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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>The Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_and_consciousness_raising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_and_consciousness_raising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Beginning and consciousness raising</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beginning_and_consciousness_raising-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beginning and consciousness raising subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beginning_and_consciousness_raising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_liberal_feminist_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_liberal_feminist_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The liberal feminist movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_liberal_feminist_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_radical_feminist_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_radical_feminist_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The radical feminist movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_radical_feminist_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Businesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Businesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Businesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Businesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Music and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music and popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"I_Am_Woman"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"I_Am_Woman""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>"I Am Woman"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"I_Am_Woman"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olivia_Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olivia_Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Olivia Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olivia_Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Women's music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German-speaking_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-speaking_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>German-speaking Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-speaking_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Association_of_women_filmworkers_of_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_of_women_filmworkers_of_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1.1</span> <span>Association of women filmworkers of Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_of_women_filmworkers_of_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social changes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_changes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social changes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_of_birth_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_birth_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Use of birth control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_birth_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_violence_and_sexual_harassment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_violence_and_sexual_harassment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Domestic violence and sexual harassment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_violence_and_sexual_harassment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_and_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_and_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sex and sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_and_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title_IX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_IX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Title IX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_IX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coeducation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coeducation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Coeducation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coeducation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seven_Sisters_Colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Sisters_Colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Seven Sisters Colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_Sisters_Colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mississippi_University_for_Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mississippi_University_for_Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Mississippi University for Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mississippi_University_for_Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mills_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mills_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Mills College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mills_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.4</span> <span>Other colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الموجة النسوية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموجة النسوية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A2%E0%A7%8C%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="দ্বিতীয় ঢৌৰ নাৰীবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দ্বিতীয় ঢৌৰ নাৰীবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminizmin_ikinci_dal%C4%9Fas%C4%B1" title="Feminizmin ikinci dalğası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Feminizmin ikinci dalğası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="নারীবাদের দ্বিতীয় তরঙ্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নারীবাদের দ্বিতীয় তরঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Втора вълна на феминизма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втора вълна на феминизма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_onada_de_teoria_feminista" title="Segona onada de teoria feminista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona onada de teoria feminista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anden_b%C3%B8lge_af_feminisme" title="Anden bølge af feminisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anden bølge af feminisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminismus#Zweite_Welle" title="Feminismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feminismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teise_laine_feminism" title="Teise laine feminism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teise laine feminism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φεμινισμός δεύτερου κύματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φεμινισμός δεύτερου κύματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_ola_del_feminismo" title="Segunda ola del feminismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda ola del feminismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970eko_hamarkadako_mugimendu_feminista" title="1970eko hamarkadako mugimendu feminista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1970eko hamarkadako mugimendu feminista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="موج دوم فمینیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موج دوم فمینیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_vague_f%C3%A9ministe" title="Deuxième vague féministe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deuxième vague féministe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_onda_do_feminismo" title="Segunda onda do feminismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Segunda onda do feminismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%84%B8%EB%8C%80_%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="제2세대 여성주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2세대 여성주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Ֆեմինիզմի երկրորդ ալիք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆեմինիզմի երկրորդ ալիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="नारीवादी आंदोलन की दूसरी लहर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नारीवादी आंदोलन की दूसरी लहर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_feminisme_kedua" title="Gelombang feminisme kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gelombang feminisme kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_ondata_femminista" title="Seconda ondata femminista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda ondata femminista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="הגל השני של הפמיניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגל השני של הפמיניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC)" title="Втор бран (феминизам) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Втор бран (феминизам)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F" title="स्त्रीवादाची दुसरी-लाट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्त्रीवादाची दुसरी-लाट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminisme_gelombang_kedua" title="Feminisme gelombang kedua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Feminisme gelombang kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_feministische_golf" title="Tweede feministische golf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede feministische golf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%81%D8%B1" title="نسائیت دی دوسری لہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نسائیت دی دوسری لہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_%DA%85%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="دويمه څپه فيمينيزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دويمه څپه فيمينيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminizm_drugiej_fali" title="Feminizm drugiej fali – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Feminizm drugiej fali" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_onda_do_feminismo" title="Segunda onda do feminismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda onda do feminismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вторая волна феминизма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая волна феминизма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Second-wave feminism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85_%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="دووەم شەپۆلی فێمێنیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دووەم شەپۆلی فێمێنیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Други талас феминизма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Други талас феминизма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminizam_drugog_vala" title="Feminizam drugog vala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Feminizam drugog vala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_v%C3%A5gens_feminism" title="Andra vågens feminism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra vågens feminism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இரண்டாம் அலைப் பெண்ணியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் அலைப் பெண்ணியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Феминизмның икенче дулкыны – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Феминизмның икенче дулкыны" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_dalga_feminizm" title="İkinci dalga feminizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İkinci dalga feminizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Фемінізм другої хвилі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фемінізм другої хвилі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%81%D8%B1" title="نسائیت کی دوسری لہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نسائیت کی دوسری لہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="第二波女性主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Gender-critical</span> or <span class="nowrap">trans-exclusionary</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">Feminists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American feminist literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_anthems" title="List of feminist anthems">Feminist songs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Feminist art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Feminist economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist 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href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations">Women's suffrage organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_by_country" title="Category:Women's rights by country">Women's rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">Feminists by nationality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Second-wave feminism</b> was a period of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> activity that began in the early 1960s and lasted roughly two decades, ending with the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">feminist sex wars</a> in the early 1980s<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">third-wave feminism</a> in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurred throughout the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and aimed to increase women's equality by building on the <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">feminist gains of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</a> </p><p>Second-wave feminism built on <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">first-wave feminism</a> and broadened the scope of debate to include a wider range of issues: sexuality, family, domesticity, the workplace, <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a>, <i>de facto</i> inequalities, and official legal inequalities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First-wave feminism typically advocated for <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity#Formal_equality_of_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">formal equality</a> and second-wave feminism advocated for <a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">substantive equality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-v819_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v819-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a movement focused on critiquing patriarchal or male-dominated institutions and cultural practices throughout society.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second-wave feminism also brought attention to issues of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a>, created <a href="/wiki/Rape_crisis_centre" title="Rape crisis centre">rape crisis centers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_shelter" title="Women's shelter">women's shelters</a>, and brought about changes in custody law and divorce law. Feminist-owned <a href="/wiki/Feminist_bookstore" title="Feminist bookstore">bookstores</a>, credit unions, and restaurants were among the key meeting spaces and economic engines of the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because white feminists' voices have dominated the narrative from the early days of the movement, typical narratives of second-wave feminism focus on the sexism encountered by white middle- and upper-class women, with the absence of black and other women of color and the experience of working-class women, although women of color wrote and founded feminist political activist groups throughout the movement, especially in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time some narratives present a perspective that focuses on events in the United States to the exclusion of the experiences of other countries. Writers like <a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a> argued that this homogenized vision of "sisterhood" could not lead to real change because it ignored factors of one's identity such as race, sexuality, age, and class.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "<a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a>" was coined in 1989 by <a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a> at the end of the second wave. Many scholars believe that the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">third wave feminism</a> was due to the problems of the second wave, rather than just another movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_in_the_United_States">Overview in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States#Second-wave_feminism" title="Feminism in the United States">Feminism in the United States § Second-wave feminism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement_in_North_America" title="Women's liberation movement in North America">Women's liberation movement in North America</a></div> <p>The second wave of feminism in the United States came as a delayed reaction against the renewed domesticity of women after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: the late 1940s <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">post-war boom</a>, which was an era characterized by an unprecedented economic growth, a <a href="/wiki/Baby_boom" title="Baby boom">baby boom</a>, a move to family-oriented suburbs and the ideal of companionate marriages. During this time, women did not tend to seek employment due to their engagement with domestic and household duties, which was seen as their primary duty but often left them isolated within the home and estranged from politics, economics, and law making. This life was clearly illustrated by the media of the time; for example television shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Father_Knows_Best" title="Father Knows Best">Father Knows Best</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Leave_It_to_Beaver" title="Leave It to Beaver">Leave It to Beaver</a></i> idealized domesticity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some important events laid the groundwork for the second wave, specifically the work of French writer <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> in the 1940s where she examined the notion of women being perceived as "other" in the patriarchal society. Simone de Beauvoir was an existentialist, meaning she believed in the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. She went on to conclude in her 1949 treatise <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> that male-centered ideology was being accepted as a norm and enforced by the ongoing development of myths, and that the fact that women are capable of getting pregnant, lactating, and menstruating is in no way a valid cause or explanation to place them as the "second sex".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book was translated from French to English (with some of its text excised) and published in America in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">Food and Drug Administration</a> approved the <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral contraceptive pill</a>, which was made available in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made it easier for women to have careers without having to leave due to unexpectedly becoming pregnant. It also meant young couples would not be routinely forced into unwanted marriages due to accidental pregnancies. </p><p>Though it is widely accepted that the movement lasted from the 1960s into the early 1980s, the exact years of the movement are more difficult to pinpoint and are often disputed. The movement is usually believed to have begun in 1963, when <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a></i>, and President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Presidential Commission on the Status of Women</a> released its report on gender inequality. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_F._Kennedy_(President%27s_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women)_-_NARA_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_F._Kennedy_%28President%27s_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women%29_-_NARA_cropped.jpg/210px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_F._Kennedy_%28President%27s_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women%29_-_NARA_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_F._Kennedy_%28President%27s_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women%29_-_NARA_cropped.jpg/315px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_F._Kennedy_%28President%27s_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women%29_-_NARA_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_F._Kennedy_%28President%27s_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women%29_-_NARA_cropped.jpg/420px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_F._Kennedy_%28President%27s_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women%29_-_NARA_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="1555" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_285B9C3362534FFF8494B95922E3240B">Prospects of Mankind with Eleanor Roosevelt; What Status For Women?</a>, 59:07, 1962.<br /><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, chair of the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, interviews President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, Secretary of Labor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur Goldberg</a> and others, <a href="/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation" title="WGBH Educational Foundation">Open Vault from WGBH</a><sup id="cite_ref-wgbhov_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbhov-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The administration of President Kennedy made women's rights a key issue of the <a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a>, and named women (such as <a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a>) to many high-ranking posts in his administration.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy also established a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Presidential Commission on the Status of Women</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> and comprising cabinet officials (including Peterson and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>), senators, representatives, businesspeople, psychologists, sociologists, professors, activists, and public servants.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report recommended changing this inequality by providing paid maternity leave, greater access to education, and help with child care to women.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were other actions by women in wider society, presaging their wider engagement in politics which would come with the second wave. In 1961, 50,000 women in 60 cities, mobilized by <a href="/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace" title="Women Strike for Peace">Women Strike for Peace</a>, protested above ground testing of nuclear bombs and tainted milk.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg/220px-American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg/330px-American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg/440px-American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women" title="American Association of University Women">American Association of University Women</a> members with President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> as he signs the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act</a> into law in 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1963, Betty Friedan, influenced by Simone de Beauvoir's ground-breaking, feminist <i>The Second Sex</i>, wrote the bestselling book <i>The Feminine Mystique</i>. Discussing primarily white women, she explicitly objected to how women were depicted in the mainstream media, and how placing them at home (as 'housewives') limited their possibilities and wasted potential. She had helped conduct a very important survey using her old classmates from <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a>. This survey revealed that the women who work in the workforce while also playing a role in the home were more satisfied with their life compared with the women who stayed home. The women who stayed home showed feelings of agitation and sadness. She concluded that many of these unhappy women had immersed themselves in the idea that they should not have any ambitions outside their home.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedan described this as "The Problem That Has No Name".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perfect <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> image depicted and strongly marketed at the time, she wrote, did not reflect happiness and was rather degrading for women.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book is widely credited with having begun second-wave feminism in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problems of the nuclear family in America are also heteronormative and is utilized often as a marketing strategy to sell goods within a capitalist driven society.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The report from the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, along with Friedan's book, spoke to the discontent of many women (especially <a href="/wiki/Homemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Homemaker">housewives</a>) and led to the formation of local, state, and federal government women's groups along with many independent feminist organizations. Friedan was referencing a "movement" as early as 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement grew with legal victories such as the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act of 1963</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> ruling of 1965. In 1966 Friedan joined other women and men to found the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> (NOW); Friedan would be named as the organization's first president.<sup id="cite_ref-fredianfap_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fredianfap-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the early successes NOW achieved under Friedan's leadership, her decision to pressure the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> (EEOC) to use Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to enforce more job opportunities among American women met with fierce opposition within the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-fredianfap_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fredianfap-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siding with arguments among several of the group's African-American members,<sup id="cite_ref-fredianfap_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fredianfap-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of NOW's leaders were convinced that the vast number of male African-Americans who lived below the poverty line were in need of more job opportunities than women within the middle and upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarber2004257_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarber2004257-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedan stepped down as president in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, freelance journalist <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a> gained widespread popularity among feminists after a diary she authored while working undercover as a <a href="/wiki/Playboy_Bunny" title="Playboy Bunny">Playboy Bunny</a> waitress at the <a href="/wiki/Playboy_Club" title="Playboy Club">Playboy Club</a> was published as a two-part feature in the May and June issues of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Show_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Show (magazine) (page does not exist)">Show</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarber2004150_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarber2004150-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her diary, Steinem alleged the club was mistreating its waitresses in order to gain male customers and exploited the Playboy Bunnies as symbols of male chauvinism, noting that the club's manual instructed the Bunnies that "there are many pleasing ways they can employ to stimulate the club's liquor volume".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarber2004150_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarber2004150-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1968, Steinem had become arguably the most influential figure in the movement and support for legalized <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and federally funded day-cares had become the two leading objectives for feminists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarber2004377_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarber2004377-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the most significant legal victories of the movement after the formation of NOW were a 1967 Executive Order extending full <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> rights to women, a 1968 EEOC decision ruling illegal sex-segregated help wanted ads, <a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">Title IX</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Educational_Equity_Act" title="Women's Educational Equity Act">Women's Educational Equity Act</a> (1972 and 1974, respectively, educational equality), <a href="/wiki/Title_X" title="Title X">Title X</a> (1970, health and family planning), the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> (1974), the <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_Discrimination_Act_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978">Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978</a>, the outlawing of <a href="/wiki/Spousal_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Spousal rape">marital rape</a> (although not outlawed in all states until 1993<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and the legalization of <a href="/wiki/No-fault_divorce" title="No-fault divorce">no-fault divorce</a> (although not legalized in all states until 2010<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), a 1975 law requiring the U.S. Military Academies to admit women, and many Supreme Court cases such as <i><a href="/wiki/Reed_v._Reed" title="Reed v. Reed">Reed v. Reed</a></i> of 1971 and <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> of 1973. However, the changing of social attitudes towards women is usually considered the greatest success of the women's movement. In January 2013, US Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> announced that the longtime ban on women serving in US military combat roles had been lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-ppippav_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppippav-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">US Department of Defense</a> (DoD) announced their plan to integrate women into all combat positions by 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-ppippav_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppippav-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Second-wave feminism also affected other movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Student_activism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Student activism in the United States">student's rights movement</a>, as women sought equality within them. In 1965 in "Sex and Caste", a reworking of a memo they had written as staffers in civil-rights organizations <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">SNCC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casey_Hayden" title="Casey Hayden">Casey Hayden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_King_(political_scientist)" title="Mary King (political scientist)">Mary King</a> proposed that "assumptions of male superiority are as widespread and deep rooted and every much as crippling to the woman as the assumptions of white supremacy are to the Negro", and that in the movement, as in society, women can find themselves "caught up in a common-law caste system".<sup id="cite_ref-Sex_and_Caste_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sex_and_Caste-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dear_Sisters_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dear_Sisters-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1967, <a href="/wiki/Jo_Freeman" title="Jo Freeman">Jo Freeman</a> attended a "free school" course on women at the University of Chicago led by <a href="/wiki/Heather_Booth" title="Heather Booth">Heather Booth</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Weisstein" title="Naomi Weisstein">Naomi Weisstein</a>. She invited them to organize a woman's workshop at the then-forthcoming <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Conference_of_New_Politics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Conference of New Politics (page does not exist)">National Conference of New Politics</a> (NCNP), to be held over <a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> weekend 1967 in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. At that conference, a woman's caucus was formed (led by Freeman and <a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Shulamith Firestone</a>), who tried to present their own demands to the plenary session.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the women were told their resolution was not important enough for a floor discussion, and when through threatening to tie up the convention with procedural motions they succeeded in having their statement tacked to the end of the agenda, it was never discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-jofreeman.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jofreeman.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the National Conference for New Politics (NCNP) Director William F. Pepper refused to recognize any of the women waiting to speak and instead called on someone to speak about <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indians</a>, five women, including Firestone, rushed the podium demanding to know why.<sup id="cite_ref-jofreeman.com_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jofreeman.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Willam F. Pepper allegedly patted Firestone on the head and said, "Move on little girl; we have more important issues to talk about here than women's liberation", or possibly, "Cool down, little girl. We have more important things to talk about than women's problems."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jofreeman.com_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jofreeman.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freeman and Firestone called a meeting of the women who had been at the "free school" course and the women's workshop at the conference; this became the first Chicago <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">women's liberation</a> group. It was known as the Westside group because it met weekly in Freeman's apartment on Chicago's west side. After a few months, Freeman started a newsletter which she called <i>Voice of the women's liberation movement.</i> It circulated all over the country (and in a few foreign countries), giving the new movement of women's liberation its name. Many of the women in the Westside group went on to start other feminist organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Women%27s_Liberation_Union" title="Chicago Women's Liberation Union">Chicago Women's Liberation Union</a>. </p><p>In 1968, an <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">SDS</a> organizer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> told a meeting about white college men working with poor white men, and "[h]e noted that sometimes after analyzing societal ills, the men shared leisure time by 'balling a chick together.' He pointed out that such activities did much to enhance the political consciousness of poor white youth. A woman in the audience asked, 'And what did it do for the consciousness of the chick?<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (Hole, Judith, and Ellen Levine, <i>Rebirth of Feminism</i>, 1971, pg. 120).<sup id="cite_ref-jofreeman.com_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jofreeman.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the meeting, a handful of women formed <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>'s first women's liberation group.<sup id="cite_ref-jofreeman.com_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jofreeman.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "second-wave feminism" itself was brought into common parlance by American journalist Martha Lear in a March 1968 <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a></i> article titled "The Second Feminist Wave: What Do These Women Want?".<sup id="cite_ref-lear2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lear2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wrote, "Proponents call it the Second Feminist Wave, the first having ebbed after the glorious victory of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">suffrage</a> and disappeared, finally, into the great sandbar of Togetherness."<sup id="cite_ref-lear2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lear2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 323">: 323 </span></sup> The term <i>wave</i> helped link the generation of suffragettes who fought for legal rights to the feminists of the 1960s and '70s. It is now used to not only distinguish the different priorities in feminism throughout the years but to establish an overarching fight for equity and equality as a way of understanding its history. This metaphor however is critiqued by feminists as it generalizes the contradictions within the movement and the different beliefs that feminists hold.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some black feminists who were active in the early second-wave feminism include civil rights lawyer and author <a href="/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy" title="Florynce Kennedy">Florynce Kennedy</a>, who co-authored one of the first books on abortion, 1971's <i>Abortion Rap</i>; Cellestine Ware, of New York's <a href="/wiki/Stanton-Anthony_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanton-Anthony Brigade">Stanton-Anthony Brigade</a>; and Patricia Robinson. These women "tried to show the connections between racism and male dominance" in society. </p><p>The Indochinese Women's Conferences (IWC) in Vancouver and Toronto in 1971, demonstrated the interest of a multitude of women's groups in the Vietnam Antiwar movement. Lesbian groups, women of color, and Vietnamese groups saw their interests mirrored in the anti-imperialist spirit of the conference. Although the IWC used a Canadian venue, membership was primarily composed of American groups.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ideals of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">liberal feminism</a> worked towards the idea of women's equality with that of men because liberal feminists felt that women and men have the same intrinsic capabilities and that society has socialized certain skills out.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This elimination of difference works to erase sexism by working within a pre-existing system of oppression rather than challenging the system itself. Working towards equality preserves a system by giving everyone the same opportunities regardless of their privilege whereas the framework of equity would address problems in society and find solutions to target the problem at hand.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second wave of the feminist movement also marks the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">women's studies</a> as a legitimate field of study. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_State_University" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State University</a> was the first university in the United States to offer a selection of women's studies courses.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/1977_National_Women%27s_Conference" title="1977 National Women's Conference">1977 National Women's Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, presented an opportunity for women's liberation groups to address a multitude of women's issues. At the conference, delegates from around the country gathered to create a <a href="/wiki/1977_National_Women%27s_Conference#National_Plan_of_Action" title="1977 National Women's Conference">National Plan of Action</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which offered 26 planks on matters such as women's health, women's employment, and child care.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_paul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alice Paul stands before the Woman Suffrage Amendment's ratification banner." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alice_paul.jpg/170px-Alice_paul.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alice_paul.jpg/255px-Alice_paul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alice_paul.jpg/340px-Alice_paul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a>, whose passage became an unachieved goal of the feminist movement in the 1970s.</figcaption></figure><p> By the early 1980s, it was largely perceived that women had met their goals and succeeded in changing social attitudes towards gender roles, repealing oppressive laws that were based on sex, integrating the "boys' clubs" such as <a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">military academies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, single-sex colleges, men's clubs, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>, and making gender discrimination illegal. However, in 1982, adding the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> failed, having been ratified by only 35 states, leaving it three states short of ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Second-wave feminism was largely successful, with the failure of the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>'s veto of the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Child_Development_Bill_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Child Development Bill of 1972">Comprehensive Child Development Bill of 1972</a> (which would have provided a multibillion-dollar national day care system) the only major legislative defeats. Efforts to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment have continued. Ten states have adopted constitutions or constitutional amendments providing that equal rights under the law shall not be denied because of sex, and most of these provisions mirror the broad language of the Equal Rights Amendment. Furthermore, many women's groups are still active and are major political forces. As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, more women earn <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degrees</a> than men,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> half of the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> presidents are women, the numbers of women in government and traditionally male-dominated fields have dramatically increased, and in 2009 the percentage of women in the American workforce temporarily surpassed that of men.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The salary of the average American woman has also increased over time, although as of 2008 it is only 77% of the average man's salary, a phenomenon often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">gender pay gap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether this is due to discrimination is very hotly disputed, however economists and sociologists have provided evidence to that effect.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement was also fought alongside the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicano_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicano movement">Chicano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation</a> movements, where many feminists were active participants throughout these fights for a voice in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many historians view the second-wave feminist era in America as ending in the early 1980s with intra-feminism disputes of the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">feminist sex wars</a> over issues such as <a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">sexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">pornography</a>, which ushered in the era of <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">third-wave feminism</a> in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-end_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-end-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""The_Feminine_Mystique""><span id=".22The_Feminine_Mystique.22"></span>"The Feminine Mystique"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: "The Feminine Mystique""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betty_Naomi_Goldstein_Friedan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Betty_Naomi_Goldstein_Friedan.jpg/88px-Betty_Naomi_Goldstein_Friedan.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Betty_Naomi_Goldstein_Friedan.jpg/132px-Betty_Naomi_Goldstein_Friedan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Betty_Naomi_Goldstein_Friedan.jpg/176px-Betty_Naomi_Goldstein_Friedan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="2941" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a></i> in 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> published her book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Friedan_20102_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedan_20102-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> addressing the issues that many white-middle class housewives were facing at the time. Friedan's work catalyzed the second wave, and in particular the liberal feminist sector of the movement. Her work gave these women the language to be able to articulate the dissatisfaction they felt in their role of being a mother and a wife. Friedan coined the term "Feminine Mystique" to recognize the romanticization of being a "happy housewife" perpetuated by media such as TV and magazines and that women should feel satisfied with housework, marriage, child-rearing, and passivity around the home unit. Women were always seen as relational to the other people in their life and were not encouraged to have their own identity as a person with their own life and interests beyond the home. They are either seen as someone's wife or someone's mother. Women who read her work were able to realize that they were not alone in their feelings. Friedan's work only brought to life a problem experienced by a certain group of women however which left out women of color and who belonged to other marginalized groups since many of these people had to work outside the home for a source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_outside_the_United_States">Overview outside the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview outside the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, at the <a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Alliance of Women</a> Congress held in London, delegates were made aware of an initiative by the <a href="/wiki/UN_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Commission on the Status of Women">UN Commission on the Status of Women</a> to study and evaluate the situation of women in their countries. Many organizations and NGOs like the Association of Business and Professional Women, <a href="/wiki/Soroptimists" class="mw-redirect" title="Soroptimists">Soroptimists Clubs</a>, as well as teaching and nursing associations developed committees in response to the initiative to prepare evaluations on the conditions of women and urge their governments to establish National Commissions on the Status of Women.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> second-wave feminism began in the 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Merle_Thornton#Regatta_Hotel_protest" title="Merle Thornton">Regatta Hotel protest</a> in 1965 that challenged the ban on women being served drinks in public bars in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a><sup id="cite_ref-:Australia2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Australia2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marked the beginning of second wave feminist action in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> and gained significant media coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kay_Saunders" title="Kay Saunders">Kay Saunders</a> notes, "when you use the term ‘‘second wave’’ it actually started in Brisbane."<sup id="cite_ref-:Australia2_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Australia2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970 the law was changed to allow women to be served drinks in public bars in Queensland.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, feminism again became a part of debate in Finland after the publication of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna-Liisa_Sysiharjun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna-Liisa Sysiharjun (page does not exist)">Anna-Liisa Sysiharjun</a>'s <i>Home, Equality and Work</i> (1960) and <a href="/wiki/Elina_Haavio-Mannila" title="Elina Haavio-Mannila">Elina Haavio-Mannilan</a>'s <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Suomalainen nainen ja mies</i></span> (1968),<sup id="cite_ref-Mickwitz_2007_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mickwitz_2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the student feminist group <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yhystis_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yhystis 9 (page does not exist)">Yhystis 9</a> (1966–1970) addressed issues such as the need for free abortions.<sup id="cite_ref-Mickwitz_2007_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mickwitz_2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970 there was a brief but strong women's movement belonging to second wave feminism. <a href="/wiki/Rape_in_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape in marriage">Rape in marriage</a> was not considered a crime at the time, and victims of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Finland">domestic violence</a> had few places to go. Feminists also fought for a <a href="/wiki/Day-care" class="mw-redirect" title="Day-care">day-care</a> system that would be open to the public, and for the right for not only paid maternity leave but also paternity leave. Today there is a 263-day <a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">parental leave</a> in Finland. It is illegal to <a href="/wiki/Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">discriminate</a> against <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">women in the workforce</a>. Two feminist groups were created to help the movement: The Marxist-Feminists (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Marxist-Feministerna</i></span>) and The Red Women (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Rödkäringarna</i></span>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Puna-akat</i></span>). The feminists in Finland were inspired by other European countries such as <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Switzerland" title="Women in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. Other important groups for the Finnish women in the 1970s include <a href="/wiki/Naisasialiitto_Unioni" title="Naisasialiitto Unioni">Unioni</a> and The Feminists (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Feministit-</i></span><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Feministerna</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism_in_Germany" title="Second-wave feminism in Germany">Second-wave feminism in Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Film">§ Film</a></div> <p>During the 1960s several German feminist groups were founded, which were characterized as the second wave.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Women%27s_Liberation_Movement" title="Irish Women's Liberation Movement">Irish Women's Liberation Movement</a> was an alliance of a group of Irish women who were concerned about the sexism within Ireland both socially and legally. They first began after a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin's</a> Bewley's Cafe on <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Street" title="Grafton Street">Grafton Street</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They later had their meetings in <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Gaj" title="Margaret Gaj">Margaret Gaj</a>'s restaurant on <a href="/wiki/Baggot_Street" title="Baggot Street">Baggot Street</a> every Monday.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group was short-lived, but influential.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially started with twelve women, most of whom were <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the co-founders was <a href="/wiki/June_Levine" title="June Levine">June Levine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, a group of Irish feminists (including <a href="/wiki/June_Levine" title="June Levine">June Levine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Kenny" title="Mary Kenny">Mary Kenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nell_McCafferty" title="Nell McCafferty">Nell McCafferty</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ir%C3%ADn_Johnston" title="Máirín Johnston">Máirín Johnston</a>, and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Women%27s_Liberation_Movement" title="Irish Women's Liberation Movement">Irish Women's Liberation Movement</a>) travelled to <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, on the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_Train" title="Contraceptive Train">Contraceptive Train</a>" and returned with <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a>, which were then illegal in Ireland. </p><p>In 1973, a group of feminists, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Tweedy" title="Hilda Tweedy">Hilda Tweedy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Housewives_Association" title="Irish Housewives Association">Irish Housewives Association</a>, set up the Council for the Status of Women, with the goal of gaining equality for women. It was an umbrella body for women's groups.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1990s the council's activities included supporting projects funded by the <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="European Social Fund">European Social Fund</a>, and running Women and Leadership Programmes and forums. In 1995, following a strategic review, it changed its name to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Council_of_Ireland" title="National Women's Council of Ireland">National Women's Council of Ireland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1960s in Spain saw a generational shift in Spanish feminist in response to other changes in Spanish society. This included increased emigration and tourism (resulting in the spread of ideas from the rest of the world), greater opportunities in education and employment for women and major economic reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feminism in the late Franco period and early transition period was not unified. It had many different political dimensions, however, they all shared a belief in the need for greater equality for women in Spain and a desire to defend the rights of women.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feminism moved from being about the individual to being about the collective.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this period that second-wave feminism arrived in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Second-wave Spanish feminism was about the struggle for the rights of women in the context of the dictatorship. PCE would start in 1965 to promote this movement with MDM, creating a feminist political orientation around building solidarity for women and assisting imprisoned political figures. MDM launched its movement in Madrid by establishing associations among the housewives of the <a href="/wiki/Tetu%C3%A1n_(Madrid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetuán (Madrid)">Tetuán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Getafe" title="Getafe">Getafe</a> in 1969. In 1972, Asociación Castellana de Amas de Casa y Consumidora was created to widen the group's ability to attract members.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Second-wave feminism entered the Spanish comic community by the early 1970s. It was manifested in Spanish comics in two ways. The first was that it increased the number of women involved in comics production as writers and artists. The second was it transformed how female characters were portrayed, making women less passive and less likely to be purely sexual beings.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>See also <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Feminism in Sweden</a></i></dd></dl> <p>In Sweden, second-wave feminism is mostly associated with <a href="/wiki/Group_8_(Sweden)" title="Group 8 (Sweden)">Group 8</a>, a feminist organization which was founded by eight women in Stockholm in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization took up various feminist issues such as demands for expansions of kindergartens, 6-hour working day, equal pay for equal work and opposition to pornography. Initially based in Stockholm, local groups were founded throughout the country. The influence of Group 8 on feminism in Sweden is still prevalent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Netherlands">The Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, "The Discontent of Women", by <a href="/wiki/Joke_Smit" title="Joke Smit">Joke Kool-Smits</a>, was published;<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the publication of this essay is often regarded as the start of second-wave feminism in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this essay, Smit describes the frustration of married women, saying they are fed up being solely mothers and housewives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning_and_consciousness_raising">Beginning and consciousness raising</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Beginning and consciousness raising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginnings of second-wave feminism can be studied by looking at the two branches that the movement formed in: the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminists" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal feminists">liberal feminists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">radical feminists.</a> The liberal feminists, led by figures such as Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem advocated for federal legislation to be passed that would promote and enhance the personal and professional lives of women.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, radical feminists, such as Casey Hayden and Mary King, adopted the skills and lessons that they had learned from their work with student organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> and created a platform to speak on the violent and sexist issues women faced while working with the larger <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_liberal_feminist_movement">The liberal feminist movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The liberal feminist movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a></div> <p>After being removed from the workforce, by either personal or <a href="/wiki/Social_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Social pressure">social pressures</a>, many women in the post-war America returned to the home or were placed into female only jobs in the service sector.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the publication of Friedan's <i>The Feminine Mystique</i> in 1963, many women connected to the feeling of isolation and dissatisfaction that the book detailed. The book itself, however, was not a call to action, but rather a plea for self-realization and <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_raising" title="Consciousness raising">consciousness raising</a> among middle-class women throughout America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen20008_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen20008-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these women organized to form the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> in 1966, whose "Statement of Purpose" declared that the right women had to equality was one small part of the nationwide civil rights revolution that was happening during the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen200078_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen200078-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_radical_feminist_movement">The radical feminist movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The radical feminist movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical feminism</a></div> <p>Women who favoured radical feminism collectively spoke of being forced to remain silent and obedient to male leaders in <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> organizations. They spoke out about how they were not only told to do clerical work such as stuffing envelopes and typing speeches, but there was also an expectation for them to sleep with the male activists that they worked with.<sup id="cite_ref-Shulman_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shulman-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these acts of sexual harassment took place, the young women were neglected their right to have their own needs and desires recognized by their male cohorts.<sup id="cite_ref-Shulman_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shulman-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many radical feminists had learned from these organizations how to think radically about their self-worth and importance, and applied these lessons in the relationships they had with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBrines201544_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBrines201544-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Businesses">Businesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Businesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Feminist activists have established a range of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_businesses" title="Feminist businesses">feminist businesses</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Feminist_bookstore" title="Feminist bookstore">women's bookstores</a>, feminist credit unions, feminist presses, feminist mail-order catalogs, feminist restaurants, and feminist record labels. These businesses flourished as part of the second and third waves of feminism in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Echols_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Echols-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In West Berlin sixteen projects emerged within three years (1974–76)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all without state funding (except the women's shelter). Many of those new concepts the social economy picked up later, some are still run autonomously today.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_and_popular_culture">Music and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Second-wave feminists viewed popular culture as sexist, and created pop culture of their own to counteract this. "One project of second wave feminism was to create 'positive' images of women, to act as a counterweight to the dominant images circulating in popular culture and to raise women's consciousness of their oppressions."<sup id="cite_ref-Arrow2007_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrow2007-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""I_Am_Woman""><span id=".22I_Am_Woman.22"></span>"I Am Woman"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: "I Am Woman""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/I_Am_Woman" title="I Am Woman">I Am Woman</a></div> <p>Australian artist <a href="/wiki/Helen_Reddy" title="Helen Reddy">Helen Reddy</a>'s 1972 song "<a href="/wiki/I_Am_Woman" title="I Am Woman">I Am Woman</a>" played a large role in popular culture and became a <a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist anthem">feminist anthem</a>; Reddy came to be known as a "feminist <a href="/wiki/Poster_child" title="Poster child">poster girl</a>" or a "feminist icon".<sup id="cite_ref-Arrow2007_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrow2007-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reddy told interviewers that the song was a "song of pride about being a woman".<sup id="cite_ref-Gourley_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gourley-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few weeks after "I Am Woman" entered the charts, radio stations refused to play it. Some music critics and radio stations believed the song represented "all that is silly in the Women's Lib Movement".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helen Reddy then began performing the song on numerous television variety shows. As the song gained popularity, women began calling radio stations and requesting to hear "I Am Woman" played. The song re-entered the charts and reached number one in December 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arrow2007_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrow2007-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aso.gov.au_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aso.gov.au-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2003_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2003-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated257_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated257-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1981_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1981-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suntimes1_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suntimes1-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I Am Woman" also became a protest song that women sang at feminist rallies and protests.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olivia_Records">Olivia Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Olivia Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Records" title="Olivia Records">Olivia Records</a></div> <p>In 1973, a group of five feminists created the first women's owned-and-operated record label, called <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Records" title="Olivia Records">Olivia Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wollman_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wollman-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They created the record label because they were frustrated that major labels were slow to add female artists to their rosters. One of Olivia's founders, Judy Dlugacz, said that, "It was a chance to create opportunities for women artists within an industry which at that time had few."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, they had a budget of $4,000, and relied on donations to keep Olivia Records alive. With these donations, Olivia Records created their first LP, an album of feminist songs entitled <i>I Know You Know.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:3_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The record label originally relied on volunteers and feminist bookstores to distribute their records, but after a few years their records began to be sold in mainstream record stores.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivia Records was so successful that the company relocated from Washington, D.C., to Los Angeles in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivia Records released several records and albums, and their popularity grew.<sup id="cite_ref-Wollman_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wollman-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As their popularity grew, an alternative, specialized music industry grew around it. This type of music was initially referred to as "lesbian music" but came to be known as "women's music".<sup id="cite_ref-Wollman_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wollman-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, although Olivia Records was initially meant for women, in the 1980s it tried to move away from that stereotype and encouraged men to listen to their music as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_music"><span id="Women.27s_music"></span>Women's music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Women's music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_music" title="Women's music">Women's music</a></div> <p>Women's music consisted of female musicians combined music with politics to express feminist ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cities throughout the United States began to hold Women's Music Festivals, all consisting of female artists singing their own songs about personal experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Women's Music Festival was held in 1974 at the University of Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Womyn%27s_Music_Festival" title="Michigan Womyn's Music Festival">Michigan Womyn's Music Festival</a> attracted 10,000 women from across America.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These festivals encouraged already-famous female singers, such as <a href="/wiki/Laura_Nyro" title="Laura Nyro">Laura Nyro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellen_McIlwaine" title="Ellen McIlwaine">Ellen McIllwaine</a>, to begin writing and producing their own songs instead of going through a major record label.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many women began performing hard rock music, a traditionally male-dominated genre. One of the most successful examples included the sisters Ann and Nancy Wilson, who formed the famous hard rock band <a href="/wiki/Heart_(band)" title="Heart (band)">Heart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German-speaking_Europe">German-speaking Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: German-speaking Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Film-_und_Fernsehakademie_Berlin" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsche Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin">Deutsche Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin</a> gave women a chance in film in Germany: from 1968 on one third of the students were female. Some of them - pioneers of the women's movement - produced feminist feature films: <a href="/wiki/Helke_Sander" title="Helke Sander">Helke Sander</a> in 1971 produced <i>Eine Prämie für Irene</i> [A Reward for Irene], and <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Perincioli" title="Cristina Perincioli">Cristina Perincioli</a> (although she was Swiss not German) in 1971 produced <i>Für Frauen – 1.Kap</i> [For Women – 1st Chapter]. </p><p>In West Germany <a href="/wiki/Helma_Sanders-Brahms" title="Helma Sanders-Brahms">Helma Sanders-Brahms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claudia_von_Alemann" title="Claudia von Alemann">Claudia von Alemann</a> produced feminist documentaries from 1970 on. </p><p>In 1973 Claudia von Alemann and Helke Sander organized the 1. Internationale Frauen-Filmseminar in Berlin. </p><p>In 1974 Helke Sander founded the journal <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauen_und_Film" class="extiw" title="de:Frauen und Film">Frauen und Film</a></i> – a first feminist film journal, which she edited until 1981. </p><p>In the 1970s in West Germany, women directors produced a whole series of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenfilm" class="extiw" title="de:Frauenfilm">Frauenfilm</a> - films focusing on women's personal emancipation. In the 1980s the <a href="/wiki/Goethe_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe Institute">Goethe Institute</a> brought a collection of German women's films to every corner of the world. "...here the term 'feminist filmmaking' does function to point to a filmmaking practice defining itself outside the masculine mirror. German feminism is one of the most active women's movements in Europe. It has gained access to television; engendered a spectrum of journals, a publishing house and a summer women's university in Berlin; inspired a whole group of filmmakers; ..." writes Marc Silberman in <i><a href="/wiki/Jump_Cut_(journal)" title="Jump Cut (journal)">Jump Cut</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But most of the women filmmakers did not see themselves as feminists, except <a href="/wiki/Helke_Sander" title="Helke Sander">Helke Sander</a><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Perincioli" title="Cristina Perincioli">Cristina Perincioli</a>. Perincioli stated in an interview: "Fight first ... before making beautiful art".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, she explains how she develops and shoots the film together with the women concerned: saleswomen, battered wives - and why she prefers to work with an all female team. Camera women were still so rare in the 1970 that she had to find them in Denmark and France. Working with an all women film crew Perincioli encouraged women to learn these then male dominated professions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Association_of_women_filmworkers_of_Germany">Association of women filmworkers of Germany</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Association of women filmworkers of Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, German women filmworkers formed the Association of women filmworkers<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was active for a few years. In 2014, a new attempt with Proquote Film (then as <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="de:">Proquote Regie</a><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) turned out to be successful and effective. A study by the University of Rostock shows that 42% of the graduates of film schools are female, but only 22% of the German feature films are staged by a woman director and are usually financially worse equipped. Similarly, women are disadvantaged in the other male-dominated film trades, where men even without education are preferred to the female graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initiative points out that the introduction of a quota system in Sweden has brought the proportion of women in key positions in film production around the same as the population share.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Swedish initiative calls also for a parity of film funding bodies and the implementation of a gradual women's quota for the allocation of film and television directing jobs in order to achieve a gender-equitable distribution. This should reflect the plurality of a modern society, because diversity can not be guaranteed if more than 80% of all films are produced by men. ProQuote Film is the third initiative with which women with a high share in their industry are fighting for more female executives and financial resources (see <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="de:">Pro Quote</a> Medien (2012) and Quote Medizin). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, both the creation and subjects of motion pictures began to reflect second-wave feminist ideals,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the development of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">feminist film theory</a>. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, female filmmakers that were involved in part of the new wave of feminist film included <a href="/wiki/Joan_Micklin_Silver" title="Joan Micklin Silver">Joan Micklin Silver</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Lines_(1977_film)" title="Between the Lines (1977 film)">Between the Lines</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Weill" title="Claudia Weill">Claudia Weill</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Girlfriends_(1978_film)" title="Girlfriends (1978 film)">Girlfriends</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Rothman" title="Stephanie Rothman">Stephanie Rothman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Seidelman" title="Susan Seidelman">Susan Seidelman</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Smithereens_(film)" title="Smithereens (film)">Smithereens</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Desperately_Seeking_Susan" title="Desperately Seeking Susan">Desperately Seeking Susan</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable films that explored feminist subject matters that were made at this time include the 1968 film <i><a href="/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_(film)" title="Rosemary's Baby (film)">Rosemary's Baby</a></i> and the 1971 film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Lois_Gould" title="Lois Gould">Lois Gould</a>'s 1970 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Such_Good_Friends" title="Such Good Friends">Such Good Friends</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2014 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/She%27s_Beautiful_When_She%27s_Angry" title="She's Beautiful When She's Angry">She's Beautiful When She's Angry</a></i> was the first <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> to cover feminism's second wave.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a></div> <p>Art during second wave feminism also flourished. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a>, the works and artists during the movement fought to give themselves representation in a field dominated by white men. Their works came in all different mediums and aimed to end oppression, challenge gender norms, and highlight the fraught art industry rooted in white patriarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Nochlin" title="Linda Nochlin">Linda Nochlin</a>'s essay "<a href="/wiki/Why_Have_There_Been_No_Great_Women_Artists%3F" title="Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?">Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?</a>" (1971) has become one of the most influential works that came from the movement and questions gender stereotypes for women in the art field as well as the definition of art as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_changes">Social changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Social changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_birth_control">Use of birth control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Use of birth control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finding a need to talk about the advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> passing their approval for the use of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> in 1960, liberal feminists took action in creating panels and workshops with the goal to promote conscious raising among sexually active women. These workshops also brought attention to issues such as <a href="/wiki/Venereal_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Venereal diseases">venereal diseases</a> and safe abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2000176_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2000176-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radical feminists also joined this push to raise awareness among sexually active women. While supporting the "Free Love Movement" of the late 1960s and early 1970s, young women on college campuses distributed pamphlets on birth control, sexual diseases, abortion, and cohabitation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBrines201566_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBrines201566-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While white women were concerned with obtaining birth control for all, women of color were at risk of sterilization because of these same medical and social advances: "Native American, African American, and Latina groups documented and publicized sterilization abuses in their communities in the 1960s and 70s, showing that women had been sterilized without their knowledge or consent... In the 1970s, a group of women... founded the Committee to End Sterilization Abuse (CESA) to stop this racist population control policy begun by the federal government in the 1940s – a policy that had resulted in the sterilization of over one-third of all women of child-bearing age in Puerto Rico."<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of forced sterilization disproportionately affected women of color and women from lower socioeconomic statuses. Sterilization was often done under the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>. Thirty states within the United States authorized legal sterilizations under eugenic sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_violence_and_sexual_harassment">Domestic violence and sexual harassment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Domestic violence and sexual harassment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second-wave feminist movement also took a strong stance against physical violence and sexual assault in both the home and the workplace. In 1968, <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">NOW</a> successfully lobbied the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> to pass an amendment to Title VII of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, which prevented discrimination based on sex in the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attention to women's rights in the workplace also prompted the EEOC to add sexual harassment to its "Guidelines on Discrimination", therefore giving women the right to report their bosses and coworkers for acts of sexual assault. </p><p>Domestic violence, such as battery and rape, were rampant in post-war America. Married women were often abused by their husbands, and as late as 1975 domestic battery and rape were both socially acceptable and legal as women were seen to be the possessions of their husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2000186,_183_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2000186,_183-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of activists in the second-wave feminist movement, and the local law enforcement agencies that they worked with, by 1982 three hundred shelters and forty-eight state coalitions had been established to provide protection and services for women who had been abused by male figures in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2000186_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2000186-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sex_and_sexuality">Sex and sexuality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sex and sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the time of the second wave, with fighting against the stereotype that women are supposed to be passive and submissive, this topic extended to women's pleasure regarding sex, emotion, and intimacy. In anatomy textbooks and works by authors including neurologist <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> before the 1950s, women's bodies in regards to sexuality and sexual intercourse were left out of the public eye and were instead centered around male pleasure. Through works like <a href="/wiki/Anne_Koedt" title="Anne Koedt">Anne Koedt</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Vaginal_Orgasm" title="The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm">The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm</a>" written in 1970, people could begin to break down the societal norm for male pleasure with a focus on the vaginal orgasm in heterosexual relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, author <a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a> also discussed this in her essay "<a href="/wiki/The_Erotic" title="The Erotic">Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power</a>". Lorde believed that the erotic is something that has been suppressed in women in order to keep them from feeling to their full potential in hopes of keeping them subservient. It is labeled as irrational and trivial so that women do not understand its full potential for power. Pornography to Lorde suppresses genuine emotion as it is only about the simulation of the senses.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The magazine "<a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)" title="Cosmopolitan (magazine)">Cosmopolitan</a>" also decided to rebrand their company as a women's magazine in 1965 coinciding with the second wave feminist movement. The editor in chief, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Gurley_Brown" title="Helen Gurley Brown">Helen Gurley Brown</a>, dedicated the magazine to focus on the modern, working, and independent woman so that they can find independence in themselves and embrace their sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The articles are however criticized by many for its unrealistic portrayal of women and how ultimately, the woman curated by the magazine end up playing into men's fantasies about what a woman should be. It is another form of control and rules for women to abide by.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kind of criticism was especially touched on by <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Wolf" title="Naomi Wolf">Naomi Wolf</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Beauty_Myth" title="The Beauty Myth">The Beauty Myth</a>" in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With emotion and the ability to be able to feel to the fullest extent for women, that comes with the idea of separate space. The need to find women-only space so that feminists can organize and work towards liberation. In advocating for these spaces, many accused them of being "radical - separatists" and/or "lesbians". Homophobia was also, and still is, very prevalent and while the intersectional experiences were not completely researched until years later, homophobia and sexism were always interconnected. With the <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation movement</a> and the second wave, people were afraid of the questions that both movements addressed that would change the foundation of a heterosexual, oppressive patriarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Lorde</a> speaks of this fear in her work "Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference" (1980) where she writes about how lesbians challenge the patriarchy and heteronormative society by creating a fear of a society that is no longer dependent on men.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_IX">Title IX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Title IX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">Title IX</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coeducation">Coeducation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Coeducation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One debate which developed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during this time period revolved around the question of <a href="/wiki/Coeducation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeducation">coeducation</a>. Most <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Men's colleges in the United States">men's colleges in the United States</a> adopted coeducation, often by merging with <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Women's colleges in the United States">women's colleges</a>. In addition, some women's colleges adopted coeducation, while others maintained a single-sex student body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seven_Sisters_Colleges">Seven Sisters Colleges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Seven Sisters Colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(colleges)" title="Seven Sisters (colleges)">Seven Sister colleges</a> made transitions during and after the 1960s. The first, <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_College" title="Radcliffe College">Radcliffe College</a>, merged with <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Beginning in 1963, students at Radcliffe received Harvard diplomas signed by the presidents of Radcliffe and Harvard and joint commencement exercises began in 1970. The same year, several Harvard and Radcliffe dormitories began swapping students experimentally and in 1972 full co-residence was instituted. The departments of <a href="/wiki/College_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="College athletics">athletics</a> of both schools merged shortly thereafter. In 1977, Harvard and Radcliffe signed an agreement which put undergraduate women entirely in Harvard College. In 1999, Radcliffe College was dissolved and Harvard University assumed full responsibility over the affairs of female undergraduates. Radcliffe is now the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Studies">Women's Studies</a> at Harvard University. </p><p>The second, <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a>, declined an offer to merge with <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and instead became coeducational in 1969. </p><p>The remaining Seven Sisters decided against coeducation. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a> engaged in a lengthy debate under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/David_Truman" title="David Truman">David Truman</a> over the issue of coeducation. On November 6, 1971, "after reviewing an exhaustive study on coeducation, the board of trustees decided unanimously that Mount Holyoke should remain a women's college, and a group of faculty was charged with recommending curricular changes that would support the decision."<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a> also made a similar decision in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a> (then all male) developed a system of sharing residential colleges. When Haverford became coeducational in 1980, Bryn Mawr discussed the possibly of coeducation as well, but decided against it.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> began admitting women after a decade of failed negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a> for a merger along the lines of Harvard and Radcliffe (Barnard has been affiliated with Columbia since 1900, but it continues to be independently governed). <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a> also decided against coeducation during this time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mississippi_University_for_Women">Mississippi University for Women</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mississippi University for Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, in a 5–4 decision, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_University_for_Women_v._Hogan" title="Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan">Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan</a></i> that the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_University_for_Women" title="Mississippi University for Women">Mississippi University for Women</a> would be in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> if it denied admission to its nursing program on the basis of gender. Mississippi University for Women, the first <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public or government institution</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Women's colleges in the United States">for women in the United States</a>, changed its admissions policies and became coeducational after the ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In what was her first opinion written for the Supreme Court, <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Justice Sandra Day O'Connor</a> stated, "In limited circumstances, a gender-based classification favoring one sex can be justified if it intentionally and directly assists members of the sex that is disproportionately burdened." She went on to point out that there are a disproportionate number of women who are nurses, and that denying admission to men "lends credibility to the old view that women, not men, should become nurses, and makes the assumption that nursing is a field for women a <a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">self-fulfilling prophecy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the dissenting opinions, Justices <a href="/wiki/Harry_A._Blackmun" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry A. Blackmun">Harry A. Blackmun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis F. Powell, Jr.">Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_H._Rehnquist" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Rehnquist">William H. Rehnquist</a> suggested that the result of this ruling would be the elimination of publicly supported single-sex educational opportunities. This suggestion has proven to be accurate as there are no public women's colleges in the United States today and, as a result of <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Virginia" title="United States v. Virginia">United States v. Virginia</a></i>, the last all-male public university in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a>, was required to admit women. The ruling did not require the university to change its name to reflect its <a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_education" title="Mixed-sex education">coeducational status</a> and it continues a tradition of academic and leadership development for women by providing <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a> and professional education to women and men.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mills_College">Mills College</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Mills College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 3, 1990, the Trustees of <a href="/wiki/Mills_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mills College">Mills College</a> announced that they had voted to admit male students.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision led to a two-week student and staff <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a>, accompanied by numerous displays of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolent</a> protests by the students.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one point, nearly 300 students blockaded the administrative offices and boycotted classes.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 18, the Trustees met again to reconsider the decision,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading finally to a reversal of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_colleges">Other colleges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lawrence_College" title="Sarah Lawrence College">Sarah Lawrence College</a> declined an offer to merge with <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, becoming coeducational in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_College" title="Connecticut College">Connecticut College</a> also adopted coeducation during the late 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Wells_College" title="Wells College">Wells College</a>, previously with a student body of women only, became co-educational in 2005. Douglass College, part of <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>, was the last publicly funded women's only college until 2007 when it became coed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some black and/or working class and poor women felt alienated by the main planks of the second-wave feminist movement, which largely advocated women's right to work outside the home and expansion of reproductive rights. Women of color and poor white women in the U.S. had been working outside of the home in blue-collar and service jobs for generations. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a> wrote that while Afro-American women and white women were subjected to multiple unwilled pregnancies and had to clandestinely <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abort</a>, Afro-American women were also suffering from <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">compulsory sterilization</a> programs that were not widely included in dialogue about reproductive justice. </p><p>Beginning in the late 20th century, numerous feminist scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> critiqued the second wave in the United States as reducing feminist activity into a homogenized and whitewashed chronology of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">feminist history</a> that ignores the voices and contributions of many <a href="/wiki/Women_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Women of color">women of color</a>, working-class women, and LGBT women.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second-wave feminist movement in the United States has been criticized for failing to acknowledge the struggles of women of color, and their voices were often silenced or ignored by white feminists.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">dominant historical narratives</a> of the feminist movement focuses on white, East Coast, and predominantly middle-class women and women's <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_raising" title="Consciousness raising">consciousness-raising</a> groups, excluding the experiences and contributions of lesbians, women of color, and working-class and lower-class women.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chela_Sandoval" title="Chela Sandoval">Chela Sandoval</a> called the dominant narratives of the women's liberation movement "<a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemonic</a> feminism" because it <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentializes</a> the feminist historiography to an exclusive population of women, which assumes that all women experience the same oppressions as the white, East Coast, and predominantly middle-class women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackwell201116_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackwell201116-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Feminist_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial Feminist Theory">Multiracial feminist theory</a> also confronts the second-wave feminist movement's focus on white middle-class women by arguing that it neglected the interplay between racism and misogyny.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This restricting view purportedly ignored the oppressions women face determined by their race, class, and sexuality, and gave rise to women-of-color feminisms that separated from the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">women's liberation movement</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Africana womanism</a>, and the Hijas de Cuauhtémoc that emerged at California State University, Long Beach, which was founded by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Nieto-G%C3%B3mez" title="Anna Nieto-Gómez">Anna Nieto-Gómez</a>, due to the <a href="/wiki/Chicano_Movement" title="Chicano Movement">Chicano Movement</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a> coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a>" in 1989 in response to the white, middle-class views that dominated second-wave feminism. Intersectionality describes the way systems of oppression (i.e. sexism, racism) have multiplicative, not additive, effects, on those who are multiply marginalized. It has become a core tenet of <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">third-wave feminism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many feminist scholars see the generational division of the second wave as problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second wavers are typically essentialized as the <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Baby Boomer</a> generation, when in actuality many feminist leaders of the second wave were born before World War II ended. This generational essentialism homogenizes the group that belongs to the wave and asserts that every person part of a certain demographic generation shared the same ideologies, because ideological differences were considered to be generational differences.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feminist scholars, particularly those from the late 20th and early 21st centuries to the present day, have revisited diverse writings,<sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oral histories, artwork, and artifacts of women of color, working-class women, and lesbians during the early 1960s to the early 1980s to decenter what they view as the dominant historical narratives of the second wave of the women's liberation movement, allowing the scope of the historical understanding of feminist consciousness to expand and transform. By recovering histories that they believe have been erased and overlooked, these scholars purport to establish what Maylei Blackwell termed "<a href="/wiki/Retrofitting" title="Retrofitting">retrofitted</a> memory".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackwell20112–3_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackwell20112–3-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blackwell describes this as a form of "countermemory" that creates a transformative and fluid "alternative archive" and space for women's feminist consciousness within "hegemonic narratives".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackwell20112–3_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackwell20112–3-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Blackwell, looking within the gaps and crevices of the second wave allows fragments of historical knowledge and memory to be discovered, and new historical feminist subjects as well as new perspectives about the past to emerge, forcing existing dominant histories that claim to represent a <a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">universal</a> experience to be decentered and refocused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackwell2011101_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackwell2011101-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Feminism">Black Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movements" title="Civil rights movements">Civil rights movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_1950s_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in 1950s Britain">Feminism in 1950s Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Feminism and racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Feminist movements and ideologies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Femmes_solidaires" title="Femmes solidaires">Femmes solidaires</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">List of feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">List of women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-life_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-life feminism">Pro-life feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Feminism">Radical Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_reproductive_rights_legislation" title="Timeline of reproductive rights legislation">Timeline of reproductive rights legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">Timeline of second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Douglas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1990" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, Carol Anne (July 1990). <i>Love and Politics: Radical Feminist and Lesbian Theories</i>. San Francisco, CA, USA: ISM PRESS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780910383172" title="Special:BookSources/9780910383172"><bdi>9780910383172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+and+Politics%3A+Radical+Feminist+and+Lesbian+Theories&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA%2C+USA&rft.pub=ISM+PRESS&rft.date=1990-07&rft.isbn=9780910383172&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Carol+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gilmore, Stephanie (2004). 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color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/feminism/_html/JWA004.htm">"Feminism"</a>. <i>Jewish Women's Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft.atitle=Feminism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Ffeminism%2F_html%2FJWA004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2011" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Simon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhmQvhJMUagC&pg=PA61"><i>American Patriotism, American Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4295-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4295-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-4295-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Patriotism%2C+American+Protest%3A+Social+Movements+Since+the+Sixties&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4295-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjhmQvhJMUagC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jofreeman.com-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jofreeman.com_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jofreeman.com_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jofreeman.com_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jofreeman.com_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jofreeman.com_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1999" class="citation web cs1">Freeman, Jo (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jofreeman.com/socialmovements/origins.htm">"On the Origins of Social Movements"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Origins+of+Social+Movements&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jofreeman.com%2Fsocialmovements%2Forigins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lear2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lear2_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lear2_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLear1968" class="citation news cs1">Lear, Martha Weinman (March 10, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/2h6kh3X">"The Second Feminist Wave: What do these women want?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Second+Feminist+Wave%3A+What+do+these+women+want%3F&rft.date=1968-03-10&rft.aulast=Lear&rft.aufirst=Martha+Weinman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyti.ms%2F2h6kh3X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrady2018" class="citation web cs1">Grady, Constance (March 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth">"The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over them, explained"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Brunswick, N.J. pp. 191–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4917-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4917-0"><bdi>978-0-8135-4917-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/642204450">642204450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Permanent+Waves%3A+Recasting+Histories+of+U.S.+Feminism&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=191-216&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F642204450&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4917-0&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Nancy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F642204450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1995" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Judith (1995). <i>Feminist Theory Today: An Introduction to Second-Wave Feminism</i>. London: Sage Publications. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-8478-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-8478-3"><bdi>978-0-8039-8478-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminist+Theory+Today%3A+An+Introduction+to+Second-Wave+Feminism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-8478-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuda2020" class="citation web cs1">Juda, Edyta (November 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinepublichealth.gwu.edu/resources/equity-vs-equality/">"Equity vs. Equality: What's the Difference?"</a>. <i>GW-UMT</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780078027000" title="Special:BookSources/9780078027000"><bdi>9780078027000</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862041473">862041473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+voices%2C+feminist+visions%3A+classic+and+contemporary+readings&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862041473&rft.isbn=9780078027000&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Lee%2C+Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305074551/https://digital.lib.uh.edu/collection/1996_007/item/1364/show/1328"><i>National Plan of Action</i></a>. 1977 National Women's Conference. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographics+of+Working+Moms&rft.pub=Mibn.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mibn.org%2Fsite.php%2Fsnew%2Fread%2Fdemographics_of_working_moms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRampell2009" class="citation news cs1">Rampell, Catherine (February 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/business/06women.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=women%20workforce&st=cse">"As Layoffs Surge, Women May Pass Men in Job Force"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+Layoffs+Surge%2C+Women+May+Pass+Men+in+Job+Force&rft.date=2009-02-06&rft.aulast=Rampell&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F02%2F06%2Fbusiness%2F06women.html%3F_r%3D1%26scp%3D1%26sq%3Dwomen%2520workforce%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Fitzpatrick, Laura (April 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100422023623/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1983185,00.html">"Why Do Women Still Earn Less Than Men?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1983185,00.html">the original</a> on April 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Women+Still+Earn+Less+Than+Men%3F&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1983185%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanter1977" class="citation book cs1">Kanter, Rosabeth Moss (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menwomenofcorpor00kant"><i>Men and Women of the Corporation</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04452-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04452-8"><bdi>978-0-465-04452-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Women+of+the+Corporation&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04452-8&rft.aulast=Kanter&rft.aufirst=Rosabeth+Moss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenwomenofcorpor00kant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808113614/http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/CEA/html/gendergap.html#disc">"Office of the White House, Council of Economic Advisors, 1998, IV. Discrimination"</a>. Clinton4.nara.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/CEA/html/gendergap.html#disc">the original</a> on August 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+White+House%2C+Council+of+Economic+Advisors%2C+1998%2C+IV.+Discrimination&rft.pub=Clinton4.nara.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclinton4.nara.gov%2FWH%2FEOP%2FCEA%2Fhtml%2Fgendergap.html%23disc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2003" class="citation web cs1">Levine, Linda (April 21, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051018181503/http://policyalmanac.org/economic/archive/pay_equity.pdf">"The Gender Wage Gap and Pay Equity: Is Comparable Worth the Next Step?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policyalmanac.org/economic/archive/pay_equity.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 18, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gender+Wage+Gap+and+Pay+Equity%3A+Is+Comparable+Worth+the+Next+Step%3F&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service%2C+The+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2003-04-21&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policyalmanac.org%2Feconomic%2Farchive%2Fpay_equity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshistory.org/exhibits/feminism-second-wave">"Feminism: The Second Wave"</a>. <i>National Women's History Museum</i>. June 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Women%27s+History+Museum&rft.atitle=Feminism%3A+The+Second+Wave&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenshistory.org%2Fexhibits%2Ffeminism-second-wave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-end-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-end_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As noted in: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuggan,_LisaHunter,_Nan_D.1995" class="citation book cs1">Duggan, Lisa; Hunter, Nan D. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexwarssexualdis0000dugg"><i>Sex wars: sexual dissent and political culture</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91036-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91036-1"><bdi>978-0-415-91036-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+wars%3A+sexual+dissent+and+political+culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91036-1&rft.au=Duggan%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Nan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexwarssexualdis0000dugg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen,_Karen_TranbergPhilipson,_Ilene_J.1990" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Karen Tranberg; Philipson, Ilene J. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenclassfemini0000unse"><i>Women, class, and the feminist imagination: a socialist-feminist reader</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-630-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-630-7"><bdi>978-0-87722-630-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+class%2C+and+the+feminist+imagination%3A+a+socialist-feminist+reader&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87722-630-7&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Karen+Tranberg&rft.au=Philipson%2C+Ilene+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenclassfemini0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard,_Jane_F.2001" class="citation book cs1">Gerhard, Jane F. (2001). <i>Desiring revolution: second-wave feminism and the rewriting of American sexual thought, 1920 to 1982</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11204-8"><bdi>978-0-231-11204-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desiring+revolution%3A+second-wave+feminism+and+the+rewriting+of+American+sexual+thought%2C+1920+to+1982&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11204-8&rft.au=Gerhard%2C+Jane+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeidholdt,_DorchenRaymond,_Janice_G1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorchen_Leidholdt" title="Dorchen Leidholdt">Leidholdt, Dorchen</a>; Raymond, Janice G (1990). <i>The Sexual liberals and the attack on feminism</i>. New York: Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037457-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037457-4"><bdi>978-0-08-037457-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sexual+liberals+and+the+attack+on+feminism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037457-4&rft.au=Leidholdt%2C+Dorchen&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Janice+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVance,_Carole_S1989" class="citation book cs1">Vance, Carole S (1989). <i>Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality</i>. Thorsons Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-440593-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-440593-1"><bdi>978-0-04-440593-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pleasure+and+Danger%3A+Exploring+Female+Sexuality&rft.pub=Thorsons+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-04-440593-1&rft.au=Vance%2C+Carole+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Friedan_20102-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedan_20102_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedan2010" class="citation book cs1">Friedan, Betty (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/823862686"><i>The feminine mystique</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-119205-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-119205-5"><bdi>978-0-14-119205-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823862686">823862686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+feminine+mystique&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823862686&rft.isbn=978-0-14-119205-5&rft.aulast=Friedan&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F823862686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraswatiShawRellihan2021" class="citation book cs1">Saraswati, L. Ayu; Shaw, Barbara L.; Rellihan, Heather (2021). <i>Introduction to Women's Gender and Sexuality Studies</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 99–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-008480-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-008480-6"><bdi>978-0-19-008480-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Women%27s+Gender+and+Sexuality+Studies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=99-101&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-008480-6&rft.aulast=Saraswati&rft.aufirst=L.+Ayu&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Barbara+L.&rft.au=Rellihan%2C+Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Connolly, Linda Mary (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428201554/http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/5117/1/Linda_Mary_Connolly_20140624131840.pdf"><i>From Revolution to Devolution: A Social Movements Analysis of the Contemporary Women's Movement in Ireland</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland: <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland_Maynooth" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Ireland Maynooth">National University of Ireland Maynooth</a>. pp. 156–157. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/5117/1/Linda_Mary_Connolly_20140624131840.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=From+Revolution+to+Devolution%3A+A+Social+Movements+Analysis+of+the+Contemporary+Women%27s+Movement+in+Ireland&rft.inst=National+University+of+Ireland+Maynooth&rft.date=1997-09&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Linda+Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.maynoothuniversity.ie%2F5117%2F1%2FLinda_Mary_Connolly_20140624131840.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Badran, Margot, <i>Feminism in Islam: Secular and Religious Convergences</i> (Oxford, Eng.: Oneworld, 2009) p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiner2010" class="citation journal cs1">Diner, Cagla (February 18, 2010). 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Kvinnokamp: för en revolutionär kvinnorörelse. Solna: Gidlund.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082405/http://www.emancipatie.nl/_documenten/js/werk/hetonbehagenbijdevrouw/hetonbehagenbijdevrouw.pdf">"De gis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Emancipatie.nl</i> (in Dutch). October 9, 1967. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emancipatie.nl/_documenten/js/werk/hetonbehagenbijdevrouw/hetonbehagenbijdevrouw.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emancipatie.nl&rft.atitle=De+gis&rft.date=1967-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emancipatie.nl%2F_documenten%2Fjs%2Fwerk%2Fhetonbehagenbijdevrouw%2Fhetonbehagenbijdevrouw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isgeschiedenis.nl/nieuws/joke-smit-feministe-en-journaliste">"Joke Smit: feministe en journaliste"</a>. <i>Isgeschiedenis.nl</i> (in Dutch). 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Seattle: Seal Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=She%27s+a+Rebel%3A+The+History+of+Women+in+Rock+%26+Roll&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Seal+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Gaar&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollman2012" class="citation web cs1">Wollman, Elizabeth L. (July 3, 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/seventies/essays/women-and-music-industry-1970s">"Women and the Music Industry in the 1970s"</a></span>. <i>The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gilder+Lehrman+Institute+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+Music+Industry+in+the+1970s&rft.date=2012-07-03&rft.aulast=Wollman&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fhistory-by-era%2Fseventies%2Fessays%2Fwomen-and-music-industry-1970s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aso.gov.au-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aso.gov.au_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aso.gov.au/titles/music/i-am-woman/">"Overview I Am Woman (1972)"</a>. <i>ASO – Australia's audio and visual heritage online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASO+%E2%80%93+Australia%27s+audio+and+visual+heritage+online&rft.atitle=Overview+I+Am+Woman+%281972%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faso.gov.au%2Ftitles%2Fmusic%2Fi-am-woman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2003-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2003_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "The Anthem and the Angst", Sunday Magazine, Melbourne Sunday Herald Sun/Sydney Sunday Telegraph, June 15, 2003, Page 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated257-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated257_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Betty Friedan, "It Changed My Life" (1976), pp. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1981-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1981_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Reddy to sing for the rent", Sunday Telegraph (Sydney), November 13, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Helen still believes, it's just that she has to pay the rent too", by John Burns of the Daily Express, reprinted in <i>Melbourne Herald</i>, December 16, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suntimes1-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suntimes1_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110721221948/http://southtownstar.suntimes.com/southtown/columns/vickroy/x07-dvy2.htm">"Southtownstar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southtownstar.suntimes.com/southtown/columns/vickroy/x07-dvy2.htm">the original</a> on July 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southtownstar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthtownstar.suntimes.com%2Fsouthtown%2Fcolumns%2Fvickroy%2Fx07-dvy2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollman" class="citation web cs1">Wollman, Elizabeth. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/seventies/essays/women-and-music-industry-1970s">"Women and the Music Industry in the 1970s"</a></span>. <i>History Now</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Now&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+Music+Industry+in+the+1970s&rft.aulast=Wollman&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fhistory-by-era%2Fseventies%2Fessays%2Fwomen-and-music-industry-1970s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGourley" class="citation book cs1">Gourley, Catherine. <i>Ms. and the Material Girls: Perceptions of Women from the 1970s to 1990s</i>. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ms.+and+the+Material+Girls%3A+Perceptions+of+Women+from+the+1970s+to+1990s&rft.pages=26&rft.aulast=Gourley&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1973" class="citation news cs1">Harvey, Steve (January 28, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422163341/https://catalog.toledolibrary.org/wamvalidate?url=https://0-search-proquest-com.catalog.toledolibrary.org:443/news">"Radical Chic: How Protest Became Saleable"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-hnpl.bigchalk.com.catalog.toledolibrary.org/hnweb/hnpl/do/document?set=searchalleras&start=151&rendition=x-article-image&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-image%3B603643512&mylisturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-citation%3B603643512">the original</a> on April 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Radical+Chic%3A+How+Protest+Became+Saleable&rft.date=1973-01-28&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-hnpl.bigchalk.com.catalog.toledolibrary.org%2Fhnweb%2Fhnpl%2Fdo%2Fdocument%3Fset%3Dsearchalleras%26start%3D151%26rendition%3Dx-article-image%26inmylist%3Dfalse%26urn%3Durn%253Aproquest%253AUS%253BPQDOC%253BHNP%253BPQD%253BHNP%253BPROD%253Bx-article-image%253B603643512%26mylisturn%3Durn%253Aproquest%253AUS%253BPQDOC%253BHNP%253BPQD%253BHNP%253BPROD%253Bx-citation%253B603643512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wollman-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wollman_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wollman_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wollman_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollman" class="citation web cs1">Wollman, Elizabeth. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/seventies/essays/women-and-music-industry-1970s">"Women and the Music Industry in the 1970s"</a></span>. <i>The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gilder+Lehrman+Institute+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+Music+Industry+in+the+1970s&rft.aulast=Wollman&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fhistory-by-era%2Fseventies%2Fessays%2Fwomen-and-music-industry-1970s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiveton1988" class="citation news cs1">Liveton, Sharon (May 14, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402170944/http://0-hnpl.bigchalk.com.catalog.toledolibrary.org/hnweb/hnpl/do/document?set=searchalleras&start=26&rendition=x-article-image&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-image%3B2166468282&mylisturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-citation%3B2166468282">"Olivia Records: A Healthy Gain in 15 Years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-hnpl.bigchalk.com.catalog.toledolibrary.org/hnweb/hnpl/do/document?set=searchalleras&start=26&rendition=x-article-image&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-image%3B2166468282&mylisturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-citation%3B2166468282">the original</a> on April 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Olivia+Records%3A+A+Healthy+Gain+in+15+Years&rft.date=1988-05-14&rft.aulast=Liveton&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-hnpl.bigchalk.com.catalog.toledolibrary.org%2Fhnweb%2Fhnpl%2Fdo%2Fdocument%3Fset%3Dsearchalleras%26start%3D26%26rendition%3Dx-article-image%26inmylist%3Dfalse%26urn%3Durn%253Aproquest%253AUS%253BPQDOC%253BHNP%253BPQD%253BHNP%253BPROD%253Bx-article-image%253B2166468282%26mylisturn%3Durn%253Aproquest%253AUS%253BPQDOC%253BHNP%253BPQD%253BHNP%253BPROD%253Bx-citation%253B2166468282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna1977" class="citation news cs1">McKenna, Kristine (December 11, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422163341/https://catalog.toledolibrary.org/wamvalidate?url=https://0-search-proquest-com.catalog.toledolibrary.org:443/news">"Feminist Record Company: Women Who Love the Spin They're In"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-hnpl.bigchalk.com.catalog.toledolibrary.org/hnweb/hnpl/do/document?set=searchalleras&start=1&rendition=x-article-image&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-image%3B650283422&mylisturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-citation%3B650283422">the original</a> on April 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Feminist+Record+Company%3A+Women+Who+Love+the+Spin+They%27re+In&rft.date=1977-12-11&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-hnpl.bigchalk.com.catalog.toledolibrary.org%2Fhnweb%2Fhnpl%2Fdo%2Fdocument%3Fset%3Dsearchalleras%26start%3D1%26rendition%3Dx-article-image%26inmylist%3Dfalse%26urn%3Durn%253Aproquest%253AUS%253BPQDOC%253BHNP%253BPQD%253BHNP%253BPROD%253Bx-article-image%253B650283422%26mylisturn%3Durn%253Aproquest%253AUS%253BPQDOC%253BHNP%253BPQD%253BHNP%253BPROD%253Bx-citation%253B650283422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womensliberationmusicarchive.co.uk">"The Women's Liberation Music Archive"</a>. <i>The Women's Liberation Music Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-hnpl.bigchalk.com.catalog.toledolibrary.org/hnweb/hnpl/do/document?set=searchalleras&start=1&rendition=x-article-image&inmylist=false&urn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-article-image%3B658294452&mylisturn=urn%3Aproquest%3AUS%3BPQDOC%3BHNP%3BPQD%3BHNP%3BPROD%3Bx-citation%3B658294452">the original</a> on April 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Chapter 6: Waves". In Orr, Catherine M.; Braithwaite, Ann; Lichtenstein, Diane (eds.). <i>Rethinking Women's and Gender Studies</i> (Kindle). New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 2134 & 2180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415808316" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415808316"><bdi>978-0415808316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Waves&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Women%27s+and+Gender+Studies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2134+%26+2180&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0415808316&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Astrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackwell20112–3-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackwell20112–3_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackwell20112–3_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackwell2011">Blackwell (2011)</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackwell2011101-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackwell2011101_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackwell2011">Blackwell (2011)</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSielke2020" class="citation cs2">Sielke, Sabine (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_5329-1">"Friedan, Betty: The Feminine Mystique"</a>, <i>Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL)</i>, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, pp. 1–2, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-476-05728-0_5329-1">10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_5329-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-476-05728-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-476-05728-0"><bdi>978-3-476-05728-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229669293">229669293</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kindlers+Literatur+Lexikon+%28KLL%29&rft.atitle=Friedan%2C+Betty%3A+The+Feminine+Mystique&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229669293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-476-05728-0_5329-1&rft.isbn=978-3-476-05728-0&rft.aulast=Sielke&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-476-05728-0_5329-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clara_Bingham" title="Clara Bingham">Bingham, Clara</a> (2024). <i>The Movement: How Women's Liberation Transformed America 1963–1973</i>. New York: Atria/One Signal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982144210" title="Special:BookSources/9781982144210"><bdi>9781982144210</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1428742933">1428742933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Movement%3A+How+Women%27s+Liberation+Transformed+America+1963%E2%80%931973&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atria%2FOne+Signal+Publishers&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1428742933&rft.isbn=9781982144210&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=Clara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Boxer, Marilyn J. and Jean H. Quataert, eds. <i>Connecting Spheres: European Women in a Globalizing World, 1500 to the Present</i> (2000).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_F._Cott" title="Nancy F. Cott">Cott, Nancy</a>. <i>No Small Courage: A History of Women in the United States</i> (2004).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estelle_Freedman" title="Estelle Freedman">Freedman, Estelle B</a>. <i>No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and the Future of Women</i> (2003).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Harnois, Catherine (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa_journal/summary/v020/20.1.harnois.html">"Re-presenting feminisms: Past, present, and future"</a>. <i>NWSA Journal</i>. <b>20</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 120–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fff.2008.a236183">10.1353/ff.2008.a236183</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40071255">40071255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NWSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Re-presenting+feminisms%3A+Past%2C+present%2C+and+future&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=120-145&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fff.2008.a236183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40071255%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harnois&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fnwsa_journal%2Fsummary%2Fv020%2F20.1.harnois.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>MacLean, Nancy. <i>The American Women's Movement, 1945–2000: A Brief History with Documents</i> (2008).</li> <li>Offen, Karen; Pierson, Ruth Roach; and Rendall, Jane, eds. <i>Writing Women's History: International Perspectives</i> (1991).</li> <li>Prentice, Alison and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Mann_(Canadian_historian)" title="Susan Mann (Canadian historian)">Trofimenkoff, Susan Mann</a>, eds. <i>The Neglected Majority: Essays in Canadian Women's History</i> (2 vol., 1985).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_N._Ramusack" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara N. Ramusack">Ramusack, Barbara N.</a>, and Sharon Sievers, eds. <i>Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History</i> (1999).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Rosen" title="Ruth Rosen">Rosen, Ruth</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Split_Open" title="The World Split Open">The World Split Open: How the Modern Women's Movement Changed America</a></i> (2nd ed. 2006).</li> <li>Rosenstock, Nancy (2022). <i>Inside the Second Wave of Feminism.</i> Haymarket Books. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-64259-704-2.</li> <li>Roth, Benita. <i>Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave</i>. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press (2004).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Stansell" title="Christine Stansell">Stansell, Christine</a>. <i>The Feminist Promise: 1792 to the Present</i> (2010).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Th%C3%A9baud" title="Françoise Thébaud">Thébaud, Françoise</a> (Spring 2007). "Writing women's and gender history in France: A national narrative?". <i>Journal of Women's History</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 167–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjowh.2007.0026">10.1353/jowh.2007.0026</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145711786">145711786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Women%27s+History&rft.atitle=Writing+women%27s+and+gender+history+in+France%3A+A+national+narrative%3F&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167-172&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjowh.2007.0026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145711786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Th%C3%A9baud&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zophy, Angela Howard, ed. <i>Handbook of American Women's History</i> (2nd ed. 2000).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Second-wave_feminism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second-wave feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second-wave_feminism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second-wave feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_Giving_Birth" title="God Giving Birth">God Giving Birth</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_personal_is_political" title="The personal is political">The personal is political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_raising" title="Consciousness raising">Consciousness raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies"><span class="wrap">Movements and ideologies</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/32px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Counterculture_of_the_1960s_(timeline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Template:Counterculture of the 1960s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Counterculture_of_the_1960s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Counterculture of the 1960s (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Counterculture of the 1960s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Counterculture_of_the_1960s_(timeline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_1960s_counterculture" title="Timeline of 1960s counterculture">timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youthquake_(movement)" title="Youthquake (movement)">Youthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Renaissance" title="San Francisco Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatlemania" title="Beatlemania">Beatlemania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mods_and_rockers" title="Mods and rockers">Mods and rockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_Sixties" title="Swinging Sixties">Swinging Sixties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_hippie_movement" title="History of the hippie movement">Hippie movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_of_Love" title="Summer of Love">Summer of Love</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed-Ins_for_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bed-Ins for Peace">Bed-Ins for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock" title="Woodstock">Woodstock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and political<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialoguero" title="Dialoguero">Dialoguero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Movement" title="Free Speech Movement">Free Speech Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second-wave feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution_in_1960s_United_States" title="Sexual revolution in 1960s United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underground_newspapers_of_the_1960s_counterculture" title="List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture">newspapers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_scene" title="Freak scene">Freak scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)" title="Rocker (subculture)">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">Rude boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_underground" title="UK underground">UK underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Yippies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a 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title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-psqwl","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.397","walltime":"2.737","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11732,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":609250,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":101484,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":37,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":657680,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2255.251 1 -total"," 43.23% 974.916 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.43% 302.960 40 Template:Cite_book"," 11.30% 254.744 6 Template:Navbox"," 7.85% 177.029 1 Template:Feminism_sidebar"," 7.38% 166.509 39 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