CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,700,700i,900,900i%7CSource+Serif+Pro:200,300,400,400i,700,700i,900,900i%7CTeko:300,500&display=swap" media="screen"> <title>Protecting Water Quality through Agricultural Practices – Impacts</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/fyi.extension.wisc.edu\/impacts\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ext_core_block_editor_core_block_styles-css' href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/ext-core-block-editor-modifier/css/ext_core_block_editor_core_block_styles.css?ver=38' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.2' media='all' /> <style id='acf-ext-callout-box-style-inline-css'> /* backend */ .wp-admin .callout-box-container.alignright, .wp-admin .callout-box-container.alignleft { float: none; } /* initial defaults */ .cets-callout-box { width: 92%; padding: 1em; background: #F7F7F7; border: 1px solid #E4E4E4; margin: 0 auto; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; } body .entry-content .cets-callout-box ul { margin: 0 0 1.5em 1em !important; } /* right align shortcode */ .cets-callout-box.right { width: 350px; float: right; margin-left: 1em; } /* left align shortcode */ .cets-callout-box.left { width: 350px; float: left; margin-right: 1em; } /* right align block */ .wp-block[data-align=right] .wp-block-acf-ext-callout-box { width: 350px; margin-left: 1em; } .callout-box-container.alignright .cets-callout-box { margin: 0; width: 100%; } .callout-box-container.alignright { width: 350px; margin: 1em 1em .5em 1em; } /* left align block */ .wp-block[data-align=left] .wp-block-acf-ext-callout-box{ width: 350px; margin-right: 1em; } .callout-box-container.alignleft .cets-callout-box { margin: 0; width: 100%; } .callout-box-container.alignleft { width: 350px; margin: 1em 1em 0em 0em; } .theme-kayak .callout-box-container.alignleft { margin: 1em 1.5em .5em 0em; } /* kayak smaller */ .theme-kayak .callout-box-container.alignleft, .theme-kayak .callout-box-container.alignright, .theme-kayak .cets-callout-box.left, .theme-kayak .cets-callout-box.right, .theme-kayak .cets-callout-box { box-sizing: border-box; } /* full width block and shortcode, unaligned block */ .callout-box-container .cets-callout-box, .cets-callout-box.full, .callout-box-container.aligncenter .cets-callout-box { width: 92%; float: none; margin: 0 auto; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; } /* styles */ .cets-callout-box.gray { background: #F7F7F7; border: 1px solid #E4E4E4; } .cets-callout-box.blue { background: #F2F6FF; border: 1px solid #C7D1E0 } .cets-callout-box.yellow { background: #FFFFEC; border: 1px solid #E6E3A4; } .cets-callout-box.green { background: #F2FDED; border: 1px solid #A6D593; } .cets-callout-box.white { background-color: #fff; border: none; } .cets-callout-box.golden { background: #ffc801; border: none; } /* headers */ .cets-callout-box .callout-box-title, .cets-callout-box h1, .cets-callout-box h2, .cets-callout-box h3 { font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.3em; padding-bottom: .3em; border-bottom: 1px solid #858688; margin-top: 0; } .cets-callout-box.yellow .callout-box-title, .cets-callout-box.yellow h3, .cets-callout-box.yellow h2, .cets-callout-box.yellow h1 { border-bottom: 1px solid #DBD77A; } .cets-callout-box.green .callout-box-title, .cets-callout-box.green h1, .cets-callout-box.green h2, .cets-callout-box.green h3 { border-bottom: 1px solid #729962; } .cets-callout-box.blue .callout-box-title, .cets-callout-box.blue h1, .cets-callout-box.blue h2, .cets-callout-box.blue h3 { border-bottom: 1px solid #758499; } .cets-callout-box.golden .callout-box-title, .cets-callout-box.golden h1, .cets-callout-box.golden h2, .cets-callout-box.golden h3{ border-bottom: 1px solid #7f6d2b; } .clear { clear: both; } /*media queries */ @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .cets-callout-box.full, .cets-callout-box.right, .cets-callout-box.left { width: 94%; float: none; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } } </style> <style id='acf-ext-collapsible-content-style-inline-css'> h3.cets-collapsible-title { padding-bottom: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0; margin-left: 0; margin-top: .2em; display: flex; width: 100%; margin-block-start: 0; } .cets-collapsible-content p.has-background { margin-top: 0; } body .cets-collapsible-content { margin-block-start: 0; } .cets-collapsible-content .acf-innerblocks-container > div:first-child:not(.has-background):not(.has-border-color), .cets-collapsible-content .acf-innerblocks-container > figure:first-child:not(.has-background):not(.has-border-color) { margin-top: .5em; } .cets-collapsible-content .acf-innerblocks-container > div:first-child.wp-block-group.has-border-color { margin-top: 0; } .cets-collapsible-content .wp-block-group.has-border-color, .cets-collapsible-content .has-background { margin-bottom: 0; } /*set colors */ .cets-collapsible-title.kayak { background-color: #345389; } .cets-collapsible-title.master-gardener { background-color: #74B929; } .cets-collapsible-title.arctic { background-color: #35acc3; } .cets-collapsible-title.four-h { background-color: #339967; } .cets-collapsible-title.green { background-color: #3F9A3A; } .cets-collapsible-title.link-match { background-color: #0479a8; } .cets-collapsible-title.uw-red { background-color: #c5050c; } .cets-collapsible-title.uw-dark-red { background-color: #9b0000; } .cets-collapsible-title.uw-dark-gray { background-color: #282728; } .cets-collapsible-title.uw-medium-gray { background-color: #646569; } .cets-collapsible-title.slate-gray { background-color: #8996a0; } /*.cets-collapsible-title.dark-gray { background-color: #383838; }*/ body .cets-collapsible-title.kayak a, body .cets-collapsible-title.master-gardener a, body .cets-collapsible-title.arctic a, body .cets-collapsible-title.four-h a, body .cets-collapsible-title.green a, body .cets-collapsible-title.link-match a, body .cets-collapsible-title.uw-red a, body .cets-collapsible-title.uw-dark-red a, body .cets-collapsible-title.uw-dark-gray a, body .cets-collapsible-title.uw-medium-gray a, body .cets-collapsible-title.slate-gray a{ color: white; padding-left: 60px; display: inline-block; padding-top: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px; background-position: 10px; } .cets-collapsible-title a { background-image: url(/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-collapsible-content/css/../img/white-plus-sign.png); } .cets-collapsible-title.cets-collapsible-content a { background-image: url(/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-collapsible-content/css/../img/white-minus-sign.png); } .cets-collapsible-title a, .cets-collapsible-title.cets-collapsible-content a { position: relative; background-repeat: no-repeat; } body .collapsible-clear { margin-block-start: 2px; clear: both; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px; } /* back end block editor */ .editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-acf-ext-collapsible-content:not(.wayfinder-outline *[data-title]:hover) { outline: 1px dashed #dddddd!important; padding: 15px 12px; } /*print */ @media print { body .cets-collapsible-content { display: block !important; margin-left: 0; } body .cets-collapsible-title a { background-image: none; padding-left: 0; } body .cets-collapsible-title { background-color: transparent !important; } body .cets-collapsible-title, body .cets-collapsible-title.kayak a, .cets-collapsible-title.master-gardener a, .cets-collapsible-title.arctic a, .cets-collapsible-title.four-h a, .cets-collapsible-title.green a, .cets-collapsible-title.link-match a { color: #000!important; padding-left: 0!important; } } </style> <style id='acf-ext-advanced-page-list-style-inline-css'> /*page list */ div.ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper ul, #main div.ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper ul { list-style: none; margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; } div.ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper ul li { margin-bottom: .7em; } div.ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper ul li li { margin-left: 1em; margin-top: .7em; } /*show children of selected page */ div.ext-advanced-page-list-section-home { font-family: 'Verlag', sans-serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.2em; margin-bottom: .5em; } div.ext-advanced-page-list-section-home::after { content: ""; border-bottom: 1px solid #ececec; width: 50%; display: block; } /*spacing if list has background */ .ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper.has-background { padding: 1px 25px 20px 25px; } .ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper.has-background ul { margin: 25px; } .ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper.has-background ul ul { margin: 0; } .ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper .current_page_item { border-left: 4px solid #e4ae10; padding-left: 10px; } /* Widgets */ aside div.ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper ul li, aside div.ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper ul li li{ margin-bottom: auto; margin-top: auto; } aside .ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper ul ul li:last-of-type{ padding-bottom: 0; } aside .ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper .current_page_item, .site-content aside .ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper .current_page_item { border-left: 3px solid #e4ae10; padding-left: 7px; margin-bottom: 5px; } aside .ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper:not(.has-background) .current_page_item { background-color: #f7f7f7; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; } footer aside .ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper:not(.has-background) .current_page_item { background: none; } .theme-kayak .site-content aside .ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper .current_page_item { padding-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-top: 2px; margin-top: -5px; } footer aside .ext-advanced-page-list-wrapper .current_page_item { border-left: none; padding: 0; } aside div.ext-advanced-page-list-section-home { border-bottom: 1px solid #ececec; } footer aside div.ext-advanced-page-list-section-home { border-bottom: 1px solid #adadad; } aside div.ext-advanced-page-list-section-home::after { border-bottom: none; } </style> <style id='acf-ext-social-share-links-style-inline-css'> /* Desktop */ .ext-social-share-wrapper { display: flex; } .ext-social-share-wrapper p { margin: 0; } .ext-social-share-wrapper a, .editor-styles-wrapper .ext-social-share-wrapper a { color: #000; } .ext-social-share-wrapper a, #content .ext-social-share-wrapper a { transition: color .2s; font-weight: 300; } .ext-social-share-wrapper a:hover, #content .ext-social-share-wrapper a:hover { opacity: .7; } .ext-social-share-wrapper ul { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; font-size: .8em; padding: 0 0 0 20px; margin-top: 5px; margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; list-style: none; } .ext-social-share-wrapper.has-background ul { padding: 1em 2em; margin: 12px 0 20px 0; } .ext-social-share-wrapper li { height: 20px; } .ext-social-share-wrapper .ext-social-share-label { word-break: keep-all; } .ext-social-share-wrapper.has-text-align-center { justify-content: center; }.ext-social-share-wrapper.has-text-align-center ul { align-self: center; } .ext-social-share-wrapper.has-text-align-right ul { justify-content: flex-end; } .ext-social-share-wrapper.has-text-align-right .ext-social-share-popup-copied { right: 0px; margin-top: -15px; } .ext-social-share-popup-copied { display: none; padding: 2px 12px; background-color: #24242473; border-radius: 2px; color: #fff; font-size: .7em; word-break: keep-all; position: absolute; margin-top: 5px; margin-left: 20px } .ext-social-share-wrapper.has-background:not(.has-text-align-right) .ext-social-share-popup-copied { margin-top: 28px; margin-left: -5px; } /* stop copied notice from going over the right edge of page*/ .ext-social-share-wrapper.has-text-align-right { flex-direction: column; } /* Kayak Styles */ .theme-kayak #main .ext-social-share-wrapper ul { margin-left: 0; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1em; } .theme-kayak #main .ext-social-share-wrapper.has-background ul { margin-bottom: .5em; } /* Theme baked in */ .ext-social-share-wrapper.ext-social-share-theme-baked-in { clear: both; } /* media queries */ @media screen and (min-width: 482px) { .ext-social-share-container-mobile { display: none; } } @media screen and (max-width: 481px) { .ext-social-share-container-mobile { display: block; } .ext-social-share-container-desktop { display: none; } } /* requires container queries to be set - they exist in Discovery and Kayak */ @container (max-width: 300px) { .ext-social-share-wrapper { flex-direction: column; } .ext-social-share-wrapper ul { margin: 5px 0 30px 0; } p:has(span.ext-social-share-popup-copied) { margin-top: -1em; } .ext-social-share-wrapper .ext-social-share-popup-copied { margin-left: 0; } } @container (max-width: 200px) { .ext-social-share-wrapper .ext-social-share-popup-copied { right: auto; } } /* Mobile */ .ext-social-share-wrapper .ext-social-share-container-mobile svg { vertical-align: top; padding-left: 2px; transform: translate(0,3px); } /* internal message */ .ext-social-share-internal-site-message-wrapper { background-color: #fff487; padding: 12px; font-size: .8em; padding-top: 16px; margin-left: 1em; } .ext-social-share-wrapper.has-background .ext-social-share-internal-site-message-wrapper { color: #000; background-color: transparent; padding: 2em; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='acf-ext-post-list-magic-style-css' href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-post-list-magic/css/post-list-magic.css?ver=41' media='all' /> <style id='outermost-icon-block-style-inline-css'> .wp-block-outermost-icon-block{display:flex;line-height:0}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.has-border-color{border:none}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .has-icon-color svg,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.has-icon-color svg{color:currentColor}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .has-icon-color:not(.has-no-icon-fill-color) svg,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.has-icon-color:not(.has-no-icon-fill-color) svg{fill:currentColor}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .icon-container{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block a,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block svg{height:100%;transition:transform .1s ease-in-out;width:100%}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block a:hover{transform:scale(1.1)}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block svg{transform:rotate(var(--outermost--icon-block--transform-rotate,0deg)) scaleX(var(--outermost--icon-block--transform-scale-x,1)) scaleY(var(--outermost--icon-block--transform-scale-y,1))}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .rotate-90,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.rotate-90{--outermost--icon-block--transform-rotate:90deg}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .rotate-180,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.rotate-180{--outermost--icon-block--transform-rotate:180deg}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .rotate-270,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.rotate-270{--outermost--icon-block--transform-rotate:270deg}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .flip-horizontal,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.flip-horizontal{--outermost--icon-block--transform-scale-x:-1}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .flip-vertical,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.flip-vertical{--outermost--icon-block--transform-scale-y:-1}.wp-block-outermost-icon-block .flip-vertical.flip-horizontal,.wp-block-outermost-icon-block.flip-vertical.flip-horizontal{--outermost--icon-block--transform-scale-x:-1;--outermost--icon-block--transform-scale-y:-1} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f9e6e7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--uw-link-blue: #0479a8;--wp--preset--color--uw-red: #c5050c;--wp--preset--color--uw-dark-red: #9b0000;--wp--preset--color--uw-dark-gray: #282728;--wp--preset--color--uw-medium-gray: #646569;--wp--preset--color--foodwise: #27999e;--wp--preset--color--master-gardener-green: #599c10;--wp--preset--color--four-h-green: #339967;--wp--preset--color--four-h-green-light: #61c250;--wp--preset--color--four-h-green-lime: #BED600;--wp--preset--color--slate-gray: #8996a0;--wp--preset--color--sky: #CAE3E9;--wp--preset--color--light-link-blue: #a0d9f1;--wp--preset--color--uw-light-gray: #dadfe1;--wp--preset--color--bright-gray: #ebedf1;--wp--preset--color--light-accent-blue: #f7f8fb;--wp--preset--color--arctic-blue: #35acc3;--wp--preset--color--kayak-blue: #345389;--wp--preset--color--charcoal-blue: #15212c;--wp--preset--color--forest-green: #29411a;--wp--preset--color--generic-green: #2e7529;--wp--preset--color--pale-green: #cfe6cd;--wp--preset--color--yellow: #e4ae10;--wp--preset--color--bright-yellow: #ffc20e;--wp--preset--color--pink-sand: #edd6d0;--wp--preset--color--chestnut: #702907;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--uw-reds: linear-gradient(to right,rgb(197, 5, 12) 0%,rgb(155, 0, 0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--diagnal-uw-reds: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(197, 5, 12) 0%,rgb(155, 0, 0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--uw-red-fade: linear-gradient(to right, #C5050C 0%, #d34b50 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--diagnal-uw-red-fade: linear-gradient(135deg, #C5050C 0%, #d34b50 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--four-h-greens: linear-gradient(to right, #339967 0%,#61c250 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--diagnal-four-h-greens: linear-gradient(135deg, #339967 0%,#61c250 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--yellow-fade: linear-gradient(to right, #ffc20e 0%,#efdd59 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--diagnal-yellow-fade: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffc20e 0%,#efdd59 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--kayak-link: linear-gradient(to right, #345389 0%,#7db9e8 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--diagnal-kayak-link: linear-gradient(135deg, #345389 0%,#7db9e8 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--link-light-link: linear-gradient(to right, #0479a8 0%,#a0d9f1 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--diagnal-link-light-link: linear-gradient(135deg, #0479a8 0%,#a0d9f1 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--subtle-grays: linear-gradient(45deg,rgb(247, 248, 251) 0%,rgb(236, 239, 242) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--darker-left: linear-gradient(90deg,rgb(0,0,0) 40%,rgba(0,0,0,0.06) 75%);--wp--preset--gradient--darker-right: linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(0,0,0,0.06) 20%,rgb(0,0,0) 75%);--wp--preset--gradient--red-solid: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(197,5,12,1) 0%, rgba(197,5,12,1) 30%, rgba(197,5,12,0.7) 58%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 80%);--wp--preset--gradient--dark-red-solid: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(155,0,0,1) 0%, rgba(155,0,0,1) 30%, rgba(155,0,0,0.6) 58%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 80%);--wp--preset--gradient--four-h-solid: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(51,153,103,1) 0%, rgba(51,153,103,1) 30%, rgba(51,153,103,0.7) 58%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 80%);--wp--preset--gradient--foodwise-solid: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(39,153,158,1) 0%, rgba(39,153,158,1) 30%, rgba(39,153,158,0.7) 58%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 80%);--wp--preset--gradient--dark-green-solid: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(41,65,26,1) 0%, rgba(41,65,26,1) 30%, rgba(41,65,26,0.7) 58%, rgba(41,65,26,0) 80%);--wp--preset--gradient--dark-blue-solid: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(30,55,79,1) 0%, rgba(30,55,79,1) 30%, rgba(30,55,79,0.6) 58%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 80%);--wp--preset--gradient--kayak-blue-solid: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(52,83,137,1) 0%, rgba(52,83,137,1) 30%, rgba(52,83,137,0.7) 58%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 80%);--wp--preset--gradient--white-solid: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255,255,255,1) 0%, rgba(255,255,255,1) 30%, rgba(255,255,255,0.6) 58%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 80%);--wp--preset--gradient--black-solid: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(40,39,40,1) 0%, rgba(40,39,40,1) 30%, rgba(40,39,40,0.6) 58%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 80%);--wp--preset--gradient--transparent-gray: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(0,0,0,0.3) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,0.3) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--transparent-red: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(155,0,0,0.3) 0%, rgba(155,0,0,0.3) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 16px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: clamp(14px, 0.875rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.469), 20px);--wp--preset--font-size--large: clamp(1.6rem, 1.6rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.25), 1.8rem);--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: clamp(25.014px, 1.563rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.327), 42px);--wp--preset--font-size--normal: 21px;--wp--preset--font-size--extra-large: clamp(1.8rem, 1.8rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.375), 2.1rem);--wp--preset--font-size--huge: clamp(2.0rem, 2rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.75), 2.6em);--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--spacing--one: 30px;--wp--preset--spacing--two: 50px;--wp--preset--spacing--three: 75px;--wp--preset--spacing--four: 100px;--wp--preset--spacing--five: 175px;--wp--preset--spacing--six: 250px;--wp--preset--spacing--seven: 325px;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}.wp-block-heading{--wp--preset--font-size--small: 16px;--wp--preset--font-size--normal: 21px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: clamp(18.434px, 1.152rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.825), 29px);--wp--preset--font-size--extra-large: clamp(21.027px, 1.314rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.014), 34px);--wp--preset--font-size--huge: clamp(25.014px, 1.563rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 1.327), 42px);--wp--preset--font-size--extreme-heading-1: clamp(3.0rem, 3rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 0.938), 60px);--wp--preset--font-size--extreme-heading-2: clamp(3.0rem, 3rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 2.5), 80px);--wp--preset--font-size--extreme-heading-3: clamp(3.0rem, 3rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 4.063), 100px);--wp--preset--font-family--official-uw: "Red Hat Display", arial, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bodyfont: "Red Hat Text", arial, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--accentfont: "Teko", courier new, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--quotefont: "Source Serif Pro", sans-serif;}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 1400px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1600px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 24px; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: 24px; }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 24px;}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 24px;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-uw-link-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-link-blue) !important;}.has-uw-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-red) !important;}.has-uw-dark-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-dark-red) !important;}.has-uw-dark-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-dark-gray) !important;}.has-uw-medium-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-medium-gray) !important;}.has-foodwise-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--foodwise) !important;}.has-master-gardener-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--master-gardener-green) !important;}.has-four-h-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--four-h-green) !important;}.has-four-h-green-light-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--four-h-green-light) !important;}.has-four-h-green-lime-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--four-h-green-lime) !important;}.has-slate-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--slate-gray) !important;}.has-sky-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--sky) !important;}.has-light-link-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-link-blue) !important;}.has-uw-light-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-light-gray) !important;}.has-bright-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--bright-gray) !important;}.has-light-accent-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-accent-blue) !important;}.has-arctic-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--arctic-blue) !important;}.has-kayak-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--kayak-blue) !important;}.has-charcoal-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--charcoal-blue) !important;}.has-forest-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--forest-green) !important;}.has-generic-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--generic-green) !important;}.has-pale-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-green) !important;}.has-yellow-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--yellow) !important;}.has-bright-yellow-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--bright-yellow) !important;}.has-pink-sand-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pink-sand) !important;}.has-chestnut-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--chestnut) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-uw-link-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-link-blue) !important;}.has-uw-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-red) !important;}.has-uw-dark-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-dark-red) !important;}.has-uw-dark-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-dark-gray) !important;}.has-uw-medium-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-medium-gray) !important;}.has-foodwise-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--foodwise) !important;}.has-master-gardener-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--master-gardener-green) !important;}.has-four-h-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--four-h-green) !important;}.has-four-h-green-light-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--four-h-green-light) !important;}.has-four-h-green-lime-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--four-h-green-lime) !important;}.has-slate-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--slate-gray) !important;}.has-sky-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--sky) !important;}.has-light-link-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-link-blue) !important;}.has-uw-light-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-light-gray) !important;}.has-bright-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--bright-gray) !important;}.has-light-accent-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-accent-blue) !important;}.has-arctic-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--arctic-blue) !important;}.has-kayak-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--kayak-blue) !important;}.has-charcoal-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--charcoal-blue) !important;}.has-forest-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--forest-green) !important;}.has-generic-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--generic-green) !important;}.has-pale-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-green) !important;}.has-yellow-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--yellow) !important;}.has-bright-yellow-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--bright-yellow) !important;}.has-pink-sand-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pink-sand) !important;}.has-chestnut-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--chestnut) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-uw-link-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-link-blue) !important;}.has-uw-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-red) !important;}.has-uw-dark-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-dark-red) !important;}.has-uw-dark-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-dark-gray) !important;}.has-uw-medium-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-medium-gray) !important;}.has-foodwise-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--foodwise) !important;}.has-master-gardener-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--master-gardener-green) !important;}.has-four-h-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--four-h-green) !important;}.has-four-h-green-light-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--four-h-green-light) !important;}.has-four-h-green-lime-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--four-h-green-lime) !important;}.has-slate-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--slate-gray) !important;}.has-sky-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--sky) !important;}.has-light-link-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-link-blue) !important;}.has-uw-light-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--uw-light-gray) !important;}.has-bright-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--bright-gray) !important;}.has-light-accent-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-accent-blue) !important;}.has-arctic-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--arctic-blue) !important;}.has-kayak-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--kayak-blue) !important;}.has-charcoal-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--charcoal-blue) !important;}.has-forest-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--forest-green) !important;}.has-generic-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--generic-green) !important;}.has-pale-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-green) !important;}.has-yellow-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--yellow) !important;}.has-bright-yellow-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--bright-yellow) !important;}.has-pink-sand-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pink-sand) !important;}.has-chestnut-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--chestnut) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-uw-reds-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--uw-reds) !important;}.has-diagnal-uw-reds-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--diagnal-uw-reds) !important;}.has-uw-red-fade-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--uw-red-fade) !important;}.has-diagnal-uw-red-fade-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--diagnal-uw-red-fade) !important;}.has-four-h-greens-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--four-h-greens) !important;}.has-diagnal-four-h-greens-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--diagnal-four-h-greens) !important;}.has-yellow-fade-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--yellow-fade) !important;}.has-diagnal-yellow-fade-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--diagnal-yellow-fade) !important;}.has-kayak-link-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--kayak-link) !important;}.has-diagnal-kayak-link-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--diagnal-kayak-link) !important;}.has-link-light-link-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--link-light-link) !important;}.has-diagnal-link-light-link-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--diagnal-link-light-link) !important;}.has-subtle-grays-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--subtle-grays) !important;}.has-darker-left-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--darker-left) !important;}.has-darker-right-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--darker-right) !important;}.has-red-solid-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--red-solid) !important;}.has-dark-red-solid-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--dark-red-solid) !important;}.has-four-h-solid-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--four-h-solid) !important;}.has-foodwise-solid-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--foodwise-solid) !important;}.has-dark-green-solid-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--dark-green-solid) !important;}.has-dark-blue-solid-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--dark-blue-solid) !important;}.has-kayak-blue-solid-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--kayak-blue-solid) !important;}.has-white-solid-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--white-solid) !important;}.has-black-solid-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--black-solid) !important;}.has-transparent-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--transparent-gray) !important;}.has-transparent-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--transparent-red) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-normal-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal) !important;}.has-extra-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--extra-large) !important;}.has-huge-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-normal-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-extra-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--extra-large) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-huge-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-extreme-heading-1-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--extreme-heading-1) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-extreme-heading-2-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--extreme-heading-2) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-extreme-heading-3-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--extreme-heading-3) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-official-uw-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--official-uw) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-bodyfont-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bodyfont) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-accentfont-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--accentfont) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-quotefont-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--quotefont) !important;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: clamp(0.984em, 0.984rem + ((1vw - 0.2em) * 0.645), 1.5em);line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cets-global-css-css' href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-global-css/css/global.min.css?ver=26' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ext-social-share-css-css' href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/ext-social-share/css/ext-social-share.css?ver=5' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-smart-crop-renderer-css' href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/wp-smartcrop/css/image-renderer.css?ver=2.0.8' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='search-filter-plugin-styles-css' href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/css/search-filter.min.css?ver=2.5.16' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='discovery-style-css' href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/themes/ext-discovery/style.css?ver=47' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='uwmadison-fonts-css' href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/themes/ext-discovery/fonts/redhat-fonts.0.0.1.css?ver=1.1.0' media='all' /> <style id='block-visibility-screen-size-styles-inline-css'> /* Large screens (desktops, 1100px and up) */ @media ( min-width: 1100px ) { .block-visibility-hide-large-screen { display: none !important; } } /* Medium screens (tablets, between 800px and 1100px) */ @media ( min-width: 800px ) and ( max-width: 1099.98px ) { .block-visibility-hide-medium-screen { display: none !important; } } /* Small screens (mobile devices, less than 800px) */ @media ( max-width: 799.98px ) { .block-visibility-hide-small-screen { display: none !important; } } </style> <script src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-google-analytics-universal/js/front-end.js?ver=17" id="cets_google_analytics_universal_front-end_js-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script id="search-filter-plugin-build-js-extra"> var SF_LDATA = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/fyi.extension.wisc.edu\/impacts\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","home_url":"https:\/\/fyi.extension.wisc.edu\/impacts\/","extensions":[]}; </script> <script src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/js/search-filter-build.min.js?ver=2.5.16" id="search-filter-plugin-build-js"></script> <script src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/js/chosen.jquery.min.js?ver=2.5.16" id="search-filter-plugin-chosen-js"></script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/articles/protecting-water-quality-through-agricultural-practices/" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffyi.extension.wisc.edu%2Fimpacts%2Farticles%2Fprotecting-water-quality-through-agricultural-practices%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffyi.extension.wisc.edu%2Fimpacts%2Farticles%2Fprotecting-water-quality-through-agricultural-practices%2F&format=xml" /> <script> var ces_ga_source_is_subfolder = true; var ces_ga_unmapped_folder = 'fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/'; var ces_ga_is_root_site = false; var ces_using_google_ua = true; var ces_using_google_ga4 = true; var ces_using_ua_local = true; var ces_using_ua_network = false; </script>  <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); //local analytics ga( 'create', 'UA-122569240-11', 'auto', 'cets_local_analytics' ); ga('cets_local_analytics.require', 'linkid', { 'cookieName': '_ela', 'duration': '60', 'levels': 10 } ); ga( 'cets_local_analytics.send', 'pageview' ); </script>   <script async src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js'></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); </script> <script> gtag('config', 'G-G5NW20WV1J', { 'cookie_domain': 'extension.wisc.edu' }); </script> <script> gtag('config', 'G-85WK1XZS9T', { 'cookie_domain': 'extension.wisc.edu' }); </script>  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Impacts"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="Impacts"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Protecting Water Quality through Agricultural Practices"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Protecting Water Quality through Agricultural Practices"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Water is a shared resource and is depended on by Wisconsinites for a variety of daily needs including drinking, power generation, growing food, and more. However, agriculture is the dominant land use in Wisconsin, and current farming practices have a significant impact on soil and nutrients loss to surface and groundwater. The majority of water […]"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Water is a shared resource and is depended on by Wisconsinites for a variety of daily needs including drinking, power generation, growing food, and more. However, agriculture is the dominant land use in Wisconsin, and current farming practices have a significant impact on soil and nutrients loss to surface and groundwater. The majority of water […]"/> <meta name="description" content="Water is a shared resource and is depended on by Wisconsinites for a variety of daily needs including drinking, power generation, growing food, and more. However, agriculture is the dominant land use in Wisconsin, and current farming practices have a significant impact on soil and nutrients loss to surface and groundwater. The majority of water […]"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/articles/protecting-water-quality-through-agricultural-practices/"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/files/2024/02/WaterQual-300x169.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-open-graph/images/extension-logo-in-a-square.png"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/files/2024/02/WaterQual-300x169.jpg"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/ext-favicon/img/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-tweaks/img/crest-in-a-transparent-square.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-tweaks/img/crest-in-a-transparent-square.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-tweaks/img/crest-in-a-transparent-square.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-tweaks/img/crest-in-a-transparent-square.png" /> <style id="wp-custom-css"> .post-type-archive-ext_article .page-header { display: none; } .post-type-archive-ext_article #primary { margin-top: 20px; } .has-custom-gradient .wp-block-cover__background { background-color: transparent!important; background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgb(0 0 0 / 81%) 100%)!important; opacity: .75!important; } </style> </head> <body class="ext_article-template-default single single-ext_article postid-574 wp-embed-responsive theme-discovery no-sidebar"> <div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header"> <div class="meta-links full"> </div> <div id ="header-container" class="header-container full-menu"> <div class="site-branding header-item"> <div class="wisc-logo"> <a href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/" title="Division of Extension" > <svg width="53" height="85" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"> <image xlink:href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/themes/ext-discovery/images/uw-crest-web.svg" src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/themes/ext-discovery/images/uw-crest-web.png" width="53" height="85" /> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="title-description"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/" rel="home">Impacts</a></h1> <p class="site-description">Division of Extension</p> </div> </div> <div id="nav-search" class="header-item no-print "> <button id="menu-toggle" class="menu-toggle" aria-label="open menu"><span>Menu</span></button> <div id="site-header-menu" class="site-header-menu"> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu"> </nav> </div>  </div> <div class="header-search-button header-item"> <a class="btn-search" aria-label="Expand search form" href="#"><span class='before-search'>Search</span></a> </div>  <div id="full-header-search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> </form> </div> </div> </header>  <div id="header-search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> </form> </div> <div class="print-logo"> <img src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/themes/ext-discovery/images/print-logo.png" alt="" loading="lazy"/> </div> <div id="content-container" class="no-background-image"> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-574" class="post-574 ext_article type-ext_article status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry ext_article_topic-2023-impacts institute-agriculture"> <header class="entry-header ext_article"> <div class="article-topic"> <span class='articles-link'> <a href ='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/articles/'> Articles </a> </span> > <span class='article-topic-link'> <a href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/article-topic/2023-impacts/'>2023 Impacts</a></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title">Protecting Water Quality through Agricultural Practices</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> </div> </header> <div class = 'ext-social-sharing-theme'> <div class="ext-social-share-wrapper ext-social-share-theme-baked-in" ><div class='ext-social-share-container-mobile'><a href='' class='ext-social-share-label' data-share-url="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/articles/protecting-water-quality-through-agricultural-practices/" data-share-title="Protecting Water Quality through Agricultural Practices" onclick='ext_social_share_trigger_this(this); return false;'>Share <svg aria-hidden='true' width='30' height='23' viewBox='0 0 28 23'><path fill='currentColor' d='M6 17c2.269-9.881 11-11.667 11-11.667v-3.333l7 6.637-7 6.696v-3.333s-6.17-.171-11 5zm12 .145v2.855h-16v-12h6.598c.768-.787 1.561-1.449 2.339-2h-10.937v16h20v-6.769l-2 1.914z'/></svg></a></div><div class='ext-social-share-container-desktop'><ul><li><span class='ext-social-share-label'>Share:</span></li><li><a aria-label='Share on Facebook' href='https://facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffyi.extension.wisc.edu%2Fimpacts%2Farticles%2Fprotecting-water-quality-through-agricultural-practices%2F&t=Protecting+Water+Quality+through+Agricultural+Practices' class='ext-social-share-facebook' target='_blank'><svg aria-hidden='true' width='15' height='22' viewBox='0 0 20 23'><title>Share on Facebook</title><path fill='currentColor' d='M9 8h-3v4h3v12h5v-12h3.642l.358-4h-4v-1.667c0-.955.192-1.333 1.115-1.333h2.885v-5h-3.808c-3.596 0-5.192 1.583-5.192 4.615v3.385z'/></svg></a></li><li><a aria-label='Share on X (Twitter)' href='http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Protecting+Water+Quality+through+Agricultural+Practices%20-%20https%3A%2F%2Ffyi.extension.wisc.edu%2Fimpacts%2Farticles%2Fprotecting-water-quality-through-agricultural-practices%2F' class='ext-social-share-twitter' target='_blank'><svg aria-hidden='true' width='20px' height='25px' viewBox='0 0 1350 1350'><title>Share on X (Twitter)</title> <path fill='currentColor' d='M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z'/></svg></a></li><li><a aria-label='Share via Email' href='mailto:?subject=Protecting%20Water%20Quality%20through%20Agricultural%20Practices&body=https%3A%2F%2Ffyi.extension.wisc.edu%2Fimpacts%2Farticles%2Fprotecting-water-quality-through-agricultural-practices%2F' class='ext-social-share-email' target='_blank'><svg aria-hidden='true' width='26' height='22' viewBox='0 0 26 23'><title>Share via Email</title><path fill='currentColor' d='M12 12.713l-11.985-9.713h23.971l-11.986 9.713zm-5.425-1.822l-6.575-5.329v12.501l6.575-7.172zm10.85 0l6.575 7.172v-12.501l-6.575 5.329zm-1.557 1.261l-3.868 3.135-3.868-3.135-8.11 8.848h23.956l-8.11-8.848z'/></svg></a></li><li><a aria-label="Copy Link" class="ext-social-share-trigger-element-copy-link" href="" onclick="ext_social_share_copy_link('https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/articles/protecting-water-quality-through-agricultural-practices/','ext-social-share-popup-copied-6747ea6ea3bf7'); return false;"><svg <svg aria-hidden='true' width='23' height='21' viewBox='0 -3 23 28'><title>Copy Link</title><path fill='currentColor' d='M6.188 8.719c.439-.439.926-.801 1.444-1.087 2.887-1.591 6.589-.745 8.445 2.069l-2.246 2.245c-.644-1.469-2.243-2.305-3.834-1.949-.599.134-1.168.433-1.633.898l-4.304 4.306c-1.307 1.307-1.307 3.433 0 4.74 1.307 1.307 3.433 1.307 4.74 0l1.327-1.327c1.207.479 2.501.67 3.779.575l-2.929 2.929c-2.511 2.511-6.582 2.511-9.093 0s-2.511-6.582 0-9.093l4.304-4.306zm6.836-6.836l-2.929 2.929c1.277-.096 2.572.096 3.779.574l1.326-1.326c1.307-1.307 3.433-1.307 4.74 0 1.307 1.307 1.307 3.433 0 4.74l-4.305 4.305c-1.311 1.311-3.44 1.3-4.74 0-.303-.303-.564-.68-.727-1.051l-2.246 2.245c.236.358.481.667.796.982.812.812 1.846 1.417 3.036 1.704 1.542.371 3.194.166 4.613-.617.518-.286 1.005-.648 1.444-1.087l4.304-4.305c2.512-2.511 2.512-6.582.001-9.093-2.511-2.51-6.581-2.51-9.092 0z'/></svg></a></li></ul><p><span id="ext-social-share-popup-copied-6747ea6ea3bf7" class='ext-social-share-popup-copied'>Copied!</span></p></div></div> </div> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Water is a shared resource and is depended on by Wisconsinites for a variety of daily needs including drinking, power generation, growing food, and more. However, agriculture is the dominant land use in Wisconsin, and current farming practices have a significant impact on soil and nutrients loss to surface and groundwater.</p> <p>The majority of water bodies included on Wisconsin’s Impaired Waters List are a result of excess phosphorus creating eutrophic conditions, and many are located in predominately agricultural watersheds. Groundwater pollution from agriculture also presents a challenge. Nitrate loads to groundwater have increased statewide since 2013, and awareness of nitrate levels in private wells above the health standard of 10 parts per million (ppm) has increased the focus on nitrogen losses from agriculture practices. Discovery Farms water quality data indicate that conservation practices including waterways, no till farming, and cover crops can substantially reduce soil loss, but a better understanding of the dynamics of phosphorus and nitrogen loss is needed. Subtleties of phosphorus and nitrogen dynamics and the effectiveness of suggested practices are a key focus for educational content by Extension’s Agriculture Water Quality Program (AWQP).</p> <p>The AWQP aims to increase the awareness of farmers, crop advisors, and conservation professionals of farming practices’ impact on soil and nutrient losses to surface and groundwater. Farmer adoption of conservation and water quality protection practices can depend on things like access to information sources, positive attitudes towards conservation, recognition of co-benefits, history of practice adoption, and trusted information sources. Program activities provide research-based conservation and water quality information through a variety of educational channels to increase the farmer adoption of practices that reduce losses of soil and nutrients to surface and groundwater in the long term.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Providing Research & Solutions</h2> <p>The AQWP delivered several different educational efforts to increase farmers, crop advisors, and conservation professionals’ awareness of f farming practices’ impact on soil and nutrient losses to surface and groundwater. Increasing awareness and knowledge of the dynamics of soil and nutrient losses in different farming systems allow for implementation of agricultural practices that are protective of water quality.</p> <p>Discovery Farms collected water quality data from nine edge-of-field surface runoff sites and three subsoil leaching locations in 2023. This adds to the large existing database of water quality results that includes over 30 farms and more than 200 site years. Discovery Farms’ water quality monitoring and similar research by faculty in Wisconsin and beyond provide a basis for outreach information and practice recommendations delivered by Agriculture Water Quality Outreach Specialists.</p> <p>In January and February, outreach specialists collaborated to produce a three-part webinar series to increase understanding of phosphorus loss based on time of year and farming system, and quantification of nitrogen movement in different locations and farming systems. Attendance at the three webinars averaged 160 viewers per webinar, with a mixed audience of farmers, crop advisors and conservation professionals.</p> <p>In July, program staff partnered with Professional Dairy Producers of Wisconsin to host a Water Tour. The tour had 30 participants including agency personnel, farmers, and a variety of industry and elected local officials. The bus trip traveled to three diverse locations to look at technologies and current practices designed to help protect water quality and engage in discussions with water quality stakeholders and resource professionals.</p> <p>In December, program staff partnered with colleagues from Crops and Soils, Nutrient and Pest Management, and Natural Resources Educators to host the Wisconsin Water and Soil Health Conference (WWASH). Over 350 people attended the first-annual conference, 28 partners served as sponsors or as part of the advisory and planning committee, and more than 20 UW–Madison and Extension colleagues collaborated to make the event successful. Just over 30% of the audience classified themselves as farmers, 50% identified as agency personnel, and 16% were crop consultants. While 16% of the audience had attended these events for five or more years, 45% had never attended a conference like this before. Farmer attendees represented the diversity of Wisconsin farming systems including 35% dairy, 72% cash grain, 47% beef, 12% vegetable and 9% organic (participants could choose more than one answer on the survey). Topics covered at the conference included cover crops management, impact of conservation practices on water quality, weed control using cover crops, ecosystem services of conservation practices, and equipment set up for conservation tillage systems.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Better Water Quality</h2> <p>For the farmers that attended these events, they gained information they can use to make daily decisions and new strategies to help implement agricultural practices that are protective of their local waterways. For the attendees that are not farmers, many are farm advisors, and they use this information to provide recommendations and technical assistance to farmers and landowners. In January, after attending a webinar, participants were asked about their increase in understanding related to each of the topics presented. For each webinar, over 90% of respondents reported a change in knowledge on the topics including nitrate leaching, and dissolved phosphorus, and 10-20% reported a significant change.</p> <p>In July, over 90% of participants on the bus tour reported a change in knowledge, especially related to manure digestion technology and partnerships related to shared values of water quality. In December, the WWASH Conference asked participants about their change in understanding and ability to adopt management practices that support water quality based on conference attendance; 97% of attendees reported that they plan to implement or work with clients to implement strategies learned at the conference. Regarding knowledge change, participants were asked before and after the conference about several topics that were included in conference content. Overall, participants reported an increase in understanding as reflected by answers collected during a pre- and post-conference survey. The most significant barriers that are still present for many conference participants are cost, time, and equipment required to implement suggested practices. About 25% of participants also identified concerns about reduced yield as a barrier to implementation of cover crops, conservation practices, and practices protective of water quality. Survey data from all these events helps us to understand what challenges we should address and to tailor future educational offerings to meet the needs of audience members.</p> <br class='clear'><a class='download-article' href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/files/2024/02/Water-Quality-2023-Program-Report.pdf' target='_blank' title='Download Article'>Download Article</a> </div> <a class="print-article no-print" href="#" onclick="window.print();return false;">This page is optimized for printing</a> </article><div class='ext-related-articles-wrapper'><div class='ext-related-articles'><h3>You May Also Like </h3> <ul><li><a href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/articles/an-improved-geologic-map-of-wisconsin/'><img width="440" height="275" src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/files/2022/03/wgnhs-440x275.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" />An Improved Geologic Map of Wisconsin</a></li><li><a href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/articles/depth-to-bedrock-updated-mapping-decision-making/'><img width="440" height="275" src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/files/2024/02/WGNHS-440x275.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" />Depth-to-Bedrock: Updated Mapping & Decision-Making</a></li><li><a href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/articles/building-high-quality-programs-to-help-youth-thrive/'><img width="440" height="275" src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/files/2024/02/DOE-4H-8103-440x275.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Two young girls in 4-H tee shirts laugh together while working on a project" decoding="async" />Building High-Quality Programs to Help Youth Thrive</a></li><li><a href='https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/articles/natures-navigators-supporting-neurodiverse-learners/'><img width="440" height="275" src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/files/2024/02/Upham-440x275.jpeg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" />Nature’s Navigators: Supporting Neurodiverse Learners</a></li></ul></div></div> </main> </div> </div> <div class="footer-top-border"></div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div id="footer-widgets" class="empty-footer"> <div class="block first-block"> <aside class='standard-footer-content'> <div class="uw-logo"> <a href="https://wisc.edu" aria-label="Link to main University of Wisconsin-Madison website"> <svg aria-hidden='true' width="100%" height="100%"> <image xlink:href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/themes/ext-discovery/images/logo-footer.svg" src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/themes/ext-discovery/images/uw-crest-web.png" width="100%" height="100%" /> </svg> </a> </div>  <hr class="footer-divider"> <h2>Division of Extension</h2> <p> Connecting people with the University of Wisconsin</p> <div class="footer-social"> <a aria-label="Extension on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/uwmadisonextension"> <svg aria-hidden="true" width="42px" height="42px"> <image xlink:href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/themes/ext-discovery/images/footer-facebook.svg" width="100%" height="100%" /> </svg> </a> <a aria-label="Extension on X (Twitter)" href="https://twitter.com/uwmadisonext"> <svg aria-hidden="true" width="42px" height="42px"> <image xlink:href="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/themes/ext-discovery/images/footer-x-twitter.svg" width="100%" height="100%" /> </svg> </a> </div>  <ul class="institute list"> <li><a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/agriculture/">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/community-development/">Community Development</a></li> <li><a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/health/">Health & Well-Being</a></li> <li><a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/family/">Families & Finances</a></li> <li><a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/natural-resources/">Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/youth/">Positive Youth Development</a></li> </ul> </aside> </div> <div class="block second-block"> </div> <div class="block third-block"> </div> <div class="block fourth-block last-block"> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div>  <div id="ces-mm" class="no-print not-logged-in"> <div id="ces-mm-bar"> <div class="left"> <a href="https://wisc.edu" id="ces-mm-uwexlink" class="mm-link left">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> <span class='explore-extension institute'>      |        <a href="https://extension.wisc.edu">Explore Extension:</a> </span> <a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/agriculture/" class="mm-link institute">Agriculture </a> <a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/community-development/" class="mm-link institute ">Community Development </a> <a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/family/" class="mm-link institute">Families & Finances </a> <a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/health/" class="mm-link institute">Health </a> <a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/natural-resources/" class="mm-link institute">Natural Resources </a> <a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/youth/" class="mm-link institute">Youth </a> </div>  <div class="right"> <div id="ces-mm-ceslink" class="mm-link connect"><span class="connect-words">Connect With Us</span></div> <a href="https://go.wisc.edu/extfund" class="mm-link support">Support Extension</a> <br class="clear" /> </div>  </div>  <div id="ces-mm-menu" style="display:none;"> <div id="ces-mm-menu-inner"> <div id="ces-mm-ces" class="mm-item"> <div class="title"> <div class="inner"> <a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/">Extension Home</a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="inner"> <p>We teach, learn, lead and serve, connecting people with the University of Wisconsin, and engaging with them in transforming lives and communities.</p> <p class='explore-link'><a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/">Explore Extension »</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ces-mm-counties" class="mm-item"> <div class="title"> <a href="https://counties.extension.wisc.edu/">County Offices</a> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="inner"> <p><a href="https://counties.extension.wisc.edu/" id="ces-mm-countylink">Connect with your County Extension Office »</a></p> <div id="ces-mm-countymap" class="mm-item-image"> <a href="https://counties.extension.wisc.edu/"><img src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-global-banner/images/countiesmap.png" alt="Map of Wisconsin counties" border="0" loading="lazy" /></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ces-mm-staff-directory" class="mm-item"> <div class="title"> <a href="https://people.extension.wisc.edu/">Staff Directory</a> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="inner"> <p><a href="https://people.extension.wisc.edu/" id="ces-mm-peoplelink">Find an Extension employee in our staff directory »</a></p> <div id="ces-mm-people" class="mm-item-image"><a href="https://people.extension.wisc.edu/"><img src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-global-banner/images/staff.png" alt="staff directory" border="0" loading="lazy" /></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ces-mm-social mm-item social"> <div class="title"> <div class="inner"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/uwmadisonextension">Social Media</a> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="inner"> <p>Get the latest news and updates on Extension's work around the state</p> <p class="social-icon"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/uwmadisonextension"><img src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-global-banner/images/facebook.png" alt="facebook icon" border="0" loading="lazy" /></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/uwmadisonextension" class="inner-social">Facebook</a><br /> <p class="social-icon"> <a href="https://twitter.com/uwmadisonext"><img src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-global-banner/images/twitter.png" alt="twitter icon" border="0" loading="lazy" /></a><a href="https://twitter.com/uwmadisonext" class="inner-social">Twitter</a></p><br /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ces-mm-social mm-item facebook"> <div class="title"> <div class="inner"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/uwmadisonextension">Facebook</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ces-mm-social mm-item twitter"> <div class="title"> <div class="inner"> <a href="https://twitter.com/uwmadisonext">Twitter</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ces-mm-search"> <form action='https://extension.wisc.edu/'> <label class="hidden" for="s">Search all sites</label> <input type="text" placeholder="Search all sites" class="searchbox" name="s" id="s" /> <input type="submit" value="Search" /> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="fyiFooter" style="text-align: center;" class='nocontent'> <p> <span class="copyright no-print">Feedback, questions or accessibility issues: <a href="mailto:info@extension.wisc.edu">info@extension.wisc.edu</a> | <a href="https://legal.wisc.edu/copyright-law/">© 2024 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System </a> <br /><a href="https://www.wisc.edu/privacy-notice/">Privacy Policy</a> | <a href="https://blogs.extension.wisc.edu/oaic/how-to-file-a-program-discrimination-complaint/">Non-Discrimination Policy & How to File a Complaint</a> | <a href="https://extension.wisc.edu/disability-accommodations/">Disability Accommodation Requests</a></span> </p> <p class="eeo-statement"> An EEO/AA employer, University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension provides equal opportunities in employment and programming, including Title VI, Title IX, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act requirements. </p> </div> <script src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/cets-global-banner/js/public.js?ver=17" id="global-banner-script-js"></script> <script src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/ext-cookie-consent-dropin/scripts/ext-cookieconsent.js?ver=3" id="uw-madison-cookie-consent-js"></script> <script src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/ext-social-share/js/ext-social-share.js?ver=5" id="ext-social-share-js-js"></script> <script id="jquery.wp-smartcrop-js-extra"> var wpsmartcrop_options = {"focus_mode":"power-lines"}; </script> <script src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/wp-smartcrop/js/jquery.wp-smartcrop.min.js?ver=2.0.8" id="jquery.wp-smartcrop-js"></script> <script src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/datepicker.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js"></script> <script id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js-after"> jQuery(function(jQuery){jQuery.datepicker.setDefaults({"closeText":"Close","currentText":"Today","monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Previous","dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"dateFormat":"MM d, yy","firstDay":0,"isRTL":false});}); </script> <script src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/themes/ext-discovery/js/public.js?ver=47" id="discovery-public-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script src="https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/impacts/wp-content/plugins/page-links-to/dist/new-tab.js?ver=3.3.4" id="page-links-to-js"></script> </body> </html>