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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_years_(1908–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_years_(1908–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Socialist years (1908–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_years_(1908–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1919_Cleveland_May_Day_Riot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1919_Cleveland_May_Day_Riot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1919 Cleveland May Day Riot</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Books_and_pamphlets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_and_leaflets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_and_leaflets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Articles and leaflets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_and_leaflets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">C. E. Ruthenberg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="تشارلز إميل روثنبرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز إميل روثنبرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" title="چارلز امیل روتنبرق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز امیل روتنبرق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" title="Charles Ruthenberg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Ruthenberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" title="Charles Ruthenberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Ruthenberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="چارلز امیل روتنبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز امیل روتنبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Չարլզ Ռուտենբերգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չարլզ Ռուտենբերգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emil_Ruthenberg" title="Charles Emil Ruthenberg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Emil Ruthenberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Чарльз Рутенберг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чарльз Рутенберг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="تشارلز اميل روثينبيرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز اميل روثينبيرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" title="Charles Ruthenberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Ruthenberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" title="Charles Ruthenberg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Ruthenberg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Рутенберг, Чарльз Эмиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рутенберг, Чарльз Эмиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" title="Charles Ruthenberg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Ruthenberg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Чарльз Рутенберг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарльз Рутенберг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1" title="查尔斯·埃米尔·鲁登堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查尔斯·埃米尔·鲁登堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1065967#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Ruthenberg&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">Charles Ruthenberg</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1882–1927)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">C. E. Ruthenberg</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruthenberg-c-e-1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ruthenberg-c-e-1910.jpg/220px-Ruthenberg-c-e-1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Ruthenberg-c-e-1910.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Ruthenberg in 1910</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Executive Secretary of the Communist Party of America</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September, 1919 – April 18, 1920</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dirba" title="Charles Dirba">Charles Dirba</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Editor of <i>The Communist</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 1920 – May 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fraina" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Fraina">Louis Fraina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Max_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Cohen">Max Cohen</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Executive Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers Party of America</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 1921 – August 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dirba" title="Charles Dirba">Charles Dirba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><em>Party name changed</em></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Executive Secretary of the Workers Communist Party of America</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 1925 – March 1, 1927</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><em>Party name changed</em></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Charles Emil Ruthenberg</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1882-07-09</span>)</span>July 9, 1882<br /><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1, 1927<span style="display:none">(1927-03-01)</span> (aged 44)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis" title="Kremlin Wall Necropolis">Kremlin Wall Necropolis</a>, Moscow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers Party of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Rosaline "Rose" Nickel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Emil Ruthenberg</b> (July 9, 1882 – March 1, 1927) was an American <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> politician who was the founder and first head of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">American Communist Party</a> (CPUSA). He is one of four Americans to be buried in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis" title="Kremlin Wall Necropolis">Kremlin Wall Necropolis</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Ruthenberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Ruthenberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles Emil Ruthenberg was born July 9, 1882, in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, the son of Wilhelmina (née Lau) and August Charles Ruthenberg.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruthenberg's parents were ethnic <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">Germans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> who emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In America, young "Charlie's" father first worked in America on the docks of the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Longshoreman" class="mw-redirect" title="Longshoreman">longshoreman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years the elder Ruthenberg went into business for himself with a son-in-law, tending bar at a saloon frequented evenings by those who worked on the docks.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruthenberg graduated from the parochial Lutheran school in June 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson14_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went to work in a bookstore, attending Berkey and Dyke's Business College in the evenings for a ten-month course in bookkeeping, accounting, and typing.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson14_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruthenberg married Rosaline "Rose" Nickel, also of German descent, in June 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson16-17_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson16-17-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had a son named Daniel in 1905, the only child the pair would have.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruthenberg worked as the bookkeeper and sales manager for the Selmar Hess Publishing Company in this period, overseeing more than 30 salesmen throughout the Middle West.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson16-17_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson16-17-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_years_(1908–1918)"><span id="Socialist_years_.281908.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Socialist years (1908–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Ruthenberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Socialist years (1908–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ruthenberg's first political attraction was to <a href="/wiki/Tom_L._Johnson" title="Tom L. Johnson">Tom L. Johnson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Single_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Tax">Single Taxer</a> and reform <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cleveland" title="Mayor of Cleveland">mayor of Cleveland</a> from 1901 to 1909. Ruthenberg was drawn to more <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">radical left-wing</a> politics, and in mid-1908 began calling himself a socialist.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruthenberg entered <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1903. During his time at the university, he would first become involved with anarchist groups.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a> in 1909, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a> (SPA) in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruthenberg-arewegrowing-1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ruthenberg-arewegrowing-1917.jpg/250px-Ruthenberg-arewegrowing-1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Ruthenberg-arewegrowing-1917.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Cover of Ruthenberg's first political pamphlet, published in 1917 by the local Cleveland Socialist Party. According to <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> less than a dozen copies are known.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ruthenberg was an organizer for and, later, secretary of Local <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga County</a> from 1909 to 1919. In addition he was on the Ohio State Executive Committee of the SPA from 1911 to 1916, where he edited the newspapers <i>The Cleveland Socialist</i> (1911–1913) and <i>Socialist News</i> (1914–1919). Ruthenberg also contributed material to the official organ of the Socialist Party of Ohio, <i>The Ohio Socialist.</i> He was elected to the National Committee of the Socialist Party in 1915 but was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_LeSueur" title="Arthur LeSueur">Arthur LeSueur</a> at the annual meeting for election to the party's governing National Executive Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time Ruthenberg traveled to many cities throughout the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">American Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, speaking to <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">labor</a> groups, <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> organizations, and anti-war groups, building a network of contacts. Ruthenberg was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far left</a> so-called "<a href="/wiki/Impossibilist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impossibilist">Impossibilist</a>" wing of the SPA, which had little hope for the efficacy of ameliorative reform, seeking instead <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialist</a> transformation. </p><p>Ruthenberg was a frequent candidate on the ticket of the Socialist Party. His first electoral failure came in 1910, when he ran for Ohio's state treasurer on the Socialist ticket. In 1911 he ran for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cleveland" title="Mayor of Cleveland">mayor of Cleveland</a>, in 1912 for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">Governor of Ohio</a>, for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> in 1914. In 1915 he ran again for mayor of Cleveland and in 1916 he ran for <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States Congressman</a>. In 1917 he made his third run for mayor of Cleveland (receiving 27,000 votes of 100,000 cast), followed by his second run for Congress in 1918. His final fourth and final run for mayor of Cleveland came in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruthenberg was a delegate to the seminal <a href="/w/index.php?title=1917_Emergency_National_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1917 Emergency National Convention (page does not exist)">1917 Emergency National Convention</a> of the SPA. There he was elected to the Committee on War and Militarism and was one of three primary authors of the aggressively <a href="/wiki/Antimilitarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimilitarist">antimilitarist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Louis_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Louis program (page does not exist)">St. Louis program</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Morris Hillquit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Lee" title="Algernon Lee">Algernon Lee</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a>, Ruthenberg continued to publicly attack the imperialist conflict and America's participation in it. He was charged with violating the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Espionage Act">Espionage Act</a>, accused of obstructing the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">draft</a> in connection with a speech given at a rally on May 17, 1917. Also charged at the same time were <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wagenknecht" title="Alfred Wagenknecht">Alfred Wagenknecht</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Baker_(socialist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Baker (socialist) (page does not exist)">Charles Baker</a>. They were tried together in July 1917 and sentenced to one year in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Penitentiary" title="Ohio State Penitentiary">Ohio State Penitentiary</a>, a decision upheld by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> on January 15, 1918. Informed of this decision, issued a statement declaring </p> <blockquote> <p>The Supreme Court has decided we must spend a year in jail. The crime for which we are convicted is truth telling. We believe in certain principles; we fought for those principles, and we go to jail ostensibly for inducing a certain Alphones Schue not to register. The charge is merely an excuse.... The important fact is that the ruling class feared our message to the workers and tried to silence that message. That fact should make a hundred willing workers take up the work we lay down....<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Ruthenberg, Wagenknecht, and Baker served almost 11 months of their sentence and were released on December 8, 1918. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1919_Cleveland_May_Day_Riot">1919 Cleveland May Day Riot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Ruthenberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1919 Cleveland May Day Riot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruthenberg-cartoon-1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Ruthenberg-cartoon-1917.jpg/250px-Ruthenberg-cartoon-1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="443" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Ruthenberg-cartoon-1917.jpg/375px-Ruthenberg-cartoon-1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Ruthenberg-cartoon-1917.jpg/500px-Ruthenberg-cartoon-1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="5006" /></a><figcaption>C. E. Ruthenberg, Alfred Wagenknecht, and Charles Baker cartooned in the potato patch of the Canton Workhouse from a 1917 pamphlet collecting speeches from their trial.</figcaption></figure> <p>Freed from prison in December 1918, Ruthenberg dove in with both feet to the burgeoning left wing movement rocking the Socialist Party. <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a> of 1919 was an event of enormous enthusiasm and great fear. A gigantic assembly was planned in Cleveland, in which four parades of marchers, many waving red flags, would come together in the public square to hear speeches and rally for freedom for <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mooney" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Mooney">Tom Mooney</a> and the adoption of the 6-hour day and the $1 minimum wage. As many as 20,000 people are said to have participated in the march, with 20 to 30,000 more people lining the streets to watch. Ruthenberg later described the events that followed: </p> <blockquote> <p>When the head of the line was within a block of the Public Square the first trouble occurred. An officer in the uniform of the Red Cross jumped from a "Victory" Loan truck and endeavored to take a red flag which a soldier in uniform was carrying at the head of the procession. A scuffle followed in which other soldiers from the truck and some businessmen joined. During the scuffle one of these businessmen drew a revolver and wildly threatened the workers in the procession. In five minutes, however, the struggle was over. The lieutenant and his supporters were driven back to the sidewalk, the head of the line reformed, and with the red flag still flying, marched on to the Public Square. </p> </blockquote> <p>Suddenly, the police made their appearance: </p> <blockquote> <p>They came down Superior Ave., which divides the "Square" into northern and southern sections, headed by the mounted squad, followed by auto load after load. The newspapers later reported that 700 men had been concentrated at the Central Station, who now descended upon the marchers.... The first thousand or so of workers marched onto the square and took possession of the "Victory" Loan speakers' stand, which had been built over the stone blocks placed on the Public Square for the use of speakers at public meetings... The chairman was about to introduce [me] as the first speaker when an officer and a few soldiers tried to climb to the platform, demanding that the soldier that held the red flag give it up... [Then], without warning, a squad of mounted police dashed into the audience, driving their horses over the assembled workers and clubbing them as they went."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>A riot ensued, pitting the police and their supporters (backed by tanks) against the marchers. Two marchers were killed in the fighting, hundreds injured, and about 150 arrested in this <a href="/wiki/May_Day_Riots_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="May Day Riots of 1919">Cleveland May Day Riot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruthenberg was charged for incitement to murder in connection with this event but no conviction was obtained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_CPUSA">Formation of the CPUSA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Ruthenberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Formation of the CPUSA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ruthenberg was an early endorser of the <a href="/wiki/Left_Wing_Manifesto" title="Left Wing Manifesto">Left Wing Manifesto</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Fraina" title="Louis C. Fraina">Louis C. Fraina</a> and around which the formal <a href="/wiki/Left_Wing_Section_of_the_Socialist_Party" title="Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party">Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party</a> congealed. He was a Left Wing-supported candidate for the Socialist Party's governing National Executive Committee in the party election of 1919, the result of which was overturned by the outgoing NEC ostensibly on the grounds of election fraud carried out by some of the branches associated with the party's <a href="/wiki/Language_federations" class="mw-redirect" title="Language federations">language federations</a>. </p><p>Ruthenberg was a delegate to the June 1919 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_of_the_Left_Wing_Section&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convention of the Left Wing Section (page does not exist)">Convention of the Left Wing Section</a> and was elected there as a member of the faction's governing National Council. Ruthenberg was initially supportive of the tactic of continuing to fight "to win the Socialist Party for the Left Wing" at its forthcoming <a href="/wiki/1919_Emergency_National_Convention" title="1919 Emergency National Convention">1919 Emergency National Convention</a> in Chicago, but in the face of federation pressure for immediate formation of a <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> and the apparently hopeless task faced by Wagenknecht & Co., Ruthenberg shifted his support to the Federations and their call for an immediate Communist Party. </p><p>Dominated as it was sure to be by the Russian, Lithuanian, Polish, and Latvian language federations, the anglophonic Ruthenberg was a valuable commodity to federation leaders like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Stoklitsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Stoklitsky (page does not exist)">Alexander Stoklitsky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Hourwich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Hourwich (page does not exist)">Nicholas Hourwich</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Stilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Stilson (page does not exist)">Joseph Stilson</a>. Nor did Ruthenberg owe any allegiance to the idiosyncratic <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Michigan" title="Socialist Party of Michigan">Socialist Party of Michigan</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Keracher" title="John Keracher">John Keracher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Batt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Batt">Dennis Batt</a>. Therefore, the ambitious Ruthenberg made an ideal candidate to head the new organization, which was established in Chicago on September 1, 1919, as the Communist Party of America (CPA). While decisive authority on the floor of the convention and on the Central Executive Committee which it elected remained in the hands of the so-called "Russian Federations," Ruthenberg was elected by the Chicago conclave as the first Executive Secretary of the new organization. Ironically, it was his old Ohio party comrade and prison mate, Alfred Wagenknecht, who was elected to head the rival <a href="/wiki/Communist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Communist Labor Party of America">Communist Labor Party of America</a> in the aftermath of the failed effort to win control of the Socialist Party at its August 1919 Convention. </p><p>A period of bitter and acrimonious rivalry followed, in which both of the competing American communist organizations sought to win the favor (and financial support) of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (Comintern). Adding to the complexity of the situation, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a> and the Socialist Party of America sought affiliation with the Comintern as well. The Comintern was adamant about its structure, however, and it sought one and only one centralized organization in each country. Merger between the CPA and CLP was demanded. </p><p>The fulfillment of the Comintern's demand for unity proved to be no simple task, however, and the history of the next three years are a complex tale of splits, mergers, secret conventions, organized caucuses, and parallel organizations that lies outside of the scope of this presentation. In outline terms, a fight erupted among the leadership of the CPA in 1920 and Ruthenberg, together with a group of his English-speaking adherents such as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ferguson" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Ferguson">Isaac Ferguson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a> as well as the Chicago-based section of the Russian federation, exited the organization (along with a major part of the group's funds) in April 1920 and joined with the Communist Labor Party to form the United Communist Party (UCP) in May. </p><p>Wagenknecht headed this new joint organization with Ruthenberg placed in charge of the party press. This still left a divided Communist movement, however, with the major part of the old CPA, now headed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dirba" title="Charles Dirba">Charles Dirba</a> still remaining in increasingly bitter opposition. It was not until the end of 1922 — after another merger, split, and merger — that this rift was finally resolved, with the establishment with a new unified Communist Party of America and its parallel "Legal Political Party," the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers Party of America</a> (WPA). </p><p>During much of this complicated dance, Ruthenberg was in jail. In October 1920, Ruthenberg was tried together with his associate Isaac Ferguson in New York for alleged violation of the state's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_anarchism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal anarchism (page does not exist)">criminal anarchism</a> law, said to have been breached by the Left Wing Section when it published Fraina's Left Wing Manifesto the previous year. The pair were tried and sentenced to five years' confinement in the State Penitentiary on October 29, 1920. The pair sat in <a href="/wiki/Dannemora_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Dannemora Prison">Dannemora Prison</a> until finally released on a $5,000 <a href="/wiki/Bail_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Bail bond">bond</a> on April 24, 1922. Ruthenberg was immediately made Executive Secretary of the WPA upon his release on bail, with <a href="/wiki/Abram_Jakira" title="Abram Jakira">Abram Jakira</a> in charge of daily operations of the parallel and underground CPA. </p><p>The above-ground WPA headed by Ruthenberg grew rapidly, boosted by the addition of the massive <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Federation" title="Finnish Socialist Federation">Finnish Federation</a> to its ranks, while the underground party withered and died, put to bed for good in 1923. Thereafter Ruthenberg was the sole Executive Secretary of the American Communist Party (still calling itself the Workers Party of America) — a position which he retained for the rest of his life, despite spending much of the 1920s as a leader of a minority faction within the party. </p><p>The criminal anarchism convictions of Ruthenberg and Ferguson were ultimately overturned by the New York Supreme Court In July 1922, just in time for another round of prosecutions, this time related to ill-fate August <a href="/wiki/1922_Bridgman_Convention" title="1922 Bridgman Convention">1922 Unity Convention</a> of the CPA held at <a href="/wiki/Bridgman,_Michigan" title="Bridgman, Michigan">Bridgman, Michigan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1922_Bridgman_Convention_and_its_aftermath">1922 Bridgman Convention and its aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Ruthenberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1922 Bridgman Convention and its aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruthenberg-c-e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ruthenberg-c-e.jpg/202px-Ruthenberg-c-e.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Ruthenberg-c-e.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>C. E. Ruthenberg, 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>A secret conclave had been arranged at the Wolfskeel Resort on the wooded shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> to finally unite the CPA with a parallel organization maintained by its dissident <a href="/wiki/Central_Caucus_faction" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Caucus faction">Central Caucus faction</a>. The site was regarded as relatively safe, having previously been used for a secret convention of the United Communist Party in the spring of 1920. This time, however, an informant of the US Department of Justice had managed to win election to the gathering as a delegate and the authorities had been notified. </p><p>The forced merger did not, however, end the rivalries between the two groups. Ruthenberg and his supporter <a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a> were at odds with a rival faction led by <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a>, who had strong ties to organized labor and who wanted to direct the party's work toward organizing within the American-born working class, and <a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a>, who led the <a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Defense" title="International Labor Defense">International Labor Defense</a> organization. </p><p>Ruthenberg ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 20th congressional district">Ohio's 20th congressional district</a> (now abolished) as the candidate of the Workers Party of America, as the CPUSA's legal organization was then known, on his return to the United States. </p><p>In 1925, <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> representative <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Ivanovich_Gusev" title="Sergey Ivanovich Gusev">Sergei Gusev</a> ordered the majority Foster faction to surrender control to Ruthenberg's faction; Foster complied. The factional infighting within the CPUSA did not end, however; the communist leadership of the New York locals of the <a href="/wiki/International_Ladies%27_Garment_Workers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union">International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union</a> lost the 1926 strike of cloakmakers in New York City in large part because of intra-party factional rivalries, as neither group wanted to take the responsibility for accepting a strike settlement that appeared insufficiently revolutionary <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2019)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>In 1926–27 his <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> case, <i>Ruthenberg v. Michigan,</i> was pending in the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court had voted 7–2 (with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> joined by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> dissenting) against Ruthenberg. But Ruthenberg died shortly before the Court rendered its ruling, rendering the case <a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">moot</a>; thus the opinions in the case were never published. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Ruthenberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis_--_Vladimirov,_Miron_-_Ruthenberg,_Charles_-_MacManus,_Arthur_-_Landler,_Jen%C3%B6_-_Haywood,_Bill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis_--_Vladimirov%2C_Miron_-_Ruthenberg%2C_Charles_-_MacManus%2C_Arthur_-_Landler%2C_Jen%C3%B6_-_Haywood%2C_Bill.jpg/220px-Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis_--_Vladimirov%2C_Miron_-_Ruthenberg%2C_Charles_-_MacManus%2C_Arthur_-_Landler%2C_Jen%C3%B6_-_Haywood%2C_Bill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis_--_Vladimirov%2C_Miron_-_Ruthenberg%2C_Charles_-_MacManus%2C_Arthur_-_Landler%2C_Jen%C3%B6_-_Haywood%2C_Bill.jpg/330px-Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis_--_Vladimirov%2C_Miron_-_Ruthenberg%2C_Charles_-_MacManus%2C_Arthur_-_Landler%2C_Jen%C3%B6_-_Haywood%2C_Bill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis_--_Vladimirov%2C_Miron_-_Ruthenberg%2C_Charles_-_MacManus%2C_Arthur_-_Landler%2C_Jen%C3%B6_-_Haywood%2C_Bill.jpg/440px-Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis_--_Vladimirov%2C_Miron_-_Ruthenberg%2C_Charles_-_MacManus%2C_Arthur_-_Landler%2C_Jen%C3%B6_-_Haywood%2C_Bill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Plaque on the Kremlin Wall Necropolis </figcaption></figure> <p>Ruthenberg died on March 1, 1927, in Chicago after undergoing surgery for acute <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was cremated and an urn containing his ashes was transported to Moscow and carried in an April 26 Comintern funeral procession where it was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis" title="Kremlin Wall Necropolis">Kremlin Wall Necropolis</a>, not far from the burial place of his former factional rival <a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">John Reed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Ruthenberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the head of the American Communist Party, Ruthenberg was essentially an administrator rather than a <a href="/wiki/Theoretician_(Marxism)" title="Theoretician (Marxism)">theoretician</a>. His early journalism is scattered, he wrote relatively few pamphlets, and he published no books in his lifetime, save for a slim volume gathering his 1920 New York trial testimony with that of Isaac Ferguson, who also served as attorney in his case. A small volume of excerpts of speeches was also published by the Communist Party in 1928, shortly after his death. Nor has the CPUSA, despite Ruthenberg's iconic status in party history, published any significant portion of his work in subsequent years. This paucity of available material has been mitigated to some extent in the internet age, with an appreciable slice of his journalism gradually becoming available online. Interested readers are referred to the <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>, the URL of which is cited below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_pamphlets">Books and pamphlets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Ruthenberg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Books and pamphlets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://debs.indstate.edu/r974a7_1917.pdf"><i>Are We Growing Toward Socialism?</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100720071814/http://debs.indstate.edu/r974a7_1917.pdf">Archived</a> July 20, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cleveland: Local Cleveland, Socialist Party, Spring 1917.</li> <li><i>Guilty? Of what?: Speeches Before the Jury in Connection with the Trial of C. E. Ruthenberg, Alfred Wagenknecht, Charles Baker.</i> (1917).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/parties/spusa/1919/0313-ruth-afterthewarwhat.pdf"><i>After the War — What?</i></a> December 1918. <small>—Pamphlet edition lost, recovered from first publication as article series.</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communisttrialex00ruthuoft"><i>A Communist Trial: Extracts from the Testimony of C. E. Ruthenberg and Closing Address to the Jury by Isaac E. Ferguson</i></a> (1920).</li> <li><i>The Bridgman Trial.</i> Late 1923. <small>—Ruthenberg and Foster trial speeches. Oakley Johnson claims entire edition confiscated or lost.</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farmerlaborunite00ruthiala"><i>The Farmer-Labor United Front</i> (1924).</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WhyEveryWorkerShouldBeACommunistAndJoinTheWorkersParty"><i>Why Every Worker Should Be a Communist and Join the Workers Party</i></a> by Charles E. Ruthenberg Chicago, Ill. : Workers Party of America, 1923</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203164939/http://www.marxisthistory.org/history/usa/parties/cpusa/1925/10/1000-ruth-propagandasociety.pdf"><i>From the Third Through the Fourth Convention of the Workers (Communist) Party of America</i></a> (1925).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheWorkerscommunistPartyWhatItStandsForWhyWorkersShouldJoin"><i>The Workers (Communist) Party: What It Stands For, Why Workers Should Join</i></a> (1925).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924002673956"><i>Voices of Revolt: Charles E. Ruthenberg.</i></a> Vol. 10 of the "Voices of Revolt" series. New York: International Publishers, 1928.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RuthenbergCommunistFighterAndLeader"><i>Ruthenberg, Communist Fighter and Leader.</i></a> Introduction by <a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a> New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1928.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_and_leaflets">Articles and leaflets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Ruthenberg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Articles and leaflets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"You Will Pay in Blood and Suffering," April 1, 1917. <small>—Anti-war leaflet.</small></li> <li>"This is Not a War for Freedom," May 27, 1917. <small>—Anti-war speech.</small></li> <li>"Greeting to the October Revolution," November 1917. <small>—Leaflet.</small></li> <li>"On the Threshold of the New World," <i>Socialist News</i> [Cleveland], April 27, 1918.</li> <li>"Forward, March!" January 1919. <small>—Leaflet.</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheBolshevists--Grave-diggersOfCapitalism">"The Bolshevists: Grave-Diggers of Capitalism,"</a> <i>Ohio Socialist</i> [Cleveland], whole no. 53 (Jan. 29, 1919), pg. 4.</li> <li>"The Bankruptcy of Democracy," <i>Socialist News</i> [Cleveland], February 1, 1919.</li> <li>"Who Are the Murderers?" May 1919. <small>—Leaflet.</small></li> <li>"The Communist Party and Its Tasks," <i>The Communist</i> [New York], July 1921.</li> <li>"The Need for Open Work," <i>The Communist</i> [New York], August 1921.</li> <li>"Communism in the Open Again," <i>The Liberator</i> [New York], February 1923.</li> <li>"An Open Challenge," <i>The Liberator</i> [New York], March 1923.</li> <li>"The Second Round at St. Joseph," <i>Labor Herald</i> [Chicago], vol. 2, no. 4 (June 1923), pp. 7–8, 32.</li> <li>"Role of the Workers Party," <i>The Liberator</i> [New York], July 1923.</li> <li>"The Revolutionary Party," <i>The Liberator</i> [New York], January 1924.</li> <li>"Progressive, But Not Labor," <i>Workers Monthly</i> [Chicago], vol. 4, no. 1 (November 1924), pp. 21–23, 31.</li> <li>"Is the Movement Toward Class Political Action Dead?" <i>Workers Monthly</i> [Chicago], vol. 4, no. 2 (December 1924), pp. 77–79.</li> <li>"The Session of the Enlarged Executive Committee of the Communist International," <i>Workers Monthly</i> [Chicago], vol. 5, no. 8 (June 1926), pp. 339–342, 373.</li> <li>"The Tasks of the party in the Light of the Comintern," <i>Workers Monthly</i> [Chicago], vol. 5, no. 9 (July 1926), pp. 401–405.</li> <li>"Capitalism Mobilizes Against the Workers," <i>Workers Monthly</i> [Chicago], vol. 5, no. 1 (September 1926), pp. 5–9.</li> <li>"Seven Years of the Communist Party," <i>Workers Monthly</i> [Chicago], September 1926.</li> <li>"Socialist Party Fights Unity of Action of Workers," <i>Daily Worker,</i> vol. 3, no. 207 (September 15, 1926), pg. 6.</li> <li>"What Is the Election About?" <i>Workers Monthly</i> [Chicago], vol. 5, no. 13 (November 1926), pp. 579–581.</li> <li>"Eugene V. Debs and the Revolutionary Labor Movement," <i>Daily Worker,</i> vol. 3, no. 252 (November 6, 1926), pg. 6.</li> <li>"Two Supreme Court Decisions," <i>Daily Worker,</i> vol. 3, no. ? (November 9, 1929), pp. ?,</li> <li>"Many Opportunities for Building the Revolutionary Movement," <i>Daily Worker,</i> vol. 3, no. 269 (November 27, 1926), pg. 6.</li> <li>"The Achievements of the Party," <i>Daily Worker,</i> vol. 3, no. 270 (November 28, 1926), pg. 6.</li> <li>"Organization of the Unorganized and Work in the Trade Unions," <i>Daily Worker,</i> vol. 3, no. 271 (November 30, 1926), pg. 6.</li> <li>"The Campaign for the Labor Party," <i>Daily Worker,</i> vol. 3, no. 272 (December 1, 1926), pg. 6.</li> <li>"Reorganization of the Workers (Communist) Party," <i>Daily Worker,</i> vol. 3, no. 274 (December 3, 1926), pg. 6.</li> <li>"First Signs of a Downward Trend in Industry," <i>Daily Worker,</i> vol. 3, no. ? (February 5, 1927), pp. ?.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Ruthenberg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ronald Collins & David Skover, "Curious Concurrence: Justice Brandeis's Vote in Whitney v. California," 2005 Supreme Court Review 333.</li> <li>Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, <i>Debs, Haywood, Ruthenberg.</i> New York: Workers Library Publishers, September 1939.</li> <li>Joseph Freeman, <i>An American Testament: A Narrative of Rebels and Romantics.</i> New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1936.</li> <li>Robert Minor, "Our 'C. E.': In Memory of C. E. Ruthenberg — July 9, 1882 – March 2, 1927," <i>The Communist</i> [New York], March 1935, pp. 217–226.</li> <li>Alexander Trachtenberg (ed.), <i>Speeches and Writings of Charles E. Ruthenberg.</i> New York: International Publishers, 1928.</li> <li>U.S. Supreme Court, <i>U.S. Supreme Court Transcript of Record Ruthenberg v. People of State of Michigan.</i> Gale Making of Modern Law Print Editions, n.d.</li> <li>"Ruthenberg Dies in Chicago," <i>New York Times,</i> March 3, 1927.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RuthenbergIsDead">"Ruthenberg is Dead,"</a> <i>Daily Worker,</i> vol. 4, no. 42 (March 3, 1927), pg. 1.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Ruthenberg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley C. Johnson, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LifeWorkRuthenberg">The Day is Coming: Life and Work of Charles E. Ruthenberg, 1882–1927</a>.</i> New York: International Publishers, 1957. Page 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1958" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Oakley C. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn5WAAAAMAAJ&q=Wilhelmina+August+Ruthenberg"><i>The Day is Coming: Life and Work of Charles E. Ruthenberg, 1882-1927</i></a>. International Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598398796" title="Special:BookSources/9780598398796"><bdi>9780598398796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+is+Coming%3A+Life+and+Work+of+Charles+E.+Ruthenberg%2C+1882-1927&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=9780598398796&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Oakley+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNn5WAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DWilhelmina%2BAugust%2BRuthenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+E.+Ruthenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, <i>The Day is Coming,</i> pp. 8–9. Johnson notes that C. E.'s father was "not a churchgoer."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, <i>The Day is Coming,</i> pg. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore E. Kretchmar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxisthistory.org/history/usa/parties/cpusa/1940/0000-kretchmar-growingup.pdf"><i>My Friend C.E. Ruthenberg: Testimony of Theodore E. Kretchmar, Collected by Oakley C. Johnson for a Biography of C.E. Ruthenberg, circa 1940.</i></a> Tim Davenport (ed.). Corvallis, OR: 1000 Flowers Publishing, May 2012; pg. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson14-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson14_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson14_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, <i>The Day is Coming,</i> pg. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson16-17-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson16-17_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson16-17_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, <i>The Day is Coming,</i> pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, <i>The Day is Coming,</i> pg. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, <i>The Day is Coming,</i> pg. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=46507">"Our Campaigns - Candidate - Charles Emil Ruthenberg"</a>. <i>www.ourcampaigns.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+Candidate+-+Charles+Emil+Ruthenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FCandidateDetail.html%3FCandidateID%3D46507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+E.+Ruthenberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, <i>The Day is Coming,</i> pg. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Socialist Party published a monthly membership bulletin for its members from 1905 through 1914. From July 1914 it published party news in a series of official newspapers, called variously <i>The American Socialist</i> (1914–1918), <i>The Eye-Opener</i> (1918–1919), <i>The Socialist World</i> (1920–1925), and <i>The American Appeal</i> (1926–1927).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Minor, "Our C. E.," <i>The Communist,</i> vol. 14, no. 3 (March 1935), pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Evening Call,</i> Jan. 17, 1918, pp. 1, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. E. Ruthenberg, "The Cleveland May Day Demonstration," in <i>The Revolutionary Age,</i> May 10, 1919, pg. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruthenberg, "The Cleveland May Day Riot," pg. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Gitlow, <i>I Confess: The Truth About American Communism.</i> New York: E.P. Dutton, 1940; pg. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41117356/ruthenberg_ashes_placed_to_rest_at/">"Ashes of American Radical Rest in Wall of Kremlin,"</a> <i>Wisconsin State Journal,</i> April 27, 1927, p. 4.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._E._Ruthenberg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Emil_Ruthenberg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles Emil Ruthenberg">Charles Emil Ruthenberg</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/C._E._Ruthenberg" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/C. 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communist_Party_USA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#b3333d;color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Party_USA" title="Template:Communist Party USA"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Party_USA" title="Template talk:Communist Party USA"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Party_USA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Party USA"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communist_Party_USA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Communist Party USA</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>; <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>; <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>; <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>; <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>; <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>; <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Vice Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>; <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>; <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>; <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mike Zagarell</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>; <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>; <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. E. Ruthenberg</a> (1919–1920; 1922–1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wagenknecht" title="Alfred Wagenknecht">Alfred Wagenknecht</a> (1919–1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dirba" title="Charles Dirba">Charles Dirba</a> (1920–1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Shapiro_(communist)" title="Louis Shapiro (communist)">Louis Shapiro</a> (late 1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L._E._Katterfeld" title="L. E. Katterfeld">L. E. Katterfeld</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Weinstone" title="William Weinstone">William Weinstone</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a> (1922; 1927–1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Harrison" title="Caleb Harrison">Caleb Harrison</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abram_Jakira" title="Abram Jakira">Abram Jakira</a> (1922–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> (1929–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a> (1934–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Eugene Dennis</a> (1945–1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> (1945–1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a> (1959–2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Webb_(communist)" title="Sam Webb (communist)">Sam Webb</a> (2000–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bachtell" title="John Bachtell">John Bachtell</a> (2014–2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Rossana Cambron & <a href="/wiki/Joe_Sims_(politician)" title="Joe Sims (politician)">Joe Sims</a> (2019–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Prominent members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ades" title="Bernard Ades">Bernard Ades</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Albertson" title="William Albertson">William Albertson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Aptheker" title="Herbert Aptheker">Herbert Aptheker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Bedacht" title="Max Bedacht">Max Bedacht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bernard_(American_politician)" title="John Bernard (American politician)">John Bernard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bernstein" title="Walter Bernstein">Walter Bernstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Blitzstein" title="Marc Blitzstein">Marc Blitzstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ella_Reeve_Bloor" title="Ella Reeve Bloor">Ella Reeve Bloor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Burlak" title="Anne Burlak">Anne Burlak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cacchione" title="Peter Cacchione">Peter Cacchione</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_J._Davis_Jr." title="Benjamin J. Davis Jr.">Benjamin J. Davis Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Graham_Du_Bois" title="Shirley Graham Du Bois">Shirley Graham Du Bois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bella_Dodd" title="Bella Dodd">Bella Dodd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Durham" title="Richard Durham">Richard Durham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Goldman_(politician)" title="Albert Goldman (politician)">Albert Goldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Elizabeth Gurley Flynn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ray_Healey" title="Dorothy Ray Healey">Dorothy Ray Healey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manning_Johnson" title="Manning Johnson">Manning Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oakley_C._Johnson" title="Oakley C. Johnson">Oakley C. Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Claudia Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Konikow" title="Antoinette Konikow">Antoinette Konikow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lightfoot" title="Claude Lightfoot">Claude Lightfoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Nelson_(activist)" title="Steve Nelson (activist)">Steve Nelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Emil_Nygard" title="Karl Emil Nygard">Karl Emil Nygard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Patterson" title="William L. Patterson">William L. Patterson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Taylor_(politician)" title="Charles E. Taylor (politician)">Charles E. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Tenayuca" title="Emma Tenayuca">Emma Tenayuca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Litigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Albertson_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aptheker_v._Secretary_of_State" title="Aptheker v. Secretary of State">Aptheker v. Secretary of State</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/De_Jonge_v._Oregon" title="De Jonge v. Oregon">De Jonge v. Oregon</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Kent_v._Dulles" title="Kent v. Dulles">Kent v. Dulles</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Keyishian_v._Board_of_Regents" title="Keyishian v. Board of Regents">Keyishian v. Board of Regents</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Noto_v._United_States" title="Noto v. United States">Noto v. United States</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Scales_v._United_States" title="Scales v. United States">Scales v. United States</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Watkins_v._United_States" title="Watkins v. United States">Watkins v. United States</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">State parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Communist Party of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Maryland" title="Communist Party of Maryland">Maryland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Texas" title="Communist Party of Texas">Texas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Chapter_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="Alabama Chapter of the Communist Party USA">Alabama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Communist Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Committee_for_Spanish_Freedom" title="American Committee for Spanish Freedom">American Committee for Spanish Freedom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Browderism" title="Browderism">Browderism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Communist Labor Party of America">Communist Labor Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English-language_press_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="English-language press of the Communist Party USA">English-language press</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_federation" title="Language federation">Language federation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Left_Wing_Section_of_the_Socialist_Party" title="Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party">Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Battalion" title="Lincoln Battalion">Lincoln Battalion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Communist_Party_USA_members_who_have_held_office_in_the_United_States" title="List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States">List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_conventions_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="National conventions of the Communist Party USA">National conventions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Workers_School" title="New York Workers School">New York Workers School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Non-English_press_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="Non-English press of the Communist Party USA">Non-English press</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_World" title="People's World">People's World</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Red_diaper_baby" title="Red diaper baby">Red diaper baby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Workers%27_School" title="San Francisco Workers' School">San Francisco Workers' School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Negro_Republic" title="Soviet Negro Republic">Soviet Negro Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Communist Party USA and African Americans">Relations with African Americans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ware_Group" title="Ware Group">Ware Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yokinen_Show_Trial" title="Yokinen Show Trial">Yokinen Show Trial</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_USA" title="Young Communist League USA">Young Communist League USA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_America" title="Young Pioneers of America">Young Pioneers of America</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065967#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065967#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065967#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1051305993">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86866867">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36091939">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007592273805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08549232?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1210873">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bz6mdp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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