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</li> <li id="toc-Second_wave_(1970s–1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_wave_(1970s–1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Second wave (1970s–1980s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_wave_(1970s–1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_wave_(1990–2000s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_wave_(1990–2000s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Third wave (1990–2000s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_wave_(1990–2000s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_wave_(2010–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_wave_(2010–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Fourth wave (2010–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_wave_(2010–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_perspectives_on_transgender_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_perspectives_on_transgender_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 General perspectives on transgender rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_perspectives_on_transgender_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particular_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particular_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Particular topics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Particular_topics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Particular topics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Particular_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Colonialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_codification_of_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_codification_of_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Legal codification of gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_codification_of_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender-affirming_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender-affirming_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Gender-affirming surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-affirming_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialization_and_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialization_and_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Socialization and experience </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialization_and_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transgender_women_in_women's_spaces_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transgender_women_in_women's_spaces_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Transgender women in women's spaces and organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transgender_women_in_women's_spaces_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfeminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfeminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Transfeminism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfeminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyberfeminism_and_xenofeminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%99%80_%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%84%ED%99%98" title="여성주의와 성전환 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여성주의와 성전환" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis%C3%B5es_feministas_sobre_pessoas_transg%C3%AAnero" title="Visões feministas sobre pessoas transgênero – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Visões feministas sobre pessoas transgênero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">Feminists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American feminist literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_anthems" title="List of feminist anthems">Feminist songs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Feminist art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Feminist economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Feminist philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Feminist poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Feminist rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Feminist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations">Women's suffrage organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_by_country" title="Category:Women's rights by country">Women's rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">Feminists by nationality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image">     </td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history" title="Timeline of transgender history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top: 0.35em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bissu, Calabai, Calalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Burrnesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary or genderqueer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae-rae" title="Rae-rae">Rae-rae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Health care</a> practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity_clinic" title="Gender identity clinic">Gender clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria_in_children" title="Gender dysphoria in children">in children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_gender_incongruence" title="Causes of gender incongruence">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Sex assignment</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">Hormone therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">feminizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculinizing_hormone_therapy" title="Masculinizing hormone therapy">masculinizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty_blocker" title="Puberty blocker">Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">Gender-affirming surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery_(female-to-male)" title="Gender-affirming surgery (female-to-male)">female-to-male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery_(male-to-female)" title="Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female)">male-to-female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_feminization_surgery" title="Facial feminization surgery">Facial feminization surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_masculinization_surgery" title="Facial masculinization surgery">Facial masculinization surgery</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair_removal" title="Hair removal">Hair removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_pregnancy" title="Transgender pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_voice_therapy" title="Transgender voice therapy">Voice therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Professional_Association_for_Transgender_Health" title="World Professional Association for Transgender Health">WPATH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standards_of_Care_for_the_Health_of_Transgender_and_Gender_Diverse_People" title="Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People">Standards of Care</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Rights and <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">legal status</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_gender" title="Legal gender">Legal gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Non-binary gender</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender-rights_organizations" title="List of transgender-rights organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_political_office-holders" title="List of transgender political office-holders">Political office-holders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States" title="List of transgender public officeholders in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_asylum_seekers" title="Transgender asylum seekers">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_gender-affirming_healthcare" title="Legal status of gender-affirming healthcare">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Military service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_South_Korean_military" title="Transgender personnel in the South Korean military">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military" title="Transgender personnel in the United States military">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison#Transgender_issues" title="LGBTQ people in prison">Prisons</a></li> <li>Toilets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_bill" title="Bathroom bill">Bathroom bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet" title="Unisex public toilet">Unisex</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Transgender men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_inequality" title="Transgender inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_panic_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans panic defense">Trans panic defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Society and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Events and awareness</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Awareness_Week" title="Transgender Awareness Week">Awareness Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_beauty_pageants" title="Category:Transgender beauty pageants">Beauty pageants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Day of Remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Day of Visibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_march" title="Trans march">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_events" title="Category:Transgender events">more</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Culture</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_transgender_anatomy" title="Terminology of transgender anatomy">Anatomical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_trans_characters" title="List of fictional trans characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_transgender_characters" title="List of feature films with transgender characters">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">Media portrayals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_people" title="List of transgender people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-binary_people" title="List of non-binary people">non-binary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_publications" title="List of transgender publications">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_sports" title="Transgender people in sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_characters_in_television" title="List of transgender characters in television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory and concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_transsexualism_typology" title="Blanchard's transsexualism typology">Blanchard's typology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_gender_nonconformity" title="Childhood gender nonconformity">Childhood gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender / cissexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Gender detransitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Gender-sexuality questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid-onset_gender_dysphoria_controversy" title="Rapid-onset gender dysphoria controversy">Rapid-onset dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmedicalism" title="Transmedicalism">Transmedicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_by_continent" title="Category:Transgender by continent">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Rights</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Argentina" title="Transgender rights in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Identity_Law_(Argentina)" title="Gender Identity Law (Argentina)">2012 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Sacay%C3%A1n%E2%80%93Lohana_Berkins_Law" title="Diana Sacayán–Lohana Berkins Law">2021 law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Canada" title="Transgender rights in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Canadian_Human_Rights_Act_and_the_Criminal_Code" title="An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code">2016 bill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_China" title="Transgender people in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgender people in France (page does not exist)">France</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transidentit%C3%A9_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Transidentité en France">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transsexuals_Act_(Germany)" title="Transsexuals Act (Germany)">1980 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender_law_(Germany)" title="Third gender law (Germany)">2018 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Determination_Act_(Germany)" title="Self-Determination Act (Germany)">2024 law</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Transgender_Persons_Bill,_2014" title="Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014">2014 bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2019" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019">2019 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran" title="Transgender rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Ireland" title="Transgender rights in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Bill,_2017" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2017">2017 bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2018" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018">2018 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Transgender rights in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_(Norway)" title="Gender Recognition Act (Norway)">2016 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Singapore" title="Transgender people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alteration_of_Sex_Description_and_Sex_Status_Act,_2003" title="Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act, 2003">2003 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_South_Korea" title="Transgender people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ley_Trans" title="Ley Trans">2022 law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">2004 act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Reform_(Scotland)_Bill" title="Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill">2022 bill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States">Disenfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity_under_Title_IX" title="Gender identity under Title IX">Title IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia_in_the_United_States" title="Transphobia in the United States">Transphobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">History</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Argentina">Argentina</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_transg%C3%A9nero_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Historia transgénero en Argentina">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re_Kevin_%E2%80%93_validity_of_marriage_of_transsexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Re Kevin – validity of marriage of transsexual">Re Kevin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States" title="List of transgender public officeholders in the United States">elected officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: lavender; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.3em 0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_Transgender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/16px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/24px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/32px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="117" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Transgender" title="Portal:Transgender">Transgender portal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li></ul></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_topics" title="Category:Transgender topics">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transgender_sidebar" title="Template:Transgender sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transgender_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Transgender sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Feminist views on transgender topics vary widely. <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminists" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-wave feminists">Third-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">fourth-wave feminists</a> tend to view the struggle for <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">trans rights</a> as an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Intersectional_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersectional feminism">intersectional feminism</a>. Former president of the American <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> (NOW) <a href="/wiki/Terry_O%27Neill_(feminist)" title="Terry O'Neill (feminist)">Terry O'Neill</a> has stated that the struggle against <a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">transphobia</a> is a feminist issue,<a href="#cite_note-now-1">[1]</a> with NOW affirming that "trans women are women, trans girls are girls."<a href="#cite_note-now2-2">[2]</a> Several studies have found that people who identify as feminists tend to be more accepting of trans people than those who do not.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> A movement variously known as <a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">gender-critical feminism or trans-exclusionary radical feminism</a> (TERF)<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald_2015-6">[6]</a> holds that womanhood is defined on the axis of sex, and thus asserts that trans women are not women, that trans men are not men,<a href="#cite_note-Flaherty_2018-7">[7]</a> opposes trans rights and rejects the concept of transgender identities.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> These views have frequently been described as <a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">transphobic</a> by other feminists.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2018-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-dalbey_terfwars-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-usatoday_2017-03-16-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2019-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-lgbtqnation_2017-10-23-15">[15]</a> Some authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Julia_Serano" title="Julia Serano">Julia Serano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emi_Koyama" title="Emi Koyama">Emi Koyama</a>, have founded a stream within feminism called <a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">transfeminism</a>, which views the struggle for the rights of trans people and trans women in particular as an integral part of the feminist struggle for all women's rights.<a href="#cite_note-Koyama_manifesto-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1700s_to_early_1900s">1700s to early 1900s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1700s to early 1900s">edit</a>]</div> Late 18th-century English feminists <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a> both spoke of the <a href="/wiki/Chevalier_d%27%C3%89on" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevalier d'Éon">Chevalier d'Éon</a> as an example of an inspiring woman.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1866, anti-rape activist <a href="/wiki/Frances_Thompson" title="Frances Thompson">Frances Thompson</a> became the first transgender woman to testify before the American Congress when she testified about the abuse Black women faced during the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_massacre_of_1866" title="Memphis massacre of 1866">Memphis massacre of 1866</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1919, the German <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>–era <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a>, a sexuality advocacy and research institution, was founded in Berlin. As well as advocating for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's emancipation">women's emancipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">access to contraception</a>, the institute prominently endorsed LGBT rights and oversaw the development of several advances in trans healthcare, including coining the term "transsexualism" and performing <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dose2014-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Institute founder <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a>'s closest collaborator in the feminist movement was <a href="/wiki/Helene_St%C3%B6cker" title="Helene Stöcker">Helene Stöcker</a>, whose <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutscher_Bund_f%C3%BCr_Mutterschutz_und_Sexualreform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutscher Bund für Mutterschutz und Sexualreform (page does not exist)">Deutscher Bund für Mutterschutz und Sexualreform</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Bund_f%C3%BCr_Mutterschutz_und_Sexualreform" class="extiw" title="de:Deutscher Bund für Mutterschutz und Sexualreform">de</a>] was directly affiliated with the institute.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-22">[22]</a> Both Hirschfeld and Stöcker viewed women's liberation as intertwined with that of gay and transgender people.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist feminist</a> <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> also spoke favourably of the institute's work, writing in one of her letters to Hirschfeld that it was "a tragedy ... that people of a different sexual type are caught in a world which shows so little understanding for homosexuals and is so crassly indifferent to the various gradations and variations of gender and their great significance in life."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Soon after the Nazis took power in 1933, the institute was forcibly shut down, becoming the first large target of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi book burnings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_wave_(1970s–1980s)">Second wave (1970s–1980s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second wave (1970s–1980s)">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1970s and early 1980s, corresponding roughly to the <a href="/wiki/Second_wave_of_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Second wave of feminism">second wave of feminism</a>, there were several notable clashes between feminists (especially early <a href="/wiki/Radical_feminists" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical feminists">radical feminists</a>) over the inclusion of trans women in feminist spaces. A significant early dispute occurred in 1973 during a scheduled performance at the West Coast Lesbian Conference by transgender lesbian folk-singer and co-organiser of the event <a href="/wiki/Beth_Elliott" title="Beth Elliott">Beth Elliott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Elliott had previously served as vice-president of the San Francisco chapter of the lesbian group <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis" title="Daughters of Bilitis">Daughters of Bilitis</a> and edited the chapter's newsletter, Sisters, but had been expelled from the group the same year on a 35–28 vote on the grounds that she did not qualify as a woman.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> After a <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian separatist">lesbian separatist</a> group leafleted the conference against her presence, a vote was held among attendees on whether to allow her to remain, with over two-thirds voting in her favor. Despite the results of the vote, Elliott chose to leave after threats of further disruption were made. The following day of the event, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Robin Morgan</a> used her keynote speech to criticise Elliott, describing her as a "man" and "an opportunist, an infiltrator, and a destroyer – with the mentality of a rapist."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Califia-31">[31]</a> Later the same year, a conflict arose between <a href="/wiki/Jean_O%27Leary" title="Jean O'Leary">Jean O'Leary</a>, a founder of lesbian advocacy organization <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Feminist_Liberation" title="Lesbian Feminist Liberation">Lesbian Feminist Liberation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Rivera" title="Sylvia Rivera">Sylvia Rivera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Brewster" title="Lee Brewster">Lee Brewster</a>, after O'Leary said in a speech at the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Street_Liberation_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Street Liberation Day">Christopher Street Liberation Day</a> event: "we support the right of every person to dress in the way that she or he wishes. But we are opposed to the exploitation of women by men for entertainment or profit."<a href="#cite_note-OLeary73-32">[32]</a> O'Leary later regretted her stance against trans women and <a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">drag queens</a>, saying that "looking back, I find this so embarrassing because my views have changed so much since then. I would never pick on a <a href="/wiki/Transvestite" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvestite">transvestite</a> now."<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> "It was horrible. How could I work to exclude transvestites and at the same time criticize the feminists who were doing their best back in those days to exclude lesbians?"<a href="#cite_note-Marcus156-34">[34]</a> Another incident occurred in 1978 when a trans woman asked to join the <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Organization_of_Toronto" title="Lesbian Organization of Toronto">Lesbian Organization of Toronto</a> (LOOT). In response, the organization voted to exclude trans women.<a href="#cite_note-ross1995-35">[35]</a> LOOT wrote: "A woman's voice was almost never heard as a woman's voice—it was always filtered through men's voices. So here a guy comes along saying, 'I'm going to be a girl now and speak for girls.' And we thought, 'No you're not.' A person cannot just join the oppressed by fiat."<a href="#cite_note-ross1995-35">[35]</a> Radical feminist <a href="/wiki/Janice_Raymond" title="Janice Raymond">Janice Raymond</a> published <a href="/wiki/The_Transsexual_Empire" title="The Transsexual Empire">The Transsexual Empire</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Raymond_1994-36">[36]</a> In it, she criticised contemporary medical and psychiatric approaches to <a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">gender transition</a>, arguing instead that "the problem of transsexualism would best be served by morally mandating it out of existence," and accused trans women of reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes. Several academics, researchers and writers characterized these views as extremely transphobic and/or <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rose_2004-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Serano_2007-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Namaste_2000-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2003-40">[40]</a> Empire also included a chapter criticising "the transsexually constructed lesbian-feminist", devoting a section to <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a>, a trans woman who worked as a sound engineer for feminist record collective <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Records" title="Olivia Records">Olivia Records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raymond_1994-36">[36]</a> The collective publicly defended Stone, but after continued pressure, including an incident where a trans-exclusionary group that issued death threats showed up to an Olivia event with guns, Stone resigned.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_2016-41">[41]</a> She later wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back:_A_Posttranssexual_Manifesto" title="The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto">The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> a response to Raymond's Empire and a foundational work in the field of <a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">transgender studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bettcher_stanford-43">[43]</a> Not every early radical feminist opposed trans acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a>, for example, viewed <a href="/wiki/Gender_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender reassignment surgery">gender reassignment surgery</a> as a right for transgender people.<a href="#cite_note-Dworkin186-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[46]</a> She also wrote a letter to Raymond critical of The Transsexual Empire, which commented that of the transgender people she met in Europe (who she called a "small, vigorously persecuted minority"), she "perceived their suffering as authentic", and related their experiences to Jewish and female experiences.<a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[46]</a> Dworkin said that it was a myth "that there are two polar distinct sexes".<a href="#cite_note-Dworkin174-47">[47]</a> The notion that human sex is not a naturally discrete binary, and that this conception is the result of gendered cultural and political processes, was later taken up and developed by authors like <a href="/wiki/Anne_Fausto-Sterling" title="Anne Fausto-Sterling">Anne Fausto-Sterling</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Concerning the oversight of the existence of these trans-inclusive radical feminist views, as well as of the role of trans women in the feminist struggle, historian <a href="/wiki/Susan_Stryker" title="Susan Stryker">Susan Stryker</a> remarked that "transsexual women were active in the radical feminist movement of the late 1960s, but were almost entirely erased from its history after 1973."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_wave_(1990–2000s)">Third wave (1990–2000s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Third wave (1990–2000s)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Third_wave_of_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave of feminism">third wave of feminism</a> saw much greater acceptance of transgender rights, largely due to the influence of philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>,<a href="#cite_note-grady_vox-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Witherspoon_Institute-55">[55]</a> who argued for greater inclusion and examination of other developing fields (such as <a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">critical race theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer theory</a>) within feminism. Butler in particular argued that women's liberation required a questioning of gender itself, and that accepting gay, trans, and <a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">gender-nonconforming</a> people would promote this sort of questioning.<a href="#cite_note-Witherspoon_Institute-55">[55]</a> After them, other feminist authors like <a href="/wiki/Cressida_Heyes" title="Cressida Heyes">Cressida Heyes</a> have embarked on projects of "finding grounds for solidarity" between trans and <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a> women, considering "woman" a <a href="/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">family-resemblance concept</a> rather than an essential or univocal one.<a href="#cite_note-bettcher_stanford-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2003-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In the early 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Womyn%27s_Music_Festival" title="Michigan Womyn's Music Festival">Michigan Womyn's Music Festival</a> (MichFest) ejected a transgender woman, Nancy Burkholder.<a href="#cite_note-vangelder-57">[57]</a> From that point on, the festival maintained it was intended for "<a href="/wiki/Womyn-born_womyn" title="Womyn-born womyn">womyn-born womyn</a>".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The group <a href="/wiki/Camp_Trans" title="Camp Trans">Camp Trans</a> formed to protest this policy and to advocate for greater acceptance of trans women in the feminist community. A number of prominent trans activists and feminists were involved in Camp Trans, including <a href="/wiki/Riki_Wilchins" title="Riki Wilchins">Riki Wilchins</a>, Jessica Xavier, and <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Leslie Feinberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> MichFest considered allowing post-operative trans women to attend, but this was criticized as <a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">classist</a>, as many trans women could not afford <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Lisa Vogel, MichFest's organizer, said protesters from Camp Trans engaged in vandalism.<a href="#cite_note-newyorker-61">[61]</a> The festival ended in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Ring_2015-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_wave_(2010–present)">Fourth wave (2010–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fourth wave (2010–present)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Existrans_2017_(37931618881).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Existrans_2017_%2837931618881%29.jpg/220px-Existrans_2017_%2837931618881%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Existrans_2017_%2837931618881%29.jpg/330px-Existrans_2017_%2837931618881%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Existrans_2017_%2837931618881%29.jpg/440px-Existrans_2017_%2837931618881%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3637" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trans_march" title="Trans march">Trans march</a> with banner reading "Collective feminist revolutionaries against all <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">hetrocissexist</a> and racist violence" from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, 2017</figcaption></figure> Many <a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">fourth-wave feminists</a> are trans-inclusive.<a href="#cite_note-grady_vox-54">[54]</a> US organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a>,<a href="#cite_note-now_policy-63">[63]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Majority_Foundation" title="Feminist Majority Foundation">Feminist Majority Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fmf_policy-64">[64]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a><a href="#cite_note-pp_policy-65">[65]</a> support and advocate for trans rights, as do most <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canadian feminist</a> organizations<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and most <a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">African feminists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The influence of trans-exclusionary feminists has waned significantly,<a href="#cite_note-Flaherty_2018a-68">[68]</a> though they are still somewhat influential in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2018-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2019-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_perspectives_on_transgender_rights">General perspectives on transgender rights</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: General perspectives on transgender rights">edit</a>]</div> Queer feminist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> has argued for feminist solidarity with trans and gender-nonconforming people and has been critical of philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Sheila Jeffreys</a>, who they argue engage in oppressive attempts to dispute trans people's sense of identity.<a href="#cite_note-butler_interview_2015-69">[69]</a> In a 2014 interview, Butler argued for civil rights for trans people: "[N]othing is more important for transgender people than to have access to excellent health care in trans-affirmative environments, to have the legal and institutional freedom to pursue their own lives as they wish, and to have their freedom and desire affirmed by the rest of the world." They also responded to some of Jeffreys's and Janice Raymond's criticisms of trans people, calling them "prescriptivism" and "tyranny". According to Butler, trans people are not a product of medical <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a> but rather develop new discourses through <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In 2012, Jeffreys wrote in The Guardian that she and other critics of "transgenderism" had been subject to intimidation campaigns on the internet, the extent of which suggested that trans rights advocates fear the "practice of transgenderism" becoming the subject of criticism.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In a 2009 paper in <a href="/wiki/Hypatia:_A_Journal_of_Feminist_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy">Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy</a>, Canadian feminist <a href="/wiki/Viviane_Namaste" title="Viviane Namaste">Viviane Namaste</a> criticised "Anglo-American feminist theory" for relying on "transsexual women to ask its own epistemological questions", further arguing that the realities of trans lives were "chillingly absent from Anglo-American feminist theory and its framing of the Transgender Question" and the knowledge gained by that feminism consequently "has been of little benefit to transsexual women ourselves."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> American academic <a href="/wiki/Susan_Stryker" title="Susan Stryker">Susan Stryker</a> wrote in 2007 that first-wave feminism had commonalities with the transgender rights movement "[t]o the extent that breaking out of the conventional constrictions of womanhood is both a feminist and transgender practice".<a href="#cite_note-Stryker_2007-73">[73]</a> She added that transgender issues had prompted feminist scholars to question notions of biological sex, and that transgender theorising was associated with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodern</a> epistemology in third-wave feminist thought.<a href="#cite_note-Stryker_2007-73">[73]</a> In a 2015 interview, radical feminist <a href="/wiki/Catharine_A._MacKinnon" title="Catharine A. MacKinnon">Catharine MacKinnon</a> cited <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>'s famous quotation about "<a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir#The_Second_Sex_(1949)" class="extiw" title="q:Simone de Beauvoir">becom[ing] a woman</a>" to say that "[a]nybody who identifies as a woman, wants to be a woman, is going around being a woman, as far as I'm concerned, is a woman."<a href="#cite_note-transadvocate_2015-74">[74]</a> Furthermore, during a lecture at Oxford University in 2022, MacKinnon continued to express her support for <a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">transfeminism</a> and transgender sex equality, and criticized the <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalist">liberalist</a> anti-stereotyping approach, and <a href="/wiki/TERF" class="mw-redirect" title="TERF">anti-trans feminism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Her lecture was subsequently edited and published in the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Journal_of_Law_%26_Feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Journal of Law & Feminism">Yale Journal of Law & Feminism</a> in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Australian sociologist <a href="/wiki/Raewyn_Connell" title="Raewyn Connell">Raewyn Connell</a> has said that "the thought that the relationship between character and reproductive bodies might change has long been present in feminism," citing de Beauvoir as well as <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Vaerting" title="Mathilde Vaerting">Mathilde Vaerting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Lesbian feminist <a href="/wiki/Sara_Ahmed" title="Sara Ahmed">Sara Ahmed</a> has said that an anti-trans stance is an anti-feminist one, and that trans feminism "recalls" earlier militant lesbian feminism.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Kimberlé Crenshaw wrote in favour of trans inclusion in intersectional feminism: "People of colour within LGBTQ movements; girls of colour in the fight against the school-to-prison pipeline; women within immigration movements; trans women within feminist movements; and people with disabilities fighting police abuse—all face vulnerabilities that reflect the intersections of racism, sexism, class oppression, transphobia, able-ism and more. Intersectionality has given many advocates a way to frame their circumstances and to fight for their visibility and inclusion."<a href="#cite_note-Crenshaw_2015-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Particular_topics">Particular topics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Particular topics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonialism">Colonialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colonialism">edit</a>]</div> Argentine feminist <a href="/wiki/Maria_Lugones" title="Maria Lugones">Maria Lugones</a> has argued that the gender binary is a colonial imposition that has been used to divide and subjugate people.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Building on Lugones's work, Brooklyn Leo of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a> has argued that "the resistant-creative work of trans bodies of color liberates not just the folds of our own flesh from the Western gaze, but also sustains a new place of possibility for the cis accomplices who also refuse the privileges of the colonial/modern gender system."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In a 2020 paper in <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Criminology_(journal)" title="Feminist Criminology (journal)">Feminist Criminology</a>, Nishant Upadhyay of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado,_Boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado, Boulder">University of Colorado, Boulder</a> argued that "transphobia is enmeshed in white feminism's colonial and white supremacist epistemological frameworks, and that their transphobia, in turn, continues to reproduce gender as a colonial myth" and that the "reduction of the category of 'woman' has been long challenged" by "Black, Indigenous, women of color, Third World, and transnational feminists for decades, if not centuries".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In her book Me, Not You, <a href="/wiki/Alison_Phipps_(sociologist)" title="Alison Phipps (sociologist)">Alison Phipps</a> argues that "white feminism has a long history of policing the border" and that trans-exclusionary feminists "have much in common with conservatives who claim that increased immigration will result in increased rape".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_codification_of_gender">Legal codification of gender</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legal codification of gender">edit</a>]</div> Caterina Nirta of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway, University of London</a> has argued that both trans people and feminists would benefit from abandoning "the categorical compartmentalisation of identity and spaces."<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Commenting on Québec's <a href="/wiki/Bill_2" title="Bill 2">Bill 2</a> in 2021, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Ashley" title="Florence Ashley">Florence Ashley</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> has argued for the abolition of gender markers in legal documents, saying that they "help naturalize social categorizations based on gender" and pointing to historical research that found such markers were first introduced in France for the purposes of enforcing conscription, preventing queer couples from getting married, preventing gender diversity, and marking women as lessers under the law.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Marie Draz of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_State_University" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State University</a> has argued that the "hegemonic account of gender as the organization of biological sex serves to obscure the role of racial and colonial domination and the differential allocation of gender across racial lines" and that legal gender classification serves as an "anchor point that reiterates the power of the state to classify and know its citizens."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender-affirming_surgery">Gender-affirming surgery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gender-affirming surgery">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">Gender-affirming surgery</a></div> In her 1974 book <a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating: A Radical Look at Sexuality</a>, radical feminist writer and activist Andrea Dworkin called for the support of transgender people, whom she viewed as "in a state of primary emergency" due to "the culture of male–female discreteness". She wrote: "every transsexual has the right to survival on his/her own terms. That means every transsexual is entitled to a sex-change operation, and it should be provided by the community as one of its functions." She also said that "transsexuality as we know it" might disappear within communities built on <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgynous</a> identity, as there would no longer be any gender roles to conform to.<a href="#cite_note-Dworkin186-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a> wrote that while she supported the right of individuals to identify as they choose, in many cases transgender people "surgically mutilate their own bodies" in order to conform to a gender role tied to physical body parts, concluding with the quote: "If the shoe doesn't fit, must we change the foot?" Although meant in the context of transgender issues, the quote is frequently misinterpreted as a general statement about feminism.<a href="#cite_note-OutrageousActs-89">[89]</a>: 206–210  The same year, she also expressed disapproval that the heavily publicized transition of tennis player <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Richards" title="Renée Richards">Renée Richards</a> (a trans woman) had been characterized as "a frightening instance of what feminism could lead to" or as "living proof that feminism isn't necessary", and wrote, "At a minimum, it was a diversion from the widespread problems of sexual inequality."<a href="#cite_note-OutrageousActs-89">[89]</a> Steinem's statements led to her being characterized as transphobic for some years.<a href="#cite_note-bm-trans-exclusion-steinem-90">[90]</a> In a 2013 interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Advocate (LGBT magazine)">The Advocate</a>, she repudiated the interpretation of her text as an altogether condemnation of gender-affirming surgery, stating that her position was informed by accounts of gay men choosing to transition as a way of coping with societal <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>. She added that she sees transgender people as living "authentic lives" that should be "celebrated".<a href="#cite_note-advocate-steinem-91">[91]</a> Janice Raymond's The Transsexual Empire purported to examine the role of transgender identity in reinforcing traditional gender stereotypes, in particular the ways in which the "medical-psychiatric complex" was medicalizing gender identity, and the social and political context that contributed to the image of gender-affirming treatment and surgery as therapeutic medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Raymond_1994-36">[36]</a> Raymond maintained that this was based in the "patriarchal myths" of "male mothering", and "making of woman according to man's image", and that transgender identity aimed "to colonize feminist identification, culture, politics and sexuality."<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Several authors have since characterized this work as extremely transphobic and constituting hate speech, as well as lacking any serious intellectual basis.<a href="#cite_note-Rose_2004-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Serano_2007-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Namaste_2000-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2003-40">[40]</a> In her own 1987 book <a href="/wiki/Gyn/Ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyn/Ecology">Gyn/Ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Mary Daly</a>, who had served as Raymond's thesis supervisor,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> argued that as gender-affirming surgery cannot reproduce female chromosomes or a female life history, it could "not produce women".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Sheila Jeffreys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> have made similar remarks.<a href="#cite_note-BINDEL2-95">[95]</a> In a response to related remarks by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Grosz" title="Elizabeth Grosz">Elizabeth Grosz</a>, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Eva_Simone_Hayward" title="Eva Simone Hayward">Eva Hayward</a> characterized this type of view as telling trans people who have had gender-affirming surgery: "Don't exist."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a></div> At the 1973 West Coast Lesbian Conference in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, keynote speaker <a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Robin Morgan</a> stated that she would not refer to <a href="/wiki/Trans_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans women">trans women</a> with feminine pronouns, as transgender women, unlike her, had not experienced a lifetime as women and therefore could not understand the pain of cisgender women.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In Gender Hurts (2014), <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Sheila Jeffreys</a> argues that using <a href="/wiki/Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronouns">pronouns</a> reflecting <a href="/wiki/Biological_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological sex">biological sex</a> is important for feminists, as the feminine pronoun represents respect for cisgender women's historical <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">subordination</a>. She believes trans women can't hold this status, as they haven't experienced the same oppression, and using feminine pronouns for them masks their retained masculine <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">privilege</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In April 2015, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory#Main_approaches" title="Feminist legal theory">radical feminist legal theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Catharine_A._MacKinnon" title="Catharine A. MacKinnon">Catharine A. MacKinnon</a> responded, stating that Jeffreys' stance on pronouns is based on a <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">nature-based moral view</a>, which contradicts feminist achievements, especially from the political analysis of <a href="/wiki/Gender_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender politics">gender politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-transadvocate_2015-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialization_and_experience">Socialization and experience</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Socialization and experience">edit</a>]</div> Some feminists argue that trans women cannot fully be women because they were <a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">assigned male</a> at birth and have experienced some degree of <a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male privilege</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics#Dubious" title="Talk:Feminist views on transgender topics">discuss</a>] Radical feminists generally see gender as a system in which women are oppressed for reasons intrinsically related to their sex, and emphasize male violence against women, particularly involving institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">sex industry</a>, as central to women's oppression.<a href="#cite_note-McKay_2015-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The sociologist Patricia Elliot argues that the view that one's socialization as a girl or woman defines "women's experience" assumes that women's experiences are homogeneous and discounts the possibility that trans and cis women may share the experience of being disparaged for their perceived femininity.<a href="#cite_note-Elliot_2004-102">[102]</a> Similarly, Transfeminist Manifesto author <a href="/wiki/Emi_Koyama" title="Emi Koyama">Emi Koyama</a> contends that, while trans women may have experienced some male privilege before transitioning, trans women's experiences are also marked by disadvantages resulting from being trans.<a href="#cite_note-Koyama_manifesto-16">[16]</a> In "Growing Up Trans: Socialization and the Gender Binary", Michelle Dietert and Dianne Dentice write that when youth embody non-standard gender roles or otherwise deviate from expectations of their assigned sex, the gender binary becomes a form of control by authorities, enforcing social norms upon them. In their view, this begins at early socialization, and transgender youth, especially gender-nonconforming children, often experience different treatment, leading to a fear of reprisals as they attempt to please their family and peers and navigate their understanding of their gender and societal expectations.<a href="#cite_note-Dietert_Dentice-103">[103]</a> They argue that socialization affects transgender youth differently, especially if they are gender-nonconforming.<a href="#cite_note-Dietert_Dentice_2012-104">[104]</a> Transfeminist <a href="/wiki/Julia_Serano" title="Julia Serano">Julia Serano</a> has referred to implying that trans women may experience some degree of male privilege pre-transition as "denying [them] the closet", and has compared it to saying that a cisgender gay person experienced straight privilege before coming out. She has also compared it to if a cisgender girl was raised as a boy against her will, and how the two scenarios tend to be viewed differently by a cisgender audience, despite being ostensibly similar experiences from a transfeminine perspective. Finally, she has noted how the idea of "male socialization" or "male privilege" tend to be weaponized against transfems, an example being "if a trans woman gets upset, angry, or assertive, and someone attempts to pin that on her supposed "male privilege" — yet they would never have considered calling out those same behaviors if they thought that she was a cis woman".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 2017, while discussing whether trans women are women, <a href="/wiki/Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie" title="Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie">Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie</a> said, "trans women are trans women." She acknowledged that transgender women face discrimination for being transgender and said she sees this as a serious issue, but also said, "we should not conflate the gender experiences of trans women with that of women born female."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> She later expanded on her comments, saying, "From the very beginning, I think it's been quite clear that there's no way I could possibly say that trans women are not women. It's the sort of thing to me that's obvious, so I start from that obvious premise. Of course they are women, but in talking about feminism and gender and all of that, it's important for us to acknowledge the differences in experience of gender. That's really what my point is. Had I said 'a cis woman is a cis woman, and a trans woman is a trans woman', I don't think I would get all the crap that I'm getting, but that's actually really what I was saying."<a href="#cite_note-Smith_2017-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transgender_women_in_women's_spaces_and_organizations">Transgender women in women's spaces and organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transgender women in women's spaces and organizations">edit</a>]</div> Laurel Westbrook and Kristin Schildt have argued that the gender trans people are classed as by society can vary from space to space, with the spaces segregated according to strict interpretations of biology doing so to uphold the oppositeness of genders required for heterosexuality and <a href="/wiki/Gender_binarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender binarism">gender binarism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Shannon Weber of <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a> has argued that "excluding transgender women from admission [to women's colleges] by virtue of biological determinism falls into the same types of anti-feminist ideologies that would historically bar all women from education based on assumptions about the meaning of their biology."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> (at the time a <a href="/wiki/Fellow#In_ancient_universities" title="Fellow">fellow</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a>) unsuccessfully opposed the appointment to a fellowship of her transgender colleague <a href="/wiki/Rachael_Padman" title="Rachael Padman">Rachael Padman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-garner-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-featherstone-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Greer argued that because Padman had been <a href="/wiki/Assigned_male_at_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Assigned male at birth">assigned male at birth</a>, she should not be admitted to Newnham, <a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">a women's college</a>. Greer later resigned from Newnham.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> A 2004 opinion piece by British radical feminist <a href="/wiki/Julie_Bindel" title="Julie Bindel">Julie Bindel</a> titled "Gender Benders, beware" printed in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> caused the paper to receive two hundred letters of complaint from transgender people, doctors, therapists, academics and others. The editorial expressed her anger at Kimberly Nixon and her views on transgender people.<a href="#cite_note-GBB-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Transgender activist group <a href="/wiki/Press_for_Change" title="Press for Change">Press for Change</a> cite this article as an example of 'discriminatory writing' about transgender people in the press.<a href="#cite_note-PFCGBB-119">[119]</a> Complaints focused on the title, "Gender benders, beware", the cartoon accompanying the piece,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-PFCRESP-120">[120]</a> and the disparaging tone, such as "Think about a world inhabited just by transsexuals. It would look like the set of Grease" and "I don't have a problem with men disposing of their genitals, but it does not make them women, in the same way that shoving a bit of vacuum hose down your 501s [jeans] does not make you a man."<a href="#cite_note-GBB-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transfeminism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2021_w_Krakowie,_20210814_1924_3552.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2021_w_Krakowie%2C_20210814_1924_3552.jpg/220px-Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2021_w_Krakowie%2C_20210814_1924_3552.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2021_w_Krakowie%2C_20210814_1924_3552.jpg/330px-Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2021_w_Krakowie%2C_20210814_1924_3552.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2021_w_Krakowie%2C_20210814_1924_3552.jpg/440px-Marsz_R%C3%B3wno%C5%9Bci_2021_w_Krakowie%2C_20210814_1924_3552.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4885" data-file-height="3248" /></a><figcaption>Equality March 2021 in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> Transfeminism, or trans feminism, aims to synthesize feminist and transgender discourse. Transfeminists argue that there are multiple forms of oppression and sexism, and that trans and cisgender women have shared interests in combating sexism.<a href="#cite_note-bettcher_stanford-43">[43]</a> Influential transfeminists include <a href="/wiki/Julia_Serano" title="Julia Serano">Julia Serano</a> and Diana Courvant.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to Emi Koyama, the two primary principles of transfeminism are that all people should not only be allowed to live their own lives in whichever way they choose and define themselves however they feel is right, but should also be respected by society for their individuality and uniqueness, and that each individual has every right, and is the only one to have the right, to possess complete control over their own bodies. There shall be no form of authority—political, medical, religious, or otherwise—that can override a person's decisions regarding their bodies and their wellbeing, and their autonomy is fully in the hands of that sole individual.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Transfeminist critics of mainstream feminism say that as an institutionalized movement, feminism has lost sight of the basic idea that biology is not destiny. In fact, they argue, many feminists seem perfectly comfortable equating sex and gender and insisting on a given destiny for trans persons based on nothing more than biology.<a href="#cite_note-Courvant_2002-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Transfeminism aims to challenge the fixedness of gender that its supporters believe traditional approaches to women's studies depend upon.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyberfeminism_and_xenofeminism">Cyberfeminism and xenofeminism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cyberfeminism and xenofeminism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> is a branch of feminism that focuses on cyberspace, the Internet, and technology. The term was coined in the early late-1980s and early-1990s,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> particularly after the publication of "<a href="/wiki/A_Cyborg_Manifesto" title="A Cyborg Manifesto">A Cyborg Manifesto</a>" by feminist <a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a>, which argued for feminism to move beyond the limitations of traditional gender, feminism, and politics. Out of cyberfeminism grew xenofeminism, arguing for the use of technology as a means towards the abolition of gender. Feminist collective Laboria Cuboniks published a manifesto titled Xenofeminism: A Politics for Alienation that argued against the conception of nature as immutable and the conception that what is natural is good, declaring that "if nature is unjust, change nature!"<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Xenofeminism has positioned itself as explicitly trans-inclusive and as rejecting the gender binary.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Feminist Helen Hester has linked <a href="/wiki/DIY" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY">DIY</a> self-help movements by second wave feminists and <a href="/wiki/Body_hacking" title="Body hacking">biohacking</a> performed by trans people as a continuing lineage of emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In a 2019 article in <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Review" title="Feminist Review">Feminist Review</a>, Emily Jones said the movement noted how "essentialism and identity politics haunt the contemporary feminist and queer movement" and that instead of "wishing to eradicate what are seen as gendered traits, xenofeminism wants gender to explode and diffract: 'let a hundred sexes bloom!'. Thus, for xenofeminism, <a href="/wiki/Gender_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender abolitionism">gender-abolitionism</a> is about disrupting asymmetric gender systems and dispersing them, unpicking 'culturally weaponized markers of identity that harbour injustices', including gender as well as race, ability, class and sexuality."<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender-critical_feminism_and_trans-exclusionary_radical_feminism">Gender-critical feminism and trans-exclusionary radical feminism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gender-critical feminism and trans-exclusionary radical feminism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical feminism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TERF_sticker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Posted with text: Women's rights are not hate crimes. Trans ideology is misogyny.#Women'sRightsAreHumanRights" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/TERF_sticker.jpg/220px-TERF_sticker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/TERF_sticker.jpg/330px-TERF_sticker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/TERF_sticker.jpg/440px-TERF_sticker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>Poster promoting gender-critical feminism</figcaption></figure> Feminists who describe themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">gender-critical</a>" say that <a href="/wiki/Biological_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological sex">biological sex</a> is "real, important, and immutable" and is "not to be conflated with <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>", and that feminism should organize with emphasis on the basis of sex rather than gender.<a href="#cite_note-:02-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-134">[134]</a> In her book Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism, Kathleen Stock described those whom she considered gender-critical feminists as being critics of gender in the sense of social stereotypes. Stock wrote: "Gender-critical feminists particularly rebel against the idea, implicit in gender identity theory, that what makes you a woman or a man is a feeling. As far as they are concerned, this feeling could only be, deep down, about the applicability of restrictive and damaging sex-associated stereotypes to yourself."<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> These feminists are also often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Transgender-exclusionary_radical_feminists" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender-exclusionary radical feminists">transgender-exclusionary radical feminists</a> or TERFs by their opponents.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flaherty_2018-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smythe_2018-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> They hold beliefs considered transphobic by many other feminists,<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2018-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-dalbey_terfwars-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-usatoday_2017-03-16-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2019-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-indy_2019-06-24-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> such as the belief that transgender identities are invalid, incoherent, or irrelevant,<a href="#cite_note-Flaherty_2018-7">[7]</a> opposition to certain kinds of legal recognition and medical care for transgender people, and support for exclusion of trans women from women's spaces and organizations in favor of single-sex spaces.<a href="#cite_note-O'Connell_2019-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wordsworth_2018-142">[142]</a> Claire Thurlow states that "what was once termed TERF ... is now more often referred to as gender critical feminism/feminist ... despite efforts to obscure the point, gender critical feminism continues to rely on transphobic tropes, moral panics and essentialist understandings of men and women. These factors also continue to link trans-exclusionary feminism to anti-feminist reactionary politics and other 'anti-gender' movements."<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Feminist Viv Smythe, who is credited with coining the term "TERF",<a href="#cite_note-Smythe_2018-137">[137]</a> says it was intended to be a "technically neutral description ... to distinguish TERFs from other [radical feminists] ... who were <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trans*" class="extiw" title="wikt:trans*">trans*</a>-positive/neutral."<a href="#cite_note-Williams_2016-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> These feminists generally prefer the term "gender-critical",<a href="#cite_note-Flaherty_2018-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldberg_2015-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vasquez_2014-146">[146]</a> and often consider TERF to be inaccurate,<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald_2015-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flaherty_2018-7">[7]</a> or a slur.<a href="#cite_note-newyorker-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vasquez_2014-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Compton_2019-147">[147]</a> Those described as TERFs or gender-critical are not necessarily associated with radical feminism. While these parties lack influence in academic feminist philosophy,<a href="#cite_note-Flaherty_2018a-68">[68]</a> they are relatively powerful in opposing <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender rights in the United Kingdom">transgender rights in the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_2018-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2019-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hines-148">[148]</a> Commenting on the bestselling books Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism by <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Stock" title="Kathleen Stock">Kathleen Stock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trans:_When_Ideology_Meets_Reality" title="Trans: When Ideology Meets Reality">Trans: When Ideology Meets Reality</a> by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Joyce" title="Helen Joyce">Helen Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a> writer Louise Perry observed that gender-critical ideas that had been <a href="/wiki/On_the_fringes" class="mw-redirect" title="On the fringes">on the fringes</a> in 2004, when Julie Bindel was accused of transphobia,<a href="#cite_note-GBB-117">[117]</a> had become mainstream in the United Kingdom by 2021.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In July 2018, <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hines" title="Sally Hines">Sally Hines</a>, a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a> professor of sociology and gender studies scholar, wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> that feminism and trans rights have been falsely portrayed as being in conflict by a minority of anti-transgender feminists, who often "reinforce the extremely offensive trope of the trans woman as a man in <a href="/wiki/Drag_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (clothing)">drag</a> who is a danger to women." Hines criticized these feminists for fueling "rhetoric of paranoia and hyperbole" against trans people, saying that they abandon or undermine feminist principles in their anti-trans narratives, such as <a href="/wiki/Bodily_autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodily autonomy">bodily autonomy</a> and self-determination of gender, and employ "reductive models of biology and restrictive understandings of the distinction between sex and gender" in defense of such narratives. She concluded with a call for explicit recognition of anti-transgender feminism as a violation of equality and dignity, and "a doctrine that runs counter to the ability to fulfill a liveable life or, often, a life at all."<a href="#cite_note-Hines_2018-150">[150]</a> In February 2019, feminist theorist, writer, and <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Roxane_Gay" title="Roxane Gay">Roxane Gay</a> said issues that impact marginalized women, such as sexual harassment and misconduct, extend to trans women as well, and that trans-exclusionary feminists have "woefully failed" to consider trans women's experience. She points out that the intersection between trans women and race lead to high suicide and murder rates for Black trans women. Describing the effects of transphobia as "appalling" and as leading to trans people's maltreatment and suffering, Gay stated: "I think a lot of feminists are very comfortable being anti-trans. And that's painful to see because we should know better, having been marginalized as women throughout history and today. How dare we marginalize others now?"<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In September 2020, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> said that trans-exclusionary radical feminism is "a fringe movement that is seeking to speak in the name of the mainstream, and that our responsibility is to refuse to let that happen".<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Hines states that trans-exclusionary radical feminists are a minority among feminists, and that they have published <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_Women%27s_Sex-Based_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on Women's Sex-Based Rights">a declaration</a> that advocates the concept of sex-based rights.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In June 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Women%27s_Rights_in_Development" title="Association for Women's Rights in Development">Association for Women's Rights in Development</a> said that the sex-based rhetoric employed by trans-exclusionary radical feminists "misuses concepts of sex and gender to push a deeply discriminatory agenda."<a href="#cite_note-AWID-154">[154]</a> In October 2021, they described anti-gender movements as a fascist trend and cautioned self-declared feminists from allying with such movements in targeting trans, non-binary, and genderqueer people.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Earlier, in May 2021, Nancy Kelley, the head of <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_(charity)" title="Stonewall (charity)">Stonewall</a>, compared gender-critical feminism to antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In January 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> approved a report, written by General Rapporteur on LGBT+ rights Fourat Ben Chikha, which condemned "extensive and virulent" attacks on LGBT+ rights.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The report condemned "the highly prejudicial anti-gender, gender-critical and anti-trans narratives which reduce the fight for the equality of LGBTI people to what these movements deliberately mischaracterise as 'gender ideology' or 'LGBTI ideology'. Such narratives deny the very existence of LGBTI people, dehumanise them, and often falsely portray their rights as being in conflict with women's and children's rights, or societal and family values in general. All of these are deeply damaging to LGBTI people, while also harming women's and children's rights and social cohesion."<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In April 2022, feminist author <a href="/wiki/Jude_Doyle" title="Jude Doyle">Jude Doyle</a> also argued that the TERF movement became infiltrated by fascists from the mid-2010s and poses a global threat to feminism.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Earlier in September 2020, Butler said that "it is painful to see that Trump's position that gender should be defined by biological sex, and that the evangelical and right-wing Catholic effort to purge 'gender' from education and public policy accords with the trans-exclusionary radical feminists' return to biological essentialism."<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_conservatives">Relations with conservatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Relations with conservatives">edit</a>]</div> Some gender-critical feminists have been linked to conservative groups and politicians who oppose legislation that would expand transgender rights in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-advocate_2019-04-02-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-dailybeast_2016-09-04-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews_2019-01-29-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-buzzfeed_2019-04-02-164">[164]</a> the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-probst2018-165">[165]</a> and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Savage2019-166">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>, an American civil rights nonprofit, reported in 2017 that American <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> groups were trying to "separate the T from LGB" by casting transgender rights as antagonistic to feminism and lesbian or gay people. The report said this trend was "part of a larger strategy, meant to weaken transgender rights advocates by attempting to separate them from their allies, feminists and LGBT rights advocates."<a href="#cite_note-lgbtqnation_2017-10-23-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews_2019-01-29-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In January 2019, <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Conservative_think_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative think tank">conservative think tank</a>, hosted a panel with members of the self-described radical feminist organization <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Women's Liberation Front">Women's Liberation Front</a> opposed to the US <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_(United_States)" title="Equality Act (United States)">Equality Act</a>, which would prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender identity.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews_2019-01-29-163">[163]</a> Heron Greenesmith of <a href="/wiki/Political_Research_Associates" title="Political Research Associates">Political Research Associates</a>, an American liberal think tank, said that this collaboration was in part a reaction to the trans community's "incredible gains" in civil rights and visibility, and that anti-trans feminists and conservatives capitalize on a "scarcity mindset rhetoric" whereby civil rights are portrayed as a limited commodity that must be prioritized to cisgender women over other groups. Greenesmith compared this rhetoric to the prioritization of the rights of citizens over non-citizens and white people over people of color.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews_2019-01-29-163">[163]</a> Bev Jackson, one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a>, once argued that "working with The Heritage Foundation is sometimes the only possible course of action" since "the leftwing silence on gender in the U.S. is even worse than in the UK." She later clarified these comments, saying she did find links to The Heritage Foundation "problematic" due to their support for "anti-women policies", "Yet it was their publicity that made it possible to launch a gender-critical movement in the U.S."<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In a 2020 article in <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Nordica" title="Lambda Nordica">Lambda Nordica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erika_Alm" title="Erika Alm">Erika Alm</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg" title="University of Gothenburg">University of Gothenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_L._Engebretsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth L. Engebretsen">Elisabeth L. Engebretsen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stavanger" title="University of Stavanger">University of Stavanger</a>, said that there was "growing convergence, and sometimes conscious alliances, between "gender-critical" feminists (sometimes known as TERFs - Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminists), religious and social conservatives, as well as right-wing politics and even neo-Nazi and fascist movements" and that the convergence was linked to "their reliance on an essentialised and binary understanding of sex and/or gender, often termed 'bio-essentialism.'"<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Another 2020 article, published in <a href="/wiki/The_Sociological_Review" title="The Sociological Review">The Sociological Review</a>, said that "the language of 'gender ideology' originates in anti-feminist and anti-trans discourses among right-wing Christians, with the Catholic Church acting as a major nucleating agent", and that the term "saw increasing circulation in trans-exclusionary radical feminist discourse" from around 2016. It further stated that "a growing number of anti-trans campaigners associated with radical feminist movements have openly aligned themselves with anti-feminist organisations."<a href="#cite_note-Pearce-170">[170]</a> In a 2021 paper in <a href="/wiki/Signs:_Journal_of_Women_in_Culture_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society">Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society</a>, Hil Malatino of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a> said that gender-critical feminism in the US has "begun to build coalition with the evangelical Right around the legal codification of sex as a biological binary" and that "popular news media frames transphobia as part of a rational, enlightened, pragmatic response to what is variously called the 'trans lobby' and the 'cult of trans.'"<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Another 2021 paper, published in <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Social_Inquiry" title="Law and Social Inquiry">Law and Social Inquiry</a>, said that "a coalition of Christian conservative legal organizations, conservative foundations, Trump administration officials, Republican party lawmakers, and trans-exclusionary radical feminists has assembled to redefine the right to privacy in service of anti-transgender politics", and that "social conservatives have cast the issue as one of balancing two competing rights claims rather than one of outright animus against a gender minority population."<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country_or_region">By country or region</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: By country or region">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organisations">International organisations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International organisations">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a> works to protect the rights of transgender people,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> and "urgently calls on communities and governments around the world to stand up for LGBTIQ+ rights."<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Women%27s_Rights_in_Development" title="Association for Women's Rights in Development">Association for Women's Rights in Development</a> (AWID) supports LGBTIQ rights and opposes the <a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">anti-gender movement</a>, and has described trans-exclusionary feminists as "trojan horses in human rights spaces" that seek to undermine human rights; AWID said that anti-trans activity is "alarming", that "the 'sex-based' rhetoric misuses concepts of sex and gender to push a deeply discriminatory agenda" and that "trans-exclusionary feminists ... undermine progressions on gender and sexuality and protection of rights of <a href="/wiki/Marginalized_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalized group">marginalized groups</a>."<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Alliance of Women</a> along with its over fifty affiliates worldwide support LGBT+ rights and have expressed concern over "anti-trans voices [that] are becoming ever louder and [that] are threatening feminist solidarity across borders."<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social,_Health_and_Empowerment_Feminist_Collective_of_Transgender_Women_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social, Health and Empowerment Feminist Collective of Transgender Women in Africa (page does not exist)">Social, Health and Empowerment Feminist Collective of Transgender Women in Africa</a> was formed.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> During the 1990s, Argentine <a href="/wiki/LGBT_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT activism">LGBT activism</a> took off, and the end of the decade saw the entry of <a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">travestis</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[a]</a> into spaces of feminist discussion, marking the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">transfeminism</a> in Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-latfemtravesti-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-furiaslohana-183">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lohana_Berkins" title="Lohana Berkins">Lohana Berkins</a> was a feminist and one of travesti activism's most prominent leaders.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Berkins got into feminism in the 1990s through meetings with <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">lesbian feminists</a> such as Alejandra Sarda, <a href="/wiki/Ilse_Fuskova" title="Ilse Fuskova">Ilse Fuskova</a>, Chela Nadio and Fabiana Tron.<a href="#cite_note-mariposas-185">[184]</a> The Argentine government's response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina">COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina</a> included trans-inclusive gender-based measures, with <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Women,_Genders_and_Diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Women, Genders and Diversity">Minister of Women, Genders and Diversity</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_G%C3%B3mez_Alcorta" title="Elizabeth Gómez Alcorta">Elizabeth Gómez Alcorta</a> stating that "trans people are particularly vulnerable in our country."<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> The Argentine feminist movement, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Gathering_of_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Gathering of Women (page does not exist)">National Gathering of Women</a>, has seen debates over reforming the Spanish language to be more gender neutral in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> The campaign to legalise <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Argentina" title="Abortion in Argentina">abortion in Argentina</a> has included transgender people, and after the movement was successful, the bill legalising abortion explicitly included trans and non-binary people.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Hate_Network" title="Canadian Anti-Hate Network">Canadian Anti-Hate Network</a> said that despite labelling themselves as feminists, TERF groups often collaborate with conservative and far-right groups.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Neil_Macdonald" title="Neil Macdonald">Neil Macdonald</a>, Canada saw an increase in debates about transgender issues in feminism especially after the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Bill_C-16" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill C-16">Bill C-16</a> in 2016, which added gender expression and gender identity as protected characteristics to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Act" title="Canadian Human Rights Act">Canadian Human Rights Act</a> and was opposed by a range of conservatives and some feminists, such as <a href="/wiki/Meghan_Murphy" title="Meghan Murphy">Meghan Murphy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Feminist writer <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> has said she disagrees with the views that trans women are not women<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> or should not use women's washrooms.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> In May 2021, over 110 women's and human rights organisations in Canada signed a statement supporting trans-inclusionary feminism, stating that "trans people are a driving force in our feminist movements and make incredible contributions across all facets of our society."<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> Canadian women's sporting organisations have also supported trans-inclusion, with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Hockey_League" title="Canadian Women's Hockey League">Canadian Women's Hockey League</a> having an openly trans woman play, the <a href="/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_soccer_team" title="Canada women's national soccer team">Canada women's national soccer team</a> having an openly non-binary player play, and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Canada" title="Rugby Canada">Rugby Canada</a> rejecting proposals to ban trans women from the sport.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Nixon_Rape_Relief_case" title="Kimberly Nixon Rape Relief case">Kimberly Nixon</a>, a trans woman, volunteered for training as a <a href="/wiki/Rape_crisis_centre" title="Rape crisis centre">rape crisis</a> counselor at <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Rape_Relief_%26_Women%27s_Shelter" title="Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter">Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter</a>. When the shelter determined Nixon was trans, it expelled her, with staff saying it made it impossible for her to understand the experiences of their clients. Nixon disagreed, disclosing her own history of partner abuse, and sued on the grounds of discrimination. Nixon's attorneys argued there was no basis for the dismissal, citing Diana Courvant's experiences as the first publicly trans woman to work in a women-only <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_shelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence shelter">domestic violence shelter</a>. In 2007 the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Supreme Court">Canadian Supreme Court</a> refused to hear Nixon's appeal, ending the case.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-perelle-202">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Rape_Relief_%26_Women%27s_Shelter" title="Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter">Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter</a> was the centre of a further controversy regarding exclusion of transgender women when the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_City_Council" title="Vancouver City Council">City of Vancouver Council</a> stopped awarding the shelter an annual $34,000 grant in 2019 over its exclusion of trans women.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> In January 2018, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halifax_Women%27s_March&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halifax Women's March (page does not exist)">Halifax Women's March</a> came under criticism for a lack of intersectionality, with a number of Indigenous, Muslim, and trans feminist activists breaking away from the march to form a rally of their own, titled Walking the Talk.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> In March of that year, <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Bouchard" title="Gabrielle Bouchard">Gabrielle Bouchard</a> was elected leader of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_des_femmes_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Fédération des femmes du Québec">Fédération des femmes du Québec</a>, the first transgender woman to hold the position.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> Mainstream feminist organizations in the United States such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> (NOW),<a href="#cite_note-now_policy-63">[63]</a> the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Law_Center" title="National Women's Law Center">National Women's Law Center</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Majority_Foundation" title="Feminist Majority Foundation">Feminist Majority Foundation</a> all support trans rights.<a href="#cite_note-fmf_policy-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> In 1997, NOW passed a resolution that affirmed trans inclusion within the organization; they also supported "recognition of transgender oppression" and issued a call "for education on the rights of transgender people."<a href="#cite_note-Valentine-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> NOW president <a href="/wiki/Terry_O%27Neill_(feminist)" title="Terry O'Neill (feminist)">Terry O'Neill</a> said the struggle against transphobia is a feminist issue.<a href="#cite_note-now-1">[1]</a> NOW has affirmed that "trans women are women, trans girls are girls."<a href="#cite_note-now2-2">[2]</a> In a further statement NOW said that "trans women are women. They deserve equal opportunity, health care, a safe community & workplace, and they deserve to play sports. They have a right to have their identity respected without conforming to perceived sex and gender identity standards. We stand with you."<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> NOW has said that "'debate' about trans girls and women in school sports spreads transphobia and bigotry through the false lens of 'fairness'" that amounts to a hate campaign.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March" title="2017 Women's March">Women's March</a>, an organization launched in 2017 to protest the policies of the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a>, is also trans-inclusive, has stated that "trans women are women" and condemned <a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">TERFs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> Women's March doesn't allow transphobia in its events.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Law_Center" title="National Women's Law Center">National Women's Law Center</a> "unequivocally supports the inclusion of trans women in women’s sports" and has said that "in recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a> has been attempting to divide, and thereby weaken, our feminist movement with fearmongering around transgender women athletes in women’s sports."<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> In 2020 the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a> joined a lawsuit to protect transgender women and girls in sports.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> A statement by 16 women's rights organizations including the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Law_Center" title="National Women's Law Center">National Women's Law Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Political_Caucus" title="National Women's Political Caucus">National Women's Political Caucus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girls,_Inc." title="Girls, Inc.">Girls, Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legal_Momentum" title="Legal Momentum">Legal Momentum</a>, End Rape on Campus, the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women" title="American Association of University Women">American Association of University Women</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Advocates" title="Equal Rights Advocates">Equal Rights Advocates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sports_Foundation" title="Women's Sports Foundation">Women's Sports Foundation</a> said that, "as organizations that fight every day for equal opportunities for all women and girls, we speak from experience and expertise when we say that nondiscrimination protections for transgender people—including women and girls who are transgender—are not at odds with women’s equality or well-being, but advance them" and that "we support laws and policies that protect transgender people from discrimination, including in participation in sports, and reject the suggestion that cisgender women and girls benefit from the exclusion of women and girls who happen to be transgender."<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, trans-exclusionary feminism became prominent in Mexico with the rise of Fourth Wave of Mexican feminism among young women and LQBTQ+ individuals. At the same time, the Frente Nacional por la Familia (National Front for Family), led a large national protest. This sparked the Mexican anti-gender and anti-LGBT movement. Feminism was highly influenced by feminist author, Laura Lecuona's popular essay Cuando lo trans no es transgresor (“When Trans Is Not Transgressive”).<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> Since then, Mexico has seen the rise of femicide, or the systemic murder of women and girls. Femicide does not exclude trans women because they also experience this violence.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> According to Hyun-Jae Lee of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Seoul" title="University of Seoul">University of Seoul</a>, although "until the eighties modern <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">Korean feminism</a> had been fairly cis-woman-centric and based on female identity, they did not officially exclude "biological men", refugees, or transgender people because of their biological sex" and that the "[trans-]exclusive stance of radical feminism never existed in Korean society before the 2000s."<a href="#cite_note-Lee_2020-222">[221]</a> In 2016, the Korean-based online radical feminist community <a href="/wiki/Womad_(website)" title="Womad (website)">WOMAD</a> split from the larger community <a href="/wiki/Megalia" title="Megalia">Megalia</a> after Megalia issued a ban on the use of certain explicit slurs against gay men and transgender people. This change in policy led to the migration of <a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT">anti-LGBT</a> members.<a href="#cite_note-:0b-223">[222]</a> WOMAD has caused controversy due to extreme <a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">online trolling</a> and show extreme hatred towards transgender people;<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> for this reason, WOMAD have been called "Korean-style <a href="/wiki/TERF" class="mw-redirect" title="TERF">TERFs</a>".<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> The organisers of the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Hyehwa_Station_Protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyehwa Station Protest">Hyehwa Station Protest</a> barred trans women and non-binary people from attending the protest.<a href="#cite_note-Lee_2020-222">[221]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Sookmyung_Women%27s_University" title="Sookmyung Women's University">Sookmyung Women's University</a> became the first Korean women's university to admit a trans student; however, the student later withdrew her acceptance after news of her acceptance sparked controversy.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/European_Women%27s_Lobby" title="European Women's Lobby">European Women's Lobby</a> (EWL) is trans-inclusive.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> EWL called for more attention and research into discrimination against trans women and lesbians and their specific health needs.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> EWL has said that "women with multiple identities are rendered more vulnerable to discrimination, violence and violation of their rights. The situation of (...) transgender women has long been made invisible. It is urgent to make sure that all policies are designed to not leave a single girl or woman behind."<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Denmark">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Danish_Women%27s_Society" title="Danish Women's Society">Danish Women's Society</a> supports <a href="/wiki/LGBTQA" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQA">LGBTQA</a> rights, and has stated that it takes <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a> and transphobia very seriously, that "we support all initiatives that promote the rights of gay and transgender people" and that "we see the LGBTQA movement as close allies in the struggle against inequality and we fight together for a society where gender and sexuality do not limit an individual."<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> In February 2020, an open letter was published in the <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a> signed by around 50 French feminists, including sociologist <a href="/wiki/Christine_Delphy" title="Christine Delphy">Christine Delphy</a> and ex-<a href="/wiki/Femen" title="Femen">Femen</a> activist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marguerite_Stern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marguerite Stern (page does not exist)">Marguerite Stern</a>, questioning the presence of trans women in feminist movements.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> The Huffington Post later removed the letter from their website.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> In response to the letter, several different feminist organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Syndicat_du_travail_sexuel" title="Syndicat du travail sexuel">Syndicat du travail sexuel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Collectif_NousToutes" title="Collectif NousToutes">Collectif NousToutes</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collages_f%C3%A9minicides_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collages féminicides Paris (page does not exist)">Collages féminicides Paris</a>, who Stern had previously been involved with, issued statements condemning transphobia.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> In late-February 2020, a further group of feminists and feminist organisations released an open letter stating that they opposed the importing of "transphobic debates" into France and that creating divisions between cis and trans women "only serve the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy#Feminist_theory" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>."<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> Leading German women's organization <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Frauenring" title="Deutscher Frauenring">Deutscher Frauenring</a> is intersectional and opposes transphobia.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> The umbrella organization for the German women's movement, the <a href="/wiki/German_Women%27s_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="German Women's Council">German Women's Council</a>, has stated that "trans women are women and we need to represent them and defend their rights."<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iceland">Iceland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Iceland">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jyl_Josephson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jyl Josephson (page does not exist)">Jyl Josephson</a>, professor of Political Science and Women's and Gender Studies at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University%E2%80%93Newark" title="Rutgers University–Newark">Rutgers University–Newark</a>, stated that in Iceland "transgender and gender scholars seem to have a more congenial and more recent relationship."<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> Non-binary Icelandic journalist <a href="/wiki/Owl_Fisher" title="Owl Fisher">Owl Fisher</a> has stated that "in Iceland the women's rights movement as a whole has been wholly supportive of trans rights for decades."<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> In 2019, Icelandic Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Katr%C3%ADn_Jakobsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Katrín Jakobsdóttir">Katrín Jakobsdóttir</a> proposed a bill to introduce gender recognition via statutory declaration in the country. The bill was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a> by a vote of 45–0, with three abstentions.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> On Women's Rights Day in Iceland in 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Women%27s_Rights_Association" title="Icelandic Women's Rights Association">Icelandic Women's Rights Association</a> organised an event together with <a href="/wiki/Trans_%C3%8Dsland" title="Trans Ísland">Trans Ísland</a> that saw several different feminist organisations in the country discuss strategies to stop anti-trans sentiment from increasing its influence within Icelandic feminism.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> Later that year, Trans Ísland was unanimously granted status as a member association of the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Women%27s_Rights_Association" title="Icelandic Women's Rights Association">Icelandic Women's Rights Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> In 2021 the Icelandic Women's Rights Association, noting the traditional sense of solidarity between the women's movement and LGBTQ+ movement, organized an event on how the women's movement could counter "anti-trans voices [that] are becoming ever louder and [that] are threatening feminist solidarity across borders."<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> In January 2018, roughly 1,000 feminists in Ireland, including members of several feminist groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Network_Against_Racism" title="Irish Network Against Racism">Irish Network Against Racism</a> (INAR), signed an open letter condemning an event held in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> by a group of UK-based trans-exclusionary radical feminists which opposed proposed reforms to the British <a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">Gender Recognition Act</a>. The open letter stated that "the signatories of this letter, organise hand in hand with our trans sisters. Together, cis and trans, we are <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Irish feminism</a>. Trans women are our sisters; their struggles are ours, our struggles theirs."<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> During the referendum on the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland</a> that successfully saw the legalisation for abortion, the <a href="/wiki/Together_for_Yes" title="Together for Yes">Together for Yes</a> campaign group was explicitly trans-inclusive.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> In November 2020, on <a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Trans Day of Remembrance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Council_of_Ireland" title="National Women's Council of Ireland">National Women's Council of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_Ireland" title="Amnesty International Ireland">Amnesty International Ireland</a> co-signed a statement along with a number of LGBT+ and human rights groups condemning trans-exclusionary feminism. The letter called upon the media and politicians "to no longer provide legitimate representation for those that share bigoted beliefs, that are aligned with <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far right ideologies</a> and seek nothing but harm and division" and stated that "these fringe internet accounts stand against affirmative medical care of transgender people, and they stand against the right to self-identification of transgender people in this country. In summation they stand against trans, women's and gay rights by aligning themselves with far right tropes and stances."<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> In March 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_Rights_Campaign" title="Abortion Rights Campaign">Abortion Rights Campaign</a> issued a statement condemning the <a href="/wiki/Bell_v_Tavistock" title="Bell v Tavistock">Bell v Tavistock</a> ruling the UK, stating that trans people had played a role in the Yes vote of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland</a> referendum and that the ruling was "ultimately an attack on our collective right to bodily integrity."<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> A 2019 study from the <a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a> that examined the feminist Non Una Di Meno (Italian chapter of <a href="/wiki/Ni_una_menos" title="Ni una menos">Ni una menos</a> association) in Italy argued that <a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">difference feminism</a> had traditionally been prevalent in the country, but was being supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Intersectional_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersectional feminism">intersectional feminism</a>. The shift was driven especially by younger feminist activists, often accompanied with rejections of binary gender as well as increased prominence of anti-racist and <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalist</a> organising, who considered that "intersectional feminism grasps the core of the feminist and LGBT struggles, which is the "union of all the oppressed against the oppressors."<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway">Norway</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</div> In Norway, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Association_for_Women%27s_Rights" title="Norwegian Association for Women's Rights">Norwegian Association for Women's Rights</a> (NKF) is trans-inclusive and supports legal protections against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression.<a href="#cite_note-kvinnelobby-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruzelius-253">[252]</a> In 2015/2016 NKF supported the <a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_(Norway)" title="Gender Recognition Act (Norway)">Gender Recognition Act</a>, which the NKF President described as a milestone for LGBT+ rights that the women's rights movement welcomes.<a href="#cite_note-kvinnelobby-252">[251]</a> In 2018 NKF also supported legal protections against discrimination and <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression in the Penal Code.<a href="#cite_note-Bruzelius-253">[252]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Women%27s_Lobby" title="Norwegian Women's Lobby">Norwegian Women's Lobby</a>, an umbrella organization of ten member organizations, describes itself as inclusive and working "to represent the interests of all those who identify as girls and women",<a href="#cite_note-nwl-254">[253]</a> and states that it understands discrimination against girls and women in an intersectional perspective and opposes transphobia.<a href="#cite_note-nwl-254">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain#Intersex_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT rights in Spain § Intersex rights in Spain</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a> in the late-1970s, trans people in Spain organised under the gay liberation movement seeking to repeal the Francoist regime's ban on homosexuality, as the Francoist regime would arrest trans people using those same laws. In 1978, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colectivo_de_Travestis_y_Transexuales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colectivo de Travestis y Transexuales (page does not exist)">Colectivo de Travestis y Transexuales</a> was founded as part of the Catalan gay liberation movement, the first trans-specific organisation in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> In 1987, the first national transgender association was formed, Transexualia, to fight against police violence. As several of the Transexualia founders were <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">sex workers</a>, they soon began working with feminist groups fighting against gendered violence, such as the Colectivo de Feministas Lesbianas de Madrid and the Comisión Antiagresiones. Part of the 1993 National Feminist Conference was dedicated to discussing trans issues in Spain. Through the 1990s, the scope of co-operation between the trans liberation movement and the feminist movement grew, and at the 2000 National Feminist Conference featured several talks by trans people, including <a href="/wiki/Kim_P%C3%A9rez" title="Kim Pérez">Kim Pérez</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Bugalho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Bugalho (page does not exist)">Laura Bugalho</a>. The 2009 Granada Feminist Conference then saw an influx of younger feminists, and a dedication to formulating a distinct Spanish transfeminism. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Platero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucas Platero (page does not exist)">Lucas Platero</a> of <a href="/wiki/King_Juan_Carlos_University" title="King Juan Carlos University">King Juan Carlos University</a>, the 2009 conference resulted in a shift towards a feminism that placed greater emphasis on criticising the gender binary and that was "more queer, more <a href="/wiki/Decoloniality" title="Decoloniality">decolonial</a>, and intersectional."<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> In 2021, a split in the Spanish left-wing coalition government occurred over the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Proposal_for_the_Real_and_Effective_Equality_of_Trans_People" title="Legislative Proposal for the Real and Effective Equality of Trans People">Legislative Proposal for the Real and Effective Equality of Trans People</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Unidas_Podemos" title="Unidas Podemos">United Podemos</a> Minister for Equality <a href="/wiki/Irene_Montero" title="Irene Montero">Irene Montero</a> advancing the bill that would have included the introduction of legal gender recognition via statutory declaration (therefore responding to long-lasting demands for full depathologization) as well as legal recognition of non-binary identities. However, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a> (PSOE) Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Calvo" title="Carmen Calvo">Carmen Calvo</a> argued that the bill "could put at risk the identity criteria for 47 million Spaniards." The bill ultimately failed to pass after the Socialist Workers' Party abstained on the vote.<a href="#cite_note-AP_News-258">[257]</a> In parallel to this, some feminist intellectuals with different degrees of affinity to the PSOE, most notably authors <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Valc%C3%A1rcel" title="Amelia Valcárcel">Amelia Valcárcel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Miyares_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Alicia Miyares Fernández">Alicia Miyares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lidia_Falc%C3%B3n" title="Lidia Falcón">Lidia Falcón</a>, had been making public remarks opposing the legislative proposal, as well as comments that other feminist figures reported as transphobic.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> Ultimately, a new, similar legislative proposal was passed, recognizing the right of trans people to self-determine without the need of any medical process, although demands concerning non-binary people eventually fell off.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender rights in the United Kingdom">Transgender rights in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feminism_is_intersectional_No_Terfs_No_Swerfs_(49643458203).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Feminism_is_intersectional_No_Terfs_No_Swerfs_%2849643458203%29.jpg/220px-Feminism_is_intersectional_No_Terfs_No_Swerfs_%2849643458203%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Feminism_is_intersectional_No_Terfs_No_Swerfs_%2849643458203%29.jpg/330px-Feminism_is_intersectional_No_Terfs_No_Swerfs_%2849643458203%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Feminism_is_intersectional_No_Terfs_No_Swerfs_%2849643458203%29.jpg/440px-Feminism_is_intersectional_No_Terfs_No_Swerfs_%2849643458203%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>A banner at a protest in the United Kingdom in 2020</figcaption></figure> The UK government's 2018 consultation on reforming the <a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">Gender Recognition Act 2004</a> became a locus of conflict between trans-exclusionary radical feminists and advocates for trans acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2019-14">[14]</a> The GRA requires that one be medically diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a> and live for two years in one's felt identity before legally changing gender.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> Proposed reforms would allow one to self-declare one's legal gender without a diagnosis or waiting period.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> While the UK's <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a> permitted providers of single-sex or sex-segregated services such as women's shelters to deny access to transgender people on a case-by-case basis, a 2016 report of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Women_and_Equalities_Committee" title="Women and Equalities Committee">Women and Equalities Committee</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> recommended that providers no longer be permitted to exclude persons who had obtained legal recognition of their "acquired gender" under the GRA.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> Groups including <a href="/wiki/Fair_Play_For_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Play For Women">Fair Play For Women</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Place_UK" title="Woman's Place UK">Woman's Place UK</a> were founded in opposition to the proposed reforms.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> The groups have been condemned by feminists who support the reforms. London <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Library" title="Feminist Library">Feminist Library</a> organiser <a href="/wiki/Lola_Olufemi" title="Lola Olufemi">Lola Olufemi</a> described Woman's Place UK as "a clearly transphobic organisation" after withdrawing from an event at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> that featured WPUK supporter and Oxford professor <a href="/wiki/Selina_Todd" title="Selina Todd">Selina Todd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> British trans-exclusive feminist groups objected to the proposed GRA self-ID reform as eroding protections for women-only safe spaces and liable to abuse by cisgender men<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a>—issues disputed by advocates of reform and unsupported by current evidence.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> A 2020 paper in <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Open" title="SAGE Open">SAGE Open</a> said that "the case against trans inclusion in the United Kingdom has been presented primarily through social media and blog-type or journalistic online platforms lacking the traditional prepublication checks of academic <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>".<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> Pro-trans feminist academics such as <a href="/wiki/Akwugo_Emejulu" title="Akwugo Emejulu">Akwugo Emejulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alison_Phipps_(sociologist)" title="Alison Phipps (sociologist)">Alison Phipps</a> view self-declaration as a right for transgender people.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> In October 2018 the UK edition of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> published an editorial on GRA reform supporting a lessening of the barriers to legal gender change but also stating that "Women's oppression by men has a physical basis, and to deny the relevance of biology when considering sexual inequality is a mistake", and that, "Women's concerns about sharing dormitories or changing rooms with 'male-bodied' people must be taken seriously."<a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2019-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-whererightscollide-279">[278]</a> Journalists from The Guardian's <a href="/wiki/Guardian_US" title="Guardian US">US edition</a> wrote an editorial repudiating their UK counterpart's stance, stating that it "promoted transphobic viewpoints" and that its "unsubstantiated argument only serves to dehumanize and stigmatize trans people".<a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2019-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> In March 2019 more than 160 women, including <a href="/wiki/Emma_Thompson" title="Emma Thompson">Emma Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">members of the UK parliament</a>, cosigned an <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a> expressing solidarity with trans women and support for GRA reform, organised by LGBT charity <a href="/wiki/Time_for_Inclusive_Education" title="Time for Inclusive Education">Time for Inclusive Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> Seven Scottish women's groups – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Close_the_Gap_(Scotland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Close the Gap (Scotland) (page does not exist)">Close the Gap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engender" title="Engender">Engender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equate_Scotland" title="Equate Scotland">Equate Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape_Crisis_Scotland" title="Rape Crisis Scotland">Rape Crisis Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Women%27s_Aid" title="Scottish Women's Aid">Scottish Women's Aid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_50:50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women 50:50 (page does not exist)">Women 50:50</a>, and Zero Tolerance – released a joint statement during the GRA consultations endorsing the proposed reforms and stating that "we do not regard trans equality and women's equality to be in competition or contradiction with each other."<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_SCA" title="Cambridge SCA">Cambridge Rape Crisis Centre</a> has indicated that it accepts trans people as volunteers and the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Rape_Crisis_Centre" title="Edinburgh Rape Crisis Centre">Edinburgh Rape Crisis Centre</a> has maintained individual gender-neutral bathrooms.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> Feminist direct action group <a href="/wiki/Sisters_Uncut" title="Sisters Uncut">Sisters Uncut</a> has stated that "trans people and gender-nonconforming people experience disproportionate levels of violence ... if we don't centre those who exist on the margins, what kind of movement is that?"<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> In 2021, an <a href="/wiki/Employment_Appeal_Tribunal" title="Employment Appeal Tribunal">Employment Appeal Tribunal</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/Maya_Forstater_v_Centre_for_Global_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya Forstater v Centre for Global Development">Maya Forstater v Centre for Global Development</a> (CGD) found that gender-critical beliefs pass the legal test of a protected belief under the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a> because they "did not seek to destroy the rights of trans persons".<a href="#cite_note-:02-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-132">[132]</a> While Forstater was "delighted to have been vindicated", the CGD described the decision as a "step backwards for inclusivity and equality for all".<a href="#cite_note-:2-292">[291]</a> In November 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a> LGBTQ+ Forum hosted a debate on the topic of <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">conversion therapy</a>, following the launch of a <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom#Conversion_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">public consultation</a> on how to ban the practice.<a href="#cite_note-:5-293">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-296">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> The panel consisted of <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_(charity)" title="Stonewall (charity)">Stonewall</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kelley" title="Nancy Kelley">Nancy Kelley</a>, campaigner <a href="/wiki/Jayne_Ozanne" title="Jayne Ozanne">Jayne Ozanne</a>, and gender-critical feminist and barrister Naomi Cunningham.<a href="#cite_note-:4-296">[295]</a> A letter said to be signed by more than a hundred legal professionals objected to Cunningham's inclusion on the panel, describing her as "anti-trans".<a href="#cite_note-:5-293">[292]</a> Kelley called for a complete ban on conversion therapy.<a href="#cite_note-:4-296">[295]</a> Cunningham presented a "gender-critical" view that there are multiple explanations for why a young person may call themselves transgender, such as unease at being gay, so a ban on therapists exploring these alternative explanations amounts to "the most savage conversion therapy ever invented".<a href="#cite_note-:6-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> Ozanne spoke about her personal experience of conversion therapy, but also described Cunningham's speech as "very insensitive" and "transphobic", which Cunningham denied.<a href="#cite_note-:4-296">[295]</a> Drawing on theory of <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radicalization</a>, the sociologist Craig McLean argues that discourse on transgender-related issues in the UK has been radicalized in response to the activities of new lobby groups that push "a radical agenda to deny the basic rights of trans people ... under the cover of "free speech'".<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finn_Mackay" title="Finn Mackay">Finn Mackay</a> argued that "during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">pandemic</a>, the ceaseless attacks on and lies told about trans people in our media have only increased ... the fact that our media is awash with conspiracy theories about trans lives ... should be a national shame."<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Women%27s_Welfare_League" title="Māori Women's Welfare League">Māori Women's Welfare League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Women_of_New_Zealand" title="National Council of Women of New Zealand">National Council of Women of New Zealand</a> are trans-inclusive and have supported a shift to legal <a href="/wiki/Gender_self-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender self-determination">gender self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Feminist movements and ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Feminist views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Feminist views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_prostitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist views on prostitution">Feminist views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Feminist views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism#Views_on_transgender_topics" title="Radical feminism">Radical feminism#Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure#In_relation_to_transgender_women" title="Lesbian erasure">Lesbian erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> "Travesti" (meaning <a href="/wiki/Transvestite" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvestite">transvestite</a>) was historically a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> used to designate <a href="/wiki/Trans_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans women">trans women</a> and crossdressers in South America. The word has been <a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">reappropriated</a> by activists and is now used as a <a href="/wiki/Non-binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-binary">non-binary</a> label for people assigned male at birth that have a <a href="/wiki/Transfeminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfeminine">transfeminine</a> <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>, but choose not to identify themselves as trans women.<a href="#cite_note-travestiidentidad-180">[180]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-now-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-now_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-now_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://now.org/blog/why-transphobia-is-a-feminist-issue/">"Why Transphobia Is a Feminist Issue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a>. 8 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421033033/https://now.org/blog/why-transphobia-is-a-feminist-issue/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2022. 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Retrieved 24 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOW+Celebrates+International+Transgender+Day+of+Visibility&rft.pub=National+Organization+for+Women&rft.date=2021-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnow.org%2Fmedia-center%2Fpress-release%2Fnow-celebrates-transgender-day-of-visibility%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlattSzoka2021" class="citation journal cs1">Platt, Lisa F.; Szoka, Spring L. (28 January 2021). "Endorsement of Feminist Beliefs, Openness, and Mindful Acceptance as Predictors of Decreased Transphobia". 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Retrieved 6 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economist&rft.atitle=A+backlash+against+gender+ideology+is+starting+in+universities&rft.date=2021-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Finternational%2F2021%2F06%2F05%2Fa-backlash-against-gender-ideology-is-starting-in-universities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStock2021" class="citation book cs1">Stock, Kathleen (2021). Material Girls: Why Reality Matters for Feminism. 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Retrieved 3 May 2019. <q>The truth is, while the British conservative right would almost certainly be more than happy to whip up a frenzy of transphobia, they simply haven't needed to, because some sections of the left over here are doing their hate-peddling for them. The most vocal source of this hatred has emerged, sadly, from within circles of radical feminists. 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Retrieved 24 April 2019. <q>TERF: The acronym for 'trans exclusionary radical feminists,' referring to feminists who are transphobic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=A+feminist+glossary+because+we+didn%27t+all+major+in+gender+studies&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.aulast=Dastagir&rft.aufirst=Alia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2017%2F03%2F16%2Ffeminism-glossary-lexicon-language%2F99120600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_2019-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2019_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2019_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2019_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2019_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2019_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2019_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2019_14-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2019" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Sophie (7 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/opinion/terf-trans-women-britain.html">"Opinion | How British Feminism Became Anti-Trans"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115191351/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/opinion/terf-trans-women-britain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019. 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Retrieved 9 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lgbtqnation.com&rft.atitle=The+Christian+right%27s+new+strategy%3A+Divide+and+conquer+the+LGBT+community&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lgbtqnation.com%2F2017%2F10%2Fchristian-rights-new-strategy-divide-conquer-lgbt-community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koyama_manifesto-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koyama_manifesto_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koyama_manifesto_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoyama2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emi_Koyama" title="Emi Koyama">Koyama, Emi</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eminism.org/readings/pdf-rdg/tfmanifesto.pdf">Transfeminist Manifesto</a> (PDF). p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010143204/http://eminism.org/readings/pdf-rdg/tfmanifesto.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transfeminist+Manifesto&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Koyama&rft.aufirst=Emi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feminism.org%2Freadings%2Fpdf-rdg%2Ftfmanifesto.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Mark (6 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/jun/06/portrait-18th-century-early-transvestite">"Portrait mistaken for 18th-century lady is early painting of transvestite"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Portrait+mistaken+for+18th-century+lady+is+early+painting+of+transvestite&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2012%2Fjun%2F06%2Fportrait-18th-century-early-transvestite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Preston, Ashlee Marie (8 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a35746428/black-trans-women-fight-for-womens-rights/">"Black Trans Women Have Always Been Integral in the Fight for Women's Rights"</a>. Harper's Bazaar. Retrieved 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Bazaar&rft.atitle=Black+Trans+Women+Have+Always+Been+Integral+in+the+Fight+for+Women%27s+Rights&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Ashlee+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpersbazaar.com%2Fculture%2Ffeatures%2Fa35746428%2Fblack-trans-women-fight-for-womens-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeachy2015" class="citation book cs1">Beachy, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aO7YCwAAQBAJ&q=gay+berlin">Gay Berlin: Birthplace of a Modern Identity</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307473134" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307473134"><bdi>978-0307473134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+Berlin%3A+Birthplace+of+a+Modern+Identity&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0307473134&rft.aulast=Beachy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaO7YCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgay%2Bberlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dose2014-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Dose2014_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDose2014" class="citation book cs1">Dose, Ralf (2014). Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement. New York City: Monthly Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-437-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-437-6"><bdi>978-1-58367-437-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnus+Hirschfeld%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Gay+Liberation+Movement&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-58367-437-6&rft.aulast=Dose&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMancini2010" class="citation book cs1">Mancini, Elena (2010). Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWXFAAAAQBAJ&dq=Helene+St%C3%B6cker+same-sex&pg=PA25">25</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnus+Hirschfeld+and+the+Quest+for+Sexual+Freedom&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mancini&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-22"><a href="#cite_ref-:62_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatte2005" class="citation journal cs1">Matte, Nicholas (1 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcbmh.22.2.253">"International Sexual Reform and Sexology in Europe, 1897–1933"</a>. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History. 22 (2): 253–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcbmh.22.2.253">10.3138/cbmh.22.2.253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2816-6469">2816-6469</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16482697">16482697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Bulletin+of+Medical+History&rft.atitle=International+Sexual+Reform+and+Sexology+in+Europe%2C+1897%E2%80%931933&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=253-270&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft.issn=2816-6469&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16482697&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcbmh.22.2.253&rft.aulast=Matte&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3138%252Fcbmh.22.2.253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathieson2022" class="citation news cs1">Mathieson, Stuart (4 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/hirschfeld-and-early-rights-activism-1.4844305">"Hirschfeld and early rights activism"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221009222039/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/hirschfeld-and-early-rights-activism-1.4844305">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022. <q>Through this effort, Hirschfeld met the feminist Helene Stöcker. Both were convinced that the struggles for women's, gay and trans liberation were intertwined ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Hirschfeld+and+early+rights+activism&rft.date=2022-04-04&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fhirschfeld-and-early-rights-activism-1.4844305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Goldman, Emma (1923). "Offener Brief an den Herausgeber der Jahrbücher über Louise Michel" with a preface by Magnus Hirschfeld. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. 23: 70. Translated from German by James Steakley. Goldman's original letter in English is not known to be extant. </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-25"><a href="#cite_ref-:15_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/magnus-hirschfeld-2">"Magnus Hirschfeld"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007223806/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/magnus-hirschfeld-2">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Magnus+Hirschfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmagnus-hirschfeld-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-26"><a href="#cite_ref-:72_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2014" class="citation cs2">Bauer, Heike (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137367662_2">"Burning Sexual Subjects: Books, Homophobia and the Nazi Destruction of the Institute of Sexual Science in Berlin"</a>, in Partington, Gill; Smyth, Adam (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vDNvBAAAQBAJ">Book Destruction from the Medieval to the Contemporary</a>, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 17–18, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137367662_2">10.1057/9781137367662_2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-36766-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-36766-2"><bdi>978-1-137-36766-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010052552/https://books.google.com/books?id=vDNvBAAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2022, retrieved 7 October 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burning+Sexual+Subjects%3A+Books%2C+Homophobia+and+the+Nazi+Destruction+of+the+Institute+of+Sexual+Science+in+Berlin&rft.btitle=Book+Destruction+from+the+Medieval+to+the+Contemporary&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137367662_2&rft.isbn=978-1-137-36766-2&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Heike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9781137367662_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2014" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Michelle (5 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2">"What Is a Woman? The dispute between radical feminism and transgenderism"</a>. New Yorker Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113031943/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Yorker+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Woman%3F+The+dispute+between+radical+feminism+and+transgenderism&rft.date=2014-08-05&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F08%2F04%2Fwoman-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStryker" class="citation news cs1">Stryker, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/transgender_activism_S.pdf">"Transgender Activism"</a> (PDF). glbtq archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024110629/http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/transgender_activism_S.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=glbtq+archives&rft.atitle=Transgender+Activism&rft.aulast=Stryker&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtqarchive.com%2Fssh%2Ftransgender_activism_S.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerowitz2009" class="citation book cs1">Meyerowitz, Joanna J (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFP2PmYPBBAC&pg=PT289">How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 289–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04096-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04096-0"><bdi>978-0-674-04096-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Sex+Changed%3A+A+History+of+Transsexuality+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=289-&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04096-0&rft.aulast=Meyerowitz&rft.aufirst=Joanna+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXFP2PmYPBBAC%26pg%3DPT289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Robin Morgan, "Keynote Address" Lesbian Tide. May/Jun73, Vol. 2 Issue 10/11, p30-34 (quote p 32); for additional coverage see Pichulina Hampi, Advocate, 9 May 1973, issue 11, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Califia-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Califia_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomerleau,_Clark2013" class="citation book cs1">Pomerleau, Clark (2013). Califia Women: Feminist Education against Sexism, Classism, and Racism. 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The New Press. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62097-586-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62097-586-2"><bdi>978-1-62097-586-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221009231726/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z_LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2022. 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Retrieved 20 November 2015. <q>TERF stands for 'trans-exclusionary radical feminist.' The term can be useful for making a distinction with radical feminists who do not share the same position, but those at whom it is directed consider it a slur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Woman%3F&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F08%2F04%2Fwoman-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ring_2015-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Ring_2015_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRing2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ring, Trudy (21 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.advocate.com/michfest/2015/04/21/years-michigan-womyns-music-festival-will-be-last">"This Year's Michigan Womyn's Music Festival Will Be the Last"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Advocate (LGBT magazine)">The Advocate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615102416/http://www.advocate.com/michfest/2015/04/21/years-michigan-womyns-music-festival-will-be-last">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2015. 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The Journal of Speculative Philosophy. 31 (3): 372–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fjspecphil.31.3.0372">10.5325/jspecphil.31.3.0372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148994708">148994708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Speculative+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Born+This+Way%3F+Time+and+the+Coloniality+of+Gender&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=372-384&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fjspecphil.31.3.0372&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148994708%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Draz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Frec%2FDRABTW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoltenberg" class="citation web cs1">Stoltenberg, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115001619/http://archive.feministtimes.com/%e2%80%aa%e2%80%8egenderweek-andrea-was-not-transphobic/">"#GenderWeek: Andrea was not transphobic"</a>. Feminist Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.feministtimes.com/%e2%80%aa%e2%80%8egenderweek-andrea-was-not-transphobic/">the original</a> on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%23GenderWeek%3A+Andrea+was+not+transphobic&rft.pub=Feminist+Times&rft.aulast=Stoltenberg&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.feministtimes.com%2F%25e2%2580%25aa%25e2%2580%258egenderweek-andrea-was-not-transphobic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OutrageousActs-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OutrageousActs_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OutrageousActs_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinem1984" class="citation book cs1">Steinem, Gloria (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVHmzw43TgkC">Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions</a> (1st ed.). New York: Henry Holt & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805042023" title="Special:BookSources/9780805042023"><bdi>9780805042023</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819140343/https://books.google.com/books?id=KVHmzw43TgkC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outrageous+Acts+and+Everyday+Rebellions&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780805042023&rft.aulast=Steinem&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKVHmzw43TgkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bm-trans-exclusion-steinem-90"><a href="#cite_ref-bm-trans-exclusion-steinem_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasquez2014" class="citation news cs1">Vasquez, Tina (17 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bitchmedia.org/post/the-long-history-of-transgender-exclusion-from-feminism">"It's Time to End the Long History of Feminism Failing Transgender Women"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bitch_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitch Media">Bitch Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909075902/https://bitchmedia.org/post/the-long-history-of-transgender-exclusion-from-feminism">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2014. <q>Steinem was long considered transphobic because of the stance she took in writing about professional tennis player Renée Richards, who transitioned in the 1970's. Steinem's 1983 book Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellion cited Janice Raymond's work and discussed how transsexual people "mutilate their own bodies."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bitch+Media&rft.atitle=It%27s+Time+to+End+the+Long+History+of+Feminism+Failing+Transgender+Women&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft.aulast=Vasquez&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitchmedia.org%2Fpost%2Fthe-long-history-of-transgender-exclusion-from-feminism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-advocate-steinem-91"><a href="#cite_ref-advocate-steinem_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinem2013" class="citation web cs1">Steinem, Gloria (2 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2013/10/02/op-ed-working-together-over-time">"On Working Together Over Time"</a>. The Advocate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116081606/http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2013/10/02/op-ed-working-together-over-time">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014. <q>Years passed the Internet arrived, and words circulated out of time and context. Last year one young transgender student on campus assumed that old essay's use of the word "mutilate" for surgeries performed because of societal pressure meant I was against sexual reassignment surgery altogether. He didn't consider that it had been written two generations before he was born, and also in the context of global protests against routine surgical assaults, called female genital mutilation by some survivors.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>So now I want to be unequivocal in my words: I believe that transgender people, including those who have transitioned, are living out real, authentic lives. Those lives should be celebrated, not questioned. Their health care decisions should be theirs and theirs alone to make. And what I wrote decades ago does not reflect what we know today as we move away from only the binary boxes of "masculine" or "feminine" and begin to live along the full human continuum of identity and expression.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Working+Together+Over+Time&rft.pub=The+Advocate&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft.aulast=Steinem&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advocate.com%2Fcommentary%2F2013%2F10%2F02%2Fop-ed-working-together-over-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Raymond, Janice. (1980). The Transsexual Empire, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwvbAAAAMAAJ&q=appropriating">104</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218135457/https://books.google.com/books?id=HwvbAAAAMAAJ&dq=appropriating">Archived</a> 18 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebar.com/news///240420">"Feminist theologian Mary Daly dies"</a>. The Bay Area Reporter / B.A.R. Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308171932/https://www.ebar.com/news///240420">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bay+Area+Reporter+%2F+B.A.R.+Inc.&rft.atitle=Feminist+theologian+Mary+Daly+dies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebar.com%2Fnews%2F%2F%2F240420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Daly, Mary, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, pbk. [1st printing? printing of [19]90?] 1978 & 1990 (prob. all content except New Intergalactic Introduction 1978 & prob. New Intergalactic Introduction 1990) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-1413-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-1413-3">0-8070-1413-3</a>)). </li> <li id="cite_note-BINDEL2-95"><a href="#cite_ref-BINDEL2_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindel2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Bindel" title="Julie Bindel">Bindel, Julie</a> (2 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/02/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety">"The ugly side of beauty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225140358/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/02/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+ugly+side+of+beauty&rft.date=2005-07-02&rft.aulast=Bindel&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Fjul%2F02%2Fgender.politicsphilosophyandsociety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hayward, Eva S. (2017). "Don't Exist". Transgender Studies Quarterly. 4 (2): 191–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F23289252-3814985">10.1215/23289252-3814985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transgender+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Exist&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-194&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F23289252-3814985&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Eva+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Robin Morgan, "Keynote Address", Lesbian Tide, May/June 1973, Vol. 2, Issue 10/11, pp. 30–34 (quote p. 32); for additional coverage, see Pichulina Hampi, Advocate, May 9, 1973, issue 11, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys2014" class="citation book cs1">Jeffreys, Sheila (2014). Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism (1st ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415539401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415539401"><bdi>978-0415539401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+Hurts%3A+A+Feminist+Analysis+of+the+Politics+of+Transgenderism&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+UK&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0415539401&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2017" class="citation news cs1">Schmidt, Samantha (13 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/03/13/womens-issues-are-different-from-trans-womens-issues-feminist-author-says-sparking-criticism/?noredirect=on">"Women's issues are different from trans women's issues, feminist author says, sparking criticism"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017045301/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/03/13/womens-issues-are-different-from-trans-womens-issues-feminist-author-says-sparking-criticism/?noredirect=on">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Women%27s+issues+are+different+from+trans+women%27s+issues%2C+feminist+author+says%2C+sparking+criticism&rft.date=2017-03-13&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmorning-mix%2Fwp%2F2017%2F03%2F13%2Fwomens-issues-are-different-from-trans-womens-issues-feminist-author-says-sparking-criticism%2F%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKay_2015-100"><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2015_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mackay, Finn (December 2015). "Radical Feminism". Theory, Culture & Society. 32 (7–8): 332–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263276415616682">10.1177/0263276415616682</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220719287">220719287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Radical+Feminism&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=332-336&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0263276415616682&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220719287%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Finn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettcher2016" class="citation book cs1">Bettcher, Talia Mae (2016). "Intersexuality, transgender and transsexuality". In Disch, Lisa; Hawkesworth, Mary (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 407–427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199328581" title="Special:BookSources/9780199328581"><bdi>9780199328581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intersexuality%2C+transgender+and+transsexuality&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Feminist+Theory&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=407-427&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780199328581&rft.aulast=Bettcher&rft.aufirst=Talia+Mae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliot_2004-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_2004_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliot2004" class="citation journal cs1">Elliot, Patricia (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/view/1166">"Who Gets to Be a Woman?: Feminist Politics and the Question of Trans-inclusion"</a>. Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice. 29 (1): 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012214554/http://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/article/view/1166">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018. <q>The first assumption is that one's socialization as a girl or woman defines "women's experience" as something shared. But this assumption downplays differences among women, as if the sociological norms one identifies as part of a patriarchal gender order are evenly applied to all in one cookie-cutter model, or as if girls and women have the same relationships to those norms. It also fails to ask about possible similarities of experience between trans and non-trans women (both of whom may have been disparaged for their femininity).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantis%3A+Critical+Studies+in+Gender%2C+Culture+%26+Social+Justice&rft.atitle=Who+Gets+to+Be+a+Woman%3F%3A+Feminist+Politics+and+the+Question+of+Trans-inclusion&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.msvu.ca%2Findex.php%2Fatlantis%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dietert_Dentice-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Dietert_Dentice_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietertDentice2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dietert, Michelle; Dentice, Dianne (2012). "Growing up trans: Socialization and the gender binary". Journal of GLBT Family Studies. 9 (1): 24–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1550428X.2013.746053">10.1080/1550428X.2013.746053</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143015502">143015502</a>. <q>When individuals deviate from gender binary arrangements by expressing gender norms and roles not associated with their biological assignment at birth, authorities submit control by utilizing gender binary discourse beginning in early socialization and lasting throughout the individual's life. During early socialization, we suggest that transgender individuals must negotiate their family and peer relationships relative to established, norm-driven gender binary discourse which oftentimes result in anxiety, fear of appraisals for not conforming to gender norms, and differential treatment from both family members and peers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+GLBT+Family+Studies&rft.atitle=Growing+up+trans%3A+Socialization+and+the+gender+binary&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-42&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1550428X.2013.746053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143015502%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dietert&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.au=Dentice%2C+Dianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dietert_Dentice_2012-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Dietert_Dentice_2012_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietertDentice2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dietert, Michelle; Dentice, Dianne (2012). "Growing up trans: Socialization and the gender binary". 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Routledge. pp. 458–463. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93682-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93682-8"><bdi>978-0-415-93682-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405003500/https://books.google.com/books?id=1zhhzwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. 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University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5749%2Fminnesota%2F9780816650477.001.0001">10.5749/minnesota/9780816650477.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5047-7"><bdi>978-0-8166-5047-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifestly+Haraway&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5749%2Fminnesota%2F9780816650477.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5047-7&rft.aulast=Haraway&rft.aufirst=Donna+J.&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Cary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5749%2Fminnesota%2F9780816650477.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xenofeminism.org/manifesto">"Xenofeminist Manifesto – xenofeminism"</a>. xenofeminism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806210656/http://xenofeminism.org/manifesto">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2018. 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Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 8 (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-021-00967-8">10.1057/s41599-021-00967-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244637814">244637814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+Communications&rft.atitle=Queering+the+web+archive%3A+A+xenofeminist+approach+to+gender%2C+function%2C+language+and+culture+in+the+London+French+Special+Collection&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-021-00967-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244637814%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Huc-Hepher&rft.aufirst=Saskia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fs41599-021-00967-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2018" class="citation journal cs1">Richter, Sarah (2 September 2018). 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HeraldScotland. 10 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110132924/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19362788.maya-forstater-wins-landmark-employment-case-gender-critical-beliefs/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HeraldScotland&rft.atitle=Woman+accused+of+transphobia+wins+landmark+employment+case&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2F19362788.maya-forstater-wins-landmark-employment-case-gender-critical-beliefs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57426579">"Maya Forstater: Woman wins tribunal appeal over transgender tweets"</a>. BBC News. 10 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115003307/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57426579">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Maya+Forstater%3A+Woman+wins+tribunal+appeal+over+transgender+tweets&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-57426579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2021" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Helen-Ann (24 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/maya-forstater-woman-who-lost-job-over-transgender-views-warns-of-scary-precedent-if-her-tribunal-appeal-fails-12285218">"Maya Forstater: Woman who lost job over transgender views warns of 'scary' precedent if her tribunal appeal fails"</a>. Sky News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630103055/https://news.sky.com/story/maya-forstater-woman-who-lost-job-over-transgender-views-warns-of-scary-precedent-if-her-tribunal-appeal-fails-12285218">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021. <q>Ms Forstater is a tax expert and a feminist and is the protagonist in a bitter legal battle about sex, gender and free speech.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Maya+Forstater%3A+Woman+who+lost+job+over+transgender+views+warns+of+%27scary%27+precedent+if+her+tribunal+appeal+fails&rft.date=2021-04-24&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Helen-Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fmaya-forstater-woman-who-lost-job-over-transgender-views-warns-of-scary-precedent-if-her-tribunal-appeal-fails-12285218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-134"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObserver_editorial2021" class="citation news cs1">Observer editorial (27 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/27/the-observer-view-on-the-right-to-free-expression">"The Observer view on the right to free expression"</a>. Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207222533/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/27/the-observer-view-on-the-right-to-free-expression">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021. <q>'Gender-critical' beliefs refer to the view that someone's sex – whether they are male or female – is biological and immutable and cannot be conflated with someone's gender identity, whether they identify as a man or a woman. The belief that the patriarchal oppression of women is grounded partly in their biological sex, not just the social expression of gender, and that women therefore have the right to certain single-sex spaces and to organise on the basis of biological sex if they so wish, represents a long-standing strand of feminist thinking. Other feminists disagree, believing that gender identity supersedes biological sex altogether.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer&rft.atitle=The+Observer+view+on+the+right+to+free+expression&rft.date=2021-06-27&rft.au=Observer+editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2021%2Fjun%2F27%2Fthe-observer-view-on-the-right-to-free-expression&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoylan2021" class="citation news cs1">Boylan, Jennifer Finney (1 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/06/01/scottish-political-party-treated-trans-people-like-loch-ness-monster-it-wont-be-last-time/">"Opinion: A Scottish political party treated trans people like the Loch Ness monster. It won't be the last time"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 26 June 2021. <q>While Alba supported Scottish independence, it also offered a safe harbor for anti-trans activists and so-called "gender critical" feminists, sometimes also known, especially in Britain, as TERFs (transgender exclusionary radical feminists).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+A+Scottish+political+party+treated+trans+people+like+the+Loch+Ness+monster.+It+won%27t+be+the+last+time.&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft.aulast=Boylan&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Finney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2F2021%2F06%2F01%2Fscottish-political-party-treated-trans-people-like-loch-ness-monster-it-wont-be-last-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2021" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, John (21 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2021/05/21/british-university-apologizes-disinviting-academics-over-views-gender">"British University Apologizes for Disinviting Academics Over Gender Views"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=British+University+Apologizes+for+Disinviting+Academics+Over+Gender+Views&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F05%2F21%2Fbritish-university-apologizes-disinviting-academics-over-views-gender&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smythe_2018-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smythe_2018_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smythe_2018_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmythe2018" class="citation news cs1">Smythe, Viv (28 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/29/im-credited-with-having-coined-the-acronym-terf-heres-how-it-happened">"I'm credited with having coined the word 'Terf'. 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How an internet buzzword became a mainstream slur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420133941/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2017/09/what-terf-how-internet-buzzword-became-mainstream-slur">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019. <q>On the other hand, if you are a feminist, the bar to being called a 'terf' is remarkably low. Woman's Hour presenter Jenni Murray achieved it by writing an article in which she pointed out that someone born and raised male will not have the same experiences of sexism as a woman; novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie likewise made the grade by answering 'transwomen are transwomen' when asked whether she believed that 'transwomen are women'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Terf%3F+How+an+internet+buzzword+became+a+mainstream+slur&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.aulast=Ditum&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2Ffeminism%2F2017%2F09%2Fwhat-terf-how-internet-buzzword-became-mainstream-slur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indy_2019-06-24-139"><a href="#cite_ref-indy_2019-06-24_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indy100.com/article/joanna-cherry-snp-twitter-trans-rights-campaigners-pride-lgbt-edinburgh-8972341">"SNP MP criticised for calling trans campaigners at Edinburgh Pride 'misogynistic'"</a>. indy100. 24 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114045153/https://www.indy100.com/article/joanna-cherry-snp-twitter-trans-rights-campaigners-pride-lgbt-edinburgh-8972341">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2019. 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Within these narratives, trans and feminist rights are being falsely cast in opposition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Trans+and+Feminist+Rights+Have+Been+Falsely+Cast+in+Opposition&rft.date=2018-07-13&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fopen-future%2F2018%2F07%2F13%2Ftrans-and-feminist-rights-have-been-falsely-cast-in-opposition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Perry, Louise (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2021/07/it-s-still-possible-cancel-gender-critical-feminists-strategy-won-t-work">"It's still possible to 'cancel' gender-critical feminists, but this strategy won't work"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=It%27s+still+possible+to+%27cancel%27+gender-critical+feminists%2C+but+this+strategy+won%27t+work&rft.date=2021-07&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2Ffeminism%2F2021%2F07%2Fit-s-still-possible-cancel-gender-critical-feminists-strategy-won-t-work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hines_2018-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Hines_2018_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2018" class="citation news cs1">Hines, Sally (13 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/07/13/trans-and-feminist-rights-have-been-falsely-cast-in-opposition">"Trans and Feminist Rights Have Been Falsely Cast in Opposition"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Judith+Butler+on+the+culture+wars%2C+JK+Rowling+and+living+in+%27anti-intellectual+times%27&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Funcategorized%2F2020%2F09%2Fjudith-butler-culture-wars-jk-rowling-and-living-anti-intellectual-times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hines, Sally (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/163972/8/0038026120934684.pdf">"Sex wars and (trans) gender panics: Identity and body politics in contemporary UK feminism"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Sociological_Review" title="The Sociological Review">The Sociological Review</a>. 68 (4): 699–717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038026120934684">10.1177/0038026120934684</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221097483">221097483</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214191345/https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/163972/8/0038026120934684.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2021. 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Pensando los Feminismos en Bolivia. Serie Foros 2 (in Spanish). La Paz, Bolivia: Conexión Fondo de Emancipación: 221–228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9995423032" title="Special:BookSources/978-9995423032"><bdi>978-9995423032</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 24 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LWVUS+Joins+Lawsuit+to+Protect+Transgender+Women+in+Sports&rft.pub=League+of+Women+Voters&rft.date=2020-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lwv.org%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2Flwvus-joins-lawsuit-protect-transgender-women-sports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nwlc.org/stop-using-girl-athletes-to-justify-your-transphobia/">"Stop Using Girl Athletes to Justify Your Transphobia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Law_Center" title="National Women's Law Center">National Women's Law Center</a>. 16 February 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stop+Using+Girl+Athletes+to+Justify+Your+Transphobia&rft.pub=National+Women%27s+Law+Center&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnwlc.org%2Fstop-using-girl-athletes-to-justify-your-transphobia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feminist.org/welcome/mandp.asp">"Mission and Principles"</a>. Feminist Majority Foundation. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517054343/http://www.feminist.org/welcome/mandp.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Majority+Foundation&rft.atitle=Mission+and+Principles&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.feminist.org%2Fwelcome%2Fmandp.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valentine-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Valentine_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2007" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, David (30 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOv-kTqi8tsC&pg=PA195">Imagining Transgender</a>. Duke University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv125jv36">10.2307/j.ctv125jv36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9021-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9021-3"><bdi>978-0-8223-9021-3</bdi></a>. <q>Despite the historically complex relationship between the women's movement and transexual [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] women, in 1997 the National Organization for Women (NOW) passed a resolution recognizing that transexual women have a place in NOW.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Transgender&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv125jv36&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-9021-3&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVOv-kTqi8tsC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://now.org/resource/now-leading-the-fight/">"NOW: Leading the Fight"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PinkNews&rft.atitle=Rape+charity+that+suffered+transphobic+backlash+for+recruiting+trans+women+to+help+survivors+refuses+to+back+down&rft.date=2020-07-27&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Vic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2F2020%2F07%2F27%2Fcambridge-rape-crisis-centre-transgender-volunteers-transphobic-attacks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2020" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Alasdair (4 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/edinburgh-rape-crisis-centre-forced-17855231">"Edinburgh rape crisis centre forced to defend gender neutral toilets after criticism"</a>. Edinburgh Live. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201120350/https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/edinburgh-rape-crisis-centre-forced-17855231">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edinburgh+Live&rft.atitle=Edinburgh+rape+crisis+centre+forced+to+defend+gender+neutral+toilets+after+criticism&rft.date=2020-03-04&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Alasdair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinburghlive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fedinburgh-news%2Fedinburgh-rape-crisis-centre-forced-17855231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavindran2021" class="citation web cs1">Ravindran, Jeevan (17 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gal-dem.com/trans-inclusive-sexual-violence-services/">"Trans inclusivity in sexual violence services is perfectly achievable – these organisations are leading by example"</a>. Gal Dem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125062833/https://gal-dem.com/trans-inclusive-sexual-violence-services/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gal+Dem&rft.atitle=Trans+inclusivity+in+sexual+violence+services+is+perfectly+achievable+%E2%80%93+these+organisations+are+leading+by+example&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft.aulast=Ravindran&rft.aufirst=Jeevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgal-dem.com%2Ftrans-inclusive-sexual-violence-services%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVic2021" class="citation web cs1">Vic, Parsons (15 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/03/15/sisters-uncut-male-violence-sarah-everard-police-crime-sentencing-courts-bill-protest/">"Don't just read up on male violence and police brutality. Go out and protest, while you still can"</a>. Pink News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125214950/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/03/15/sisters-uncut-male-violence-sarah-everard-police-crime-sentencing-courts-bill-protest/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pink+News&rft.atitle=Don%27t+just+read+up+on+male+violence+and+police+brutality.+Go+out+and+protest%2C+while+you+still+can&rft.date=2021-03-15&rft.aulast=Vic&rft.aufirst=Parsons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2F2021%2F03%2F15%2Fsisters-uncut-male-violence-sarah-everard-police-crime-sentencing-courts-bill-protest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCafolla2018" class="citation web cs1">Cafolla, Anna (17 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/40064/1/sisters-uncut-domestic-violence-interview">"Sisters Uncut: frontline assembly"</a>. Dazed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125214951/https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/40064/1/sisters-uncut-domestic-violence-interview">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dazed&rft.atitle=Sisters+Uncut%3A+frontline+assembly&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft.aulast=Cafolla&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dazeddigital.com%2Flife-culture%2Farticle%2F40064%2F1%2Fsisters-uncut-domestic-violence-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-292"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner2021" class="citation news cs1">Faulkner, Doug (10 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-57426579">"Maya Forstater: Woman wins tribunal appeal over transgender tweets"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102190402/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-57426579">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2021. <q>Ms Forstater ... claimed she was discriminated against because of her beliefs, which include "that sex is immutable and not to be conflated with gender identity". ... But the Honourable Mr Justice Choudhury said her "gender-critical beliefs" did fall under the Equalities Act as they "did not seek to destroy the rights of trans persons".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Maya+Forstater%3A+Woman+wins+tribunal+appeal+over+transgender+tweets&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-57426579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-293">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_293-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_293-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChudy2021" class="citation news cs1">Chudy, Emily (16 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/11/16/middle-temple-naomi-cunningham-lgbt/">"LGBT+ barristers 'profoundly disappointed' after 'anti-trans' lawyer invited to conversion ban talk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PinkNews" title="PinkNews">PinkNews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120084408/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/11/16/middle-temple-naomi-cunningham-lgbt/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PinkNews&rft.atitle=LGBT%2B+barristers+%27profoundly+disappointed%27+after+%27anti-trans%27+lawyer+invited+to+conversion+ban+talk&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft.aulast=Chudy&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2F2021%2F11%2F16%2Fmiddle-temple-naomi-cunningham-lgbt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaksi2021" class="citation news cs1">Baksi, Catherine (16 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/barristers-rebel-against-anti-trans-speaker-at-lgbtq-event-nd8t8tfff">"Barristers rebel against 'anti-trans' speaker at LGBTQ event"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. 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Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rollonfriday&rft.atitle=Middle+Temple+holds+LGBT+event+with+feminist+despite+complaints+from+over+100+barristers&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollonfriday.com%2Fnews-content%2Fmiddle-temple-holds-lgbt-event-feminist-despite-complaints-over-100-barristers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_296-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_296-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_296-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleher2021" class="citation news cs1">Kelleher, Patrick (18 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/11/18/naomi-cunningham-transgender-middle-temple/">"'Anti-trans' lawyer rebuked after calling transitioning 'most savage conversion therapy ever'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PinkNews" title="PinkNews">PinkNews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120084405/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/11/18/naomi-cunningham-transgender-middle-temple/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PinkNews&rft.atitle=%27Anti-trans%27+lawyer+rebuked+after+calling+transitioning+%27most+savage+conversion+therapy+ever%27&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft.aulast=Kelleher&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2F2021%2F11%2F18%2Fnaomi-cunningham-transgender-middle-temple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForstater2021" class="citation news cs1">Forstater, Maya (20 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecritic.co.uk/no-debate-on-gender-is-over/">"Stonewall finally accept debate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Critic" title="The Critic">The Critic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120150632/https://thecritic.co.uk/no-debate-on-gender-is-over/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Critic&rft.atitle=Stonewall+finally+accept+debate&rft.date=2021-11-20&rft.aulast=Forstater&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecritic.co.uk%2Fno-debate-on-gender-is-over%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legalfeminist.org.uk/2021/11/17/conversion-therapy-the-path-to-good-law/">"Conversion therapy: the path to good law"</a>. Legal Feminist. 17 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117133110/https://legalfeminist.org.uk/2021/11/17/conversion-therapy-the-path-to-good-law/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021. <q>The proposed law contains a safeguard for therapists treating people questioning their gender identity. But it won't help you: this child isn't questioning, she's telling you she's sure. So the government's proposals threaten to lock you up for doing what your conscience and your professional duty both tell you you must do. Gender non-conforming children often grow up to be gay adults. The bitter irony of this proposal is that it entrenches the idea that people can escape being gay by changing sex. This is a lie. Everyone in this room knows that it's impossible for a human being literally to change sex. But the attempt will exact a terrible price in painful surgeries, loss of sexual function, sterility, and other complications. This is the most savage conversion therapy ever invented.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Feminist&rft.atitle=Conversion+therapy%3A+the+path+to+good+law&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegalfeminist.org.uk%2F2021%2F11%2F17%2Fconversion-therapy-the-path-to-good-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean2021" class="citation journal cs1">McLean, Craig (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/46370/9/The%20Growth%20of%20the%20Anti%20Transgender%20Movement%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20The%20Silent%20Radicalization%20of%20the%20British%20Electorate.pdf">"The Growth of the Anti-Transgender Movement in the United Kingdom. The Silent Radicalization of the British Electorate"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Sociology. 51 (6): 473–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207659.2021.1939946">10.1080/00207659.2021.1939946</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237874806">237874806</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214191327/https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/46370/9/The%20Growth%20of%20the%20Anti%20Transgender%20Movement%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20The%20Silent%20Radicalization%20of%20the%20British%20Electorate.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Growth+of+the+Anti-Transgender+Movement+in+the+United+Kingdom.+The+Silent+Radicalization+of+the+British+Electorate&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=473-482&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00207659.2021.1939946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237874806%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrl.northumbria.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F46370%2F9%2FThe%2520Growth%2520of%2520the%2520Anti%2520Transgender%2520Movement%2520in%2520the%2520United%2520Kingdom%2520The%2520Silent%2520Radicalization%2520of%2520the%2520British%2520Electorate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay2021" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, Finn (2021). Female Masculinities and the Gender Wars: The Politics of Sex. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780755606665" title="Special:BookSources/9780755606665"><bdi>9780755606665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Masculinities+and+the+Gender+Wars%3A+The+Politics+of+Sex&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780755606665&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Finn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2020" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Charlie (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/explained/300422022/explainer-the-decadeslong-battle-for-gender-selfidentification">"Explainer: The decades-long battle for gender self-identification"</a>. Stuff.co.nz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106164917/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/explained/300422022/explainer-the-decadeslong-battle-for-gender-selfidentification">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff.co.nz&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+The+decades-long+battle+for+gender+self-identification&rft.date=2020-09&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fexplained%2F300422022%2Fexplainer-the-decadeslong-battle-for-gender-selfidentification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2017" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Sara (2017). Living a Feminist Life (1st ed.). North Carolina, U.S.: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke University Press Books">Duke University Press Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822363194" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822363194"><bdi>978-0822363194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+a+Feminist+Life&rft.place=North+Carolina%2C+U.S.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0822363194&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+transgender+topics" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Barrett, Ruth. Female Erasure. Lebec, California. Tidal Time Publishing, 2016.</li> <li>Bettcher, Talia Mae, Stryker Susan (eds.). Trans/Feminisms. Transgender Studies Quarterly, 3(1-2). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2328-9252">2328-9252</a></li> <li>Califia, Patrick. Sex Changes: The Politics of Transgenderism, San Francisco, California: Cleis Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-573-44072-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-573-44072-8">1-573-44072-8</a></li> <li>Jeffreys, Sheila. Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism. London: Routledge, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-53940-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-53940-4">0-415-53940-4</a></li> <li>Stryker, Susan, Whittle, Stephen (eds.). The Transgender Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415947091" title="Special:BookSources/9780415947091">9780415947091</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-trans/">Feminist Perspectives on Trans Issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222539/http://www.gendercentre.org.au/resources/polare-archive/archived-articles/helps-and-hindrances.htm">Help Hindrances and the Indifference of Feminism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/32px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transgender_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transgender_topics" title="Template:Transgender topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transgender_topics" title="Template talk:Transgender topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transgender_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bissu, Calabai, Calalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Burrnesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary or genderqueer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae-rae" title="Rae-rae">Rae-rae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Health care</a> and medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria_in_children" title="Gender dysphoria in children">in children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty_blocker" title="Puberty blocker">Puberty blocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">Hormone therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">feminizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculinizing_hormone_therapy" title="Masculinizing hormone therapy">masculinizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_transgender_hormone_therapy" title="DIY transgender hormone therapy">DIY</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">Surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery_(male-to-female)" title="Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female)">to female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery_(female-to-male)" title="Gender-affirming surgery (female-to-male)">to male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_gender-affirming_healthcare" title="Legal status of gender-affirming healthcare">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_pregnancy" title="Transgender pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_gender" title="Legal gender">Legal gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Legal recognition of non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender-rights_organizations" title="List of transgender-rights organizations">Rights organizations</a></li> <li>Toilets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_bill" title="Bathroom bill">bathroom bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet" title="Unisex public toilet">unisex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Discrimination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Against transgender men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_asylum_seekers" title="Transgender asylum seekers">Asylum seekers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgenderism" title="Cisgenderism">Cisgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_inequality" title="Transgender inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison#Transgender_issues" title="LGBTQ people in prison">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">trans panic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_transgender_anatomy" title="Terminology of transgender anatomy">Anatomical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A5haj" title="Blåhaj">Blåhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_transgender_people" title="Christianity and transgender people">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ-related films</a></li> <li>Events <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Awareness_Week" title="Transgender Awareness Week">Awareness Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Day of Remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Day of Visibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_march" title="Trans march">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Non-Binary_People%27s_Day" title="International Non-Binary People's Day">Non-binary People's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events#Worldwide" title="List of LGBTQ events">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">Media portrayals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_trans_characters" title="List of fictional trans characters">fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_transgender_characters" title="List of feature films with transgender characters">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_people" title="List of transgender people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_pornography" title="Transgender pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_publications" title="List of transgender publications">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_sexuality" title="Transgender sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_sports" title="Transgender people in sports">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_ice_hockey" title="Transgender people in ice hockey">ice hockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_transsexualism_typology" title="Blanchard's transsexualism typology">Blanchard's typology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_gender_nonconformity" title="Childhood gender nonconformity">Childhood gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender / cissexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Gender detransitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Gender-sexuality questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid-onset_gender_dysphoria_controversy" title="Rapid-onset gender dysphoria controversy">Rapid-onset dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li>views</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmedicalism" title="Transmedicalism">Transmedicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_transgender_people_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of transgender people in Argentina (page does not exist)">Argentina</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_transg%C3%A9nero_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Historia transgénero en Argentina">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Chile">Chile</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_trans_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Historia trans en Chile">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">legal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_China" title="Transgender people in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender people in ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgender people in France (page does not exist)">France</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transidentit%C3%A9_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Transidentité en France">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_South_Korea" title="Transgender people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Singapore" title="Transgender people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Argentina" title="Transgender rights in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Identity_Law_(Argentina)" title="Gender Identity Law (Argentina)">2012 law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diana_Sacay%C3%A1n_Law_-_Lohana_Berkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diana Sacayán Law - Lohana Berkins (page does not exist)">2021 law</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_Diana_Sacay%C3%A1n_-_Lohana_Berkins" class="extiw" title="es:Ley Diana Sacayán - Lohana Berkins">es</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re_Kevin_%E2%80%93_validity_of_marriage_of_transsexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Re Kevin – validity of marriage of transsexual">re Kevin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bolivia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_Identity_Law_(Bolivia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender Identity Law (Bolivia) (page does not exist)">2016 law</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_identidad_de_g%C3%A9nero_(Bolivia)" class="extiw" title="es:Ley de identidad de género (Bolivia)">es</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Canada" title="Transgender rights in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Canadian_Human_Rights_Act_and_the_Criminal_Code" title="An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code">2016 bill C-16</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_Identity_Law_(Chile)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender Identity Law (Chile) (page does not exist)">2018 law</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_identidad_de_g%C3%A9nero_(Chile)" class="extiw" title="es:Ley de identidad de género (Chile)">es</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Transgender_Persons_Bill,_2014" title="Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014">2014 Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2019" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019">2019 Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kerala" title="LGBT rights in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran" title="Transgender rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Ireland" title="Transgender rights in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Transgender rights in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Bill,_2017" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2017">2017 bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2018" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018">2018 Act</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alteration_of_Sex_Description_and_Sex_Status_Act,_2003" title="Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act, 2003">2003 Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_South_Korea" title="Transgender people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ley_Trans" title="Ley Trans">2022 law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">2004 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity_under_Title_IX" title="Gender identity under Title IX">title IX</a></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comprehensive_Law_for_Trans_People&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comprehensive Law for Trans People (page does not exist)">2018 law</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_Integral_para_Personas_Trans" class="extiw" title="es:Ley Integral para Personas Trans">es</a>]</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_political_office-holders" title="List of transgender political office-holders">Political office-holders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States" title="List of transgender public officeholders in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history" title="Timeline of transgender history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_topics" title="Category:Transgender topics">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_Transgender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/16px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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