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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Station_service_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standby_power_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standby_power_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Standby power sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standby_power_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Startup_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Startup_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Startup sequence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Startup_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procurement_of_black_start_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procurement_of_black_start_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Procurement of black start services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procurement_of_black_start_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations_on_black_start_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_on_black_start_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Limitations on black start sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations_on_black_start_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Restoring of electric power station without external electric power</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the species of bird, see <a href="/wiki/Blackstart" title="Blackstart">Blackstart</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="City skyline at dusk with only a very few office building windows lit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg/220px-Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg/330px-Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg/440px-Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Toronto during the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Northeast blackout of 2003">Northeast blackout of 2003</a>, which required black-starting of generating stations.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>black start</b> is the process of restoring an electric <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power station</a>, a part of an <a href="/wiki/Electric_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric grid">electric grid</a> or an industrial plant, to operation without relying on the external <a href="/wiki/Transmission_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission network">electric power transmission network</a> to recover from a total or partial shutdown.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight01_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight01-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Power to restart a generating station or plant may come from an on-site black start standby generator. Alternatively, where a large amount of power is required, a tie-line to another generating plant or to an emergency generator may be used to start the facility. Once the main generating units are running, the electrical transmission network can be re-connected and electrical loads restored. </p><p>Black-start power may be ensured by an agreement where a particular energy supplier is paid to make black start power available when required. Not all generating plants are suitable for providing black-start power to a network. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Station_service_power">Station service power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_start&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Station service power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electrical generating plants require electric power to operate systems required in the plant. For example, a coal-fuelled plant requires conveyors, crushers, air compressors, and combustion air fans to operate. Steam cycle plants require large pumps to circulate water for steam boilers and for cooling of condensate water. Hydroelectric plants require power to open intake gates, and to adjust the hydraulic turbines for speed regulation. Even a wind turbine plant may require a relatively small amount of electric power for such things as adjusting blade pitch and direction. </p><p>Normally, the electric power used within the plant is provided by the station's own generators. If all of the plant's main generators are shut down, station service power is provided by drawing power from the grid through the plant's transmission line. However, during a wide-area <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">outage</a>, off-site power from the grid is not available. In the absence of grid power, a so-called black start needs to be performed to <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping#Electric_power_grid" title="Bootstrapping">bootstrap</a> the power grid into operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standby_power_sources">Standby power sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_start&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Standby power sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To provide a black start, some power stations or plant have small on-site <a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">diesel generators</a>, normally called the <i>black start diesel generator</i> (BSDG), which can be used to start larger generators (of several <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatts</a> capacity), which in turn can be used to start the main power station generators. Generating plants using steam turbines require station service power of up to 10% of their capacity for <a href="/wiki/Boiler_feedwater_pump" title="Boiler feedwater pump">boiler feedwater pumps</a>, boiler forced-draft combustion air blowers, and for fuel preparation. It is uneconomical to provide such a large standby capacity at each station, so black-start power must be provided over designated tie lines from another station. </p><p>Often <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> power plants are designated as the black-start sources to restore network interconnections. A hydroelectric station needs very little initial power for starting purposes (just enough to open the intake gates and provide <a href="/wiki/Excitation_(magnetic)" title="Excitation (magnetic)">excitation</a> current to the generator field coils) and can put a large block of power on line very quickly to allow start-up of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> or nuclear stations. Certain types of <a href="/wiki/Combustion_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustion turbine">combustion turbine</a> can be configured for a black start, providing another option in places without suitable hydroelectric plants.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, a utility in Southern California successfully demonstrated the use of an energy-storage system based on a lithium-ion battery to provide a black start, firing up a <a href="/wiki/Combined-cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined-cycle">combined-cycle</a> gas turbine from an idle state.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Startup_sequence">Startup sequence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_start&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Startup sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One method of black start (based on a real scenario) might be as follows: </p> <ol><li>A <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> starts a small <a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">diesel generator</a> installed in a hydroelectric generating station.</li> <li>The power from the diesel generator is used to bring the generating station into operation.</li> <li>Key <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">transmission</a> lines between the station and other areas are energized.</li> <li>The power from the station is used to start one of the nuclear/fossil-fuel-fired <a href="/wiki/Base_load_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Base load power plant">base load</a> plants.</li> <li>The power from the base load plant is used to restart all of the other power plants in the system.</li> <li>Power is finally re-applied to the general <a href="/wiki/Electricity_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity distribution">electricity distribution</a> network and sent to the consumers.</li></ol> <p>Often this will happen gradually; starting the entire grid at once may be unfeasible. In particular, after a lengthy outage during summer, all buildings will be warm, and if the power were restored at once, the demand from air conditioning units alone would be more than the grid could supply. In colder climates, a similar issue can occur in winter with the use of heating devices. </p><p>In a larger grid, in addition to this "single island" ("bottom-up") approach, different strategies can be involved:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGevorgianShahKoralewiczWallen20213_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGevorgianShahKoralewiczWallen20213-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPJM2018102–118_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPJM2018102–118-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>multiple islands of generation (each with local power supplying local load areas) synchronizing and reconnecting to form a complete grid. The power stations involved have to be able to accept large step changes in load as the grid is reconnected;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPJM2018103–106_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPJM2018103–106-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>anchor ("core") island (also bottom-up);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPJM2018107–109_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPJM2018107–109-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"backbone island" (bottom-up): backbone is restored first, thus allowing the outside assistance;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPJM2018110–112_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPJM2018110–112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>top-down: backbone restored first with outside assistance;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPJM2018113–115_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPJM2018113–115-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPJM2018116–118_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPJM2018116–118-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are multiple methods of commencing a black start of an island: hydroelectric dams, diesel generators, open cycle gas turbines, grid scale battery stores, compressed air storage, and so on. Different generating networks take different approaches, dependent on factors such as cost, complexity, the availability of local resources (e.g. suitable valleys for dams), the interconnectivity with other generating networks, and the response time necessary for the black start process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procurement_of_black_start_services">Procurement of black start services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_start&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Procurement of black start services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ERCOTOperator_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/ERCOTOperator_2.jpg/220px-ERCOTOperator_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/ERCOTOperator_2.jpg/330px-ERCOTOperator_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/ERCOTOperator_2.jpg/440px-ERCOTOperator_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption>An operator at <a href="/wiki/ERCOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ERCOT">ERCOT</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the grid operator has commercial agreements in place with some generators to provide black start capacity, recognizing that black start facilities are often not economical in normal grid operation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is typical of power stations from the era of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Electricity_Generating_Board" title="Central Electricity Generating Board">Central Electricity Generating Board</a> to have a number of open-cycle gas turbines (i.e. no heat recovery modules attached) that can run the entirety of the plant necessary to operate a full generating unit; these would normally be started by diesel generators, fed in turn by battery backups. Once up to speed, these gas turbines are capable of running the entire plant associated with the rest of the power station, negating the need to bring power in from other sources. </p><p>In the North American <a href="/wiki/Independent_system_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent system operator">independent system operators</a>, the procurement of black starting varies somewhat. Traditionally, the black-start capability was provided by integrated utilities and the costs were rolled into a broad tariff for cost recovery from ratepayers. In those areas which are not part of organized electricity markets, this is still the usual procurement mechanism. In the deregulated environment, this legacy of cost-based provision has persisted, and even recent overhauls of black-start procurement practices, such as that by the <a href="/wiki/ISO_New_England" title="ISO New England">ISO New England</a>, have not necessarily shifted to a competitive procurement, even though deregulated jurisdictions have a bias for market solutions rather than cost-of-service (COS) solutions. </p><p>In the United States, there are currently three methods of procuring black start. The most common is cost-of-service, as it is the simplest and is the traditional method. It is currently used by the <a href="/wiki/California_Independent_System_Operator" title="California Independent System Operator">California Independent System Operator</a> (CAISO), the <a href="/wiki/PJM_Interconnection" title="PJM Interconnection">PJM Interconnection</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/NYISO" class="mw-redirect" title="NYISO">New York Independent System Operator</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (NYISO). The exact mechanisms differ somewhat the same approach is used, namely that units are identified for black start and their documented costs are then funded and rolled into a tariff for cost recovery. </p><p>The second method is a new method used by the Independent System Operator of New England<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ISO-NE). The new methodology is a flat-rate payment which increases black-start remuneration to encourage provision. The monthly compensation paid to a generator is determined by multiplying a flat rate (in $/kWyr and referred to as the $Y value) by the unit's Monthly Claimed Capability for that month. The purpose of this change was to simplify procurement and encourage provision of the black start service. </p><p>The final method of procurement is competitive procurement as used by the <a href="/wiki/Electric_Reliability_Council_of_Texas" title="Electric Reliability Council of Texas">Electric Reliability Council of Texas</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ERCOT). Under this approach, ERCOT runs a market for black-start services. Interested participants submit an hourly standby cost in $/hr (e.g. $70 per hour), often termed an availability bid, that is unrelated to the capacity of the unit. Using various criteria, ERCOT evaluates these bids and the selected units are paid as bid, presuming an 85% availability. Each black-start unit must be able to demonstrate that it can start another unit in close proximity, in order to begin the islanding and synchronization of the grid. </p><p>In other jurisdictions there are differing methods of procurement. The New Zealand System Operator<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> procures the blackstart capability via competitive tender. Other jurisdictions also appear to have some sort of competitive procurement, albeit perhaps not as structured as that of ERCOT. These include the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Electric_System_Operator" title="Alberta Electric System Operator">Alberta Electric System Operator</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Independent Electric System Operator of Ontario,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of which use a long-term "request for proposals" approach similar to New Zealand and ERCOT. </p><p>The first black start on Germany's grid was tested in 2017 at WEMAG battery power station in Schwerin on a disconnected, isolated grid. The WEMAG battery plant proved that it can restore the power grid after major disruption or blackout.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations_on_black_start_sources">Limitations on black start sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_start&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Limitations on black start sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not all generating plants are suitable for black-start capability. With respect to the black-start capabilities, the generators are classified into two groups:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019400_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019400-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>BS generators</b> (also <b>black-start units</b>, <b>BSU</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019296_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019296-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) capable of starting quickly using on-site resources. Typical examples are provided by; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> that requires relatively small amounts of power to control the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intake_gates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intake gates (page does not exist)">intake gates</a> for its operation;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">Diesel generator</a> units that can use a pre-charged battery for start;</li> <li>Smaller <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> generators can be started on battery power;</li></ul></li> <li><b>NBS generators</b> ("non-black-start units", <b>NBSU</b>) that require external energy (<b>cranking power</b>) to start. A typical example is a <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> unit. Micro-hydro generator units usually rely on the grid for the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency control">frequency control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reactive_power_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactive power management">reactive power management</a> and cannot be used as BS generators as well.</li></ul> <p>An additional requirement for the BS generator is its ability to support a large <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactive_load&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactive load (page does not exist)">reactive load</a> of a long transmission line, so the faraway NBS units can be energized. A typical BS generator is a small (10-50 MW) hydro or gas turbine generation unit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019400_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019400-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The output of <a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">variable renewable energy</a> (VRE) sources is not predictable, this makes them difficult to use for black start or support in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grid_restoration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grid restoration (page does not exist)">grid restoration</a>, as the lack of control, inherent in VRE sources, might cause a <a href="/wiki/Weak_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak grid">weak grid</a> emerging from a blackout to collapse yet again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’BrienCassiadoroBecejacSheble20227_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’BrienCassiadoroBecejacSheble20227-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Wind turbines</a> in particular are not always suitable for black start because wind may not be available when needed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind turbines, <a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">mini-hydro</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Micro-hydro" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-hydro">micro-hydro</a> plants, are often connected to <a href="/wiki/Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">induction generators</a> which are incapable of providing power to re-energize the network.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the 69<span class="nowrap"> </span>MW Dersalloch <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farm</a> black-started part of the Scotland grid, using <a href="/wiki/Synchronverter" title="Synchronverter">virtual synchronous machines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black-start unit must also be stable when operated with the large reactive load of a long transmission line. "Classic" <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">high-voltage direct current</a> (HVDC) converters (<a href="/wiki/LCC-HVDC" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC-HVDC">LCC-HVDC</a>) cannot operate into a "dead" system, either, since they require <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutation</a> power from the system at the load end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019400_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019400-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">pulse-width modulation</a> (PWM)-based voltage-source converter HVDC (<a href="/wiki/VSC-HVDC" class="mw-redirect" title="VSC-HVDC">VSC-HVDC</a>) scheme has no such restriction.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_start&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping" title="Bootstrapping">Bootstrapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">Diesel generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power outage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchroscope" title="Synchroscope">Synchroscope</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_start&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Knight01-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knight01_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, U.G. <i>Power Systems in Emergencies - From Contingency Planning to Crisis Management </i> John Wiley & Sons 2001 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-49016-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-49016-6">978-0-471-49016-6</a> section 7.5 The 'Black Start' Situation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip P. Walsh, Paul Fletcher <i>Gas turbine performance</i>, John Wiley and Sons, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-06434-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-06434-X">0-632-06434-X</a>, page 486</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy-storage.news/california-batterys-black-start-capability-hailed-as-major-accomplishment-in-the-energy-industry/">"California battery's black start capability hailed as 'major accomplishment in the energy industry'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. May 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+battery%27s+black+start+capability+hailed+as+%27major+accomplishment+in+the+energy+industry%27&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy-storage.news%2Fcalifornia-batterys-black-start-capability-hailed-as-major-accomplishment-in-the-energy-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGevorgianShahKoralewiczWallen20213-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGevorgianShahKoralewiczWallen20213_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGevorgianShahKoralewiczWallen2021">Gevorgian et al. 2021</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPJM2018102–118-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPJM2018102–118_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPJM2018">PJM 2018</a>, pp. 102–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPJM2018103–106-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPJM2018103–106_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPJM2018">PJM 2018</a>, pp. 103–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPJM2018107–109-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPJM2018107–109_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPJM2018">PJM 2018</a>, pp. 107–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPJM2018110–112-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPJM2018110–112_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPJM2018">PJM 2018</a>, pp. 110–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPJM2018113–115-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPJM2018113–115_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPJM2018">PJM 2018</a>, pp. 113–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPJM2018116–118-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPJM2018116–118_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPJM2018">PJM 2018</a>, pp. 116–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgrid.com/NR/rdonlyres/99A34EB4-76F4-4042-AA12-35D6DD843FA7/3073/black_start.pdf">Introduction to Black Start</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060521205038/http://www.nationalgrid.com/NR/rdonlyres/99A34EB4-76F4-4042-AA12-35D6DD843FA7/3073/black_start.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-05-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (National Grid plc) Covers technical and commercial background.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See PJM Tariff: Schedule 6A of the PJM Tariff, available online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pjm.com/documents/downloads/agreements/tariff.pdf">http://www.pjm.com/documents/downloads/agreements/tariff.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209121208/http://www.pjm.com/documents/downloads/agreements/tariff.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and Blackstart Business Rules, available online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ieso.ca/Documents/consult/se16/se16_DACP-SWG-20060216-pjm-blackstart.pdf">http://www.ieso.ca/Documents/consult/se16/se16_DACP-SWG-20060216-pjm-blackstart.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216223037/http://www.ieso.ca/Documents/consult/se16/se16_DACP-SWG-20060216-pjm-blackstart.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the NYISO Accounting and Billing Manual, 2006, available online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nyiso.com/public/webdocs/documents/manuals/administrative/acctbillmnl.pdf">http://www.nyiso.com/public/webdocs/documents/manuals/administrative/acctbillmnl.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217052342/http://www.nyiso.com/public/webdocs/documents/manuals/administrative/acctbillmnl.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NYISO Ancillary Services Manual 2006, available at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080912025919/http://www.nyiso.com/public/documents/manuals/operations.jsp?maxDisplay=20">"NYISO (Documents - Manuals - Operations)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyiso.com/public/documents/manuals/operations.jsp?maxDisplay%3D20">the original</a> on 2008-09-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NYISO+%28Documents+-+Manuals+-+Operations%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyiso.com%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fmanuals%2Foperations.jsp%3FmaxDisplay%253D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span> NYISO Tariff (2006) at Rate Schedule 5, starting page 91, Revised Sheet 311, and Rate Schedule 6, starting at Revised Sheet No. 269, available online at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012034745/http://www.nyiso.com/public/webdocs/documents/tariffs/market_services/rate_schedules.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyiso.com/public/webdocs/documents/tariffs/market_services/rate_schedules.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyiso.com%2Fpublic%2Fwebdocs%2Fdocuments%2Ftariffs%2Fmarket_services%2Frate_schedules.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See ISO-NE "Order Accepting Application" Docket No. ER03-291, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Issued Feb. 14 2003, available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iso-ne.com/committees/comm_wkgrps/trans_comm/tariff_comm/mtrls/2006/may162006/index.html">http://www.iso-ne.com/committees/comm_wkgrps/trans_comm/tariff_comm/mtrls/2006/may162006/index.html</a> ISO-NE Open Access Transmission Tariff 2006 at p. 311, available online at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025043819/http://www.iso-ne.com/regulatory/tariff/sect_2/oatt/index.html">"ISO New England - Open Access Transmission Tariff (OATT)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso-ne.com/regulatory/tariff/sect_2/oatt/index.html">the original</a> on 2008-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+New+England+-+Open+Access+Transmission+Tariff+%28OATT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso-ne.com%2Fregulatory%2Ftariff%2Fsect_2%2Foatt%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span> ISO-NE A3 Black Start Working Group Memo to the NEPOOL Transmission Committee, May 9, 2006 available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iso-ne.com/committees/comm_wkgrps/trans_comm/tariff_comm/mtrls/2006/may162006/index.html">http://www.iso-ne.com/committees/comm_wkgrps/trans_comm/tariff_comm/mtrls/2006/may162006/index.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See ERCOT Protocols Section 6, 2006 available online at: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122010434/http://www.ercot.com/mktrules/protocols/current.html">"ERCOT - Current Protocols"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ercot.com/mktrules/protocols/current.html">the original</a> on 2008-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ERCOT+-+Current+Protocols&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ercot.com%2Fmktrules%2Fprotocols%2Fcurrent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span> ERCOT's bidding form is available online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ercot.com/mktrules/protocols/current/22-%28A%29BlackStart-050105.doc">http://www.ercot.com/mktrules/protocols/current/22-%28A%29BlackStart-050105.doc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElectricity_Commission_of_New_Zealand2005" class="citation web cs1">Electricity Commission of New Zealand (2005-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007072811/http://www.electricitycommission.govt.nz/pdfs/rulesandregs/rules/rulespdf/Part-C-sched-C5-1Nov05.pdf">"Electricity Governance Rules, Schedule C5 - Procurement Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">180–</span>182. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricitycommission.govt.nz/pdfs/rulesandregs/rules/rulespdf/Part-C-sched-C5-1Nov05.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electricity+Governance+Rules%2C+Schedule+C5+-+Procurement+Plan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft.au=Electricity+Commission+of+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electricitycommission.govt.nz%2Fpdfs%2Frulesandregs%2Frules%2Frulespdf%2FPart-C-sched-C5-1Nov05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.aeso.ca/files/Nov05_BlackstartPP_v1.pdf">http://www.aeso.ca/files/Nov05_BlackstartPP_v1.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318230749/http://www.aeso.ca/files/Nov05_BlackstartPP_v1.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228022033/http://www.theimo.com/imoweb/marketsAndPrograms/anc_serv.asp">"Ancillary Services"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theimo.com/imoweb/marketsAndPrograms/anc_serv.asp">the original</a> on 2008-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancillary+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theimo.com%2Fimoweb%2FmarketsAndPrograms%2Fanc_serv.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHales2017" class="citation web cs1">Hales, Roy L. (August 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2017/08/15/first-black-start-germanys-grid/">"First Black Start On Germany's Grid"</a>. <i>CleanTechnica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CleanTechnica&rft.atitle=First+Black+Start+On+Germany%27s+Grid&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=Roy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2017%2F08%2F15%2Ffirst-black-start-germanys-grid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019400-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019400_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019400_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019400_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSunHouSunQi2019">Sun et al. 2019</a>, p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019296-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunHouSunQi2019296_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSunHouSunQi2019">Sun et al. 2019</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’BrienCassiadoroBecejacSheble20227-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’BrienCassiadoroBecejacSheble20227_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO’BrienCassiadoroBecejacSheble2022">O’Brien et al. 2022</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox, Brendan et al; <i> Wind Power Integration - Connection and System Operational Aspects</i>, Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86341-449-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86341-449-7">978-0-86341-449-7</a> page 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George G. Karady, Keith E. Holbert, <i>Electrical Energy Conversion and Transport: An Interactive Computer-Based Approach</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1118498038" title="Special:BookSources/1118498038">1118498038</a> page 9-57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2020" class="citation web cs1">Reid, Scott (3 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/business/scottishpower-pioneering-world-first-after-wind-farm-black-out-boost-3023563">"ScottishPower in 'pioneering world first' after wind farm black-out boost"</a>. <i>www.scotsman.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105015607/https://www.scotsman.com/business/scottishpower-pioneering-world-first-after-wind-farm-black-out-boost-3023563">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scotsman.com&rft.atitle=ScottishPower+in+%27pioneering+world+first%27+after+wind+farm+black-out+boost&rft.date=2020-11-03&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fbusiness%2Fscottishpower-pioneering-world-first-after-wind-farm-black-out-boost-3023563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scottishpowerrenewables.com/pages/innovation.aspx">"Innovation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Power">Scottish Power</a> Renewables</i>. 3 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103164204/https://www.scottishpowerrenewables.com/pages/innovation.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Power+Renewables&rft.atitle=Innovation&rft.date=2020-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishpowerrenewables.com%2Fpages%2Finnovation.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaty, H. Wayne; Fink, Donald G. (ed) <i> Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers (15th Edition)</i>, McGraw-Hill 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-144146-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-144146-9">978-0-07-144146-9</a> page 15-22</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_start&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGevorgianShahKoralewiczWallen2021" class="citation web cs1">Gevorgian, V.; Shah, S.; Koralewicz, P.; Wallen, R.; Mendiola, E. (March 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/79677.pdf">"Black start from DER"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nrel.gov</i>. NREL ESIG 2021 Spring Technical Workshop.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nrel.gov&rft.atitle=Black+start+from+DER&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft.aulast=Gevorgian&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Shah%2C+S.&rft.au=Koralewicz%2C+P.&rft.au=Wallen%2C+R.&rft.au=Mendiola%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrel.gov%2Fdocs%2Ffy22osti%2F79677.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPJM2018" class="citation web cs1">PJM (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pjm.com/-/media/training/nerc-certifications/trans-exam-materials-2018/transmission/lesson-11-system-restoration-2018.ashx">"Transmission ITP: System Restoration"</a>. <i>pjm.com</i>. PJM State & Member Training Dept.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pjm.com&rft.atitle=Transmission+ITP%3A+System+Restoration&rft.date=2018&rft.au=PJM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pjm.com%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ftraining%2Fnerc-certifications%2Ftrans-exam-materials-2018%2Ftransmission%2Flesson-11-system-restoration-2018.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’BrienCassiadoroBecejacSheble2022" class="citation book cs1">O’Brien, James G.; Cassiadoro, Michael; Becejac, Tamara; Sheble, Gerald B.; Follum, James; Agrawal, Urmila; Andersen, Eric; Touhiduzzaman, Md; Dagle, Jeffery (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1862969"><i>Electric Grid Blackstart: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities</i></a>. Richland, Washington: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_National_Laboratory" title="Pacific Northwest National Laboratory">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Grid+Blackstart%3A+Trends%2C+Challenges%2C+and+Opportunities&rft.place=Richland%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Pacific+Northwest+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2022-04&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Brien&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft.au=Cassiadoro%2C+Michael&rft.au=Becejac%2C+Tamara&rft.au=Sheble%2C+Gerald+B.&rft.au=Follum%2C+James&rft.au=Agrawal%2C+Urmila&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Eric&rft.au=Touhiduzzaman%2C+Md&rft.au=Dagle%2C+Jeffery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fservlets%2Fpurl%2F1862969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunHouSunQi2019" class="citation book cs1">Sun, Kai; Hou, Yunhe; Sun, Wei; Qi, Junjian (2019). <i>Power System Control Under Cascading Failures: Understanding, Mitigation, and System Restoration</i>. Wiley-IEEE Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-28202-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-28202-0"><bdi>978-1-119-28202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+System+Control+Under+Cascading+Failures%3A+Understanding%2C+Mitigation%2C+and+System+Restoration&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-119-28202-0&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft.au=Hou%2C+Yunhe&rft.au=Sun%2C+Wei&rft.au=Qi%2C+Junjian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+start" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_start&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2007: Isemonger, A.G. "The Viability of the Competitive Procurement of Blackstart: Lessons from the RTOs" The Electricity Journal Volume 20, Issue 8, October 2007, Pages 60–67 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2003.10.071">10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071</a></li> <li>Brendan Kirby and Eric Hirst, Maintaining System Black Start In Competitive Bulk-Power Markets, American Power Conference, Chicago, Illinois, April 1999, available online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206001625/http://www.ornl.gov/sci/btc/apps/Restructuring/pub.htm">Publications</a></li> <li>Lindsay Morris, Black Start: Preparedness for Any Situation, Power Engineering, Volume 115, Issue 7, July 2011, available online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.power-eng.com/coal/boilers/black-start-preparedness-for-any-situation/#gref">Black Start: Preparedness for Any Situation</a></li> <li>Rebecca Smith, Texas Grid Came Close to Bigger Disaster From Freeze, The Wall Street Journal, May 28, 2021, available online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/texas-electrical-grid-bigger-disaster-february-freeze-black-starts-11622124896?page=1">The Texas Grid Came Close to an Even Bigger Disaster During February Freeze</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_start&oldid=1272555779">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_start&oldid=1272555779</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_station_technology" title="Category:Power station technology">Power station technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_generation" title="Category:Electric power generation">Electric power generation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 January 2025, at 06:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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