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searchaux" style="display:none">Four languages or dialects of East Timor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: pink;">Kawaimina</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central–Eastern</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>Extra-Ramelaic<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>Eastern Extra-Ramelaic<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Kawaimina</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kawa1289">kawa1289</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprachen_Osttimors-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sprachen_Osttimors-en.png/220px-Sprachen_Osttimors-en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sprachen_Osttimors-en.png/330px-Sprachen_Osttimors-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sprachen_Osttimors-en.png/440px-Sprachen_Osttimors-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Languages in East Timor</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kawaimina</b> (a <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_abbreviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic abbreviation">syllabic abbreviation</a> of the names) is a cluster of four languages and dialects of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>: </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kairui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kairui language">Kairui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midiki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Midiki language">Midiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waimoa_language" title="Waimoa language">Waimaha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nauete_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauete language">Naueti</a>,</dd></dl> <p>spoken by one or two thousand speakers each. It is a name used by linguists discussing the languages, not the speakers themselves. The first three are spoken in adjacent areas in the western part of <a href="/wiki/Baucau_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Baucau District">Baucau District</a>, along the north coast. Naueti is used on the south coast of eastern <a href="/wiki/Viqueque_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Viqueque District">Viqueque District</a>, surrounded by speakers of <a href="/wiki/Makasae" class="mw-redirect" title="Makasae">Makasae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makalero" title="Makalero">Makalero</a>. Some Midiki speakers near <a href="/wiki/Ossu_(East_Timor)" title="Ossu (East Timor)">Ossu</a> refer to their language as Osomoko. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hull" title="Geoffrey Hull">Geoffrey Hull</a> classifies these as dialects and groups them into a single Kawaimina language,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> groups the varieties into three distinct languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors disagree with Hull's analysis of the Kawaimina languages as a dialect chain for both diachronic changes (internal and contact-induced innovations) and synchronic reasons (phonological and morphophonological differences, morphosyntactic simplification, variable degree of Tetun and Makasae influence).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kawaimina languages are members of the eastern Extra-Ramelaic subgroup of <a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a> Austronesian languages. While structurally the languages are Malayo-Polynesian, much their vocabulary, particularly that of Naueti, derives from <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a>. The languages are noted for both archaisms and unusual innovations, including <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glottalized_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized consonant">glottalized consonants</a> in their sound-systems. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairui.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kairui"><img alt="Kairui" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kairui.png/120px-Kairui.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kairui.png/180px-Kairui.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kairui.png/240px-Kairui.png 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kairui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kairui language">Kairui</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mideki.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Midiki"><img alt="Midiki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mideki.png/120px-Mideki.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mideki.png/180px-Mideki.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mideki.png/240px-Mideki.png 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Midiki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Midiki language">Midiki</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naueti.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Naueti"><img alt="Naueti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Naueti.png/120px-Naueti.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Naueti.png/180px-Naueti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Naueti.png/240px-Naueti.png 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nauete_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauete language">Naueti</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waimaha.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Waimaha"><img alt="Waimaha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Waimaha.png/120px-Waimaha.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Waimaha.png/180px-Waimaha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Waimaha.png/240px-Waimaha.png 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Waimoa_language" title="Waimoa language">Waimaha</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawaimina_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Hull2004" class="citation web cs1">Geoffrey Hull (2004-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720024316/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/langs.html">"The Languages of East Timor"</a>. Macquarie University. 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Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813095627/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/nxa">"Nauete"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nxa">the original</a> on 2016-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Nauete&rft.date=2016&rft.au=M.+Paul+Lewis%2C+Gary+F.+Simons%2C+Charles+D.+Fennig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fnxa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawaimina+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Paul_Lewis,_Gary_F._Simons,_Charles_D._Fennig2016" class="citation web cs1">M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204023919/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/krd">"Kairui-Midiki"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/krd">the original</a> on 2016-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Kairui-Midiki&rft.date=2016&rft.au=M.+Paul+Lewis%2C+Gary+F.+Simons%2C+Charles+D.+Fennig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fkrd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawaimina+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Paul_Lewis,_Gary_F._Simons,_Charles_D._Fennig2016" class="citation web cs1">M. 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"A grammar sketch of Naueti, a language of East Timor". <i>Leiden University</i>. Master Thesis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leiden+University&rft.atitle=A+grammar+sketch+of+Naueti%2C+a+language+of+East+Timor&rft.volume=Master+Thesis&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Veloso&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawaimina+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawaimina_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rspas.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/Waimaha/eng/">The Waimaha language of East Timor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709104252/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/Waimaha/eng/">Archived</a> 2011-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=krd">Ethnologue page for Kairui-Midiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nxa">Ethnologue page for Nauete</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=wmh">Ethnologue page for Waimaha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060424065914/http://www.shlrc.mq.edu.au/~leccles/langs.html">Survey of the languages of East Timor</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Template:Languages of East Timor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Template talk:Languages of East Timor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of East Timor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_East_Timor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">Languages of East Timor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_Portuguese" title="East Timorese Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atauran_language" title="Atauran language">Atauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uab_Meto_language" title="Uab Meto language">Baikeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekais language">Bekais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fataluku_language" title="Fataluku language">Fataluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galoli_language" title="Galoli language">Galoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habun_language" title="Habun language">Habun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idalaka_language" title="Idalaka language">Idalaka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kawaimina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_language" title="Kemak language">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalero_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Makalero dialect">Makalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasae_language" title="Makasae language">Makasae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuva_language" title="Makuva language">Makuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambai_language_(Timor)" title="Mambai language (Timor)">Mambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokodede_language" title="Tokodede language">Tokodede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Chinese language">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parao_postcard_from_the_Philippines_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" 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