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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_with_X_Window_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_with_X_Window_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Competition with X Window System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_with_X_Window_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">NeWS: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeWS" title="NeWS – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="NeWS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeWS" title="NeWS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="NeWS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeWS" title="NeWS – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="NeWS" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeWS" title="NeWS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="NeWS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeWS" title="NeWS – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NeWS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeWS" title="NeWS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="NeWS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_NeWS" title="Sun NeWS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sun NeWS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1582628#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=NeWS&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NeWS" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1582628" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata 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style='width: 100%; text-align: center;' id='ooui-php-1' class='mw-revslider-toggle-button oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-indicatorElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ButtonWidget","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"indicator":"down","label":"Browse history interactively","title":"Open revision slider","classes":["mw-revslider-toggle-button"]}'><a role='button' title='Open revision slider' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-iconElement-noIcon'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Browse history interactively</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicator-down'></span></a></span><div class="mw-revslider-slider-wrapper" style="display: none;"><div class="mw-revslider-placeholder"><div class="mw-revslider-spinner"><div class="mw-revslider-bounce"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mw-diff-revision-history-links"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&diff=prev&oldid=1096182091" class="mw-diff-revision-history-link-previous" title="NeWS">← Previous edit</a></div><div class="mw-diff-table-prefix" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-inline-legend oo-ui-element-hidden"><span class="mw-diff-inline-legend-del">Content deleted</span> <span class="mw-diff-inline-legend-ins">Content added</span></div><div class="ve-init-mw-diffPage-diffMode"><span class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonGroupWidget'><span aria-disabled='true' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-disabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget'><a role='button' tabindex='-1' aria-disabled='true' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-eye oo-ui-image-invert'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Visual</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator oo-ui-image-invert'></span></a></span><span class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget oo-ui-buttonElement-active'><a role='button' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-wikiText oo-ui-image-invert'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Wikitext</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator oo-ui-image-invert'></span></a></span></span></div><div class="mw-diffPage-inlineToggle-container"><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch-layout' class='oo-ui-layout oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-fieldLayout oo-ui-fieldLayout-align-left' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.FieldLayout","fieldWidget":{"tag":"mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch"},"$overlay":true,"label":"Inline","title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-body'><span class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-header'><label title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' id='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Inline</label></span><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-field'><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch' title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' aria-checked='false' tabindex='0' role='switch' aria-labelledby='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-toggleWidget oo-ui-toggleWidget-off oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ToggleSwitchWidget","href":"\/w\/index.php?title=NeWS&diff=1234741768&oldid=1096182091&diff-type=inline","value":false,"title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-glow'></span><a href='/w/index.php?title=NeWS&diff=1234741768&oldid=1096182091&diff-type=inline'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-grip'></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><table class="diff diff-type-table diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&oldid=1096182091" title="NeWS">Revision as of 21:30, 2 July 2022</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&action=edit&oldid=1096182091" title="NeWS">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2022-07-02T21:30:33Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/79.33.82.235" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/79.33.82.235" data-mw-revid="1096182091"><bdi>79.33.82.235</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:79.33.82.235&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:79.33.82.235 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Added a reference to the Pixar Image Computer porting</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&diff=prev&oldid=1096182091" title="NeWS" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&oldid=1234741768" title="NeWS">Latest revision as of 22:26, 15 July 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&action=edit" title="NeWS">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-07-15T22:26:50Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&action=edit&undoafter=1096182091&undo=1234741768" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Vt320" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Vt320" data-mw-revid="1234741768"><bdi>Vt320</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Vt320" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Vt320">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Vt320" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Vt320">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>5,376</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#Porting">→<bdi dir="ltr">Porting</bdi></a>: </span> add some article links</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(20 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| logo_alt = </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| logo_alt = </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| screenshot = HyperTIESAuthoring.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| screenshot = HyperTIESAuthoring.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| caption = [[HyperTIES]] browser and [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gosmacs</del>|Emacs]] authoring tool with [[pie <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">menus</del>]] on NeWS</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| caption = [[HyperTIES]] browser and [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gosling Emacs</ins>|Emacs]] authoring tool with [[pie <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">menu</ins>]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s</ins> on NeWS</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| screenshot_size = 300px</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| screenshot_size = 300px</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| screenshot_alt = </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| screenshot_alt = </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 34:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 34:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| website = </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| website = </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>'''NeWS''' ('''Network extensible Window System''') is a discontinued [[windowing system]] developed by [[Sun Microsystems]] in the mid-1980s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.art.net/studios/Hackers/Hopkins/Don/lang/NeWS.html | title = NeWS - Network extensible Window System | access-date = 2008-01-08 | author = Don Hopkins | author-link = Don Hopkins }}</ref> Originally known as "SunDew",<ref>{{cite book | last = Gosling | first = James | author-link = James Gosling | editor = F.R.A. Hopgood, D.A. Duce ... | title = Methodology of Window Management (Eurographics Seminars) Proceedings of an Alvey Workshop at Cosener's House, Abingdon, UK, April 1985 | url = http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/inf/literature/books/wm/overview.htm | access-date = 2008-01-08 | year = 1986 | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]] | location = UK | isbn = 3-540-16116-3 | chapter = Article 5 - SunDew | chapter-url = http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/inf/literature/books/wm/p005.htm }}</ref> its primary authors were [[James Gosling]] and [[David S. H. Rosenthal]]. The NeWS [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreter]] was based on [[PostScript]] (as was the later [[Display PostScript]], although the two projects were otherwise unrelated) extending it to allow interaction and multiple "contexts" to support windows. Like PostScript, NeWS could be used as a complete programming language, but unlike PostScript, NeWS could be used to make complete interactive programs with mouse support and a [[GUI]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''NeWS''' ('''Network extensible Window System''') is a discontinued [[windowing system]] developed by [[Sun Microsystems]] in the mid-1980s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.art.net/studios/Hackers/Hopkins/Don/lang/NeWS.html | title = NeWS - Network extensible Window System | access-date = 2008-01-08 | author = Don Hopkins | author-link = Don Hopkins }}</ref> Originally known as "SunDew",<ref>{{cite book | last = Gosling | first = James | author-link = James Gosling | editor = F.R.A. Hopgood, D.A. Duce ... | title = Methodology of Window Management (Eurographics Seminars) Proceedings of an Alvey Workshop at Cosener's House, Abingdon, UK, April 1985 | url = http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/inf/literature/books/wm/overview.htm | access-date = 2008-01-08 | year = 1986 | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]] | location = UK | isbn = 3-540-16116-3 | chapter = Article 5 - SunDew | chapter-url = http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/inf/literature/books/wm/p005.htm }}</ref> its primary authors were [[James Gosling]] and [[David S. H. Rosenthal]]. The NeWS [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreter]] was based on [[PostScript]] (as was the later [[Display PostScript]], although the two projects were otherwise unrelated) extending it to allow interaction and multiple "contexts" to support windows. Like PostScript, NeWS could be used as a complete programming language, but unlike PostScript, NeWS could be used to make complete interactive programs with mouse support and a [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Graphical user interface|</ins>GUI]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Design ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Design ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>NeWS started by implementing a PostScript interpreter running in a [[cooperative multitasking]] fashion, since, unlike PostScript in a printer, NeWS would be displaying a number of PostScript programs at the same time on one screen. It also added a complete view hierarchy, based on viewports known as ''canvases'', and a synchronous event distribution system, supporting ''[[Event (computing)|events]]'', ''[[Callback (computer <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">science</del>)|interests]]'', ''[[Thread (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">computer science</del>)|threads]]'' and ''[[Monitor (synchronization)|monitors]]''.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>NeWS started by implementing a PostScript interpreter running in a [[cooperative multitasking]] fashion, since, unlike PostScript in a printer, NeWS would be displaying a number of PostScript programs at the same time on one screen. It also added a complete view hierarchy, based on viewports known as ''canvases'', and a synchronous event distribution system, supporting ''[[Event (computing)|events]]'', ''[[Callback (computer <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">programming</ins>)|interests]]'', ''[[Thread (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">computing</ins>)|threads]]'' and ''[[Monitor (synchronization)|monitors]]''.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Like the view system in most GUIs, NeWS included the concept of a tree of embedded views along which events were passed. For instance, a mouse click would generate an event that would be passed to the object directly under the mouse pointer, say a button. If this object did not respond to the event, the object "under" the button would then receive the message, and so on. NeWS included a complete model for these events, including timers and other automatic events, input queues for devices such as [[computer mouse|mice]] and [[computer keyboard|keyboard]]s, and other functionality required for full interaction. The input handling system was designed to provide strong event synchronization guarantees that were not possible with asynchronous protocols like X.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/inf/literature/books/wm/p005.htm|title=SunDew - A Distributed and Extensible Window System}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Like the view system in most GUIs, NeWS included the concept of a tree of embedded views along which events were passed. For instance, a mouse click would generate an event that would be passed to the object directly under the mouse pointer, say a button. If this object did not respond to the event, the object "under" the button would then receive the message, and so on. NeWS included a complete model for these events, including timers and other automatic events, input queues for devices such as [[computer mouse|mice]] and [[computer keyboard|keyboard]]s, and other functionality required for full interaction. The input handling system was designed to provide strong event synchronization guarantees that were not possible with asynchronous protocols like X.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/inf/literature/books/wm/p005.htm|title=SunDew - A Distributed and Extensible Window System}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>To support user interface widgets, NeWS expanded the original PostScript [[stack-based language]] into a complete [[object oriented]] (OO) programming style with [[Inheritance (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">computer</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">science</del>)|inheritance]]. This eliminated the need for an external OO language to build a complete application. Since all of these additions were implemented as extensions to PostScript, it was possible to write simple PostScript code that would result in a running, onscreen, interactive program. Two popular demonstration programs were an onscreen clock, which required about two pages of code, and a program which drew a pair of eyes that followed the cursor as it moved around the screen. The eyeball program was shown at [[SIGGRAPH]] in 1988 and was the inspiration for the later well-known X application [[xeyes]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>To support user interface widgets, NeWS expanded the original PostScript [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Stack-oriented programming|</ins>stack-based language]] into a complete [[object<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-oriented</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">programming|object-</ins>oriented]] (OO) programming style with [[Inheritance (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">object-oriented</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">programming</ins>)|inheritance]]. This eliminated the need for an external OO language to build a complete application. Since all of these additions were implemented as extensions to PostScript, it was possible to write simple PostScript code that would result in a running, onscreen, interactive program. Two popular demonstration programs were an onscreen clock, which required about two pages of code, and a program which drew a pair of eyes that followed the cursor as it moved around the screen. The eyeball program was shown at [[SIGGRAPH]] in 1988 and was the inspiration for the later well-known X application [[xeyes]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>NeWS included several libraries of user interface elements ([[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GUI</del> widget|widgets]]), themselves written in NeWS. These widgets ran all of their behavior in the NeWS interpreter, and only required communications to an outside program (or more NeWS code) when the widget demanded it. For example, a toggle button's display routine can query the button's state (pressed or not) and change its display accordingly. The button's PostScript code can also react to mouse clicks by changing its state from "pressed" to "not pressed" and vice versa. All this can happen in the windowing server without interaction with the client program, and only when the mouse is released on the button will an event be sent off for handling. This was more sophisticated than the [[X Window System]] server model, which can only report "mouse button was clicked down here", "mouse is now here", "mouse button was released here" events to a client, which then has to figure out if the event is in the button, switch the state, and finally instruct the server to display the new state. If client and server are not on the same machine, these interactions must travel over the network, which results in [[round-trip delay time|a delay in responding]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>NeWS included several libraries of user interface elements ([[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">graphical</ins> widget|widgets]]), themselves written in NeWS. These widgets ran all of their behavior in the NeWS interpreter, and only required communications to an outside program (or more NeWS code) when the widget demanded it. For example, a toggle button's display routine can query the button's state (pressed or not) and change its display accordingly. The button's PostScript code can also react to mouse clicks by changing its state from "pressed" to "not pressed" and vice versa. All this can happen in the windowing server without interaction with the client program, and only when the mouse is released on the button will an event be sent off for handling. This was more sophisticated than the [[X Window System]] server model, which can only report "mouse button was clicked down here", "mouse is now here", "mouse button was released here" events to a client, which then has to figure out if the event is in the button, switch the state, and finally instruct the server to display the new state. If client and server are not on the same machine, these interactions must travel over the network, which results in [[round-trip delay time|a delay in responding]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>NeWS was architecturally similar to what is now called [[Ajax (programming)|AJAX]], except that NeWS coherently:</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* used PostScript code instead of [[JavaScript]] for programming.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* used PostScript graphics instead of [[Dynamic HTML|DHTML]] and [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] for rendering.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* used PostScript data instead of [[XML]] and [[JSON]] for data representation.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:The NeWS Toolkit screen snapshot.gif|thumb|right|TNT-based applications]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:The NeWS Toolkit screen snapshot.gif|thumb|right|TNT-based applications]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 55:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 49:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Porting ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Porting ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Although adoption was never widespread, several companies and universities licensed NeWS and adapted it for various uses, creating both commercial and non-commercial ports<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ports of Sun's NeWS |url=https://groups.google.com/g/comp.windows.news/c/VpdsNfxERQQ/m/PJO1eqF9TdAJ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=groups.google.com}}</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Although adoption was never widespread, several companies and universities licensed NeWS and adapted it for various uses, creating both commercial and non-commercial ports<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ports of Sun's NeWS |url=https://groups.google.com/g/comp.windows.news/c/VpdsNfxERQQ/m/PJO1eqF9TdAJ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=groups.google.com}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] used a version of it named [[4Sight]] to replace their proprietary [[MEX (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">computing</del>)|MEX]] windowing system.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] used a version of it named [[4Sight]] to replace their proprietary [[MEX (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">windowing system</ins>)|MEX]] windowing system.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* Grasshopper Group created a Macintosh port called MacNeWS.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* Grasshopper Group created a Macintosh port called MacNeWS.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* Parallax extended it to be able to deal with live video.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* Parallax extended it to be able to deal with live video.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* Architech Corporation ported NeWS to [[OS/2]]<ref>James Gosling, David S. H. Rosenthal, Michelle J. Arden (1989). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xHSoK66z34YC&pg=PA193 The NeWS Book]''. Springer Verlag. p. 193. {{ISBN|978-0-387-96915-2}}. Google Book Search. Retrieved 2009-03-29.</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> calling it NeWS/2</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* Architech Corporation ported NeWS to [[OS/2]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins><ref>James Gosling, David S. H. Rosenthal, Michelle J. Arden (1989). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xHSoK66z34YC&pg=PA193 The NeWS Book]''. Springer Verlag. p. 193. {{ISBN|978-0-387-96915-2}}. Google Book Search. Retrieved 2009-03-29.</ref> calling it NeWS/2</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Columbia University]] ported it on HP 9000 series 3000</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [[Columbia University]] ported it on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>HP 9000<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> series 3000</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] ported it on a Cray XMP-24</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] ported it on a Cray XMP-24</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* TGV ported X11/NeWS on a VAXstation 2000 running VMS</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* TGV ported X11/NeWS on a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>VAXstation 2000<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> running <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[OpenVMS|</ins>VMS<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* Wedge Computer Inc. ported it to MacOS</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* Wedge Computer Inc. ported it to MacOS</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Whitechapel Computer Works|Whitechapel]] ported it to their MIPS workstations<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/bitsavers_Datamation70901_85998605 |title=magazine :: Datamation :: Datamation V33 N17 19870901 |date=1987-09-01}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Whitechapel Computer Works|Whitechapel]] ported it to their MIPS workstations<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/bitsavers_Datamation70901_85998605 |title=magazine :: Datamation :: Datamation V33 N17 19870901 |date=1987-09-01}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 70:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 64:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Alliant Computer Systems|Alliant]] ported X11/NeWS on their Visualization<ref>{{Citation |title=Alliant - The Visualization Series |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LZaJadtv5E |language=en |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref> minisupercomputers</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Alliant Computer Systems|Alliant]] ported X11/NeWS on their Visualization<ref>{{Citation |title=Alliant - The Visualization Series |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LZaJadtv5E |language=en |access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref> minisupercomputers</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[University of Michigan]] ported it on Apollo workstations, in monochrome mode<ref>{{Cite web |title=NeWS on the Apollo |url=https://groups.google.com/g/comp.windows.news/c/Q4P6Y2b03qA/m/lm466N4uQEQJ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=groups.google.com}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[University of Michigan]] ported it on Apollo workstations, in monochrome mode<ref>{{Cite web |title=NeWS on the Apollo |url=https://groups.google.com/g/comp.windows.news/c/Q4P6Y2b03qA/m/lm466N4uQEQJ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=groups.google.com}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Pixar]] ported it to their [[Pixar Image Computer|Image Computer]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-06 |title=From Pixar To Velocity Engine |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010706230211/http://www.byte.com/documents/s=202/BYT19991110S0005/index2.htm |access-date=2022-07-02 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|website=web.archive.org</del>}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [[Pixar]] ported it to their [[Pixar Image Computer|Image Computer]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-07-06 |title=From Pixar To Velocity Engine |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">url=http://www.byte.com/documents/s=202/BYT19991110S0005/index2.htm |archive-</ins>url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010706230211/http://www.byte.com/documents/s=202/BYT19991110S0005/index2.htm<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |archive-date=2001-07-06 </ins> |access-date=2022-07-02 }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Applications ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Applications ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The [[OPEN LOOK]] version of the [[FrameMaker]] desktop publishing program, developed by [[Frame Technology Corp.]] with funding mainly from [[Sun Microsystems]] and [[NSA]], was one of the few commercial products that ran on NeWS. HyperLook, developed by [[Arthur van Hoff]] at [[The Turing Institute]], was an interactive application design system.<ref>[http://www.art.net/studios/Hackers/Hopkins/Don/hyperlook/index.html HyperLook (aka HyperNeWS (aka GoodNeWS))]</ref> [[Don Hopkins]] developed a NeWS version of [[SimCity (1989 video game)|SimCity]] that was built with HyperLook.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The [[OPEN LOOK]] version of the [[FrameMaker]] desktop publishing program, developed by [[Frame Technology Corp.]] with funding mainly from [[Sun Microsystems]] and [[NSA]], was one of the few commercial products that ran on NeWS. HyperLook, developed by [[Arthur van Hoff]] at [[The Turing Institute]], was an interactive application design system.<ref>[http://www.art.net/studios/Hackers/Hopkins/Don/hyperlook/index.html HyperLook (aka HyperNeWS (aka GoodNeWS))]</ref> [[Don Hopkins]] developed a NeWS version of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>[[SimCity (1989 video game)|SimCity]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins> that was built with HyperLook.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>A commercial drawing program, [[Altsys]] Virtuoso, was produced for NeWS; it was a port of FreeHand with additional functionality that took advantage of the PostScript environment. Unfortunately Sun announced the end of support for NeWS just as Virtuoso became ready to ship.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>A commercial drawing program, [[Altsys]] Virtuoso, was produced for NeWS; it was a port of FreeHand with additional functionality that took advantage of the PostScript environment. Unfortunately Sun announced the end of support for NeWS just as Virtuoso became ready to ship.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 80:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 74:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Competition with [[X Window System]] ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Competition with [[X Window System]] ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Compared to [[X Window System|X]], NeWS was vastly more powerful, but also slower (especially for local connections). The C API was very low level and difficult to use, so most NeWS programs tended to be entirely written in PostScript.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} Another factor in the popularity was that Sun charged a fee to license the NeWS source code, while the MIT X11 code was free of cost.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Compared to [[X Window System|X]], NeWS was vastly more powerful,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cn|date=November 2022}}</ins> but also slower (especially for local connections). The C API was very low level and difficult to use, so most NeWS programs tended to be entirely written in PostScript.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} Another factor in the popularity was that Sun charged a fee to license the NeWS source code, while the MIT X11 code was free of cost.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The first versions of NeWS emulated the X10 protocol by translating the calls into NeWS PostScript. Speed problems plus the existence of programs that relied on the exact pixel results of X10 calls, and the obsolescence of X10, forced Sun to release an X11/NeWS hybrid called ''[[Xnews (X11 server)|Xnews]]'' which ran an X11 server in parallel with the PostScript interpreter. This seriously degraded the NeWS interpreter performance and was not considered a very good X11 server either. Sun also implemented the OPEN LOOK user interface specification in several toolkits: The NeWS Toolkit (TNT) was an OPEN LOOK toolkit written in PostScript that ran in the NeWS server. [[OLIT]] was built on the same [[X Toolkit Intrinsics|Xt]] (X Intrinsics) base as [[Motif (software)|Motif]], and [[XView]] used the same [[API]]s as Sun's earlier [[SunView]] window system.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The first versions of NeWS emulated the X10 protocol by translating the calls into NeWS PostScript. Speed problems plus the existence of programs that relied on the exact pixel results of X10 calls, and the obsolescence of X10, forced Sun to release an X11/NeWS hybrid called ''[[Xnews (X11 server)|Xnews]]'' which ran an X11 server in parallel with the PostScript interpreter. This seriously degraded the NeWS interpreter performance and was not considered a very good X11 server either. Sun also implemented the OPEN LOOK user interface specification in several toolkits: The NeWS Toolkit (TNT) was an OPEN LOOK toolkit written in PostScript that ran in the NeWS server. [[OLIT]] was built on the same [[X Toolkit Intrinsics|Xt]] (X Intrinsics) base as [[Motif (software)|Motif]], and [[XView]] used the same [[API]]s as Sun's earlier [[SunView]] window system.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>After it was clear that OPEN LOOK had lost out to [[Motif (software)|Motif]] in popularity, and after [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]] acquired [[FrameMaker]], Sun stopped supporting NeWS<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">products</del> on NeWS <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">simply</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vanished</del>.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>After it was clear that OPEN LOOK had lost out to [[Motif (software)|Motif]] in popularity, and after [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]] acquired [[FrameMaker]], Sun stopped supporting NeWS<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.{{CN|date=October</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2023}}</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Products based</ins> on NeWS <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">stopped</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">being developed</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{When|date=October 2023}}</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== References ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== References ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 91:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 85:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== External links ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== External links ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [http://starynkevitch.net/Basile/NeWS_descr_oct_1993.html a short description of NeWS]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [http://starynkevitch.net/Basile/NeWS_descr_oct_1993.html a short description of NeWS]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [http://groups.google.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">co.uk</del>/group/comp.windows.news/msg/2adcf09ada55201d?dmode=source The NeWS eyeball program]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [http://groups.google.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com</ins>/group/comp.windows.news/msg/2adcf09ada55201d?dmode=source The NeWS eyeball program]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=4zG0uecYSMA NeWS: A Networked and Extensible Window System, lecture by James Gosling]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=4zG0uecYSMA NeWS: A Networked and Extensible Window System, lecture by James Gosling]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 22:26, 15 July 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Discontinued windowing system developed by Sun Microsystems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the windowing system by Sun Microsystems. For the UNIX workstation series produced by Sony, see <a href="/wiki/Sony_NEWS" title="Sony NEWS">Sony NEWS</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">NeWS</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HyperTIESAuthoring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/HyperTIESAuthoring.jpg/300px-HyperTIESAuthoring.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/HyperTIESAuthoring.jpg/450px-HyperTIESAuthoring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/HyperTIESAuthoring.jpg/600px-HyperTIESAuthoring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="644" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/HyperTIES" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperTIES">HyperTIES</a> browser and <a href="/wiki/Gosling_Emacs" title="Gosling Emacs">Emacs</a> authoring tool with <a href="/wiki/Pie_menu" title="Pie menu">pie menus</a> on NeWS</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_S._H._Rosenthal" title="David S. H. Rosenthal">David S. H. Rosenthal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1986<span class="noprint">; 38 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1986-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">Windowing system</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>NeWS</b> (<b>Network extensible Window System</b>) is a discontinued <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing system</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> in the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally known as "SunDew",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its primary authors were <a href="/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_S._H._Rosenthal" title="David S. H. Rosenthal">David S. H. Rosenthal</a>. The NeWS <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> was based on <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> (as was the later <a href="/wiki/Display_PostScript" title="Display PostScript">Display PostScript</a>, although the two projects were otherwise unrelated) extending it to allow interaction and multiple "contexts" to support windows. Like PostScript, NeWS could be used as a complete programming language, but unlike PostScript, NeWS could be used to make complete interactive programs with mouse support and a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NeWS started by implementing a PostScript interpreter running in a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">cooperative multitasking</a> fashion, since, unlike PostScript in a printer, NeWS would be displaying a number of PostScript programs at the same time on one screen. It also added a complete view hierarchy, based on viewports known as <i>canvases</i>, and a synchronous event distribution system, supporting <i><a href="/wiki/Event_(computing)" title="Event (computing)">events</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Callback_(computer_programming)" title="Callback (computer programming)">interests</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">threads</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Monitor_(synchronization)" title="Monitor (synchronization)">monitors</a></i>. </p><p>Like the view system in most GUIs, NeWS included the concept of a tree of embedded views along which events were passed. For instance, a mouse click would generate an event that would be passed to the object directly under the mouse pointer, say a button. If this object did not respond to the event, the object "under" the button would then receive the message, and so on. NeWS included a complete model for these events, including timers and other automatic events, input queues for devices such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboards</a>, and other functionality required for full interaction. The input handling system was designed to provide strong event synchronization guarantees that were not possible with asynchronous protocols like X.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To support user interface widgets, NeWS expanded the original PostScript <a href="/wiki/Stack-oriented_programming" title="Stack-oriented programming">stack-based language</a> into a complete <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> (OO) programming style with <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a>. This eliminated the need for an external OO language to build a complete application. Since all of these additions were implemented as extensions to PostScript, it was possible to write simple PostScript code that would result in a running, onscreen, interactive program. Two popular demonstration programs were an onscreen clock, which required about two pages of code, and a program which drew a pair of eyes that followed the cursor as it moved around the screen. The eyeball program was shown at <a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a> in 1988 and was the inspiration for the later well-known X application <a href="/wiki/Xeyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeyes">xeyes</a>. </p><p>NeWS included several libraries of user interface elements (<a href="/wiki/Graphical_widget" title="Graphical widget">widgets</a>), themselves written in NeWS. These widgets ran all of their behavior in the NeWS interpreter, and only required communications to an outside program (or more NeWS code) when the widget demanded it. For example, a toggle button's display routine can query the button's state (pressed or not) and change its display accordingly. The button's PostScript code can also react to mouse clicks by changing its state from "pressed" to "not pressed" and vice versa. All this can happen in the windowing server without interaction with the client program, and only when the mouse is released on the button will an event be sent off for handling. This was more sophisticated than the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> server model, which can only report "mouse button was clicked down here", "mouse is now here", "mouse button was released here" events to a client, which then has to figure out if the event is in the button, switch the state, and finally instruct the server to display the new state. If client and server are not on the same machine, these interactions must travel over the network, which results in <a href="/wiki/Round-trip_delay_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Round-trip delay time">a delay in responding</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_NeWS_Toolkit_screen_snapshot.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_NeWS_Toolkit_screen_snapshot.gif/220px-The_NeWS_Toolkit_screen_snapshot.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_NeWS_Toolkit_screen_snapshot.gif/330px-The_NeWS_Toolkit_screen_snapshot.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_NeWS_Toolkit_screen_snapshot.gif/440px-The_NeWS_Toolkit_screen_snapshot.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>TNT-based applications</figcaption></figure> <p>The best example of such a library is TNT (<i>The NeWS Toolkit</i>) which Sun released in 1989. Sun also shipped an earlier "Lite" toolkit intended for example purposes and making small programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Porting">Porting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Porting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although adoption was never widespread, several companies and universities licensed NeWS and adapted it for various uses, creating both commercial and non-commercial ports.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">SGI</a> used a version of it named <a href="/wiki/4Sight" class="mw-redirect" title="4Sight">4Sight</a> to replace their proprietary <a href="/wiki/MEX_(windowing_system)" title="MEX (windowing system)">MEX</a> windowing system.</li> <li>Grasshopper Group created a Macintosh port called MacNeWS.</li> <li>Parallax extended it to be able to deal with live video.</li> <li>Architech Corporation ported NeWS to <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calling it NeWS/2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> ported it on <a href="/wiki/HP_9000" title="HP 9000">HP 9000</a> series 3000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> ported it on a Cray XMP-24</li> <li>TGV ported X11/NeWS on a <a href="/wiki/VAXstation_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="VAXstation 2000">VAXstation 2000</a> running <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a></li> <li>Wedge Computer Inc. ported it to MacOS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Computer_Works" title="Whitechapel Computer Works">Whitechapel</a> ported it to their MIPS workstations<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_Computers" title="Acorn Computers">Acorn</a> ported it to their computers</li> <li>Ameristar ported it on the Amiga 2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliant_Computer_Systems" title="Alliant Computer Systems">Alliant</a> ported X11/NeWS on their Visualization<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> minisupercomputers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> ported it on Apollo workstations, in monochrome mode<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> ported it to their <a href="/wiki/Pixar_Image_Computer" title="Pixar Image Computer">Image Computer</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/OPEN_LOOK" title="OPEN LOOK">OPEN LOOK</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/FrameMaker" class="mw-redirect" title="FrameMaker">FrameMaker</a> desktop publishing program, developed by <a href="/wiki/Frame_Technology_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Frame Technology Corp.">Frame Technology Corp.</a> with funding mainly from <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> and <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a>, was one of the few commercial products that ran on NeWS. HyperLook, developed by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_van_Hoff" title="Arthur van Hoff">Arthur van Hoff</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Turing_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Turing Institute">The Turing Institute</a>, was an interactive application design system.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Don_Hopkins" title="Don Hopkins">Don Hopkins</a> developed a NeWS version of <i><a href="/wiki/SimCity_(1989_video_game)" title="SimCity (1989 video game)">SimCity</a></i> that was built with HyperLook. </p><p>A commercial drawing program, <a href="/wiki/Altsys" title="Altsys">Altsys</a> Virtuoso, was produced for NeWS; it was a port of FreeHand with additional functionality that took advantage of the PostScript environment. Unfortunately Sun announced the end of support for NeWS just as Virtuoso became ready to ship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition_with_X_Window_System">Competition with <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Competition with X Window System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X</a>, NeWS was vastly more powerful,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but also slower (especially for local connections). The C API was very low level and difficult to use, so most NeWS programs tended to be entirely written in PostScript.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another factor in the popularity was that Sun charged a fee to license the NeWS source code, while the MIT X11 code was free of cost. </p><p>The first versions of NeWS emulated the X10 protocol by translating the calls into NeWS PostScript. Speed problems plus the existence of programs that relied on the exact pixel results of X10 calls, and the obsolescence of X10, forced Sun to release an X11/NeWS hybrid called <i><a href="/wiki/Xnews_(X11_server)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xnews (X11 server)">Xnews</a></i> which ran an X11 server in parallel with the PostScript interpreter. This seriously degraded the NeWS interpreter performance and was not considered a very good X11 server either. Sun also implemented the OPEN LOOK user interface specification in several toolkits: The NeWS Toolkit (TNT) was an OPEN LOOK toolkit written in PostScript that ran in the NeWS server. <a href="/wiki/OLIT" title="OLIT">OLIT</a> was built on the same <a href="/wiki/X_Toolkit_Intrinsics" title="X Toolkit Intrinsics">Xt</a> (X Intrinsics) base as <a href="/wiki/Motif_(software)" title="Motif (software)">Motif</a>, and <a href="/wiki/XView" title="XView">XView</a> used the same <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> as Sun's earlier <a href="/wiki/SunView" title="SunView">SunView</a> window system. </p><p>After it was clear that OPEN LOOK had lost out to <a href="/wiki/Motif_(software)" title="Motif (software)">Motif</a> in popularity, and after <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe</a> acquired <a href="/wiki/FrameMaker" class="mw-redirect" title="FrameMaker">FrameMaker</a>, Sun stopped supporting NeWS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Products based on NeWS stopped being developed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDon_Hopkins" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Hopkins" title="Don Hopkins">Don Hopkins</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art.net/studios/Hackers/Hopkins/Don/lang/NeWS.html">"NeWS - Network extensible Window System"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/inf/literature/books/wm/overview.htm"><i>Methodology of Window Management (Eurographics Seminars) Proceedings of an Alvey Workshop at Cosener's House, Abingdon, UK, April 1985</i></a>. UK: <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-16116-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-16116-3"><bdi>3-540-16116-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=groups.google.com&rft.atitle=NeWS+on+the+Apollo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fg%2Fcomp.windows.news%2Fc%2FQ4P6Y2b03qA%2Fm%2Flm466N4uQEQJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeWS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010706230211/http://www.byte.com/documents/s=202/BYT19991110S0005/index2.htm">"From Pixar To Velocity Engine"</a>. 2001-07-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byte.com/documents/s=202/BYT19991110S0005/index2.htm">the original</a> on 2001-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Pixar+To+Velocity+Engine&rft.date=2001-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.byte.com%2Fdocuments%2Fs%3D202%2FBYT19991110S0005%2Findex2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeWS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art.net/studios/Hackers/Hopkins/Don/hyperlook/index.html">HyperLook (aka HyperNeWS (aka GoodNeWS))</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeWS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starynkevitch.net/Basile/NeWS_descr_oct_1993.html">a short description of NeWS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.windows.news/msg/2adcf09ada55201d?dmode=source">The NeWS eyeball program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=4zG0uecYSMA">NeWS: A Networked and Extensible Window System, lecture by James Gosling</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun-1" title="Sun-1">Sun-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-2" title="Sun-2">Sun-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-3" title="Sun-3">Sun-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun386i" title="Sun386i">Sun386i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-4" title="Sun-4">Sun-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation" title="SPARCstation">SPARCstation/server/center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_1" title="SPARCstation 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_2" title="SPARCstation 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_4" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARCstation 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_5" title="SPARCstation 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_10" title="SPARCstation 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_20" title="SPARCstation 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_IPC" title="SPARCstation IPC">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_IPX" title="SPARCstation IPX">IPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_LX" title="SPARCstation LX">LX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_ZX" title="SPARCstation ZX">ZX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCclassic" title="SPARCclassic">SPARCclassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Netra" title="Sun Netra">Netra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ultra" title="Sun Ultra">Ultra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_1" title="Ultra 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_5/10" title="Ultra 5/10">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_5/10" title="Ultra 5/10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_24" title="Ultra 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_30" title="Ultra 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_60" title="Ultra 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_80" title="Ultra 80">80</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Enterprise" title="Sun Enterprise">Enterprise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Enterprise_10000" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Enterprise 10000">10000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Blade" title="Sun Blade">Blade server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Blade_(workstation)" title="Sun Blade (workstation)">Blade workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire" title="Sun Fire">Fire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_12K" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Fire 12K">12K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_15K" title="Sun Fire 15K">15K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_E25K" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Fire E25K">E25K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_T2000" title="Sun Fire T2000">T2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_X4500" title="Sun Fire X4500">X4500</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_Enterprise" title="SPARC Enterprise">SPARC Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaStation" title="JavaStation">JavaStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Java_Workstation" title="Sun Java Workstation">Java Workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ray" title="Sun Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_Qube" title="Cobalt Qube">Cobalt Qube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_RaQ" title="Cobalt RaQ">Cobalt RaQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MB86900" title="MB86900">MB86900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroSPARC" title="MicroSPARC">microSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperSPARC" title="SuperSPARC">SuperSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC" title="UltraSPARC">UltraSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_II" title="UltraSPARC II">UltraSPARC II</a> <ul><li>UltraSPARC IIe</li> <li>UltraSPARC IIi</li> <li>Gemini</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_III" title="UltraSPARC III">UltraSPARC III</a> <ul><li>UltraSPARC III Cu</li> <li>UltraSPARC IIIi</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_IV" title="UltraSPARC IV">UltraSPARC IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T1" title="UltraSPARC T1">UltraSPARC T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T2" title="UltraSPARC T2">UltraSPARC T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T3" title="SPARC T3">SPARC T3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T4" title="SPARC T4">SPARC T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T5" title="SPARC T5">SPARC T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_(processor)" title="Rock (processor)">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAJC" title="MAJC">MAJC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun4d" title="Sun4d">Sun4d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBus" title="SBus">SBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplane" title="Fireplane">Fireplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOM_port" title="LOM port">LOM port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBus_(SPARC)" title="MBus (SPARC)">MBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Modular_Datacenter" title="Sun Modular Datacenter">Modular Datacenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Neptune" title="Sun Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Service_Processor" title="System Service Processor">System Service Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T_series" title="SPARC T series">SPARC T series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_SPOT" title="Sun SPOT">SPOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Port_Architecture" title="Ultra Port Architecture">Ultra Port Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Instruction_Set" title="Visual Instruction Set">Visual Instruction Set</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sun Microsystems logo"><img alt="Sun Microsystems logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/110px-Sun-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/165px-Sun-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/220px-Sun-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="56" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Information_Service" title="Network Information Service">NIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIS%2B" title="NIS+">NIS+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZFS%2B" title="ZFS+">ZFS+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunView" title="SunView">SunView</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NeWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWindows" title="OpenWindows">OpenWindows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Desktop_System" title="Java Desktop System">Java Desktop System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Developer_Studio" title="Oracle Developer Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarOffice" title="StarOffice">StarOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPlanet" title="IPlanet">iPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Java_System" title="Sun Java System">Java System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Secure_Global_Desktop" title="Oracle Secure Global Desktop">Sun Secure Global Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_xVM" title="Sun xVM">xVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlassFish" title="GlassFish">GlassFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_StorageTek_5800_System" title="Sun StorageTek 5800 System">StorageTek 5800 System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_StorageTek_SL8500" title="Sun StorageTek SL8500">StorageTek SL8500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Open_Storage" title="Sun Open Storage">Open Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Cloud" title="Sun Cloud">Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Constellation_System" title="Sun Constellation System">Constellation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Visualization_System" title="Sun Visualization System">Visualization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Grid_Engine" title="Oracle Grid Engine">Grid Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Labs" title="Oracle Labs">Sun Microsystems Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PicoJava" title="PicoJava">picoJava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Looking_Glass" title="Project Looking Glass">Project Looking Glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Certification_Program" title="Oracle Certification Program">SCPs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueJ" title="BlueJ">BlueJ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">Common Development and Distribution License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">Java Community Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSPARC" title="OpenSPARC">OpenSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_University_Meetup" title="Open Source University Meetup">Open Source University Meetup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sun_Microsystems_employees" title="List of Sun 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