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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anthropogenic heaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropogenic_heaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heath</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C7%A3%C3%BE" title="Hǣþ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hǣþ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="براح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="براح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucal" title="Brucal – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Brucal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorbizal" title="Gorbizal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gorbizal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoad" title="Hoad – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hoad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanneg" title="Lanneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lanneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landa_(vegetaci%C3%B3)" title="Landa (vegetació) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Landa (vegetació)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%99esovi%C5%A1t%C4%9B" title="Vřesoviště – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vřesoviště" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hede" title="Hede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heide_(Landschaft)" title="Heide (Landschaft) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heide (Landschaft)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5mm" title="Nõmm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nõmm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezal" title="Brezal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brezal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikejo" title="Erikejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Erikejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakardi" title="Zakardi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zakardi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="خلنگزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلنگزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lande" title="Lande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heide" title="Heide – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Heide" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraochmh%C3%A1" title="Fraochmhá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fraochmhá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uceira" title="Uceira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Uceira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerangas" title="Kerangas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerangas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landa" title="Landa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Landa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virs%C4%81js" title="Virsājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Virsājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C5%BEynas" title="Viržynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viržynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feny%C3%A9r" title="Fenyér – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fenyér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heide_(vegetatie)" title="Heide (vegetatie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heide (vegetatie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heed_(laandschap)" title="Heed (laandschap) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Heed (laandschap)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ヒース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hias" title="Hias – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hias" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hede" title="Hede – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hede" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hei" title="Hei – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hei" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrzosowisko" title="Wrzosowisko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wrzosowisko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charneca" title="Charneca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charneca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%C4%83" title="Landă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Landă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%8C_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84)" title="Пустошь (рельеф) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пустошь (рельеф)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heedelound" title="Heedelound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Heedelound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath" title="Heath – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heath" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resava" title="Resava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Resava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vri%C5%A1tina" title="Vriština – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vriština" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vri%C5%A1tina" title="Vriština – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vriština" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nummi_(maantiede)" title="Nummi (maantiede) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nummi (maantiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hed" title="Hed – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hed" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Пустище – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пустище" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A5%A0%E8%8D%92%E5%8E%9F" title="石楠荒原 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="石楠荒原" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A5%A0%E8%8D%92%E5%8E%9F" title="石楠荒原 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heathland&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Heathland">Heathland</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Shrubland habitat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Heath_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Heath (disambiguation)">Heath (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">Health</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amrum_(187753235).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Amrum_%28187753235%29.jpeg/330px-Amrum_%28187753235%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Amrum_%28187753235%29.jpeg/495px-Amrum_%28187753235%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Amrum_%28187753235%29.jpeg/660px-Amrum_%28187753235%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Flowering heath on <a href="/wiki/Amrum" title="Amrum">Amrum</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>heath</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrubland</a> <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a> found mainly on free-draining infertile, <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> soils and characterised by open, low-growing woody vegetation. <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">Moorland</a> is generally related to high-ground heaths<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with—especially in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>—a cooler and damper climate. </p><p>Heaths are widespread worldwide but are fast disappearing and considered a rare habitat in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They form extensive and highly diverse communities across <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in humid and sub-humid areas where <a href="/wiki/Fire_regime" title="Fire regime">fire regimes</a> with recurring burning are required for the maintenance of the heathlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Specht_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Specht-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even more diverse though less widespread heath communities occur in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. Extensive heath communities can also be found in the Texas <a href="/wiki/Chaparral" title="Chaparral">chaparral</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, central <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. In addition to these extensive heath areas, the <a href="/wiki/Vegetation_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetation type">vegetation type</a> is also found in scattered locations across all continents, except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heath&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heathland is favoured where climatic conditions are typically hard and dry, particularly in summer, and soils acidic, of low fertility, and often sandy and very free-draining; a <a href="/wiki/Mire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mire">mire</a> may occur where drainage is poor, but usually is only small in extent. Heaths are dominated by low shrubs, 20 centimetres (8 in) to 2 metres (7 feet) tall. </p><p>Heath vegetation can be extremely plant-species rich, and heathlands of Australia are home to some 3,700 endemic or typical species in addition to numerous less restricted species.<sup id="cite_ref-Specht_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Specht-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">fynbos</a> heathlands of South Africa are second only to tropical rainforests in plant biodiversity with over 7,000 species.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In marked contrast, the tiny pockets of heathland in Europe are extremely <a href="/wiki/Depauperate_ecosystem" title="Depauperate ecosystem">depauperate</a> with a flora consisting primarily of <a href="/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna">heather</a> (<i>Calluna vulgaris</i>), <a href="/wiki/Erica_(plant)" title="Erica (plant)">heath</a> (<i>Erica</i> species) and <a href="/wiki/Ulex" title="Ulex">gorse</a> (<i>Ulex</i> species). </p><p>The bird <a href="/wiki/Fauna_(animals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna (animals)">fauna</a> of heathlands are usually cosmopolitan species of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Specht_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Specht-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wwf_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the depauperate heathlands of Europe, bird species tend to be more characteristic of the community, and include <a href="/wiki/Montagu%27s_harrier" title="Montagu's harrier">Montagu's harrier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tree_pipit" title="Tree pipit">tree pipit</a>. In Australia the heathland avian fauna is dominated by nectar-feeding birds such as <a href="/wiki/Honeyeater" title="Honeyeater">honey-eaters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lories_and_lorikeets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lories and lorikeets">lorikeets</a>, although numerous other birds from <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a> are also common in Australian heathlands. The birds of the South African fynbos include <a href="/wiki/Sunbird" title="Sunbird">sunbirds</a>, warblers and siskins. Heathlands are also an excellent habitat for insects including <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, moths, butterflies and wasps; many species are restricted entirely to it. One such example of an organism restricted to heathland is the silver-studded blue butterfly, <i><a href="/wiki/Silver-studded_blue" title="Silver-studded blue">Plebejus argus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropogenic_heaths">Anthropogenic heaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heath&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anthropogenic heaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Anthropogenic</a> heath habitats are a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">cultural landscape</a> that can be found worldwide in locations as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. </p><p>These heaths were originally made or expanded by centuries of human clearance of the natural forest and woodland vegetation, by <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> and burning. In some cases this clearance went so far that parts of the heathland have given way to open spots of pure sand and <a href="/wiki/Sand_dune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dune">sand dunes</a>, with a local climate that, even in Europe, can rise to temperatures of 50 °C (122 °F) in summer, drying the sand spot bordering the heathland and further raising its vulnerability for wildfires. Referring to heathland in England, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rackham" title="Oliver Rackham">Oliver Rackham</a> says, "Heaths are clearly the product of human activities and need to be managed as heathland; if neglected they turn into woodland".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conservation value of these human-made heaths has become much more appreciated due to their historical cultural value as habitats;<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins_2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consequently, most heathlands are protected. However they are also threatened by tree incursion because of the discontinuation of traditional management techniques, such as grazing and burning, that mediated the landscapes. Some are also threatened by <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>. Anthropogenic heathlands are maintained artificially by a combination of grazing and periodic burning (known as swailing),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or (rarely) mowing; if not so maintained, they are rapidly recolonised by forest or woodland. The recolonising tree species will depend on what is available as the local seed source, and thus it may not reflect the natural vegetation before the heathland became established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heath&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The heath features prominently in: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights" title="Wuthering Heights">Wuthering Heights</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Native" title="The Return of the Native">The Return of the Native</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Frome" title="Ethan Frome">Ethan Frome</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heath&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%BCneburger_Heide_109.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lüneburg Heath, an anthropogenic heath in Lower Saxony, northern Germany"><img alt="Lüneburg Heath, an anthropogenic heath in Lower Saxony, northern Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/L%C3%BCneburger_Heide_109.jpg/240px-L%C3%BCneburger_Heide_109.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/L%C3%BCneburger_Heide_109.jpg/360px-L%C3%BCneburger_Heide_109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/L%C3%BCneburger_Heide_109.jpg/480px-L%C3%BCneburger_Heide_109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Lüneburg Heath">Lüneburg Heath</a>, an anthropogenic heath in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, northern Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fynbos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fynbos heathland, South Africa"><img alt="Fynbos heathland, South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fynbos.jpg/240px-Fynbos.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fynbos.jpg/360px-Fynbos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fynbos.jpg/480px-Fynbos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">Fynbos</a> heathland, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heathland at Woodbury Common, Devon (England), featuring purple flowers of Calluna vulgaris and yellow flowers of Ulex gallii"><img alt="Heathland at Woodbury Common, Devon (England), featuring purple flowers of Calluna vulgaris and yellow flowers of Ulex gallii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Heath.jpg/305px-Heath.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Heath.jpg/458px-Heath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Heath.jpg/610px-Heath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heathland at <a href="/wiki/Woodbury_Common,_Devon" title="Woodbury Common, Devon">Woodbury Common, Devon</a> (England), featuring purple flowers of <i><a href="/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna">Calluna</a> vulgaris</i> and yellow flowers of <i><a href="/wiki/Ulex_gallii" title="Ulex gallii">Ulex gallii</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Botany_Bay_National_Park_-_panoramio_(29).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heathland in Royal National Park, Sydney"><img alt="Heathland in Royal National Park, Sydney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Botany_Bay_National_Park_-_panoramio_%2829%29.jpg/240px-Botany_Bay_National_Park_-_panoramio_%2829%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Botany_Bay_National_Park_-_panoramio_%2829%29.jpg/360px-Botany_Bay_National_Park_-_panoramio_%2829%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Botany_Bay_National_Park_-_panoramio_%2829%29.jpg/480px-Botany_Bay_National_Park_-_panoramio_%2829%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heathland in <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Park" title="Royal National Park">Royal National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Netherlands,_Veluwe_(2),_Epe,_Renderklippen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heathland in the Veluwe forest, Netherlands"><img alt="Heathland in the Veluwe forest, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Netherlands%2C_Veluwe_%282%29%2C_Epe%2C_Renderklippen.jpg/240px-Netherlands%2C_Veluwe_%282%29%2C_Epe%2C_Renderklippen.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Netherlands%2C_Veluwe_%282%29%2C_Epe%2C_Renderklippen.jpg/360px-Netherlands%2C_Veluwe_%282%29%2C_Epe%2C_Renderklippen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Netherlands%2C_Veluwe_%282%29%2C_Epe%2C_Renderklippen.jpg/480px-Netherlands%2C_Veluwe_%282%29%2C_Epe%2C_Renderklippen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heathland in the <a href="/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a> forest, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jussi_heath_in_autumn.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Heath in the Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve in Estonia"><img alt="Heath in the Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve in Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jussi_heath_in_autumn.JPG/240px-Jussi_heath_in_autumn.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jussi_heath_in_autumn.JPG/360px-Jussi_heath_in_autumn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jussi_heath_in_autumn.JPG/480px-Jussi_heath_in_autumn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heath in the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-K%C3%B5rvemaa_Nature_Reserve" title="Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve">Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heath_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heath on the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland in Poland"><img alt="Heath on the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland in Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Heath_Poland.jpg/240px-Heath_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Heath_Poland.jpg/360px-Heath_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Heath_Poland.jpg/480px-Heath_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heath on the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-Cz%C4%99stochowa_Upland" title="Kraków-Częstochowa Upland">Kraków-Częstochowa Upland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_back_valley_gnangarra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A heath landscape in the Stirling mountains of Western Australia, with a "dieback"-infested valley in the mid-ground"><img alt="A heath landscape in the Stirling mountains of Western Australia, with a "dieback"-infested valley in the mid-ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Die_back_valley_gnangarra.jpg/240px-Die_back_valley_gnangarra.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Die_back_valley_gnangarra.jpg/360px-Die_back_valley_gnangarra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Die_back_valley_gnangarra.jpg/480px-Die_back_valley_gnangarra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A heath landscape in the <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Range" title="Stirling Range">Stirling</a> mountains of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, with a "<a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomi" title="Phytophthora cinnamomi">dieback</a>"-infested valley in the mid-ground</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heath&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolster_heath" title="Bolster heath">Bolster heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_heath" title="Chalk heath">Chalk heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrigue" title="Garrigue">Garrigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_shrubland" title="Maquis shrubland">Maquis shrubland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matorral" title="Matorral">Matorral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrubland" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrubland">Scrubland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heath&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoluninWalters1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Polunin" title="Oleg Polunin">Polunin, Oleg</a>; Walters, Martin (1985). <i>A Guide to the Vegetation of Britain and Europe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-217713-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-217713-3"><bdi>0-19-217713-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Vegetation+of+Britain+and+Europe&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-19-217713-3&rft.aulast=Polunin&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft.au=Walters%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon" class="citation web cs1">Anon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131004094204/http://www.lifeonland.org.uk/heath%20and%20moorland/index.htm">"Heath and Moorland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Field_Studies_Council" title="Field Studies Council">Field Studies Council</a></i>. FSC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifeonland.org.uk/heath%20and%20moorland/index.htm">the original</a> on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Field+Studies+Council&rft.atitle=Heath+and+Moorland&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifeonland.org.uk%2Fheath%2520and%2520moorland%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Specht-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Specht_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Specht_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Specht_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Specht, R.L. 'Heathlands' in 'Australian Vegetation' R.H. Groves ed. Cambridge University Press 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwf-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1203">"Montane fynbos and renosterveld"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Montane+fynbos+and+renosterveld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fat1203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennisSparks2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dennis, Roger L.H.; Sparks, Tim H. (2006). "When is a habitat not a habitat? Dramatic resource use changes under differing weather conditions for the butterfly Plebejus argus". <i><a href="/wiki/Biological_Conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological Conservation">Biological Conservation</a></i>. <b>129</b> (3): 291–301. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006BCons.129..291D">2006BCons.129..291D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2005.10.043">10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=When+is+a+habitat+not+a+habitat%3F+Dramatic+resource+use+changes+under+differing+weather+conditions+for+the+butterfly+Plebejus+argus&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-301&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2005.10.043&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006BCons.129..291D&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.H.&rft.au=Sparks%2C+Tim+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRackham1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rackham" title="Oliver Rackham">Rackham, Oliver</a> (1997). <i>The History of the Countryside</i>. Phoenix. p. 282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Countryside&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rackham&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins_2015-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_2015_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2015" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, William (2015). <i>The moor: a journey into the English wilderness</i>. London. pp. 115, 202 and throughout. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-29005-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-29005-5"><bdi>978-0-571-29005-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910177358">910177358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+moor%3A+a+journey+into+the+English+wilderness&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115%2C+202+and+throughout&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910177358&rft.isbn=978-0-571-29005-5&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeath" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-22054636">"Dartmoor fire 'largest in years'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Dartmoor+fire+%27largest+in+years%27&rft.date=2013-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-devon-22054636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heath&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div 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