hearing_and_Touch).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_%28detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste%2C_Hearing_and_Touch%29.jpg/220px-Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_%28detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste%2C_Hearing_and_Touch%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_%28detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste%2C_Hearing_and_Touch%29.jpg/330px-Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_%28detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste%2C_Hearing_and_Touch%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_%28detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste%2C_Hearing_and_Touch%29.jpg/440px-Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_%28detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste%2C_Hearing_and_Touch%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>A peacock served in full plumage (detail of the <i>Allegory of Taste, Hearing and Touch</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a>, 1618)</figcaption></figure> <p>In ancient Rome, peafowl were served as a delicacy.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dish was introduced there in approximately 35 B.C. The poet <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> ridiculed the eating of peafowl, saying they tasted like chicken. Peafowl eggs were also valued. <a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Gaius Petronius</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Satyricon" title="Satyricon">Satyricon</a> also mocked the ostentation and snobbery of eating peafowl and their eggs. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a> period, various types of fowl were consumed as food, with the poorer populations (such as <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a>) consuming more common <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a>. However, the more wealthy <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> were privileged to eat less usual foods, such as swan, and even peafowl were consumed. On a king's table, a peacock would be for <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">ostentatious display</a> as much as for <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">culinary</a> consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1864 <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_and_Australian_Cookery_Book" title="The English and Australian Cookery Book">The English and Australian Cookery Book</a></i>, regarding occasions and preparation of the bird: </p> <blockquote><p>Instead of plucking this bird, take off the skin with the greatest care, so that the feathers do not get detached or broken. Stuff it with what you like, as truffles, mushrooms, livers of fowls, bacon, salt, spice, thyme, crumbs of bread, and a bay-leaf. Wrap the claws and head in several folds of cloth, and envelope the body in buttered paper. The head and claws, which project at the two ends, must be basted with water during the cooking, to preserve them, and especially the tuft. Before taking it off the spit, brown the bird by removing the paper. Garnish with lemon and flowers. If to come on the table cold, place the bird in a wooden trencher, in the middle of which is fixed a wooden skewer, which should penetrate the body of the bird, to keep it upright. Arrange the claws and feathers in a natural manner, and the tail like a fan, supported with wire. No ordinary cook can place a peacock on the table properly. This ceremony was reserved, in the times of chivalry, for the lady most distinguished for her beauty. She carried it, amidst inspiring music, and placed it, at the commencement of the banquet, before the master of the house. At a nuptial feast, the peacock was served by the maid of honour, and placed before the bride for her to consume.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/peafowl">"Peafowl"</a>. <i>San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants</i>. <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo" title="San Diego Zoo">San Diego Zoo</a>. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305142514/https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/peafowl">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sembol%C3%AEzma+teyran+di+%C3%8Az%C3%AEd%C3%AEtiy%C3%AA+de+%281%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bued.boun.edu.tr%2Fturik.asp%3Fid%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmarkhali,_Khanna2017" class="citation book cs1">Omarkhali, Khanna (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1329211153"><i>The Yezidi Religious Textual Tradition : From Oral to Written Categories, Transmission, Scripturalisation and Canonisation of the Yezidi Oral Religious Texts</i></a>. Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10856-0"><bdi>978-3-447-10856-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1329211153">1329211153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yezidi+Religious+Textual+Tradition+%3A+From+Oral+to+Written+Categories%2C+Transmission%2C+Scripturalisation+and+Canonisation+of+the+Yezidi+Oral+Religious+Texts&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1329211153&rft.isbn=978-3-447-10856-0&rft.au=Omarkhali%2C+Khanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1329211153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAysif2021" class="citation book cs1">Aysif, Rezan Shivan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?univerlag-isbn-978-3-86395-514-4"><i>The Role of Nature in Yezidism: Poetic Texts and Living Tradition</i></a>. Göttingen: Göttingen University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17875%2Fgup2021-1855">10.17875/gup2021-1855</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86395-514-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86395-514-4"><bdi>978-3-86395-514-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246596953">246596953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Nature+in+Yezidism%3A+Poetic+Texts+and+Living+Tradition&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=G%C3%B6ttingen+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246596953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17875%2Fgup2021-1855&rft.isbn=978-3-86395-514-4&rft.aulast=Aysif&rft.aufirst=Rezan+Shivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fpurl%3Funiverlag-isbn-978-3-86395-514-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lalishduhok.com/ckb/%da%af%db%86%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1/post/332436/,%20https://www.lalishduhok.com/ckb/گۆتار/post/332436/">"مەھدى حەسەن:جەژنا سەر سالێ‌ دمیتۆلۆژیا ئێزدیان دا"</a>. 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%AF%D9%89+%D8%AD%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%86%3A%D8%AC%DB%95%DA%98%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8E%E2%80%8C+%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7+%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%A7&rft.date=2021-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lalishduhok.com%2Fckb%2F%25da%25af%25db%2586%25d8%25aa%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b1%2Fpost%2F332436%2F%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lalishduhok.com%2Fckb%2F%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%2Fpost%2F332436%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2003_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatrianArakelova2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garnik_Asatrian" title="Garnik Asatrian">Asatrian, Garnik S.</a>; Arakelova, Victoria (January 2003). Asatrian, Garnik S. (ed.). "Malak-Tāwūs: The Peacock Angel of the Yezidis". <i><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Caucasus" title="Iran and the Caucasus">Iran and the Caucasus</a></i>. <b>7</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a> in collaboration with the Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies (<a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338403X00015">10.1163/157338403X00015</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-384X">1573-384X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-8498">1609-8498</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030968">4030968</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001227055">2001227055</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233145721">233145721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Malak-T%C4%81w%C5%ABs%3A+The+Peacock+Angel+of+the+Yezidis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4030968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.eissn=1573-384X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338403X00015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233145721&rft.issn=1609-8498&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001227055&rft.aulast=Asatrian&rft.aufirst=Garnik+S.&rft.au=Arakelova%2C+Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allison_2017-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allison_2017_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Allison, Christine (25 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-254">"The Yazidis"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.254">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199340378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199340378"><bdi>9780199340378</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190311065225/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-254">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Yazidis&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.254&rft.isbn=9780199340378&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Asatrian-Arakelova_2014_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatrianArakelova2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garnik_Asatrian" title="Garnik Asatrian">Asatrian, Garnik S.</a>; Arakelova, Victoria (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1RsBAAAQBAJ">"Part I: The One God - Malak-Tāwūs: The Leader of the Triad"</a>. <i>The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World</i>. Gnostica. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon,_Oxfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Abingdon, Oxfordshire">Abingdon, Oxfordshire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315728896">10.4324/9781315728896</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-761-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-761-2"><bdi>978-1-84465-761-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/931029996">931029996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+The+One+God+-+Malak-T%C4%81w%C5%ABs%3A+The+Leader+of+the+Triad&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Peacock+Angel%3A+The+Yezidis+and+Their+Spirit+World&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.series=Gnostica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931029996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315728896&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-761-2&rft.aulast=Asatrian&rft.aufirst=Garnik+S.&rft.au=Arakelova%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1RsBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmarkhali,_Khanna2017" class="citation book cs1">Omarkhali, Khanna (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1007841078"><i>The Yezidi religious textual tradition : from oral to written categories, transmission, scripturalisation and canonisation of the Yezidi oral religious texts</i></a>. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10856-0"><bdi>978-3-447-10856-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1007841078">1007841078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yezidi+religious+textual+tradition+%3A+from+oral+to+written+categories%2C+transmission%2C+scripturalisation+and+canonisation+of+the+Yezidi+oral+religious+texts&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1007841078&rft.isbn=978-3-447-10856-0&rft.au=Omarkhali%2C+Khanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1007841078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirbariGrigoriev" class="citation book cs1">Pirbari, Dimitri; Grigoriev, Stanislav. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2464521"><i>Holy Lalish, 2008 (Ezidian temple Lalish in Iraqi Kurdistan)</i></a>. p. 183. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109123141/https://www.academia.edu/2464521">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Lalish%2C+2008+%28Ezidian+temple+Lalish+in+Iraqi+Kurdistan%29.&rft.pages=183&rft.aulast=Pirbari&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft.au=Grigoriev%2C+Stanislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2464521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAysif2021" class="citation book cs1">Aysif, Rezan Shivan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/handle/3/isbn-978-3-86395-514-4"><i>The Role of Nature in Yezidism</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>67, <span class="nowrap">207–</span>208, <span class="nowrap">264–</span>265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17875%2Fgup2021-1855">10.17875/gup2021-1855</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86395-514-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86395-514-4"><bdi>978-3-86395-514-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246596953">246596953</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529093320/https://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/handle/3/isbn-978-3-86395-514-4">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Nature+in+Yezidism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E67%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E208%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E264-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246596953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17875%2Fgup2021-1855&rft.isbn=978-3-86395-514-4&rft.aulast=Aysif&rft.aufirst=Rezan+Shivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.univerlag.uni-goettingen.de%2Fhandle%2F3%2Fisbn-978-3-86395-514-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Drower, Ethel S.</a> (1953). <i>The Haran Gawaita and The Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa: The Mandaic text reproduced together with translation, notes and commentary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Apostolica_Vaticana" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana">Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana</a>. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haran+Gawaita+and+The+Baptism+of+Hibil-Ziwa%3A+The+Mandaic+text+reproduced+together+with+translation%2C+notes+and+commentary&rft.place=Vatican+City&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Apostolica+Vaticana&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=Ethel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0545.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.21">"Aelian, De Natura Animalium, book 5, chapter 21"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604090056/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0545.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.21">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Aelian%2C+De+Natura+Animalium%2C+book+5%2C+chapter+21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0545.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A5.21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0545.tlg001.perseus-grc1:16.2">"Aelian, De Natura Animalium, book 16, chapter 2"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806082854/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0545.tlg001.perseus-grc1:16.2">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Aelian%2C+De+Natura+Animalium%2C+book+16%2C+chapter+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0545.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A16.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> I, 625. The peacock is an Eastern bird, unknown to Greeks before the time of Alexander.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayMurray2004" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Peter; Murray, Linda (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchri0000murr/page/61">"Birds, symbolic"</a></span>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860966-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860966-3"><bdi>0-19-860966-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birds%2C+symbolic&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Christian+Art&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-860966-3&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Murray%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofchri0000murr%2Fpage%2F61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2021" class="citation journal cs1">Keating, Jessica (November 2021). "Hidden in plain sight: on copiousness in the Kunstkammer of Emperor Rudolf II". <i>Journal of the History of Collections</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhc%2Ffhab009">10.1093/jhc/fhab009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Collections&rft.atitle=Hidden+in+plain+sight%3A+on+copiousness+in+the+Kunstkammer+of+Emperor+Rudolf+II&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=448&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhc%2Ffhab009&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mercatante-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mercatante_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mercatante_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercatante1988" class="citation book cs1">Mercatante, Anthony S. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/factsonfileencyc00merc/page/518"><i>The Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend</i></a>. Facts on File. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1049-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-1049-8"><bdi>0-8160-1049-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+Encyclopedia+of+World+Mythology+and+Legend&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8160-1049-8&rft.aulast=Mercatante&rft.aufirst=Anthony+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffactsonfileencyc00merc%2Fpage%2F518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews2022" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Thomas (2022). "The iconography of the visions of Isaiah and Ezekiel". In Alpi, F.; Meyer, R.; Tinti, I.; Zakarian, D. (eds.). <i>Armenia Through the Lens of Time</i>. Brill. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004527607_003">10.1163/9789004527607_003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-52760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-52760-7"><bdi>978-90-04-52760-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+iconography+of+the+visions+of+Isaiah+and+Ezekiel&rft.btitle=Armenia+Through+the+Lens+of+Time&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004527607_003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-52760-7&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Migotti-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Migotti_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Migotti_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigotti1997" class="citation journal cs1">Migotti, Branka (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/264547">"An early Christian fresco from Štrbinci near Đakovo"</a>. <i>Hortus Artium Medievalium</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">215–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.HAM.2.305110">10.1484/J.HAM.2.305110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hortus+Artium+Medievalium&rft.atitle=An+early+Christian+fresco+from+%C5%A0trbinci+near+%C4%90akovo&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.HAM.2.305110&rft.aulast=Migotti&rft.aufirst=Branka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F264547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2018" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Patricia Cox (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=519gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21"><i>In the Eye of the Animal: Zoological Imagination in Ancient Christianity</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-5035-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-5035-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-5035-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Eye+of+the+Animal%3A+Zoological+Imagination+in+Ancient+Christianity&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-5035-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Cox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D519gDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1994" class="citation book cs1">Hall, James (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustrateddicti0000hall_y4v3/page/38"><i>Hall's Illustrated Dictionary of Symbols in Eastern and Western Art</i></a>. John Murray. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-4954-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-4954-X"><bdi>0-7195-4954-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hall%27s+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Symbols+in+Eastern+and+Western+Art&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7195-4954-X&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustrateddicti0000hall_y4v3%2Fpage%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, N. (2006). Ostrich Eggs and Peacock Feathers: Sacred Objects as Cultural Exchange between Christianity and Islam. Al-Masāq, 18(1), 27–78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110500222328">https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110500222328</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishfolksongs.com/en/golden-peacock">"The Golden Peacock"</a>. Jewish Folk Songs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329051221/http://www.jewishfolksongs.com/en/golden-peacock">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Peacock&rft.pub=Jewish+Folk+Songs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishfolksongs.com%2Fen%2Fgolden-peacock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seznec, Jean (1953) <i>The Survival of the Pagan Gods: Mythological Tradition in Renaissance Humanism and Art</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1977" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Les (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorktimesency00brow/page/328"><i>The New York Times Encyclopedia of Television</i></a></span>. Times Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorktimesency00brow/page/328">328</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-0721-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-0721-6"><bdi>978-0-8129-0721-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Encyclopedia+of+Television&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-0721-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyorktimesency00brow%2Fpage%2F328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSclater_PL1860" class="citation journal cs1">Sclater PL (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lietuvostsrmoksl60liet#page/221/mode/1up">"On the black-shouldered peafowl of Latham (<i>Pavo nigripennis</i>)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proc._Zool._Soc._London" class="mw-redirect" title="Proc. Zool. Soc. London">Proc. Zool. Soc. London</a></i>: <span class="nowrap">221–</span>222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Zool.+Soc.+London&rft.atitle=On+the+black-shouldered+peafowl+of+Latham+%28Pavo+nigripennis%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.date=1860&rft.au=Sclater+PL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flietuvostsrmoksl60liet%23page%2F221%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Grouw, H. & Dekkers, W. 2023. The taxonomic history of Black-shouldered Peafowl; with Darwin’s help downgraded from species to variation. <i>Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club</i>, 143(1): 111–121. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.25226/bboc.v143i1.2023.a7">https://doi.org/10.25226/bboc.v143i1.2023.a7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillis2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gillis, Francesca (4 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/classics_honors/26">"Ancient Foodies: Modern Misconceptions, Alternative Uses, and Recipes for Food in Ancient Rome"</a>. <i>Classics Honors Projects</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727191035/https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/classics_honors/26/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classics+Honors+Projects&rft.atitle=Ancient+Foodies%3A+Modern+Misconceptions%2C+Alternative+Uses%2C+and+Recipes+for+Food+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft.aulast=Gillis&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.macalester.edu%2Fclassics_honors%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medieval-recipes.com/medievalrecipes/fowlrecipes.htm">"Fowl Recipes"</a>. Medieval-Recipes.com. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213082159/http://www.medieval-recipes.com/medievalrecipes/fowlrecipes.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fowl+Recipes&rft.pub=Medieval-Recipes.com&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medieval-recipes.com%2Fmedievalrecipes%2Ffowlrecipes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1864" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Edward (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21505524"><i>The English and Australian Cookery Book</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+and+Australian+Cookery+Book&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb21505524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._K._Mookerji1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumud_Mukherjee" title="Radha Kumud Mukherjee">R. K. Mookerji</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA14"><i>Chandragupta Maurya and His Times</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0405-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0405-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0405-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+His+Times&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0405-0&rft.au=R.+K.+Mookerji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-y6ZUheQH8C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeafowl" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peafowl&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Peafowl" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Peafowl">Peafowl</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Subfamily_Phasianinae221" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Phasianinae" title="Phasianinae">Phasianinae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em">Tribe <a href="/wiki/Lerwini" class="mw-redirect" title="Lerwini">Lerwini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lerwa13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lerwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lerwa">Lerwa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_partridge" title="Snow partridge">Snow partridge</a> (<i>L. lerwa</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em">Tribe <a href="/wiki/Ithaginini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ithaginini">Ithaginini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ithaginis17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ithaginis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ithaginis">Ithaginis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_pheasant" title="Blood pheasant">Blood pheasant</a> (<i>I. cruentus</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em">Tribe <a href="/wiki/Lophophorini" title="Lophophorini">Lophophorini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragopan" title="Tragopan">Tragopan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blyth%27s_tragopan" title="Blyth's tragopan">Blyth's tragopan</a> (<i>T. blythii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabot%27s_tragopan" title="Cabot's tragopan">Cabot's tragopan</a> (<i>T. caboti</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_tragopan" title="Western tragopan">Western tragopan</a> (<i>T. melanocephalus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyr_tragopan" title="Satyr tragopan">Satyr tragopan</a> (<i>T. satyra</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temminck%27s_tragopan" title="Temminck's tragopan">Temminck's tragopan</a> (<i>T. temminckii</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraophasis" title="Tetraophasis">Tetraophasis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verreaux%27s_monal-partridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Verreaux's monal-partridge">Verreaux's monal-partridge</a> (<i>T. obscurus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szechenyi%27s_monal-partridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Szechenyi's monal-partridge">Szechenyi's monal-partridge</a> (<i>T. szechenyii</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lophophorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophophorus">Lophophorus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_monal" title="Himalayan monal">Himalayan monal</a> (<i>L. impejanus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclater%27s_monal" title="Sclater's monal">Sclater's monal</a> (<i>L. sclateri</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_monal" title="Chinese monal">Chinese monal</a> (<i>L. lhuysii</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em">Tribe <a href="/wiki/Pucrasiini" class="mw-redirect" title="Pucrasiini">Pucrasiini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pucrasia16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pucrasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pucrasia">Pucrasia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koklass_pheasant" title="Koklass pheasant">Koklass pheasant</a> (<i>P. macrolopha</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em">Tribe <a href="/wiki/Meleagridini" class="mw-redirect" title="Meleagridini">Meleagridini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Meleagris31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">Meleagris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">Wild turkey</a> (<i>M. gallopavo</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocellated_turkey" title="Ocellated turkey">Ocellated turkey</a> (<i>M. ocellata</i>)</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Californian_turkey" title="Californian turkey">Californian turkey</a> (<i>M. californica</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em">Tribe <a href="/wiki/Tetraonini" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraonini">Tetraonini</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">Grouse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Canachites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canachites">Canachites</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_grouse" title="Spruce grouse">Spruce grouse</a> (<i>C. canadensis</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_grouse" title="Franklin's grouse">Franklin's grouse</a> (<i>C. canadensis franklinii</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Falcipennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcipennis">Falcipennis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_grouse" title="Siberian grouse">Siberian grouse</a> (<i>F. falcipennis</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dendragapus" title="Dendragapus">Dendragapus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dusky_grouse" title="Dusky grouse">Dusky grouse</a> (<i>D. obscurus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooty_grouse" title="Sooty grouse">Sooty grouse</a> (<i>D. fuliginosus</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lagopus" title="Lagopus">Lagopus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willow_ptarmigan" title="Willow ptarmigan">Willow ptarmigan</a> (<i>L. lagopus</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_grouse" title="Red grouse">Red grouse</a> (<i>L. l. scotica</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Rock ptarmigan</a> (<i>L. muta</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_ptarmigan" title="White-tailed ptarmigan">White-tailed ptarmigan</a> (<i>L. leucura</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tetrao" title="Tetrao">Tetrao</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_capercaillie" title="Western capercaillie">Western capercaillie</a> (<i>T. urogallus</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_capercaillie" title="Cantabrian capercaillie">Cantabrian capercaillie</a> (<i>T. u. cantabricus</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-billed_capercaillie" title="Black-billed capercaillie">Black-billed capercaillie</a> (<i>T. urogalloides</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lyrurus" title="Lyrurus">Lyrurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_grouse" title="Black grouse">Black grouse</a> (<i>L. tetrix</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_grouse" title="Caucasian grouse">Caucasian grouse</a> (<i>L. mlokosiewiczi</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tetrastes" title="Tetrastes">Tetrastes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_grouse" title="Hazel grouse">Hazel grouse</a> (<i>T. bonasia</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grouse" title="Chinese grouse">Chinese grouse</a> (<i>T. sewerzowi</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bonasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonasa">Bonasa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">Ruffed grouse</a> (<i>B. umbellus</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Centrocercus" title="Centrocercus">Centrocercus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_sage-grouse" title="Greater sage-grouse">Greater sage-grouse</a> (<i>C. urophasianus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnison_grouse" title="Gunnison grouse">Gunnison grouse</a> (<i>C. minimus</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tympanuchus" title="Tympanuchus">Tympanuchus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharp-tailed_grouse" title="Sharp-tailed grouse">Sharp-tailed grouse</a> (<i>T. phasianellus</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_sharp-tailed_grouse" title="Columbian sharp-tailed grouse">Columbian sharp-tailed grouse</a> (<i>T. p. columbianus</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater prairie chicken">Greater prairie chicken</a> (<i>T. cupido</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heath_hen" title="Heath hen">Heath hen</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attwater%27s_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Attwater's prairie chicken">Attwater's prairie chicken</a> (<i>T. c. attwateri</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser prairie chicken">Lesser prairie chicken</a> (<i>T. pallidicinctus</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em">Tribe <a href="/wiki/Rhizotherini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizotherini">Rhizotherini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rhizothera18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizothera" title="Rhizothera">Rhizothera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-billed_partridge" title="Long-billed partridge">Long-billed partridge</a> (<i>R. longirostris</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulit_partridge" title="Dulit partridge">Dulit partridge</a> (<i>R. dulitensis</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em">Tribe <a href="/wiki/Phasianini" title="Phasianini">Phasianini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Perdix" title="Perdix">Perdix</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">Grey partridge</a> (<i>P. perdix</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daurian_partridge" title="Daurian partridge">Daurian partridge</a> (<i>P. dauurica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_partridge" title="Tibetan partridge">Tibetan partridge</a> (<i>P. hodgsoniae</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Syrmaticus" title="Syrmaticus">Syrmaticus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elliot%27s_pheasant" title="Elliot's pheasant">Elliot's pheasant</a> (<i>S. ellioti</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Hume%27s_pheasant" title="Mrs. Hume's pheasant">Mrs. Hume's pheasant</a> (<i>S. humiae</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikado_pheasant" title="Mikado pheasant">Mikado pheasant</a> (<i>S. mikado</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_pheasant" title="Copper pheasant">Copper pheasant</a> (<i>S. soemmerringi</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeve%27s_pheasant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reeve's pheasant">Reeve's pheasant</a> (<i>S. reevesi</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chrysolophus" title="Chrysolophus">Chrysolophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Amherst%27s_pheasant" title="Lady Amherst's pheasant">Lady Amherst's pheasant</a> (<i>C. amherstiae</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_pheasant" title="Golden pheasant">Golden pheasant</a> (<i>C. pictus</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phasianus" title="Phasianus">Phasianus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Common pheasant</a> (<i>P. colchicus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_pheasant" title="Green pheasant">Green pheasant</a> (<i>P. versicolor</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Catreus" title="Catreus">Catreus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheer_pheasant" title="Cheer pheasant">Cheer pheasant</a> (<i>Catreus wallichi</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Crossoptilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossoptilon">Crossoptilon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_eared_pheasant" title="Blue eared pheasant">Blue eared pheasant</a> (<i>C. auritum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_eared_pheasant" title="White eared pheasant">White eared pheasant</a> (<i>C. crossoptilon</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_eared_pheasant" title="Tibetan eared pheasant">Tibetan eared pheasant</a> (<i>C. harmani</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_eared_pheasant" title="Brown eared pheasant">Brown eared pheasant</a> (<i>C.mantchuricum</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lophura" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophura">Lophura</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulwer%27s_pheasant" title="Bulwer's pheasant">Bulwer's pheasant</a> (<i>L. bulweri</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Siamese fireback</a> (<i>L. diardi</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward%27s_pheasant" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward's pheasant">Edward's pheasant</a> (<i>L. edwardsi</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crestless_fireback" title="Crestless fireback">Crestless fireback</a> (<i>L. erythrophthalma</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_pheasant" title="Vietnamese pheasant">Vietnamese pheasant</a> (<i>L. hatinhensis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crested_fireback" title="Crested fireback">Crested fireback</a> (<i>L. ignita</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_pheasant" title="Imperial pheasant">Imperial pheasant</a> (<i>L. imperialis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadori%27s_pheasant" title="Salvadori's pheasant">Salvadori's pheasant</a> (<i>L. inornata</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoogerwerf%27s_pheasant" title="Hoogerwerf's pheasant">Hoogerwerf's pheasant</a> (<i>L. i. hoogerwerfi</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalij_pheasant" title="Kalij pheasant">Kalij pheasant</a> (<i>L. leucomelanos</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_pheasant" title="Silver pheasant">Silver pheasant</a> (<i>L. nycthemera</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinhoe%27s_pheasant" title="Swinhoe's pheasant">Swinhoe's pheasant</a> (<i>L. swinhoii</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Subfamily_Rollulinae221" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Rollulinae" title="Rollulinae">Rollulinae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Xenoperdix" title="Xenoperdix">Xenoperdix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubeho_forest_partridge" title="Rubeho forest partridge">Rubeho forest partridge</a> (<i>X. obscuratus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udzungwa_forest_partridge" title="Udzungwa forest partridge">Udzungwa forest partridge</a> (<i>X. udzungwensis</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Caloperdix" class="mw-redirect" title="Caloperdix">Caloperdix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferruginous_partridge" title="Ferruginous partridge">Ferruginous partridge</a> (<i>C. oculeus</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Rollulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollulus">Rollulus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crested_partridge" title="Crested partridge">Crested partridge</a> (<i>R. rouloul</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Melanoperdix" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanoperdix">Melanoperdix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_partridge" title="Black partridge">Black partridge</a> (<i>M. niger</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Arborophila" title="Arborophila">Arborophila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_partridge" title="Hill partridge">Hill partridge</a> (<i>A. torqueola</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_partridge" title="Sichuan partridge">Sichuan partridge</a> (<i>A. rufipectus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut-breasted_partridge" title="Chestnut-breasted partridge">Chestnut-breasted partridge</a> (<i>A. mandellii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-necklaced_partridge" title="White-necklaced partridge">White-necklaced partridge</a> (<i>A. gingica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufous-throated_partridge" title="Rufous-throated partridge">Rufous-throated partridge</a> (<i>A. rufogularis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-billed_partridge" title="Red-billed partridge">Red-billed partridge</a> (<i>A.a rubrirostris</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_partridge" title="Siamese partridge">Siamese partridge</a> (<i>A. diversa</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut-headed_partridge" title="Chestnut-headed partridge">Chestnut-headed partridge</a> (<i>A. cambodiana</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_partridge" title="Hainan partridge">Hainan partridge</a> (<i>A. ardens</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_partridge" title="Taiwan partridge">Taiwan partridge</a> (<i>A. crudigularis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-cheeked_partridge" title="White-cheeked partridge">White-cheeked partridge</a> (<i>A. atrogularis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar-backed_partridge" title="Bar-backed partridge">Bar-backed partridge</a> (<i>A. brunneopectus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange-necked_partridge" title="Orange-necked partridge">Orange-necked partridge</a> (<i>A. davidi</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-breasted_partridge" title="Red-breasted partridge">Red-breasted partridge</a> (<i>A. hyperythra</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_partridge" title="Malayan partridge">Malayan partridge</a> (<i>A. campbelli</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll%27s_partridge" title="Roll's partridge">Roll's partridge</a> (<i>A. rolli</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_partridge" title="Sumatran partridge">Sumatran partridge</a> (<i>A. sumatrana</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut-bellied_partridge" title="Chestnut-bellied partridge">Chestnut-bellied partridge</a> (<i>A. javanica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-breasted_partridge" title="Grey-breasted partridge">Grey-breasted partridge</a> (<i>A. orientalis</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Subfamily_Pavoninae221" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Pavoninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavoninae">Pavoninae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em">Tribe <a href="/wiki/Pavonini" title="Pavonini">Pavonini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rheinardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinardia">Rheinardia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_crested_argus" title="Vietnamese crested argus">Vietnamese crested argus</a> (<i>R. ocellata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_crested_argus" title="Malayan crested argus">Malayan crested argus</a> (<i>R. nigrescens</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Argusianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Argusianus">Argusianus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_argus" title="Great argus">Great argus</a> (<i>A. argus</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Afropavo" class="mw-redirect" title="Afropavo">Afropavo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_peafowl" title="Congo peafowl">Congo peafowl</a> (<i>A. congensis</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pavo_(bird)" title="Pavo (bird)">Pavo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" title="Indian peafowl">Indian peafowl</a> (<i>P. cristatus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_peafowl" title="Green peafowl">Green peafowl</a> (<i>P. muticus</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tropicoperdix" title="Tropicoperdix">Tropicoperdix</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut-necklaced_partridge" title="Chestnut-necklaced partridge">Chestnut-necklaced partridge</a> (<i>T. charltonii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-legged_partridge" title="Green-legged partridge">Green-legged partridge</a> (<i>T. chloropus</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em">Tribe <a href="/wiki/Polyplectronini" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyplectronini">Polyplectronini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Haematortyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Haematortyx">Haematortyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimson-headed_partridge" title="Crimson-headed partridge">Crimson-headed partridge</a> (<i>H. sanguiniceps</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Galloperdix" title="Galloperdix">Galloperdix</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_spurfowl" title="Red spurfowl">Red spurfowl</a> (<i>G. spadicea</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_spurfowl" title="Painted spurfowl">Painted spurfowl</a> (<i>G. lunulata</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_spurfowl" title="Sri Lanka spurfowl">Sri Lanka spurfowl</a> (<i>G. bicalcarata</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Polyplectron" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyplectron">Polyplectron</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_peacock-pheasant" title="Grey peacock-pheasant">Grey peacock-pheasant</a> (<i>P. bicalcaratum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze-tailed_peacock-pheasant" title="Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant">Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant</a> (<i>P. chalcurum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_peacock-pheasant" title="Palawan peacock-pheasant">Palawan peacock-pheasant</a> (<i>P. emphanum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germain%27s_peacock-pheasant" title="Germain's peacock-pheasant">Germain's peacock-pheasant</a> (<i>P. germaini</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peacock-pheasant" title="Mountain peacock-pheasant">Mountain peacock-pheasant</a> (<i>P. inopinatum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_peacock-pheasant" title="Hainan peacock-pheasant">Hainan peacock-pheasant</a> (<i>P. katsumatae</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_peacock-pheasant" title="Malayan peacock-pheasant">Malayan peacock-pheasant</a> (<i>P. malacense</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_peacock-pheasant" title="Bornean peacock-pheasant">Bornean peacock-pheasant</a> (<i>P. schleiermacheri</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em">Tribe <a href="/wiki/Gallini_(bird)" title="Gallini (bird)">Gallini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bambusicola" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusicola">Bambusicola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bamboo_partridge" title="Mountain bamboo partridge">Mountain bamboo partridge</a> (<i>B. fytchii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bamboo_partridge" title="Chinese bamboo partridge">Chinese bamboo partridge</a> (<i>B. thoracicus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_bamboo_partridge" title="Taiwan bamboo partridge">Taiwan bamboo partridge</a> (<i>B. sonorivox</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gallus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallus (genus)">Gallus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_junglefowl" title="Red junglefowl">Red junglefowl</a> (<i>G. gallus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_junglefowl" title="Sri Lankan junglefowl">Sri Lankan junglefowl</a> (<i>G. lafayetii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_junglefowl" title="Grey junglefowl">Grey junglefowl</a> (<i>G. sonneratii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_junglefowl" title="Green junglefowl">Green junglefowl</a> (<i>G. varius</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Peliperdix" class="mw-redirect" title="Peliperdix">Peliperdix</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latham%27s_francolin" title="Latham's francolin">Latham's francolin</a> (<i>P. lathami</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ortygornis" title="Ortygornis">Ortygornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crested_francolin" title="Crested francolin">Crested francolin</a> (<i>O. sephaena</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_francolin" title="Grey francolin">Grey francolin</a> (<i>O. pondicerianus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_francolin" title="Swamp francolin">Swamp francolin</a> (<i>O. gularis</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Francolinus" title="Francolinus">Francolinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_francolin" title="Black francolin">Black francolin</a> (<i>F. francolinus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_francolin" title="Painted francolin">Painted francolin</a> (<i>F. pictus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_francolin" title="Chinese francolin">Chinese francolin</a> (<i>F. pintadeanus</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Campocolinus" title="Campocolinus">Campocolinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coqui_francolin" title="Coqui francolin">Coqui francolin</a> (<i>C. coqui</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-throated_francolin" title="White-throated francolin">White-throated francolin</a>, (<i>C. albogularis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlegel%27s_francolin" title="Schlegel's francolin">Schlegel's francolin</a> (<i>C. schlegelii</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Scleroptila" title="Scleroptila">Scleroptila</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring-necked_francolin" title="Ring-necked francolin">Ring-necked francolin</a> (<i>S. streptophora</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-winged_francolin" title="Red-winged francolin">Red-winged francolin</a> (<i>S. levaillantii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsch%27s_francolin" title="Finsch's francolin">Finsch's francolin</a> (<i>S. finschi</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorland_francolin" title="Moorland francolin">Moorland francolin</a> (<i>S. psilolaema</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-winged_francolin" title="Grey-winged francolin">Grey-winged francolin</a> (<i>S. afra</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_francolin" title="Orange River francolin">Orange River francolin</a> (<i>S. gutturalis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_francolin" title="Shelley's francolin">Shelley's francolin</a> (<i>S. shelleyi</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em">Tribe <a href="/wiki/Coturnicini" title="Coturnicini">Coturnicini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraogallus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraogallus">Tetraogallus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_snowcock" title="Caucasian snowcock">Caucasian snowcock</a> (<i>T. caucasicus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_snowcock" title="Caspian snowcock">Caspian snowcock</a> (<i>T. caspius</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_snowcock" title="Himalayan snowcock">Himalayan snowcock</a> (<i>T. himalayensis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_snowcock" title="Tibetan snowcock">Tibetan snowcock</a> (<i>T. tibetanus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_snowcock" title="Altai snowcock">Altai snowcock</a> (<i>T. altaicus</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ammoperdix" title="Ammoperdix">Ammoperdix</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/See-see_partridge" title="See-see partridge">See-see partridge</a> (<i>A. griseogularis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_partridge" title="Sand partridge">Sand partridge</a> (<i>A. heyi</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Synoicus" title="Synoicus">Synoicus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_quail" title="Brown quail">Brown quail</a> (<i>S. ypsilophorus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Mountain_quail" title="Snow Mountain quail">Snow Mountain quail</a> (<i>S. monorthonyx</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_quail" title="Blue quail">Blue quail</a> (<i>S. adansonii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_quail" title="King quail">King quail</a> (<i>S. chinensis</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Margaroperdix" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaroperdix">Margaroperdix</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_partridge" title="Madagascar partridge">Madagascar partridge</a> (<i>M. madagarensis</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Coturnix" title="Coturnix">Coturnix</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rain_quail" title="Rain quail">Rain quail</a> (<i>C. coromandelica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlequin_quail" title="Harlequin quail">Harlequin quail</a> (<i>C. delegorguei</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_quail" title="Common quail">Common quail</a> (<i>C. coturnix</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_quail" title="Japanese quail">Japanese quail</a> (<i>C. japonica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stubble_quail" title="Stubble quail">Stubble quail</a> (<i>C. pectoralis</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Alectoris" title="Alectoris">Alectoris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_partridge" title="Arabian partridge">Arabian partridge</a> (<i>A. melanocephala</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przevalski%27s_partridge" title="Przevalski's partridge">Przevalski's partridge</a> (<i>A. magna</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_partridge" title="Rock partridge">Rock partridge</a> (<i>A. graeca</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar partridge</a> (<i>A. chukar</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philby%27s_partridge" title="Philby's partridge">Philby's partridge</a> (<i>A. philbyi</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_partridge" title="Barbary partridge">Barbary partridge</a> (<i>A. barbara</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-legged_partridge" title="Red-legged partridge">Red-legged partridge</a> (<i>A. rufa</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Perdicula" title="Perdicula">Perdicula</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_bush_quail" title="Jungle bush quail">Jungle bush quail</a> (<i>P. asiatica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_bush_quail" title="Rock bush quail">Rock bush quail</a> (<i>P. argoondah</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_bush_quail" title="Painted bush quail">Painted bush quail</a> (<i>P. erythrorhyncha</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_bush_quail" title="Manipur bush quail">Manipur bush quail</a> (<i>P. manipurensis</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ophrysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophrysia">Ophrysia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_quail" title="Himalayan quail">Himalayan quail</a> (<i>O. superciliosa</i>) (possibly extinct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pternistis" title="Pternistis">Pternistis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartlaub%27s_spurfowl" title="Hartlaub's spurfowl">Hartlaub's spurfowl</a> (<i>P. hartlaubi</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cameroon_spurfowl" title="Mount Cameroon spurfowl">Mount Cameroon spurfowl</a> (<i>P. camerunensis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsome_spurfowl" title="Handsome spurfowl">Handsome spurfowl</a> (<i>P. nobilis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut-naped_spurfowl" title="Chestnut-naped spurfowl">Chestnut-naped spurfowl</a> (<i>P. castaneicollis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_spurfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-fronted spurfowl">Black-fronted spurfowl</a> (<i>P. atrifrons</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erckel%27s_spurfowl" title="Erckel's spurfowl">Erckel's spurfowl</a> (<i>P. erckelii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_spurfowl" title="Djibouti spurfowl">Djibouti spurfowl</a> (<i>P. ochropectus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swierstra%27s_spurfowl" title="Swierstra's spurfowl">Swierstra's spurfowl</a> (<i>P. swierstrai</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahanta_spurfowl" title="Ahanta spurfowl">Ahanta spurfowl</a> (<i>P. ahantensis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-striped_spurfowl" title="Grey-striped spurfowl">Grey-striped spurfowl</a> (<i>P. griseostriatus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_spurfowl" title="Jackson's spurfowl">Jackson's spurfowl</a> (<i>P. jacksoni</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-billed_spurfowl" title="Red-billed spurfowl">Red-billed spurfowl</a> (<i>P. adspersus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_spurfowl" title="Cape spurfowl">Cape spurfowl</a> (<i>P. capensis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_spurfowl" title="Natal spurfowl">Natal spurfowl</a> (<i>P. natalensis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildebrandt%27s_spurfowl" title="Hildebrandt's spurfowl">Hildebrandt's spurfowl</a> (<i>P. hildebrandti</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-spurred_spurfowl" title="Double-spurred spurfowl">Double-spurred spurfowl</a> (<i>P. bicalcaratus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaly_spurfowl" title="Scaly spurfowl">Scaly spurfowl</a> (<i>P. squamatus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_spurfowl" title="Heuglin's spurfowl">Heuglin's spurfowl</a> (<i>P. icterorhynchus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapperton%27s_spurfowl" title="Clapperton's spurfowl">Clapperton's spurfowl</a> (<i>P. clappertoni</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harwood%27s_spurfowl" title="Harwood's spurfowl">Harwood's spurfowl</a> (<i>P. harwoodi</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swainson%27s_spurfowl" title="Swainson's spurfowl">Swainson's spurfowl</a> (<i>P. swainsonii</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-necked_spurfowl" title="Yellow-necked spurfowl">Yellow-necked spurfowl</a> (<i>P. leucoscepus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-breasted_spurfowl" title="Grey-breasted spurfowl">Grey-breasted spurfowl</a> (<i>P. rufopictus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-necked_spurfowl" title="Red-necked spurfowl">Red-necked spurfowl</a> (<i>P. afer</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>185 living species in 32 genera</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_use_of_birds115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds_in_culture" title="Template talk:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_use_of_birds115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human use</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">Big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">Fletching</a></li> <li>In sport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinkensport" title="Vinkensport">Vinkensport</a></li></ul></li> <li>In science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li></ul></li> <li>In mythology and religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_sacred_ibis" title="African sacred ibis">Sacred ibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li>In hunting <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cormorant_fishing" title="Cormorant fishing">Cormorant fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Wildfowling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/80px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/120px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/160px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">Guano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>In art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird-and-flower_painting" title="Bird-and-flower painting">Bird-and-flower painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_tights" title="Feather tights">Feather tights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heraldic_birds" title="Category:Heraldic birds">In heraldry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalerion" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalerion">Avalerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvus (heraldry)">Crow/Raven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_rooster" title="Gallic rooster">Gallic rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turul" title="Turul">Turul</a></li></ul></li> <li>In poetry <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birds" title="The Conference of the Birds">The Conference of the Birds</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_a_Nightingale" title="Ode to a Nightingale">Ode to a Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_a_Skylark" title="To a Skylark">To a Skylark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crow_(poetry)" title="Crow (poetry)">Crow</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In prose <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Jemima_Puddle-Duck" title="The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck">The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ugly_Duckling" title="The Ugly Duckling">The Ugly Duckling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In theatre and ballet <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(play)" title="The Birds (play)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In film <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kes_(film)" title="Kes (film)">Kes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Year" title="The Big Year">The Big Year</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animated_films_about_birds" title="Category:Animated films about birds">Animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chickens" title="Category:Films about chickens">Chicken films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_films_about_birds" title="Category:Horror films about birds">Horror films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds in music">In music</a></li> <li>In fashion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigrette" title="Aigrette">Aigrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_boa" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather boa">Feather boa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_cloak" title="Feather cloak">Feather cloak</a></li></ul></li> <li>In dance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cendrawasih_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cendrawasih (dance)">Cendrawasih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(dance)" title="Chicken (dance)">Chicken dance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_eagles_in_human_culture" title="Golden eagles in human culture">Golden eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_penguins" title="Cultural depictions of penguins">Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbidae#Domestication" title="Columbidae">Pigeon/Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_ravens" title="Cultural depictions of ravens">Raven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">of the Tower of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Illustrators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Jonsson_(illustrator)" title="Lars Jonsson (illustrator)">Lars Jonsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerrard_Keulemans" title="John Gerrard Keulemans">John Gerrard Keulemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewington_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lewington (artist)">Richard Lewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tory_Peterson" title="Roger Tory Peterson">Roger Tory Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Constantine_Richter" title="Henry Constantine Richter">Henry Constantine Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smit" title="Joseph Smit">Joseph Smit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Thorburn" title="Archibald Thorburn">Archibald Thorburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolf" title="Joseph Wolf">Joseph Wolf</a></li></ul></li> <li>Conservationists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Krabbe" title="Niels Krabbe">Niels Krabbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scott" title="Peter Scott">Peter Scott</a></li></ul></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93dinosaur_coexistence" title="Human–dinosaur coexistence">Human–dinosaur coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds_and_humans" title="Category:Birds and humans">Category:Birds and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers16435" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers16435" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pavo</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3917160" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q3917160">Q3917160</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pavo" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pavo">Pavo</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pavo/">Pavo</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Pavo">Pavo</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=88911">88911</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6JS7">6JS7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2473598">2473598</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/1199">1199</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1033701">1033701</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=176112">176112</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0020930354">NHMSYS0020930354</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9048">9048</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/7f60ea6a-bc31-4591-809b-415be338d998">7f60ea6a-bc31-4591-809b-415be338d998</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=453587">453587</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=114654">114654</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/145D9364-6815-2F86-3F5F-D3EACC8265F9">145D9364-6815-2F86-3F5F-D3EACC8265F9</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/0C670453-1A8D-4657-BCBA-D9428F0AB835">0C670453-1A8D-4657-BCBA-D9428F0AB835</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Afropavo</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10730907" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q10730907">Q10730907</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Afropavo" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Afropavo">Afropavo</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/QBB">QBB</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/45513818">45513818</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2473677">2473677</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/1259">1259</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1006898">1006898</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=176115">176115</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9075">9075</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=373548">373548</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pavo cristatus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61865" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q61865">Q61865</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pavo_cristatus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pavo cristatus">Pavo cristatus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pavo_cristatus/">Pavo_cristatus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Pavo_cristatus">Pavo_cristatus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/indian-peafowl/pavo-cristatus/">pavo-cristatus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=A8C34DC9655204ED">A8C34DC9655204ED</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22679435">22679435</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=88912">88912</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/compea">compea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6TWGZ">6TWGZ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/compea">compea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp35670.htm">35670</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9451184">9451184</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/1204">1204</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11160615">11160615</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/70935">70935</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=176113">176113</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22679435">22679435</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100180/">2.100180</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0001689593">NHMSYS0001689593</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9049">9049</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_Birds_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropical Birds Online">Neotropical</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/compea">compea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZBO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/peafowl">peafowl</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/5ef59b86-b1e8-4831-a7d6-6d6ca540ee47">5ef59b86-b1e8-4831-a7d6-6d6ca540ee47</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/2010/">2010</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=415633">415633</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/65568">65568</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=13022">13022</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Pavo-cristatus">Pavo-cristatus</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pavo muticus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254636" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q254636">Q254636</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pavo_muticus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pavo muticus">Pavo muticus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pavo_muticus/">Pavo_muticus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/pavo-muticus/">pavo-muticus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=990B91710EE7388F">990B91710EE7388F</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22679440">22679440</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/grepea1">grepea1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/75WGZ">75WGZ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/grepea1">grepea1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2473599">2473599</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" title="Handbook of the Birds of the World">IBC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/green-peafowl-pavo-muticus">green-peafowl-pavo-muticus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/1200">1200</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10197106">10197106</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=176114">176114</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22679440">22679440</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0020789024">NHMSYS0020789024</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9050">9050</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/70396/">70396</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=102708">102708</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=114655">114655</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/4975">4975</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=13023">13023</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Pavo-muticus">Pavo-muticus</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Afropavo congensis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338996" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q338996">Q338996</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Afropavo_congensis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Afropavo congensis">Afropavo congensis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Afropavo_congensis/">Afropavo_congensis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/afropavo-congensis/">afropavo-congensis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=E9125492E257513A">E9125492E257513A</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22679430">22679430</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/conpea1">conpea1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65H65">65H65</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/conpea1">conpea1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/45513819">45513819</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2473678">2473678</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/1260">1260</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10593075">10593075</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=553890">553890</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22679430">22679430</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9076">9076</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: 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