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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">39th G8 summit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="القمة التاسعة والثلاثون لمجموعة الثماني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القمة التاسعة والثلاثون لمجموعة الثماني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwchgynhadledd_yr_G8,_2013" title="Uwchgynhadledd yr G8, 2013 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Uwchgynhadledd yr G8, 2013" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8-Gipfel_am_Lough_Erne_2013" title="G8-Gipfel am Lough Erne 2013 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="G8-Gipfel am Lough Erne 2013" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/39.%C2%AA_Cumbre_del_G8" title="39.ª Cumbre del G8 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="39.ª Cumbre del G8" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommet_du_G8_de_2013" title="Sommet du G8 de 2013 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sommet du G8 de 2013" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferensi_Tingkat_Tinggi_G8_ke-39" title="Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi G8 ke-39 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi G8 ke-39" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8_del_2013" title="G8 del 2013 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="G8 del 2013" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC39%E5%9B%9E%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E8%84%B3%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0" title="第39回主要国首脳会議 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第39回主要国首脳会議" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/39.%C2%AA_reuni%C3%A3o_de_c%C3%BApula_do_G8" title="39.ª reunião de cúpula do G8 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="39.ª reunião de cúpula do G8" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/39-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_G8" title="39-й саммит G8 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="39-й саммит G8" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="39th G8 summit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/39-%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82_G8" title="39-й саміт G8 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="39-й саміт G8" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC39%E5%B1%86%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="第39屆八大工業國組織會議 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第39屆八大工業國組織會議" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q65250#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=39th_G8_summit&params=54.3978_N_7.6933_W_type:landmark_region:GB-FER_scale:5000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°23′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°41′36″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.3978°N 7.6933°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.3978; -7.6933</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2013 international leaders meeting</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">39th G8 summit</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:39th_G8_summit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0e/39th_G8_summit.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="155" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ten_leaders_at_G8_summit,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ten_leaders_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg/220px-Ten_leaders_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ten_leaders_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg/330px-Ten_leaders_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ten_leaders_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg/440px-Ten_leaders_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="704" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Host country</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">17–18 June 2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venue(s)</th><td class="infobox-data location">Lough Erne Resort in <a href="/wiki/Enniskillen" title="Enniskillen">Enniskillen</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">County Fermanagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enniskillen" title="Enniskillen">Enniskillen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Follows</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/38th_G8_summit" title="38th G8 summit">38th G8 summit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Precedes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/40th_G7_summit" title="40th G7 summit">40th G7 summit</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>39th G8 summit</b> was held on 17–18 June 2013, at the Lough Erne Resort, a five-star hotel and golf resort on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Lough_Erne" title="Lough Erne">Lough Erne</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">County Fermanagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cameron_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cameron-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the sixth <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> summit to be held in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the first to be held in Northern Ireland. The earlier G8 summits hosted by the United Kingdom were held in London (1977, 1984, 1991), <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> (1998), and <a href="/wiki/Gleneagles_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleneagles (Scotland)">Gleneagles</a> (2005). </p><p>The official theme of the summit was tax evasion and transparency. However, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> dominated the discussions. A seven-point plan on Syria was agreed after much debate. Other agreements included a way to automate the sharing of tax information, new rules for mining companies, and a pledge to end payments for kidnap victim releases. The United States and the European Union agreed to begin talks towards a broad trade agreement. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=39th_G8_summit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/G8#History" title="G8">Group of Six</a> (G6), started in 1975, was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. This select few became the <a href="/wiki/G8#History" title="G8">Group of Seven</a> (G7) starting in 1976 when <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> joined. The Group of Eight was formed with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-saunders1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saunders1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> has been formally included in summits since 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_what_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters_what-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> and Germany's chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> as they conceived the <a href="/wiki/1st_G6_summit" title="1st G6 summit">initial summit</a> of the Group of Six in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-reinalda205_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reinalda205-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The G8 summits during the twenty-first century have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for activist pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-bond1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bond1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current form of the G8 is being evaluated. Some reports attribute resistance to the relatively smaller powers such as the UK, Canada, and Japan, who are said to perceive a dilution of their global stature. Alternately, a larger forum for global governance may be more reflective of the present multi-polar world.<sup id="cite_ref-kumar_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kumar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forum is in a process of transformation by expanded membership and by other changes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_local_dangers">Location and local dangers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=39th_G8_summit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location and local dangers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnificent_view_over_Lower_Lough_Erne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_473345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Magnificent_view_over_Lower_Lough_Erne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_473345.jpg/220px-Magnificent_view_over_Lower_Lough_Erne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_473345.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Magnificent_view_over_Lower_Lough_Erne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_473345.jpg/330px-Magnificent_view_over_Lower_Lough_Erne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_473345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Magnificent_view_over_Lower_Lough_Erne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_473345.jpg/440px-Magnificent_view_over_Lower_Lough_Erne_-_geograph.org.uk_-_473345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Lower Lough Erne</figcaption></figure> <p>The date and location of the summit was announced by British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> in November 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-cameron_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cameron-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mark Simpson, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s Ireland Correspondent, the British government chose Fermanagh for two main reasons: history and geography.<sup id="cite_ref-cameron_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cameron-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">formation of Northern Ireland</a> in 1921, there has been tension and violence between its two main communities. The <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">unionist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> community (who are mostly Protestant) generally want Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom, while the <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republican</a> community (who are mostly Catholic) generally want it to leave the United Kingdom and join a <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">united Ireland</a>. From the late 1960s until the late 1990s, these two communities and the British state were involved in an ethno-nationalist conflict known as the <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Troubles</a>, in which over 3,500 people were killed. A <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">peace process</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Belfast Agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefires</a> by the paramilitary groups involved (such as the republican <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional IRA</a>, the loyalist <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> government of David Cameron is a unionist one. By holding it in Northern Ireland, Cameron "will hope it sends the message to the rest of the world that the peace process has worked and normality has returned".<sup id="cite_ref-cameron_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cameron-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second reason is geography. G8 summits have always drawn large demonstrations, but Fermanagh's geography will make it hard for protesters. Much of the Lough Erne Resort is surrounded by water and almost all of the roads within 30 miles are <a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">single carriageway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cameron_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cameron-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lodges_at_Lough_Erne_Resort.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lodges_at_Lough_Erne_Resort.JPG/220px-Lodges_at_Lough_Erne_Resort.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lodges_at_Lough_Erne_Resort.JPG/330px-Lodges_at_Lough_Erne_Resort.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lodges_at_Lough_Erne_Resort.JPG/440px-Lodges_at_Lough_Erne_Resort.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Lodges at Lough Erne Resort</figcaption></figure> <p>Some have criticized the decision to hold the summit in Northern Ireland, due to ongoing protests and small-scale violence by both republicans and loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Provisional IRA called a ceasefire at the end of the Troubles, <a href="/wiki/Dissident_republican" title="Dissident republican">dissident republican</a> splinter groups have <a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_Republican_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissident Irish Republican campaign">continued its paramilitary campaign</a>. The main groups involved in this low-intensity campaign are the <a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real IRA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity IRA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann_(Real_IRA_splinter_group)" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)">Óglaigh na hÉireann</a>. Security sources expected that these groups would try to launch an attack during the summit, which "would hijack global headlines".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 March 2013, a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> was defused 16 miles (26 km) from the Lough Erne Resort. Republican group Óglaigh na hÉireann said it had planned to detonate it at the hotel but had to abort the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was also the possibility of disruption and violence involving loyalists and nationalists. The summit took place during the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">marching season</a>, when Protestant and loyalist groups (such as the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a>) hold parades throughout Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a tense time in Northern Ireland and it often results in clashes between the two main communities. From December 2012 through to December 2013, loyalists <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall_flag_protests" title="Belfast City Hall flag protests">held daily street protests</a> against the decision to lessen the number of days the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> flies from <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall" title="Belfast City Hall">Belfast City Hall</a>. Some of these protests sparked rioting. Protesters discussed holding a Union Jack protest at the G8 summit.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_preparations">Security preparations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=39th_G8_summit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Security preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a> (PSNI) mounted a huge security operation in County Fermanagh, at <a href="/wiki/Belfast_International_Airport" title="Belfast International Airport">Belfast International Airport</a> (where many of the G8 leaders arrived) and in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>. The police operation involved about 8,000 officers: 4,500 from the PSNI and 3,500 who were drafted in from other parts of the UK. They were also trained in PSNI riot tactics and to drive its armoured vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-heavyhand_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heavyhand-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lough Erne Resort was surrounded by a four-mile long metal fence and razor wire.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lower Lough Erne was made off-limits to the general public<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an air corridor between Belfast and the Resort was made a no-fly zone during the summit. British Army <a href="/wiki/Boeing_CH-47_Chinook" title="Boeing CH-47 Chinook">Chinook</a> and <a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101" title="AgustaWestland AW101">Merlin</a> helicopters were used to escort political leaders and their entourages to and from the Resort.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PSNI also bought <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">surveillance drones</a> to help police the summit, while in Belfast, landmark buildings were guarded round-the-clock.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PSNI said it would "uphold the right to peaceful protest" but that there were to be "consequences" for any protesters who broke the law. More than 100 cells at Northern Ireland's high-security prison, <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Maghaberry" title="HM Prison Maghaberry">Maghaberry</a>, were set aside for any violent protesters<sup id="cite_ref-heavyhand_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heavyhand-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a temporary cell block was built in <a href="/wiki/Omagh" title="Omagh">Omagh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g8courts_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g8courts-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone arrested during protests at or near the resort were taken to the Omagh holding centre to be questioned and held before going to court.<sup id="cite_ref-g8courts_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g8courts-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixteen judges were put on standby to preside over special court sittings.<sup id="cite_ref-g8courts_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g8courts-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PSNI <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(police)" title="Superintendent (police)">superintendent</a> Paula Hilman said "We will be able to have a detained person processed, interviewed if required, charged, and appear before the court in a very short time, in a matter of hours".<sup id="cite_ref-g8courts_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g8courts-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some protest groups feared that the PSNI would use the dissident republican threat as an excuse for repressive measures against protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-heavyhand_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heavyhand-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Administration_of_Justice" title="Committee on the Administration of Justice">Committee on the Administration of Justice</a> (CAJ) planned to send human rights observers to monitor the PSNI. CAJ deputy director Daniel Holder said his organization was "firmly and absolutely opposed to the use of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bullet" title="Plastic bullet">plastic bullets</a>", which he said had been fired on 12 occasions in Northern Ireland over the past year.<sup id="cite_ref-heavyhand_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heavyhand-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, almost 1,000 officers from the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> mounted a security operation along <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">the border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight temporary border checkpoints were manned by Garda units backed up by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Irish Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-garda_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garda-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Garda's elite tactical team, the <a href="/wiki/Garda_Emergency_Response_Unit" title="Garda Emergency Response Unit">Emergency Response Unit</a> (ERU), and the special operations forces from the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_(Ireland)" title="Defence Forces (Ireland)">Defence Forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Army_Ranger_Wing" title="Army Ranger Wing">Army Ranger Wing</a> (ARW), were deployed on land and water to secure the border from unauthorised crossings.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the delegations attending the summit stayed in the Republic,<sup id="cite_ref-garda_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garda-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and protesters announced their intention to hold demonstrations in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. Like in Northern Ireland, a special court had also been set up in the Republic to deal with protesters who were arrested there. The court operated day and night at <a href="/wiki/Cloverhill_Prison" title="Cloverhill Prison">Cloverhill Prison</a> in Dublin. Suspects remanded in custody would then be moved through a tunnel from the courthouse to the adjoining jail.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, American warships were deployed off the coast of <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> as security measures.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cost of the summit Was expected to be about £60 million. The Northern Ireland government Paid £6 million and the British government Paid for the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leaders_at_the_summit">Leaders at the summit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=39th_G8_summit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leaders at the summit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_at_G8_summit,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg/250px-Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg/375px-Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg/500px-Barack_Obama_and_Vladimir_Putin_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>US President Barack Obama with Russian President Vladimir Putin at the summit</figcaption></figure> <p>The attendees included the leaders of the eight G8 member states, as well as representatives of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. A number of national leaders, and heads of international organizations, are traditionally invited to attend the summit and to participate in some, but not all, G8 summit activities. </p><p>The 39th G8 summit was the first and only summit for <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Letta" title="Enrico Letta">Enrico Letta</a>. It was also the last summit for <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and Russia overall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participants">Participants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=39th_G8_summit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Participants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:Gainsboro"><b><a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">Core G8 members</a></b><br /><small>Host state and leader are shown in bold text.</small> </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center;"> <th colspan="2">Member </th> <th>Represented by </th> <th>Title </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Letta" title="Enrico Letta">Enrico Letta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">Commission President</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">Council President</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:Gainsboro"><b>Guest Invitees (Countries)</b><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center;"> <th colspan="2">Member </th> <th>Represented by </th> <th>Title </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enda_Kenny" title="Enda Kenny">Enda Kenny</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agenda">Agenda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=39th_G8_summit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Agenda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trade_and_Investment_meeting_at_G8_summit,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Trade_and_Investment_meeting_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg/250px-Trade_and_Investment_meeting_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Trade_and_Investment_meeting_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg/375px-Trade_and_Investment_meeting_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Trade_and_Investment_meeting_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg/500px-Trade_and_Investment_meeting_at_G8_summit%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership meeting at the G8 summit on 17 June 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Officially, tax evasion and transparency were the themes of the summit. However, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> dominated the agenda. According to Cameron, it was also the most difficult issue addressed. A declaration signed by the eight nations outlines a seven-point plan for Syria. It calls for more humanitarian aid, "[maximizing] diplomatic pressure" aiming for <a href="/wiki/Syrian_conflict_peace_proposals" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian conflict peace proposals">peace talks</a>, backing a transitional government, "[learning] the lessons of Iraq" by maintaining Syria public institutions, ridding the country of terrorists, condemning the use of chemical weapons "by anyone", and instilling a new non-sectarian government.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They called for UN investigations into the use of chemical weapons with the promise that whoever had used them would be punished. Although Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> was not mentioned by name in the declaration, Cameron said it was "unthinkable" that he would remain in power.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agreements were also reached on global <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_sharing" title="Data sharing">data sharing</a>. The G8 nations agreed to tight rules on corporate tax that sometimes allow companies to shift income from one nation to another to avoid taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They agreed that <a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">shell</a> companies should have to disclose their true owners, and that it should be easy for any G8 nation to obtain this information. Going forward, corporate and individual tax information will be shared automatically to help detect tax fraud and evasion.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> was assigned to gather data on how multinationals evade taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The G8 nations agreed that oil, gas, and mining companies should report payments from the government, and likewise that the government should report the resources they obtain.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measure was aimed at helping developing countries collect taxes from first-world companies operating in their territories.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A declaration to stop paying ransom demands for kidnap victims was also signed.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summit the United States and the European Union announced they would enter into trade deal negotiations. Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> said the EU and Canada were close to wrapping up a similar deal after years of negotiations which should not be affected by the US-EU announcement.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harper and Obama also had an informal meeting to discuss border relations during the summit. Harper said they discussed "a range of Canada-US issues that you would expect, obviously the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline" title="Keystone Pipeline">Keystone Pipeline</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_participating_leaders">Gallery of participating leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=39th_G8_summit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery of participating leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Core_G7_participants">Core G7 participants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=39th_G8_summit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Core G7 participants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canada Stephen Harper, Prime Minister"><img alt="Canada Stephen Harper, Prime Minister" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg/88px-Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg/131px-Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg/175px-Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_-_2017_(27869823159)_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="France François Hollande, President"><img alt="France François Hollande, President" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_-_2017_%2827869823159%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/90px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_-_2017_%2827869823159%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_-_2017_%2827869823159%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/135px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_-_2017_%2827869823159%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_-_2017_%2827869823159%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/180px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande_-_2017_%2827869823159%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2041" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angela_Merkel_2019_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Germany Angela Merkel, Chancellor"><img alt="Germany Angela Merkel, Chancellor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Angela_Merkel_2019_cropped.jpg/86px-Angela_Merkel_2019_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Angela_Merkel_2019_cropped.jpg/129px-Angela_Merkel_2019_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Angela_Merkel_2019_cropped.jpg/172px-Angela_Merkel_2019_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="2747" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic_of_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)">Chancellor</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrico_Letta_daticamera.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italy Enrico Letta, Prime Minister"><img alt="Italy Enrico Letta, Prime Minister" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Enrico_Letta_daticamera.jpg/87px-Enrico_Letta_daticamera.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Enrico_Letta_daticamera.jpg/130px-Enrico_Letta_daticamera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Enrico_Letta_daticamera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Letta" title="Enrico Letta">Enrico Letta</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_20120501_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japan Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister"><img alt="Japan Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_20120501_%28cropped%29.jpg/89px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_20120501_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_20120501_%28cropped%29.jpg/134px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_20120501_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_20120501_%28cropped%29.jpg/179px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_20120501_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_-_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russia Vladimir Putin, President"><img alt="Russia Vladimir Putin, President" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Vladimir_Putin_-_2012.jpg/83px-Vladimir_Putin_-_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Vladimir_Putin_-_2012.jpg/125px-Vladimir_Putin_-_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Vladimir_Putin_-_2012.jpg/167px-Vladimir_Putin_-_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="3586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Cameron_official.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="United Kingdom David Cameron, Prime Minister (Host)"><img alt="United Kingdom David Cameron, Prime Minister (Host)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Cameron_official.jpg/90px-David_Cameron_official.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Cameron_official.jpg/135px-David_Cameron_official.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/David_Cameron_official.jpg/180px-David_Cameron_official.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> (Host)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama,_2012_portrait_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Barack Obama, President"><img alt="United States Barack Obama, President" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/92px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/138px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/185px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1739" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herman_Van_Rompuy_675.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="European Union Herman Van Rompuy, Council President"><img alt="European Union Herman Van Rompuy, Council President" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Herman_Van_Rompuy_675.jpg/90px-Herman_Van_Rompuy_675.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Herman_Van_Rompuy_675.jpg/135px-Herman_Van_Rompuy_675.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Herman_Van_Rompuy_675.jpg/180px-Herman_Van_Rompuy_675.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1463" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">Council President</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="European Union José Manuel Barroso, Commission President"><img alt="European Union José Manuel Barroso, Commission President" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_%28cropped%29.jpg/86px-Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_%28cropped%29.jpg/173px-Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="994" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">Commission President</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enda_Kenny_(2012)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ireland European Union Invited leader Enda Kenny, Taoiseach, and current chair of the rotating EU Presidency[26][27][28]"><img alt="Ireland European Union Invited leader Enda Kenny, Taoiseach, and current chair of the rotating EU Presidency[26][27][28]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Enda_Kenny_%282012%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/86px-Enda_Kenny_%282012%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Enda_Kenny_%282012%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/129px-Enda_Kenny_%282012%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Enda_Kenny_%282012%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/171px-Enda_Kenny_%282012%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="2266" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></b><br /><b>Invited leader</b> <br /><a href="/wiki/Enda_Kenny" title="Enda Kenny">Enda Kenny</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a>, and current chair of the rotating <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">EU Presidency</a><sup id="cite_ref-EU-Presidencies-ireland01_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-Presidencies-ireland01-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RTÉ-Kenny01_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTÉ-Kenny01-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IrishTimes-Kenny01_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IrishTimes-Kenny01-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=39th_G8_summit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">List of G8 summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_G20_summits" title="List of G20 summits">List of G20 summits</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=39th_G8_summit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cameron-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cameron_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cameron_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cameron_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cameron_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cameron_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-foyle-west-20407937">"What Makes Fermanagh an Attractive G8 Location"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 20 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Makes+Fermanagh+an+Attractive+G8+Location&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-foyle-west-20407937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A39th+G8+summit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saunders1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saunders1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders, Doug. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080704.wG8-analysis05/BNStory/International/columnists">"Weight of the world too heavy for G8 shoulders,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011063004/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080704.wG8-analysis05/BNStory/International/columnists">Archived</a> 11 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Globe and Mail</i> (Toronto). 5 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters_what-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuters_what_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuters: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081023185037/http://uk.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUKB26280520080703?sp=true">"Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?"</a>, 3 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reinalda205-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reinalda205_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC&dq=G7+summit&pg=PA205"><i>Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations,</i> p. 205.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bond1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bond1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g8.html">"Influencing Policy on International Development: G8,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513215909/http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g8.html">Archived</a> 13 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BOND (British Overseas NGOs for Development). 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kumar-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kumar_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar, Rajiv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2009/10/07/g20-tangible-results-of-pittsburgh/">"Tangible Results of Pittsburgh,"</a> <i>Financial Chronicle.</i> 30 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional Record Service, R40977: Nelson, Rebecca M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/134990.pdf">"Implications of the transition from G-7 to G20," pp. 22–26.</a> <i>The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress,</i> 9 December 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/lough-erne-g8-venue">G8 Summit venue: Lough Erne</a> Gov.UK, 6 February 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130419222912/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/g8-summit/northern-ireland-needs-g8-summit-in-fermanagh-like-a-hole-in-the-head-warns-green-mla-29102441.html">"Northern Ireland needs G8 summit in Fermanagh like a hole in the head, warns Green MLA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Belfast_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="The Belfast Telegraph">The Belfast Telegraph</a></i>, 1 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/news/Report-says-New-IRA-is-planning-terrorist-attack-on-G8-summit-in-Fermanagh-189253011.html">"Report says New IRA is planning terrorist attack on G8 summit in Fermanagh"</a>. IrishCentral. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/mar/25/terror-bomb-g8-northern-ireland">"Terror group claims car bomb was meant for Northern Ireland G8 summit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 25 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jarman, Neil. <i>Material Conflicts: Parades and Visual Displays in Northern Ireland</i>. Berg, 1997. p.209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fermanaghherald.com/2013/01/flag-protesters-warn-they-may-target-g8-summit/">"Flag protesters warn they may target G8 summit"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128154235/http://fermanaghherald.com/2013/01/flag-protesters-warn-they-may-target-g8-summit/">Archived</a> 28 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh_Herald" title="Fermanagh Herald">Fermanagh Herald</a></i>, 24 January 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heavyhand-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heavyhand_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heavyhand_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heavyhand_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heavyhand_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-22656779">"Anti-G8 protesters fear 'heavy-handed' police response"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 1 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130624211441/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/g8-summit/fortress-ulster-the-g8-lockdown-begins-as-obama-and-co-head-to-fermanagh-29344358.html">"Fortress Ulster – the G8 lockdown begins as Obama and Co head to Fermanagh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph" title="Belfast Telegraph">Belfast Telegraph</a></i>, 14 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-22293300">"Lower Lough Erne: Police to close lake for G8"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 25 April 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130624211527/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/northern-ireland/area-to-become-nofly-zone-for-g8-29333871.html">"Area to become no-fly zone for G8"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph" title="Belfast Telegraph">Belfast Telegraph</a></i>, 10 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u.tv/News/24-hour-security-for-Belfast-landmarks/55d797e8-c2e8-4803-ad82-c5963fe4717e">"24-hour security for Belfast landmarks"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613092932/http://www.u.tv/news/24-hour-security-for-Belfast-landmarks/55d797e8-c2e8-4803-ad82-c5963fe4717e">Archived</a> 13 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/UTV_News" class="mw-redirect" title="UTV News">UTV News</a>, 10 June 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g8courts-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g8courts_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g8courts_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g8courts_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g8courts_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-22843825">"G8: Courts 'can deal with 260 protest arrests a day'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 11 June 2013. 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Retrieved 16 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihs.com/products/global-insight/industry-economic-report.aspx?id=1065980172">"Anti-capitalist and republican security threats dominate preparations for G8 summit in Northern Ireland"</a>. IHS Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 16 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/obamas-clan-plan-to-avoid-g8-protests-29348020.html">Obama's clan plan to avoid G8 protests</a> Sunday Independent, 16 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-22750661">"Executive will pay £6m of £60m bill for G8 summit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 3 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU-Presidencies-ireland01-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU-Presidencies-ireland01_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU-Presidencies-ireland01_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/about-eu/institutions-bodies/council-eu/index_en.htm">"Council of the European Union"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>Presidencies 2011–2020 ... Ireland January–June 2013.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+the+European+Union&rft.pub=European+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Fabout-eu%2Finstitutions-bodies%2Fcouncil-eu%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A39th+G8+summit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RTÉ-Kenny01-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RTÉ-Kenny01_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RTÉ-Kenny01_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2013/0615/456786-belfast-g8/">"Enda Kenny says G8 summit an Irish opportunity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_News" title="RTÉ News">RTÉ News</a>. 16 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>As chair of the rotating EU Presidency, Mr Kenny will attend talks on the fringes of the proceedings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enda+Kenny+says+G8+summit+an+Irish+opportunity&rft.pub=RT%C3%89+News&rft.date=2013-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2013%2F0615%2F456786-belfast-g8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A39th+G8+summit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IrishTimes-Kenny01-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IrishTimes-Kenny01_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IrishTimes-Kenny01_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeesley2013" class="citation news cs1">Beesley, Arthur (18 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/us-and-eu-leaders-approve-wide-ranging-trade-talks-1.1432368">"US and EU leaders approve wide-ranging trade talks – Deal approved on sidelines of G8 summit in Fermanagh has potential to generate revenue in excess of €300 billion for global economy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The potential is enormous. We would see several thousand jobs for Ireland coming out of this", said Taoiseach Enda Kenny after talks on the sideslines of the G8 summit with US president Barack Obama and the leaders of Britain, Germany, France and Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=US+and+EU+leaders+approve+wide-ranging+trade+talks+%E2%80%93+Deal+approved+on+sidelines+of+G8+summit+in+Fermanagh+has+potential+to+generate+revenue+in+excess+of+%E2%82%AC300+billion+for+global+economy&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft.aulast=Beesley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fus-and-eu-leaders-approve-wide-ranging-trade-talks-1.1432368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A39th+G8+summit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/g8-leaders-agree-to-7-point-plan-on-syria-as-summit-wraps-1.1329796">"G8 leaders agree to 7-point plan on Syria as summit wraps"</a>. CBC News. 18 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=G8+leaders+agree+to+7-point+plan+on+Syria+as+summit+wraps&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fg8-leaders-agree-to-7-point-plan-on-syria-as-summit-wraps-1.1329796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A39th+G8+summit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22956374">"G8 leaders agree tax evasion measures"</a>. BBC. 18 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=G8+leaders+agree+tax+evasion+measures&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-22956374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A39th+G8+summit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ireland had been the current chair (January–June 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-EU-Presidencies-ireland01_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-Presidencies-ireland01-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the rotating <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">EU Presidency</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RTÉ-Kenny01_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTÉ-Kenny01-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its leader was invited for talks on the sidelines of the summit about a US–EU trade deal.<sup id="cite_ref-IrishTimes-Kenny01_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IrishTimes-Kenny01-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=39th_G8_summit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G6<br />(1975)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_G6_summit" title="1st G6 summit">1st</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rambouillet" title="Rambouillet">Rambouillet</a> 1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G7<br />(1976–1996)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_G7_summit" title="2nd G7 summit">2nd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dorado,_Puerto_Rico" title="Dorado, Puerto Rico">Dorado</a> 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_G7_summit" title="3rd G7 summit">3rd</a> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_G7_summit" title="4th G7 summit">4th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> 1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_G7_summit" title="5th G7 summit">5th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_G7_summit" title="6th G7 summit">6th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_G7_summit" title="7th G7 summit">7th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Montebello,_Quebec" title="Montebello, Quebec">Montebello</a> 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_G7_summit" title="8th G7 summit">8th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a> 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_G7_summit" title="9th G7 summit">9th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a> 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_G7_summit" title="10th G7 summit">10th</a> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> 1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_G7_summit" title="11th G7 summit">11th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G7_summit" title="12th G7 summit">12th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> 1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_G7_summit" title="13th G7 summit">13th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> 1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_G7_summit" title="14th G7 summit">14th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> 1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_G7_summit" title="15th G7 summit">15th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grande_Arche" title="Grande Arche">Grande Arche</a> 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_G7_summit" title="16th G7 summit">16th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_G7_summit" title="17th G7 summit">17th</a> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_G7_summit" title="18th G7 summit">18th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> 1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_G7_summit" title="19th G7 summit">19th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_G7_summit" title="20th G7 summit">20th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_G7_summit" title="21st G7 summit">21st</a> (<a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_G7_summit" title="22nd G7 summit">22nd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> 1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G8<br />(1997–2013)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/23rd_G8_summit" title="23rd G8 summit">23rd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_G8_summit" title="24th G8 summit">24th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_G8_summit" title="25th G8 summit">25th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_G8_summit" title="26th G8 summit">26th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Kyusyu-Okinawa</a> 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_G8_summit" title="27th G8 summit">27th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_G8_summit" title="28th G8 summit">28th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kananaskis_Village" title="Kananaskis Village">Kananaskis</a> 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_G8_summit" title="29th G8 summit">29th</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian-les-Bains" title="Évian-les-Bains">Évian-les-Bains</a> 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_G8_summit" title="30th G8 summit">30th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_Island,_Georgia" title="Sea Island, Georgia">Sea Island</a> 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_G8_summit" title="31st G8 summit">31st</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gleneagles_Hotel" title="Gleneagles Hotel">Gleneagles</a> 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_G8_summit" title="32nd G8 summit">32nd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/33rd_G8_summit" title="33rd G8 summit">33rd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heiligendamm" title="Heiligendamm">Heiligendamm</a> 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/34th_G8_summit" title="34th G8 summit">34th</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dyako,_Hokkaido" title="Tōyako, Hokkaido">Hokkaido-Toyako</a> 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/35th_G8_summit" title="35th G8 summit">35th</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%27Aquila" title="L'Aquila">L'Aquila</a> 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/36th_G8_summit" title="36th G8 summit">36th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Ontario" title="Huntsville, Ontario">Huntsville</a> 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/37th_G8_summit" title="37th G8 summit">37th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deauville" title="Deauville">Deauville</a> 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_G8_summit" title="38th G8 summit">38th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a> 2012)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">39th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lough_Erne" title="Lough Erne">Lough Erne</a> 2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G7<br />(2014–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/40th_G7_summit" title="40th G7 summit">40th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/41st_G7_summit" title="41st G7 summit">41st</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schloss_Elmau" title="Schloss Elmau">Schloss Elmau</a> 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_G7_summit" title="42nd G7 summit">42nd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shima,_Mie" title="Shima, Mie">Ise-Shima</a> 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_G7_summit" title="43rd G7 summit">43rd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Taormina</a> 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_G7_summit" title="44th G7 summit">44th</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_Malbaie" title="La Malbaie">La Malbaie</a> 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_G7_summit" title="45th G7 summit">45th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a> 2019)</li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/46th_G7_summit" title="46th G7 summit">46th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a> 2020)</s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_G7_summit" title="47th G7 summit">47th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbis_Bay" title="Carbis Bay">Carbis Bay</a> 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/48th_G7_summit" title="48th G7 summit">48th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schloss_Elmau" title="Schloss Elmau">Schloss Elmau</a> 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/49th_G7_summit" title="49th G7 summit">49th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_G7_summit" title="50th G7 summit">50th</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fasano" title="Fasano">Fasano</a> 2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/51st_G7_summit" title="51st G7 summit">51st</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kananaskis_Village" title="Kananaskis Village">Kananaskis</a> 2025)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barack_Obama518" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama" title="Template talk:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barack_Obama518" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">44th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2009–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">from Illinois</a> (2005–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senator</a> from the 13th district (1997–2004)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois Senate career</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">U.S. Senate career</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">Political positions</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Administration foreign policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Barack Obama administration">Cannabis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance" title="Barack Obama on mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">Space</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Wing_Week" title="West Wing Week">West Wing Week</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Transition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">2009 inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2013 inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="First 100 days of the Barack Obama presidency">First 100 days</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Timeline</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2009)">2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2010)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2010)">2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2011)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2011)">2011</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2012)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2012)">2012</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2013)">2013</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2014)">2014</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2015)">2015</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)">2016</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016%E2%80%932017)#January_2017" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)">January 2017</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Middle East</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Iraq withdrawal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">Benghazi attack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Return to Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">War in Syria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Pivot to Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama Doctrine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="European foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economic policy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy</a>/Environmental</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marine_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Marine policy of the Barack Obama administration">Marine policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Healthy,_Hunger-Free_Kids_Act_of_2010" title="Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010">Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moving_Ahead_for_Progress_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act">MAP-21st Century Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fixing_America%27s_Surface_Transportation_Act" title="Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act">FAST Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">Pardons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama">Presidential trips</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2009)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2009)">2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2010)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2010)">2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2011)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2011)">2011</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2012)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2012)">2012</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2013)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2013)">2013</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2014)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2014)">2014</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2015)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2015)">2015</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2016%E2%80%9317)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2016–17)">2016–17</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama">international</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama">Judicial appointments</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination">Sotomayor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination">Kagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination">Garland</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Barack_Obama" title="Cabinet of Barack Obama">Cabinet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Presidential Library and Center</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of executive actions by Barack Obama">Executive actions</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Hussein_Obama/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Hussein Obama/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_memoranda_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential memoranda by Barack Obama">Memoranda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Obama/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Obama/Presidential Proclamations">Proclamations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">Trump transition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Estate" title="Plantation Estate">Plantation Estate</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books by Barack Obama">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i> (1995)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i> (2006)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)" title="Of Thee I Sing (book)"><i>Of Thee I Sing</i> (2010)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land"><i>A Promised Land</i> (2020)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama" title="Speeches of Barack Obama">Speeches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address">The Audacity of Hope</a>" (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_of_Senator_Barack_Obama_on_New_Hampshire_Primary_Night" class="extiw" title="s:Remarks of Senator Barack Obama on New Hampshire Primary Night">Yes We Can</a>" (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(speech)" title="A More Perfect Union (speech)">A More Perfect Union</a>" (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_election_victory_speech" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential election victory speech">Change Has Come to America</a>" (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama#Ceremony:_"A_New_Birth_of_Freedom"" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">A New Birth of Freedom</a>" (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/February_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/A_New_Beginning_(speech)" title="A New Beginning (speech)">A New Beginning</a>" (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2010 State of the Union Address">2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2011 State of the Union Address">2011</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2012 State of the Union Address">2012</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2013 State of the Union Address">2013</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2014 State of the Union Address">2014</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2015 State of the Union Address">2015</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2016 State of the Union Address">2016</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Tucson_memorial_speech" title="Barack Obama Tucson memorial speech">Tucson memorial speech</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Jobs_Act" title="American Jobs Act">Joint session of Congress (jobs)</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/You_didn%27t_build_that" title="You didn't build that">You didn't build that</a>" (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Selma_50th_anniversary_speech" title="Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech">Selma 50th anniversary</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_farewell_address" title="Barack Obama's farewell address">Farewell address</a> (2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama" title="Electoral history of Barack Obama">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illinois</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">State Senate</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#First_state_Senate_election,_1996" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">1996</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Second_state_Senate_election,_1998" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">1998</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Third_state_Senate_election,_2002" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">2002</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">U.S. House of Representatives</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election" title="2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election">2000</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">2008 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">GOP/conservative support</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_staff_members" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign staff members">staff members</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign">primary campaign</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">election</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">2012 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">election</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro" title="Lolo Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> (stepfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro-Ng</a> (maternal half-sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham">Stanley Armour Dunham</a> (maternal grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham" title="Madelyn Dunham">Madelyn Dunham</a> (maternal grandmother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auma_Obama" title="Auma Obama">Auma Obama</a> (paternal half-sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malik_Obama" title="Malik Obama">Malik Obama</a> (paternal half-brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marian_Robinson" title="Marian Robinson">Marian Robinson</a> (mother-in-law)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Robinson_(basketball)" title="Craig Robinson (basketball)">Craig Robinson</a> (brother-in-law)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bo_(dog)" title="Bo (dog)">Bo</a> (family dog)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sunny_(dog)" title="Sunny (dog)">Sunny</a> (family dog)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama" title="Template talk:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_image211" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News and <br /> political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey%27s_endorsement_of_Barack_Obama" title="Oprah Winfrey's endorsement of Barack Obama">Oprah Winfrey's endorsement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">Citizenship conspiracy theories</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation" title="Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation">litigation</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">Religion conspiracy theories</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers_2008_presidential_election_controversy" title="Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy">Bill Ayers controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy" title="Jeremiah Wright controversy">Jeremiah Wright controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">Republican and conservative support (2008)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Barack_Obama" title="Security incidents involving Barack Obama">Assassination threats</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Denver" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Denver">2008 Denver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Tennessee" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Tennessee">2008 Tennessee</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invitations_to_the_first_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Invitations to the first inauguration of Barack Obama">First inauguration invitations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/We_Are_One:_The_Obama_Inaugural_Celebration_at_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial">Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Briefing_Book" title="Citizen's Briefing Book">Citizen's Briefing Book</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_arrest_controversy#Presidential_involvement" title="Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy">Gates–Crowley Rose Garden meeting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Firing_of_Shirley_Sherrod" title="Firing of Shirley Sherrod">Firing of Shirley Sherrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Barack_Obama" title="Efforts to impeach Barack Obama">Impeachment efforts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_tan_suit_controversy" title="Barack Obama tan suit controversy">Tan suit controversy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books about Barack Obama">Books about</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama" title="Bibliography of Barack Obama">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power" title="Obama: From Promise to Power">Obama: From Promise to Power</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_Der_schwarze_Kennedy" title="Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy">Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Redemption_Song_(Stanage_book)" title="Redemption Song (Stanage book)">Redemption Song</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Barack_Obama" title="The Case Against Barack Obama">The Case Against Barack Obama</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Nation" title="The Obama Nation">The Obama Nation</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Corruption" title="Culture of Corruption">Culture of Corruption</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(Morris_and_McGann_book)" title="Catastrophe (Morris and McGann book)">Catastrophe</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barack_and_Michelle" title="Barack and Michelle">Barack and Michelle</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sharpley-Whiting_book)" title="The Speech (Sharpley-Whiting book)">The Speech</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Story" title="The Obama Story">The Obama Story</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Between_Barack_and_a_Hard_Place" title="Between Barack and a Hard Place">Between Barack and a Hard Place</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Game_Change" title="Game Change">Game Change</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Obama_Zombies" title="Obama Zombies">Obama Zombies</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Victory" title="Conservative Victory">Conservative Victory</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama" title="The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama">The Bridge</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Diaries" title="The Obama Diaries">The Obama Diaries</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Syndrome" title="The Obama Syndrome">The Obama Syndrome</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Identity" title="The Obama Identity">The Obama Identity</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/O:_A_Presidential_Novel" title="O: A Presidential Novel">O: A Presidential Novel</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Where%27s_the_Birth_Certificate%3F" title="Where's the Birth Certificate?">Where's the Birth Certificate?</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Obama%27s_Last_Stand" title="Obama's Last Stand">Obama's Last Stand</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story" title="Barack Obama: The Story">Barack Obama: The Story</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Down:_Game_Change_2012" title="Double Down: Game Change 2012"> Game Change 2012</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_Remorse_(book)" title="Buyer's Remorse (book)">Buyer's Remorse</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(book)" title="Rising Star (book)">Rising Star</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Shade:_A_Tale_of_Two_Presidents" title="Shade: A Tale of Two Presidents">Shade</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_It_Is_(book)" title="The World as It Is (book)">The World as It Is</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amber_Lee_Ettinger" title="Amber Lee Ettinger">Obama Girl</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Crush_on_Obama" title="Crush on Obama">I Got a Crush... on Obama</a>"</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro#Barack_Obama" title="Magical Negro">Barack the Magic Negro</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Will.i.am" title="Will.i.am">will.i.am</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)" title="Yes We Can (will.i.am song)">Yes We Can</a>"</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/The_President_Sang_Amazing_Grace" title="The President Sang Amazing Grace">The President Sang Amazing Grace</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/There%27s_No_One_as_Irish_as_Barack_O%27Bama" title="There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama">There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD_Se_Puede_Cambiar" title="Sí Se Puede Cambiar">Sí Se Puede Cambiar</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/My_President" title="My President">My President</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Deadheads_for_Obama" title="Deadheads for Obama">Deadheads for Obama</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Air_and_Simple_Gifts" title="Air and Simple Gifts">Air and Simple Gifts</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Change_Is_Now:_Renewing_America%27s_Promise" title="Change Is Now: Renewing America's Promise">Change Is Now</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hope!_%E2%80%93_Das_Obama_Musical" title="Hope! – Das Obama Musical">Hope! – Das Obama Musical</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_vs._Mitt_Romney_(video)" title="Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney (video)">Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Baracksdubs" title="Baracksdubs">Barack's Dubs</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Signed,_Sealed,_Delivered_I%27m_Yours#Political_significance" title="Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours">Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours</a>"</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film, TV, <br /> and stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/By_the_People:_The_Election_of_Barack_Obama" title="By the People: The Election of Barack Obama">By the People: The Election of Barack Obama</a></i> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Change_(film)" title="Change (film)">Change</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Obama_Anak_Menteng" title="Obama Anak Menteng">Obama Anak Menteng</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/2016:_Obama%27s_America" title="2016: Obama's America">2016: Obama's America</a></i> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_We%27ve_Traveled" title="The Road We've Traveled">The Road We've Traveled</a></i> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Southside_with_You" title="Southside with You">Southside with You</a></i> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton">Hillary and Clinton</a></i> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barry_(2016_film)" title="Barry (2016 film)">Barry</a></i> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Great_Divide" title="America's Great Divide">America's Great Divide</a></i> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/We_the_People_(2021_TV_series)" title="We the People (2021 TV series)">We the People</a></i> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Renegades:_Born_in_the_USA" title="Renegades: Born in the USA">Renegades: Born in the USA</a></i> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Obama:_In_Pursuit_of_a_More_Perfect_Union" title="Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union">Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union</a></i> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a></i> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_the_Obamas" title="Picturing the Obamas">Picturing the Obamas</a></i> (2022)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Images of Barack Obama">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Barack_Obama" title="Social media use by Barack Obama">Social media use</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Artists_for_Obama" title="Artists for Obama">Artists for Obama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Hope%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Hope" poster">"Hope" poster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Joker%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Joker" poster">"Joker" poster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hair_Like_Mine" title="Hair Like Mine"><i>Hair Like Mine</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)"><i>Situation Room</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iman_Crosson" title="Iman Crosson">Iman Crosson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Man_(painting)" title="The Forgotten Man (painting)">The Forgotten Man</a></i> (2010 painting)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/President_Barack_Obama_(painting)" title="President Barack Obama (painting)">President Barack Obama</a></i> (2018 portrait)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Obama_logo" title="Obama logo">Obama logo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_in_comics" title="Barack Obama in comics">In comics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_summer_playlist" title="Barack Obama's summer playlist">Barack Obama's summer playlist</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day (Illinois)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Obama_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama Day">Obama Day (Kenya)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Barack Obama">Awards and honors</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">Namesakes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Ground_Productions" title="Higher Ground Productions">Higher Ground Productions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/One_Last_Time_(Hamilton_song)#Remix" title="One Last Time (Hamilton song)">One Last Time (44 Remix)</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sunlight_before_signing" title="Sunlight before signing">Sunlight before signing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. 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