CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Alexander Romance - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3b5d4f6d-6400-4d74-ae97-e0bc86570d47","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Alexander_Romance","wgTitle":"Alexander Romance","wgCurRevisionId":1257207551,"wgRevisionId":1257207551,"wgArticleId":2603530,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Commons category link from Wikidata","3rd-century books","Alexander Romance","Alexander the Great","Alexander the Great in legend","Byzantine literature","Greek folklore","Medieval legends","Dhul-Qarnayn"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Alexander_Romance","wgRelevantArticleId":2603530,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q974482","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands" ,"architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_%28Venice%2C_San_Lazzaro%2C_424%29.jpg/1200px-Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_%28Venice%2C_San_Lazzaro%2C_424%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1861"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_%28Venice%2C_San_Lazzaro%2C_424%29.jpg/800px-Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_%28Venice%2C_San_Lazzaro%2C_424%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1241"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_%28Venice%2C_San_Lazzaro%2C_424%29.jpg/640px-Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_%28Venice%2C_San_Lazzaro%2C_424%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="992"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Alexander Romance - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Romance"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Romance"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Alexander_Romance rootpage-Alexander_Romance skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alexander+Romance" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alexander+Romance" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alexander+Romance" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alexander+Romance" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Plot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motifs_and_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motifs_and_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Motifs and themes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motifs_and_themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Motifs and themes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Motifs_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gates_of_Alexander" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gates_of_Alexander"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Gates of Alexander </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gates_of_Alexander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horns_of_Alexander" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horns_of_Alexander"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Horns of Alexander </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horns_of_Alexander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fountain_of_Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fountain_of_Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Fountain of Life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fountain_of_Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_of_Darkness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_of_Darkness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Land of Darkness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_of_Darkness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Commentaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Editions and translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions_of_the_Romance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions_of_the_Romance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Versions of the Romance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Versions_of_the_Romance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Versions of the Romance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Versions_of_the_Romance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Greek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alpha_(α)_recension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alpha_(α)_recension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Alpha (α) recension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alpha_(α)_recension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beta_(β)_recension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_(β)_recension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Beta (β) recension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_(β)_recension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_recensions_(ε,_γ,_etc)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_recensions_(ε,_γ,_etc)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Other recensions (ε, γ, etc) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_recensions_(ε,_γ,_etc)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recension_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recension_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Recension manuscripts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recension_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Latin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Romance languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Italian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Romanian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4 Spanish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Germanic languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_and_Scots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_and_Scots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 English and Scots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_and_Scots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 German </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.3 Norse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Slavic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Irish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semitic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semitic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Semitic languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semitic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.1 Arabic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.2 Ethiopic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.3 Hebrew </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syriac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syriac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7.4 Syriac </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syriac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Armenian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coptic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coptic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Coptic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coptic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Georgian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Malay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.12 Mongolian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.13 Persian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.14 Turkish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alexander Romance</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="قصة الإسكندر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قصة الإسكندر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sg%C9%99nd%C9%99r_haqq%C4%B1nda_roman" title="İsgəndər haqqında roman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsgəndər haqqında roman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Александрыя (раман) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Александрыя (раман)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Александрия (роман) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александрия (роман)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%C3%A7_d%27Alexandre" title="Romanç d'Alexandre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Romanç d'Alexandre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexanderroman" title="Alexanderroman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexanderroman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Φυλλάδα του Μεγαλέξανδρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυλλάδα του Μεγαλέξανδρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_de_Alejandro" title="Romance de Alejandro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Romance de Alejandro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Romano" title="Aleksandra Romano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksandra Romano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_d%27Alexandre" title="Roman d'Alexandre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Roman d'Alexandre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="داستان اسکندر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داستان اسکندر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_d%27Alexandre" title="Roman d'Alexandre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roman d'Alexandre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A8" title="Ալեքսանդրի վեպը – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդրի վեպը" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrida" title="Aleksandrida – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aleksandrida" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Aleksander" title="Roman Aleksander – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roman Aleksander" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanzo_di_Alessandro" title="Romanzo di Alessandro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Romanzo di Alessandro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8" title="רומן אלכסנדר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רומן אלכסנדר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_fabulosa_Alexandri_Magni" title="Historia fabulosa Alexandri Magni – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia fabulosa Alexandri Magni" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Александрида – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александрида" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ റൊമാൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലക്സാണ്ടർ റൊമാൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexanderroman" title="Alexanderroman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexanderroman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="アレクサンドロス・ロマンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドロス・ロマンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksanderroman" title="Aleksanderroman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aleksanderroman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandreida" title="Aleksandreida – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksandreida" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_de_Alexandre" title="Romance de Alexandre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Romance de Alexandre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_(carte)" title="Alexandria (carte) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexandria (carte)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="История Александра Великого – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Александра Великого" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Александрида – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александрида" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrida" title="Aleksandrida – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aleksandrida" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksanteri-romaani" title="Aleksanteri-romaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksanteri-romaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexanderromanen" title="Alexanderromanen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexanderromanen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Александрія (повість) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Александрія (повість)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q974482#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Alexander_Romance" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Alexander_Romance" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Alexander_Romance" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&oldid=1257207551" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Alexander_Romance&id=1257207551&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlexander_Romance">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlexander_Romance">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Alexander_Romance&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexander_romance" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q974482" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Account of the life and exploits of Alexander the Great</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_legend" title="Alexander the Great in legend">Alexander the Great in legend</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_(Venice,_San_Lazzaro,_424).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_%28Venice%2C_San_Lazzaro%2C_424%29.jpg/220px-Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_%28Venice%2C_San_Lazzaro%2C_424%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_%28Venice%2C_San_Lazzaro%2C_424%29.jpg/330px-Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_%28Venice%2C_San_Lazzaro%2C_424%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_%28Venice%2C_San_Lazzaro%2C_424%29.jpg/440px-Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_%28Venice%2C_San_Lazzaro%2C_424%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2157" data-file-height="3345" /></a><figcaption>Armenian illuminated manuscript of the 14th century</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#66023C;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_the_Great_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN574_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alexander_the_Great_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN574_n1.jpg/75px-Alexander_the_Great_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN574_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alexander_the_Great_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN574_n1.jpg/113px-Alexander_the_Great_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN574_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alexander_the_Great_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN574_n1.jpg/150px-Alexander_the_Great_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek_IN574_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="5000" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#66023C;color: #ffffff;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great#Early_life" title="Alexander the Great">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle#Life" title="Aristotle">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_relationships_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Personal relationships of Alexander the Great">Personal relationships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Early rule</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great#Consolidation_of_power" title="Alexander the Great">Consolidation of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Balkan_campaign" title="Alexander's Balkan campaign">Balkan campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pelium" title="Siege of Pelium">Pelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thebes" title="Battle of Thebes">Thebes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Conquest of the Persian Empire</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great#Asia_Minor" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Asia Minor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">Granicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Halicarnassus" title="Siege of Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great#Syria" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Issus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(332_BC)" title="Siege of Tyre (332 BC)">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great#Egypt" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaza_(332_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaza (332 BCE)">Gaza</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great#Mesopotamia" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Gaugamela</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persia_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia (region)">Persia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Gate" title="Battle of the Persian Gate">Persian Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis#Destruction" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cyropolis" title="Siege of Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdian Rock">Sogdian Rock</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Expedition into India</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">Indian campaigns</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cophen_campaign" title="Cophen campaign">Cophen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aornos" title="Aornos">Aornos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes" title="Battle of the Hydaspes">Hydaspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallian_campaign" title="Mallian campaign">Mallian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Death and legacy</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Death of Alexander the Great">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Tomb of Alexander the Great">Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_Alexander_the_Great" title="List of cities founded by Alexander the Great">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_cult_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great">Cult</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Cultural impact</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_legend" title="Alexander the Great in legend">Legends</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Historiography of Alexander the Great">Historiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anabasis_of_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="The Anabasis of Alexander">Anabasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_expedition_of_Alexander_the_Great_into_Asia" title="Chronology of the expedition of Alexander the Great into Asia">Chronology</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_Alexander_the_Great_in_the_Quran" title="Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran">Islamic theories</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/40px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/60px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/80px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="573" /></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alexander_the_Great_series" title="Template:Alexander the Great series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alexander_the_Great_series" title="Template talk:Alexander the Great series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander_the_Great_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander the Great series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Alexander Romance is an account of the life and exploits of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. Of uncertain authorship, it has been described as "antiquity's most successful novel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowden2019757-1">[1]</a> The Romance describes Alexander the Great from his birth, to his succession of the throne of Macedon, his conquests including that of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a>, and finally his death. Although constructed around an historical core, the <a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a> is mostly fantastical, including many miraculous tales and encounters with mythical creatures such as <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">sirens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaurs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In this context, the term Romance refers not to the meaning of the word in modern times but in the Old French sense of a novel or <a href="/wiki/Medieval_French_literature#The_Roman" title="Medieval French literature">roman</a>, a "lengthy prose narrative of a complex and fictional character" (although Alexander's historicity did not deter ancient authors from using this term).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It was widely copied and translated, accruing various legends and fantastical elements at different stages. The original version was composed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> some time before 338 AD, when a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> translation was made, although the exact date is unknown. Some manuscripts <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudonymously</a> attribute the texts authorship to Alexander's court historian <a href="/wiki/Callisthenes" title="Callisthenes">Callisthenes</a>, and so the author is commonly called Pseudo-Callisthenes. In premodern times, the Alexander Romance underwent more than 100 translations, elaborations, and derivations in 25 languages, including almost all European vernaculars as well as in every language from the Islamicized regions of Asia and Africa, from <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> to <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Some of the more notable translations were made into <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. Owing to the great variety of distinct works derived from the original Greek romance, the "Alexander romance" is sometimes treated as a <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genre</a>, instead of a single work.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, foresees that his kingdom will fall to the Persians and so flees to the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> court. In his time there, he falls in love with <a href="/wiki/Olympias" title="Olympias">Olympias</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a>. She becomes pregnant but Philip's suspicions are allayed by a magic sea-hawk that Nectanebo sends to him in a dream. Alexander is born from this pregnancy, but while he is growing up he kills Nectanebo, who reveals Alexander's paternity as he dies. Alexander begins to be educated by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and competes in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-6">[6]</a> After Philip dies, Alexander begins his campaigns into Asia, although the story is written in a confused manner with respect to the order and location of the campaigns. Once he reaches Egypt, an oracle of the god <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> instructs him where to go to create the city that will become <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. The march into Asia continues and Alexander conquers <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>. He begins exchanging letters with the Persian emperor <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a>, though the story now delves into more campaigns in Greece. The Persian march resumes and eventually Alexander conquers the Persians. He marries Roxane, the daughter of Darius, and writes letters to Olympias describing all he saw and his adventures during his conquests, including his wandering through the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Darkness" title="Land of Darkness">Land of Darkness</a>, search for the <a href="/wiki/Water_of_Life_(Christianity)" title="Water of Life (Christianity)">Water of Life</a>, and more.<a href="#cite_note-:8-6">[6]</a> Next, he proceeds to conquer <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> from which he writes letters to Aristotle, though he also receives an omen about his coming death in this time. He visits the temples of the sun and moon, and makes the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> his subjects. During his return, as he reaches <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, he meets the son of <a href="/wiki/Antipater" title="Antipater">Antipater</a> (the figure ruling Macedonia in Alexander's stead during the journeys of the latter) who was sent to poison Alexander. The conspiracy succeeds, and Alexander begins to die, though he names the rulers who will control the provinces of his empire after he is gone before ultimately succumbing to the poison. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> receives his body in the Egyptian city of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> where the priests order it to be sent to Alexandria, the greatest city he had built during his march. The work concludes by providing a list of all the cities that Alexander founded.<a href="#cite_note-:8-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motifs_and_themes">Motifs and themes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Motifs and themes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gates_of_Alexander">Gates of Alexander</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gates of Alexander">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">Gates of Alexander</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darielpass_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Darielpass_1906.jpg/200px-Darielpass_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Darielpass_1906.jpg/300px-Darielpass_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Darielpass_1906.jpg/400px-Darielpass_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Darial_Gorge" title="Darial Gorge">Darial Gorge</a> before 1906</figcaption></figure> The Romance locates the Gates of Alexander between two mountains called the "Breasts of the North" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Μαζοί Βορρά<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson193237-7">[7]</a>). The mountains are initially 18 feet apart and the pass is rather wide, but Alexander's prayers to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> causes the mountains to draw nearer, thus narrowing the pass. There he builds the Caspian Gates out of bronze, coating them with fast-sticking oil. The gates enclosed twenty-two nations and their monarchs, including <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a> (therein called "Goth and Magoth"). The geographic location of these mountains is rather vague, described as a 50-day march away northwards after Alexander put to flight his Belsyrian enemies (the <a href="/wiki/Bebryces" title="Bebryces">Bebrykes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson193235-8">[8]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> in modern-day North <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson193211-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horns_of_Alexander">Horns of Alexander</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Horns of Alexander">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Horns_of_Alexander" title="Horns of Alexander">Horns of Alexander</a></div> In the α recension of the Alexander Romance, Alexander's father is an Egyptian priest named Nectanebo who sports a set of ram horns. After his death, Alexander is described as "<a href="/wiki/Horns_of_Alexander" title="Horns of Alexander">the horned king</a>" (βασιλέα κερασφόρον) by an oracle instructing Ptolemy, a general of Alexander, on where to bury him. This statement was repeated in the Armenian recension of the Alexander Romance in the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-:32-11">[11]</a> The use of the horned motif, representing the horns of <a href="/wiki/Zeus_Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeus Ammon">Zeus Ammon</a> to visualize Alexander stems from much earlier, originally in coinage depicting Alexander by his immediate successors <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and more prominently the king of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a> were the earliest produce coinage of Alexander with the rams horns.<a href="#cite_note-:22-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The motif would be carried over into later Alexander legends, such as the Armenian translation of α and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Alexander_Legend" title="Syriac Alexander Legend">Syriac Alexander Legend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:33-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fountain_of_Life">Fountain of Life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fountain of Life">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Life" title="Fountain of Life">Fountain of Life</a></div> Traditions about Alexander's search for the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Life" title="Fountain of Life">Fountain of Life</a> were influenced by earlier legends about the Mesopotamian hero <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> and his search for immortality, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tesei_2010_417–440-15">[15]</a> Alexander is travelling along with his company in search of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_of_the_Blessed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Land of the Blessed (page does not exist)">Land of the Blessed</a>. On the way to the Land, Alexander becomes hungry and asks one of his cooks, Andreas, to get him some meat. Andreas gets some fish and begins to wash it in a fountain. Immediately upon being washed, the fish sprang to life and escaped into the fountain. Realizing the has discovered the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Life" title="Fountain of Life">Fountain of Life</a>, Andreas tells no one else about it and drinks the water for himself. He also stores away some of the water into a silver vessel, hoping to use some of it to seduce Alexander's daughter. Meanwhile, Alexander eventually reaches the Land of the Blessed but is unable to enter it. At the same time, he learns of Andreas losing the fish and questions him over it. Andreas confesses about what happened with the fish, and he is whipped for it, but he denies that he drank any and does not mention that he stored some, and asks Alexander over why he should worry about the past. At a later point, Andreas manages to use the water to seduce Alexander's daughter, who is enticed by the opportunity to drink from it, which she does and becomes immortal. Alexander learns of the miracle and punishes both Andreas and his daughter greatly: for Andreas is turned into a <a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">daimōn</a> of the sea and his daughter into a daimōn of the desert.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> This story was elaborated on in subsequent versions of the Romance, such as in the Syriac <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Alexander" title="Song of Alexander">Song of Alexander</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:111-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_of_Darkness">Land of Darkness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Land of Darkness">edit</a>]</div> The original Alexander Romance contains a few statements that would develop into the fully-fledged myths of episodes in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Darkness" title="Land of Darkness">Land of Darkness</a>, especially in versions of the Romance in Islamicate lands. In a journey that is directed towards <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a>, the Polar constellation, he is to find the Land of the Blessed at the edge of the world which in "a region where the sun does not shine" (2.39).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The Land of Darkness becomes a prominent feature in subsequent recensions of the Alexander Romance.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> Two books appear to be the main sources used by the author of the Alexander Romance. One was a collection of Alexander fictions involving pseudepigraphical letters between Alexander and other figures such as <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and adversaries of his like <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a>, as well as dialogues with Indian philosophers among other material. The second was a history written by <a href="/wiki/Cleitarchus" title="Cleitarchus">Cleitarchus</a> (c. 300 BC), containing an already mythologized account of Alexander. Historians also suspect the use of Greek-language Egyptian sources underlying traditions about the pharaohs <a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sesostris" title="Sesostris">Sesostris</a>. By contrast, oral tradition did not play an important role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowden2019757–758-22">[22]</a> A strikingly close parallel to Alexander's relentless quest, though one limited by the constraints of human and mortal existence, is in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tesei_2010_417–440-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commentaries">edit</a>]</div> The first commentary to the Romance was a German work titled Der griechische Alexanderroman, published by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Ausfeld" title="Adolf Ausfeld">Adolf Ausfeld</a> in 1907. In 2017, a commentary of the entire Alexander Romance was published in English by Krzysztof Nawotka.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions_and_translations">Editions and translations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Editions and translations">edit</a>]</div> The first modern English translation of the Romance was produced by E.H. Haight in 1955. The major modern English translation of the Romance is that of Richard Stoneman in 1991. Significant French translations include those of Tallet-Bonvalot in 1994, and Bounoure & Serret in 2004. An Italian translation was produced by Franco in 2001. In 2010, a Polish translation was published by Krzysztof Nawotka.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 2007, Richard Stoneman published an Italian edition of the Romance in three volumes, titled Il Romanzo di Alessandro. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions_of_the_Romance">Versions of the Romance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Versions of the Romance">edit</a>]</div> Throughout <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Romance experienced numerous expansions and revisions exhibiting a variability unknown for more formal literary forms. Distinctively, and unlike other texts, none of the recensions (including in Greek) of the Romance can be considered canonical. Furthermore, translations were not merely so but were also typically variant versions of the text.<a href="#cite_note-:9-25">[25]</a> In Europe, the popularity of the Alexander Romance resurged when <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Archpriest" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo the Archpriest">Leo the Archpriest</a> discovered a Greek copy in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> while he was on a diplomatic missions. He produced a translation into Latin titled the Nativitas et historia Alexandri Magni regis, which became the basis of the far more successful and expanded version known as the <a href="/wiki/Historia_de_preliis" title="Historia de preliis">Historia de Proeliis</a>, which went through three recensions between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries and made Alexander a household name throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:11-26">[26]</a> being translated more times in the next three centuries than any other text except for the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Another very popular Latin version was the <a href="/wiki/Alexandreis" title="Alexandreis">Alexandreis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Walter of Châtillon">Walter of Châtillon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:20-28">[28]</a> Before Leo, versions of the Romance were still known: an abridged 9th-century version of the much earlier Latin translation by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Valerius_Alexander_Polemius" title="Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius">Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zacher_Epitome" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacher Epitome">Zacher Epitome</a>, achieved some popularity. In addition, in 781, <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> a copy of a text known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_and_Dindimus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander and Dindimus (page does not exist)">Alexander and Dindimus King of the Brahmans</a>. The principal manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> also contains a translation of Alexander's letter to Aristotle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowden2019761-29">[29]</a> Translations from Leo's Latin version and its recension would subsequently be made into all the major languages of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> as versions of the Alexander romance became the most popular form of medieval European literature after the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[30]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> (12th century),<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Buik_of_Alexander" title="The Buik of Alexander">The Buik of Alexander</a>, 13th century),<a href="#cite_note-:6-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Libro_de_Alexandre" title="Libro de Alexandre">Libro de Alexandre</a>), <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lamprecht" title="Lamprecht">Lamprecht</a>'s Alexanderlied, and a 15th-century version by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hartlieb" title="Johannes Hartlieb">Johannes Hartlieb</a>), <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavonic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:7-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, Irish, and more.<a href="#cite_note-:5-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Alexander_Romance" title="Syriac Alexander Romance">Syriac Alexander Romance</a>, the most important Syriac translation of the Greek Romance, as well as the much shorter and abridged version known in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Alexander_Legend" title="Syriac Alexander Legend">Syriac Alexander Legend</a>, composed either in ~630 shortly after <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> defeated the Persians<a href="#cite_note-ciancaglini-36">[36]</a> or in the mid-6th century during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tesei-37">[37]</a> contains additional motifs not found in the earliest Greek version of the Romance, including the apocalypticization of the wall built against <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brillA-38">[38]</a> Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> recensions of the Alexander legend were generated following the Syriac traditions, including versions in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iskandarnamah" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandarnamah">Iskandarnameh</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ethiopic</a>, Hebrew (in the first part of <a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaAggadah" title="Sefer HaAggadah">Sefer HaAggadah</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> (14th century), and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Mongol language">Middle Mongolian</a> (13th-14th century).<a href="#cite_note-:10-40">[40]</a> The legendary Alexander was also widely assimilated into the religion and culture of those who wrote about him: in Christian legends, Alexander became a Christian; in Islamic legends, Alexander became a Muslim; he was an Egyptian for the Egyptian, a Persian for the Persians, and so forth.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Sundiata" title="Epic of Sundiata">Epic of Sundiata</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka people</a>, structures the story of the hero and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata Keita</a>, in a way that resembles the biography and legends of Alexander.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Greek">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Alexander_Romance_Vraka.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Byzantine_Alexander_Romance_Vraka.JPG/220px-Byzantine_Alexander_Romance_Vraka.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Byzantine_Alexander_Romance_Vraka.JPG/330px-Byzantine_Alexander_Romance_Vraka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Byzantine_Alexander_Romance_Vraka.JPG/440px-Byzantine_Alexander_Romance_Vraka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="2887" /></a><figcaption>The Alexander Romance in a 14th century Byzantine manuscript kept in the Church of <a href="/wiki/San_Giorgio_dei_Greci" title="San Giorgio dei Greci">San Giorgio dei Greci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.</figcaption></figure> The most important Greek recensions of the Alexander Romance are the α, β, γ and ε recensions. There is also a variant of β called λ, and the now-lost δ was perhaps the most important in the transmission of the text into the non-Greek world as it was the basis of the 10th-century Latin translation produced by <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Archpriest" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo the Archpriest">Leo the Archpriest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alpha_(α)_recension">Alpha (α) recension</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alpha (α) recension">edit</a>]</div> The Recensio α, also known as the Historia Alexandri Magni, is the oldest and can be dated to the 3rd century AD. It is known from one manuscript, called A. It was subjected to various revisions during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, some of them recasting it into poetical form in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> vernacular. Recensio α is the source of a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> version by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Valerius_Alexander_Polemius" title="Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius">Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius</a> (4th century), as well as an Armenian version (5th century).<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beta_(β)_recension">Beta (β) recension</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Beta (β) recension">edit</a>]</div> The β recension was composed between 300 and 550 AD. It rephrases much material in α and also adds new material to it. Compared to α, it lacks the end of Book I and the first six chapters of Book II. However, it contains the end of Book II, which is missing from α.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_recensions_(ε,_γ,_etc)">Other recensions (ε, γ, etc)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other recensions (ε, γ, etc)">edit</a>]</div> A combination of α and some material from β was used to create the ε recension in the 8th century. Furthermore, the β and ε recensions were combined to generate the much larger γ recension later still.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recension_manuscripts">Recension manuscripts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recension manuscripts">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Recensio α sive Recensio vetusta: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kroll" title="Wilhelm Kroll">Wilhelm Kroll</a>, Historia Alexandri Magni, vol. 1. Berlin: Weidmann, 1926</li> <li>Recensio β: <ul><li>L. Bergson, Der griechische Alexanderroman. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1965</li> <li>e cod. Leidensi Vulc. 93. L. Bergson, Der griechische Alexanderroman. Rezension β. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1965</li> <li>e cod. Paris. gr. 1685 et cod. Messinensi 62): L. Bergson, Der griechische Alexanderroman. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1965</li></ul></li> <li>Recension γ: <ul><li>lib. 1: U. von Lauenstein, Der griechische Alexanderroman. [Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 4. Meisenheim am Glan: Hain, 1962]</li> <li>lib. 2: H. Engelmann, Der griechische Alexanderroman. [Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 12. Meisenheim am Glan: Hain, 1963]</li> <li>lib. 3: F. Parthe, Der griechische Alexanderroman. [Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 33. Meisenheim am Glan: Hain, 1969]</li></ul></li> <li>Recensio δ: <ul><li>e cod. Vat. gr. 1700, 88v‑89r: G. Ballaira, "Frammenti inediti della perduta recensione δ del romanzo di Alessandro in un codice Vaticano", Bollettino del comitato per la preparazione dell'edizione nazionale dei classici greci e latini 13 (1965)</li></ul></li> <li>Recensio ε: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Trumpf" title="Jürgen Trumpf">Jürgen Trumpf</a>, Anonymi Byzantini vita Alexandri regis Macedonum. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1974</li> <li>Recensio λ: <ul><li>lib. 3: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_van_Thiel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut van Thiel (page does not exist)">Helmut van Thiel</a>, Die Rezension λ des Pseudo-Kallisthenes. Bonn: Habelt 1959</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Methodius" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius">Pseudo-Methodius</a> redactio 1: H. van Thiel, Die Rezension λ des Pseudo-Callisthenes. Bonn: Habelt 1959</li> <li>Pseudo-Methodius redactio 2: H. van Thiel, Die Rezension λ des Pseudo-Kallisthenes. Bonn: Habelt 1959</li></ul></li> <li>Recensio F (cod. Flor. Laurentianus Ashburn 1444), vernacular: V.L. Konstantinopulos and A.C. Lolos, Ps.-Kallisthenes ‑ Zwei mittelgriechische Prosa-Fassungen des Alexanderromans, 2 vols [Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 141 & 150, Meisenheim am Glan: Hain 1983]</li> <li>Recensio φ: G. Veloudis, Ἡ φυλλάδα τοῦ Μεγαλέξαντρου. Διήγησις Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Μακεδόνος [Νέα Ἑλληνικὴ Βιβλιοθήκη 39. Athens: Hermes, 1977]</li> <li>Recensio Byzantina poetica (cod. Marcianus 408): S. Reichmann, Das byzantinische Alexandergedicht nach dem codex Marcianus 408 herausgegeben [Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 13. Meisenheim am Glan: Hain, 1963]</li> <li>Recensio E (cod. Eton College 163), vernacular: V.L. Konstantinopulos and A.C. Lolos, Ps.-Kallisthenes, Zwei mittelgriechische Prosa. Fassungen des Alexanderromans, 2 vols [Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 141 & 150‑ Meisenheim am Glan: Hain 1983]</li> <li>Recensio V (cod. Vind. theol. gr. 244): K. Mitsakis, Der byzantinische Alexanderroman nach dem Codex Vind. Theol. gr. 244 [Miscellanea Byzantina Monacensia 7. Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik und neugriechische Philologie der Universität, 1967]</li> <li>Recensio K (cod. 236 Kutlumussiu, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Athos</a>), vernacular: K. Mitsakis, "Διήγησις περὶ τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ τῶν μεγάλων πολέμων", Byzantinisch-neugriechische Jahrbücher 20 (1970)</li> <li>Recensio poetica (recensio R), vernacular: D. Holton, Διήγησις τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου. The Tale of Alexander. The Rhymed Version [Βυζαντινὴ καὶ Νεοελληνικὴ βιβλιοθήκη. Thessalonica, 1974]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin">Latin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Latin">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Res_gestae_Alexandri_Macedonis" title="Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis">Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Valerius_Alexander_Polemius" title="Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius">Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius</a>, the first Latin translation of the Alexander Romance, made from its α recension.<a href="#cite_note-:21-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Zacher_Epitome" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacher Epitome">Zacher Epitome</a>, a 9th-century abridged and much more popular version of the Res gestae by Julius.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nativitas_et_victoria_Alexandri_Magni_regis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativitas et victoria Alexandri Magni regis">Nativitas et victoria Alexandri Magni regis</a> (The Birth and Victories of King Alexander the Great) is a lost tenth-century translation of the Alexander Romance by <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Naples" title="Leo of Naples">Leo of Naples</a>, translated from a Greek copy he discovered in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> while he was on a diplomatic mission commissioned by <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Naples" title="John III of Naples">John III of Naples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-26">[26]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Historia_de_preliis" title="Historia de preliis">Historia de Preliis</a>, which was based on Leo's earlier version. It went through three recensions between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries and made Alexander a household name throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-26">[26]</a> The three recensions are called I1, I2, and I3 (also called J1, J2, and J3 in some publications).<a href="#cite_note-:21-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alexandreis" title="Alexandreis">Alexandreis</a>, a medieval <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Walter of Châtillon">Walter of Châtillon</a>, a 12th-century <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> writer and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:20-28">[28]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_languages">Romance languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Romance languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French">French</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: French">edit</a>]</div> There are several <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> Alexander romances. The following list of works is taken from the one provided by Donald Maddox and Sara Sturm-Maddox 2002.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_(romance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandre (romance) (page does not exist)">Alexandre</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alb%C3%A9ric_de_Brian%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albéric de Briançon (page does not exist)">Albéric de Pisançon</a>, composed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1110–1125.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_d%27Alexandre" title="Roman d'Alexandre">Roman d'Alexandre</a>, also known as the Li romans d'Alixandre (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1160), attributed to clergyman <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Bernay" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre de Bernay">Alexandre de Bernay</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decasyllabic_Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decasyllabic Alexander (page does not exist)">Decasyllabic Alexander</a>, by an anonymous author between 1160 and 1170.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuerre_de_Gadres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuerre de Gadres (page does not exist)">Le Roman de Fuerre de Gadres</a> by a certain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eustache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eustache (page does not exist)">Eustache</a>, later used by Alexandre de Bernay and Thomas de Kent, composed c. 1170.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alixandre_en_Orient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alixandre en Orient (page does not exist)">Alixandre en Orient</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambert_de_Tort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert de Tort (page does not exist)">Lambert de Tort</a>, composed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1170.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mort_Alixandre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mort Alixandre (page does not exist)">Mort Alixandre</a>, an anonymous fragment of which 159 lines survive, composed c. 1170.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_de_toute_chevalerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman de toute chevalerie (page does not exist)">Roman de toute chevalerie</a>, an Anglo-Norman work of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Kent" title="Thomas de Kent">Thomas de Kent</a>. This became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> King Alysaunder.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Composed c. 1175–1180.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Venjance_Alixandre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Venjance Alixandre (page does not exist)">La Venjance Alixandre</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehan_le_Nevelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jehan le Nevelon (page does not exist)">Jehan le Nevelon</a>, composed c. 1180.</li> <li>The Roman d'Alexandre of Alexandre de Paris, composed c. 1185 (not to be confused by the work of the same name by Alexandre de Barnay).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Vengement_Alixandre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Vengement Alixandre (page does not exist)">Le Vengement Alixandre</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gui_de_Cambrai" title="Gui de Cambrai">Gui de Cambrai</a>, composed c. 1191.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Histoire_ancienne_jusqu%27%C3%A0_C%C3%A9sar" title="Histoire ancienne jusqu'à César">Histoire ancienne jusquʾà César</a>, composed c. 1213–14.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_d%27Alexandre_en_prose" title="Roman d'Alexandre en prose">Roman d'Alexandre en prose</a>, by an anonymous author, the most popular Old French version, composed sometime in the 13th century.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prise_de_Defur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prise de Defur (page does not exist)">Prise de Defur</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1250.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyage_d%27Alexandre_au_Paradis_terrestre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyage d'Alexandre au Paradis terrestre (page does not exist)">Voyage d'Alexandre au Paradis terrestre</a>, a French adaptation (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1260) of the Latin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iter_ad_paradisum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iter ad paradisum (page does not exist)">Iter ad paradisum</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voeux_du_paon" class="mw-redirect" title="Voeux du paon">Les Vœux du paon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Longuyon" title="Jacques de Longuyon">Jacques de Longuyon</a>, the first of three works in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paon_Cycle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paon Cycle (page does not exist)">Paon Cycle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restor_du_Paon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restor du Paon (page does not exist)">Le Restor du Paon</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_le_Court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean le Court (page does not exist)">Jean le Court</a>, composed before 1338 and a continuation of the Les Voeux de paon.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parfait_du_paon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parfait du paon (page does not exist)">Le Parfait du paon</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_de_Le_Mote&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean de Le Mote (page does not exist)">Jean de Le Mote</a>, the final poem of the Paon Cycle. Composed c. 1340.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Histoire_du_bon_roy_Alixandre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Histoire du bon roy Alixandre (page does not exist)">Histoire du bon roy Alixandre</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Wauquelin" title="Jean Wauquelin">Jean Wauquelin</a>, composed before 1448.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fais_et_concquestes_du_noble_roy_Alexandre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fais et concquestes du noble roy Alexandre (page does not exist)">Fais et concquestes du noble roy Alexandre</a>, a late medieval prose version. Composed c. 1450–1470.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faits_du_grand_Alexandre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faits du grand Alexandre (page does not exist)">Faits du grand Alexandre</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasque_de_Luc%C3%A8ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasque de Lucène (page does not exist)">Vasque de Lucène</a>, a prose translation (1468) of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a>'s Historiae Alexandri Magni. Composed c. 1468.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian">Italian</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Italian">edit</a>]</div> Italian versions of the Alexander Romance include:<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_Alexandri_Regis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia Alexandri Regis (page does not exist)">Historia Alexandri Regis</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilichino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quilichino (page does not exist)">Quilichino</a>, composed in 1236 in <a href="/wiki/Recanati" title="Recanati">Recanati</a>. It was fairly popular, as indicated by the survival of twenty manuscripts of the work.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandreide_in_rima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alessandreide in rima (page does not exist)">Alessandreide in rima</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacopo_di_Carlo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacopo di Carlo (page does not exist)">Jacopo di Carlo</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_Alexander_Regis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria Alexander Regis (page does not exist)">Istoria Alexander Regis</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Scolari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domenico Scolari (page does not exist)">Domenico Scolari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=I_Nobili_fatti_di_Alessandro_Magno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I Nobili fatti di Alessandro Magno (page does not exist)">I Nobili fatti di Alessandro Magno</a>, from the 14th century, edited by Grion.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romanian">Romanian</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Romanian">edit</a>]</div> The Romanian Alexander Romance, entitled the Alexandria, was derived from a Greek and Serbian variant and became the most widely-read literary text in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> between the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 1833, the Romanian legend was translated into Bulgarian in a copy of an earlier work, <a href="/wiki/Paisiy_Hilendarski" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisiy Hilendarski">Paisiy Hilendarski</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic-Bulgarian_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavic-Bulgarian History (page does not exist)">Slavic-Bulgarian History</a> (1762).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish">Spanish</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spanish">edit</a>]</div> The two most important Spanish versions of the Alexander Romance are:<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Libro_de_Alexandre" title="Libro de Alexandre">Libro de Alexandre</a>. This was a famous anonymous poem of the Alexander Romance from Christian Spain.</li> <li>The Historia novelada de Alejandro Magno. This is an obscure Spanish version, only having been discovered an edition of Part 4 of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a>'s <a href="/wiki/General_Estoria" title="General Estoria">General Estoria</a> in a recently printed edition.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_languages">Germanic languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Germanic languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English_and_Scots">English and Scots</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: English and Scots">edit</a>]</div> In medieval <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, the Alexander Romance experienced remarkable popularity. It is even referred to in <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Chaucer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a>, where the monk apologizes to the pilgrimage group for treating a material so well known. There are five major romances in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> that survive, though most only in fragments. There are also two versions from <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, one sometimes ascribed to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a> poet <a href="/wiki/John_Barbour_(poet)" title="John Barbour (poet)">John Barbour</a>, which exists only in a sixteenth-century printing; and a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a> version from 1499: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Alisaunder" title="King Alisaunder">King Alisaunder</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1275.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_of_Alisaunder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romance of Alisaunder (page does not exist)">Romance of Alisaunder</a> (or Alexander of Macedon), sometimes referred to as Alexander A, is a fragment of 1247 lines written in <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">alliterative verse</a>. It was probably written between 1340 and 1370, soon before the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_Revival" title="Alliterative Revival">Alliterative Revival</a>, of which it is believed to be one of the oldest remaining poems. It has been preserved in a school notebook dating from 1600. Alexander A deals with the begetting of Alexander by <a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a> (Nectanebus), his birth, and his early years, and ends with the midst of the account of Philip's siege of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>. It is likely that the source for this fragment has been the I²-recension of the <a href="/wiki/Historia_de_Preliis" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia de Preliis">Historia de Preliis</a>. Beside that it has been expanded with additional material taken from <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Paulus Orosius</a>'s Historiae adversum paganos, the adverse remarks, which are typical of Orosius, however have been omitted by the poet, whose main concern is Alexander's heroic conduct.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_and_Dindimus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander and Dindimus (page does not exist)">Alexander and Dindimus</a>, sometimes referred to as Alexander B, is also written in alliterative verse. This fragment is found in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodley_264&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodley 264 (page does not exist)">MS Bodley 264</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoscritto_Bodley_264" class="extiw" title="it:Manoscritto Bodley 264">it</a>] and consists of five letters which are passed between Alexander and Dindimus, who is the king of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, a people of philosophers who shun all worldly lusts, ambitions and entertainments. In this respect their way of life resembles the ideal of an aescetic life, which was also preached by medieval monastic orders, such as the Franciscans. The source of Alexander B again is the I²-recension of the Historia de Preliis.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_of_Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wars of Alexander (page does not exist)">Wars of Alexander</a>, sometimes referred to as Alexander C, is the longest of the alliterative versions of the Middle English Alexander Romances. It goes back to the I³-recension of the Historia de Preliis and can be found in the MS Ashmole 44 and in the Dublin Trinity College MS 213. Although both manuscripts are incomplete they supplement each other fairly well. In this version much space is given to letters and prophecies, which often bear a moralizing and philosophical tenor. The letters are an integral part of the Pseudo-Callisthenes tradition. The dominant theme is pride, which inevitably results in the downfall of kings. In The Wars of Alexander the hero is endowed with superhuman qualities, which shows in the romance insofar as his enemies fall to him by the dozens and he is always at the center of action.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Prose_Life_of_Alexander" title="Prose Life of Alexander">Prose Life of Alexander</a> copied by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Thornton_(scribe)" title="Robert Thornton (scribe)">Robert Thornton</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1440.</li></ul> Middle Scots versions include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buik_of_Alexander" title="The Buik of Alexander">The Buik of Alexander</a>, anonymous, attributed to <a href="/wiki/John_Barbour_(poet)" title="John Barbour (poet)">John Barbour</a>, dates to 1438 according to its first printed edition from 1580.<a href="#cite_note-:6-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buik_of_King_Alexander_the_Conquerour" class="mw-redirect" title="The Buik of King Alexander the Conquerour">The Buik of King Alexander the Conquerour</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hay_(poet)" title="Gilbert Hay (poet)">Gilbert Hay</a>, 1499.<a href="#cite_note-:6-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German">German</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: German">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The German Song of Alexander by <a href="/wiki/Lamprecht" title="Lamprecht">Lamprecht</a>, composed around 1150 as an adaptation of a poem by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alb%C3%A9ric_of_Pisan%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albéric of Pisançon (page does not exist)">Albéric of Pisançon</a> some fifty years earlier. It does not directly survive but in a version of it, close to the original, produced by Vorau.<a href="#cite_note-:26-61">[61]</a></li> <li>Alexander of Strasbourg.<a href="#cite_note-:26-61">[61]</a></li> <li>Alexander of Basel.<a href="#cite_note-:26-61">[61]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norse">Norse</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Norse">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Alexanders_saga" title="Alexanders saga">Alexanders saga</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> translation of the Latin epic Alexandreis. It is attributed in manuscripts of the saga to Brandr Jónsson, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Sk%C3%A1lholt" title="Diocese of Skálholt">Skálholt</a> who is also said to have been responsible for authoring <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B0inga_saga" title="Gyðinga saga">Gyðinga saga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:03-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-64">[64]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Br%C3%A9f_Alexandri_Magni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bréf Alexandri Magni (page does not exist)">Bréf Alexandri Magni</a> (Bréf), an Old Norse adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Epistola_Alexandri_ad_Aristotelem" title="Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem">Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:27-64">[64]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konung_Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konung Alexander (page does not exist)">Konung Alexander</a>, a metrical version of the Historia de preliis from its I2 recension.<a href="#cite_note-:27-64">[64]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic">Slavic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Slavic">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandria_serbskaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Alexandria_serbskaya.jpg/300px-Alexandria_serbskaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Alexandria_serbskaya.jpg/450px-Alexandria_serbskaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Alexandria_serbskaya.jpg/600px-Alexandria_serbskaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2805" data-file-height="2075" /></a><figcaption>17th-century manuscript of an Alexandrine novel (Russia): Alexander exploring the depths of sea.</figcaption></figure> There were two translations of the Alexander Romance into <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>/Old Bulgarian. <ul><li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Alexander_from_Macedon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Alexander from Macedon (page does not exist)">Alexandria</a>, full title being "The Kingdom of Alexander from Macedon" produced in tenth-century <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. It became part of the Chronograph (or the Chronograph-Alexandria). The Chronograph and Alexandria were never separated out into independent books.<a href="#cite_note-:7-34">[34]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian_Alexandria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serbian Alexandria (page does not exist)">Serbian Alexandria</a>, completed in the fourteenth century. It is known from eleven Serbian and Bulgarian manuscripts, the first extant one dating to the fifteenth century, and follows the Greek λ recension of the Romance.<a href="#cite_note-:7-34">[34]</a></li> <li>The γ recension of the Greek Alexander Romance was the ultimate source of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Serbian_Alexander_Romance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Serbian Alexander Romance (page does not exist)">Old Serbian Alexander Romance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-66">[66]</a> In the 13th century, a translation from an Alexander legend either in Latin or Italian was made to produce the first Alexander Romance in the Cyrillic script. A redaction of this text in the 14th century in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> is what has come down as the Old Serbian Alexander Romance. and it went on to become the basis for adaptations of Alexander legends throughout the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. By the 17th century, it was circulating in both Bulgarian and Romanian translations.<a href="#cite_note-:24-66">[66]</a> The Russian Alexander Romance is also a translation of the Serbian one.<a href="#cite_note-:25-67">[67]</a></li> <li>The Alexander Romance spread into Russia from the fifteenth century onwards, translated from the earlier Serbian version.<a href="#cite_note-:25-67">[67]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish">Irish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Irish">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Alexander_Romance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irish Alexander Romance (page does not exist)">Irish Alexander Romance</a>, also known as the Imthusa Alexandair, was composed around 1100, representing the first complete vernacular version of the Romance in a European vernacular.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> It includes episodes such as Alexander's visit to Jerusalem, talking trees, encounters with Dindimus, and more. Two sources the author identified for his work were <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semitic_languages">Semitic languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Semitic languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabic">Arabic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Arabic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_Arabic_tradition" title="Alexander the Great in Arabic tradition">Alexander the Great in Arabic tradition</a></div> <ul><li>The story of <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a> ("The Two-Horned One") in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is generally seen in tradition and among contemporary historians to represent an allusive synopsis of the Alexander Romance in the tradition of its <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Alexander_Legend" title="Syriac Alexander Legend">Syriac recension</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The names Alexander and Dhu al-Qarnayn were widely merged in subsequent Muslim literature when describing the legends and accomplishments of the former.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Qissat_al-Iskandar" title="Qissat al-Iskandar">Qissat al-Iskandar</a> (fully the Qiṣṣat al-Iskandar wa-mā fīhā min al-amr al-ʿadjīb, or "The story of Alexander and the wonderful things it contains") is a late eighth or early ninth-century recension of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Alexander_Legend" title="Syriac Alexander Legend">Syriac Alexander Legend</a> composed by ‘Umara ibn Zayd (767-815).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Qissat_Dhulqarnayn" title="Qissat Dhulqarnayn">Qissat Dhulqarnayn</a> (Qissat Dhulqarnayn, "Story of Dhulqarnayn") is a <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Hispano-Arabic</a> legend of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> preserved in two fourteenth-century manuscripts in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and likely dates as a ninth-century Arabic translation of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Alexander_Legend" title="Syriac Alexander Legend">Syriac Alexander Legend</a> produced in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>A second Qissat Dhulqarnayn containing a synopsis of the Alexander Romance is known from the eleventh-century Ara'is al-majalis fi Qisas al-anbiya' (Book of Prophets) of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Tha%27labi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi">al-Tha'labi</a> (d. 1036).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-77">[77]</a></li> <li>A third Qissat Dhulqarnayn known from one 18th-century manuscript from Timbuktu, whose manuscript was recently edited and published in an Arabic edition and French translation by Bohas and Sinno.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hadith_Dhulqarnayn" title="Hadith Dhulqarnayn">Hadith Dhulqarnayn</a>, like the Qissat Dhulqarnayn, is another Hispano-Arabic version of the Alexander legend. It dates to the 15th century.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABrat_al-Iskandar" title="Sīrat al-Iskandar">Sīrat al-Iskandar</a> is a 15th century <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> popular <a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a> about <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABra_sha%CA%BFbiyya" title="Sīra shaʿbiyya">sīra shaʿbiyya</a> genre.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%81r%C4%ABkh_al-Iskandar_al-Makd%C5%ABni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tārīkh al-Iskandar al-Makdūni (page does not exist)">Tārīkh al-Iskandar al-Makdūni</a> (History of Alexander of Macedon), translated into Arabic by the Melkite bishop Yuwāsif ibn Suwaydān (c. 1669) from the Byzantine ζ-recension of Pseudo-Callisthenes.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirat_al-malek_Eskandar_Dhu%E2%80%99_l-Qarneyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirat al-malek Eskandar Dhu’ l-Qarneyn (page does not exist)">Sirat al-malek Eskandar Dhu’ l-Qarneyn</a>, known from one 17th century manuscript copied by Yusof Ebn-Atiye (or Qozmân).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023398-80">[80]</a></li> <li>The Kitāb Qiṣṣat Dhīʾl-Qarnayn from Mali.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopic">Ethiopic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ethiopic">edit</a>]</div> An <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopic</a> version of the Alexander Romance was first composed in the <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a> language between the 14th and 16th centuries was produced as a translation of an intermediary 9th-century Arabic text of what ultimately goes back to the Syriac recension.<a href="#cite_note-aerts-82">[82]</a> The Ethiopic version also integrates motifs from the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Alexander_Legend" title="Syriac Alexander Legend">Syriac Alexander Legend</a> within the Romance narrative.<a href="#cite_note-aerts-82">[82]</a> There are seven known Ethiopian Alexander Romances:<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Alexander_Romance" title="Ethiopic Alexander Romance">Ethiopic Alexander Romance</a>, also known as Zēnā Eskender or the Ethiopic Pseudo-Callisthenes</li> <li>The History of Alexander by Abû Shâker</li> <li>The History of Alexander by al-Makin</li> <li>The History of Alexander by Joseph ben Gorion</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Death_of_Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Death of Alexander (page does not exist)">History of the Death of Alexander</a> by an anonymous writer</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Romance_of_the_Life_of_Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Romance of the Life of Alexander (page does not exist)">Christian Romance of the Life of Alexander</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Blessed_Men_who_lived_in_the_Days_of_Jeremiah_the_Prophet_and_the_Account_of_the_Vision_of_Abb%C3%A2_Ger%C3%A2simus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Blessed Men who lived in the Days of Jeremiah the Prophet and the Account of the Vision of Abbâ Gerâsimus (page does not exist)">History of the Blessed Men who lived in the Days of Jeremiah the Prophet and the Account of the Vision of Abbâ Gerâsimus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hebrew">Hebrew</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Hebrew">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For earlier Jewish legends not derived from Pseudo-Callisthenes, see <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_legend#Jewish_legends" title="Alexander the Great in legend">Alexander the Great in legend § Jewish legends</a>.</div> There are three or four <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">medieval Hebrew</a> versions of the Alexander Romance: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Josippon" title="Josippon">Josippon</a>, a 10th-century text into which a version of the Alexander Romance was interpolated into in later times.</li> <li>A literal and slightly abridged translation from the original Greek is found in the manuscript Parma, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bernardo_De_Rossi" title="Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi">Bibliotheca I. B. de Rossi</a>, MS Heb. 1087. This version was also partially interpolated into the <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yosippon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Yosippon">Sefer Yosippon</a> in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-WJvB-84">[84]</a></li> <li>In the 12th or 13th century, an anonymous translator or translators translated a <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost</a> Arabic translation of the Latin Historia de Preliis into Hebrew. This is found in the manuscript Paris, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>, MS Héb. 671.5 and London, <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Jewish_Studies" title="London School of Jewish Studies">Jews' College Library</a>, MS 145. These may represent a single translation in different versions or else two translations, with the Paris version having been used to complete the London. The translator (or one of them) may have been <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a>, who made other translations from Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-WJvB-84">[84]</a></li> <li>In the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Bonfils" title="Immanuel Bonfils">Immanuel Bonfils</a> translated the Historia de Preliis directly from Latin into Hebrew. This is found today only in the manuscript Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS Héb. 750.3, but an illuminated copy once resided in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Turin" title="Royal Library of Turin">Royal Library of Turin</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1880) before being destroyed in a fire.<a href="#cite_note-WJvB-84">[84]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syriac">Syriac</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Syriac">edit</a>]</div> There are four texts in the tradition of the Alexander Romance in Syriac, and they have been often mistaken with one another.<a href="#cite_note-:29-85">[85]</a> All four were translated in the same 1889 volume by <a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">E. A. Wallis Budge</a>, though some of them have appeared in newer editions since then.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Alexander_Romance" title="Syriac Alexander Romance">Syriac Alexander Romance</a> (Tašʿītā d̄ʾAleksandrōs), A Syriac translation of the Alexander Romance of Pseudo-Callisthenes and the most influential of the Syriac versions of the Alexander legends.<a href="#cite_note-:29-85">[85]</a></li> <li>The prose <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Alexander_Legend" title="Syriac Alexander Legend">Syriac Alexander Legend</a> (Neṣḥānā d-Aleksandrōs), which may be completely independent of Pseudo-Callisthenes. The text is commonly attributed in its provenance to north Mesopotamia around 629-630 AD, shortly after <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> defeated the Persians,<a href="#cite_note-ciancaglini-36">[36]</a> though more recent suggestions place it in the mid-6th century under <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tesei-37">[37]</a> The Syriac Legend contains additional motifs not found in the earliest Greek Romance, including the episode where Alexander builds a wall against <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brillA-38">[38]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Alexander" title="Song of Alexander">Song of Alexander</a>, a poem spuriously attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a> and is slightly later than the Legend. Its author is sometimes referred to as Pseudo-Jacob.<a href="#cite_note-:4-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Another prose version though shorter than the Legend.<a href="#cite_note-:4-87">[87]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian">Armenian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Armenian">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Alexander_Romance" title="Armenian Alexander Romance">Armenian Alexander Romance</a>, derived from the α recension of the Alexander Romance, is typically dated to the fifth century.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In 1969, a translation of the Armenian recension was published by Albert Mugrdich Wolohojian.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>A second Armenian version of the Alexander Romance produced between the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. The earliest manuscript is called San Lazzaro MS 424 (see <a class="external autonumber" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:San_Lazzaro_MS_424_-_Alexander_romance">[1]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:04-91">[91]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coptic">Coptic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Coptic">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> translation of the Romance from the Greek was already being revised in the sixth century. A fragmentary manuscript, originally 220 pages long, in the <a href="/wiki/Sahidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahidic">Sahidic</a> dialect was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/White_Monastery" title="White Monastery">White Monastery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CE-92">[92]</a> It draws on older <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Demotic Egyptian">Demotic Egyptian</a> traditions, which existed in written form perhaps as early as 275 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Selden-93">[93]</a> It has been edited and published by Oscar von Lemm.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Several fragments of it have been collected and translated.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgian">Georgian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Georgian">edit</a>]</div> Though Georgian versions of the Alexander Romance have not survived, that they existed is known; it is thought that two versions existed. The earlier came into existence between the fourth and seventh centuries and its influence is detectable in extant Georgian texts such as <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Kartli_(chronicle)" title="Conversion of Kartli (chronicle)">The Conversion of Kartli</a> chronicles and in The Life of Kings. The second was produced sometime between the ninth to twelfth centuries, and fragments of it were kept by the chronicler of <a href="/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IV of Georgia">David the Builder</a> and by a <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongolian</a>-era Georgian chronicler. Legends of Alexander would continue to influence varieties of Georgian literature from the twelfth to fourteenth centuries. Later, in the eighteenth century, the 18th-century king <a href="/wiki/Archil_of_Imereti" title="Archil of Imereti">Archil of Imereti</a> would produce a translation of a Serbian or Russian Alexander Romance into Georgian, and this one has survived.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malay">Malay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Malay">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Iskandar_Zulkarnain" title="Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain">Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> epic describing fictional exploits of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (Iskandar), identified with <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a>. Its ultimate source is most likely the Arabic Sirat al-Iskandar.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikayat_Raja_Iskandar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hikayat Raja Iskandar (page does not exist)">Hikayat Raja Iskandar</a> ("Story of King Alexander").<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikayat_Ya%E2%80%99juj_wa-Ma%E2%80%99juj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hikayat Ya’juj wa-Ma’juj (page does not exist)">Hikayat Ya’juj wa-Ma’juj</a> ("Story of Gog and Magog").<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li>A 19th-century Javanese poem.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolian">Mongolian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Mongolian">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Mongolian Alexander Romance was composed in the 13th or 14th century in the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Uyghur alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-40">[40]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian">Persian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Persian">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>A lost <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> version inferred by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke" title="Theodor Nöldeke">Theodor Nöldeke</a> as the source of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Alexander_Romance" title="Syriac Alexander Romance">Syriac Alexander Romance</a>, perhaps produced in the 4th century by an anonymous <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> writer in <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> though the existence of this text has been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-:112-102">[102]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_the_Shahnameh" title="Alexander the Great in the Shahnameh">Alexander the Great's representation in the Shahnameh</a>, an epic of Persian kings composed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>. It involves a lengthy story about Alexander which acts as the bridge-point between the mythological to historical realms of Ferdowsi's larger narrative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023443–461-103">[103]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Iskandarnameh" title="Iskandarnameh">Iskandarnameh</a> (Book of Alexander), an anonymous text dated to between the eleventh and twelfth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Iskandarnameh_of_Nizami" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandarnameh of Nizami">Iskandarnameh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a>, composed before 1194.<a href="#cite_note-:0-105">[105]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Darab-nama" title="Darab-nama">Dârâb-nâme</a> of Mohammad b. Hasan b. Ali b. Musâ Abu-Tâher Tarsusi (or Tartusi).<a href="#cite_note-:28-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023525–531-107">[107]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ayina-i_Iskandari_(Amir_Khusrau)" title="Ayina-i Iskandari (Amir Khusrau)">Ayina-i Iskandari</a> (Alexandrine Mirror) of <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusrow">Amir Khusrow</a>, completed in 1299/1300 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II of Khwarazm">Muhammad II of Khwarazm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023491–504-108">[108]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kherad-name" title="Kherad-name">Kherad-nâme</a> (Book of Alexandrian Intelligence) of <a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jâmi</a> composed in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023491,_504–510-109">[109]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ayina-i_Iskandari_(Ahli_Shirazi)" title="Ayina-i Iskandari (Ahli Shirazi)">Ayina-i Iskandari</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahli_Shirazi" title="Ahli Shirazi">Ahli Shirazi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023513–514-111">[111]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qissa-ye_Dhu%CA%BEl_Qarnayn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qissa-ye Dhuʾl Qarnayn (page does not exist)">Qissa-ye Dhuʾl Qarnayn</a> (Story of the Two-Horned One) of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badri_Kashmiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badri Kashmiri (page does not exist)">Badri Kashmiri</a>, composed in 1580.<a href="#cite_note-:3-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023516–517-113">[113]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iskandarnameh_of_Sanai_Mashhadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iskandarnameh of Sanai Mashhadi (page does not exist)">Iskandarnameh of Sanai Mashhadi</a> (d. 1588).<a href="#cite_note-:3-112">[112]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekandar-n%C3%A2me&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekandar-nâme (page does not exist)">Sekandar-nâme</a> (or Sadd-e Sekandar, or Bâgh-e Eram) of Khâje Hoseyn Thanâʾi Mashhadi (d. 1587).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023517–518-114">[114]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskandar-n%C3%A2me-ye-haft-jeldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eskandar-nâme-ye-haft-jeldi (page does not exist)">Eskandar-nâme-ye-haft-jeldi</a> (Alexander of the Storytellers) compiled by Manuchehr Hakim, who is potentially to be identified with the 17th century Safavid prince Manuchehr Qare-chaqâi Khân. This figure may be the patron or author of the text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023521–534-115">[115]</a></li> <li>Several more Persian Alexander romances are only known by name as attested in bibliographical inventories, brief allusions in some scholarly works, manuscript catalogues, and literary histories. These include the Eskandar-nâme by Kamâl-al-Din Hoseyn Esfahâni (16th c.), the Eskandar-nâme by Hasan-Beyg Atâbi Takallu (d. 1616), the Sekandar-nâme-ye-jabali (completed in India in 1729), and the Eskandar-nâme of Nâseri Kermâni (dating to 1850).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023518–519-116">[116]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish">Turkish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Turkish">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Iskendername" title="Iskendername">İskendernâme</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taceddin_Ahmedi" title="Taceddin Ahmedi">Taceddin Ahmedi</a> is the oldest surviving work of Ottoman historiography. It is usually thought to have been composed between 1402 and 1411 and is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_%C3%87elebi" title="Süleyman Çelebi">Emir Suleyman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:28-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>The İskendernâme composed by Ahmedi's brother, Hamzavī.<a href="#cite_note-:28-106">[106]</a></li> <li>The of İskendernâme of Ahmed Redvan, completed in 1499 and inspired by the earlier version of Ahmedi.<a href="#cite_note-:28-106">[106]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sadd-i_Iskandari" title="Sadd-i Iskandari">Sadd-i Iskandarī</a> (Alexander's Wall) (15th century) of <a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a> is the only Alexander legend composed in <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai Turkish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:28-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023510-120">[120]</a></li> <li>The Qiṣaṣ-i Rabghūzī (Eastern Turkish Stories of the Prophets) is a 16th-century manuscript containing six stories about Alexander.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_legend" title="Alexander the Great in legend">Alexander the Great in legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">Gates of Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horns_of_Alexander" title="Horns of Alexander">Horns of Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Letters of Alexander the Great">Letters of Alexander the Great</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowden2019757-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowden2019757_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDowden2019">Dowden 2019</a>, p. 757. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPseudo-CallisthenesStoneman1991" class="citation book cs1">Pseudo-Callisthenes; Stoneman, Richard (1991). The Greek Alexander romance. Penguin classics. London, England; New York, NY, USA: Penguin Books. pp. 11–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044560-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044560-2"><bdi>978-0-14-044560-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Alexander+romance&rft.place=London%2C+England%3B+New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=Penguin+classics&rft.pages=11-23&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044560-2&rft.au=Pseudo-Callisthenes&rft.au=Stoneman%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjurslev2024" class="citation book cs1">Djurslev, Christine Thrue (2024). "The Alexander Romance". In Ogden, Daniel (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Alexander the Great. Cambridge University Press. p. 452.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Alexander+Romance&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Djurslev&rft.aufirst=Christine+Thrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoufikar-Aerts2020" class="citation book cs1">Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina (2020). "The Arabic Alexander Romance: Mirror of a Bold, Clever, and Devout Prince". In Seigneurie, Ken (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0072">A Companion to World Literature</a>. Wiley. pp. 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118635193.ctwl0072">10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0072</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-99318-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-99318-7"><bdi>978-1-118-99318-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Arabic+Alexander+Romance%3A+Mirror+of+a+Bold%2C+Clever%2C+and+Devout+Prince&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+World+Literature&rft.pages=1-11&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118635193.ctwl0072&rft.isbn=978-1-118-99318-7&rft.aulast=Doufikar-Aerts&rft.aufirst=Faustina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781118635193.ctwl0072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Alexander-romance">"Alexander romance | Ancient Greek Epic, Legends & Mythology | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-03-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Alexander+romance+%7C+Ancient+Greek+Epic%2C+Legends+%26+Mythology+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FAlexander-romance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPseudo-CallisthenesStoneman1991" class="citation book cs1">Pseudo-Callisthenes; Stoneman, Richard (1991). The Greek Alexander romance. Penguin classics. London, England; New York, NY, USA: Penguin Books. pp. 5–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044560-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044560-2"><bdi>978-0-14-044560-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Alexander+romance&rft.place=London%2C+England%3B+New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=Penguin+classics&rft.pages=5-7&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044560-2&rft.au=Pseudo-Callisthenes&rft.au=Stoneman%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson193237-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson193237_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1932">Anderson 1932</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson193235-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson193235_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1932">Anderson 1932</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman1991" class="citation cs2">Stoneman, Richard (tr.), ed. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZmqYv_dSwMC&pg=PA185">The Greek Alexander Romance</a>, Penguin, pp. 185–187, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141907116" title="Special:BookSources/9780141907116"><bdi>9780141907116</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Alexander+Romance&rft.pages=185-187&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780141907116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZmqYv_dSwMC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson193211-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson193211_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1932">Anderson (1932)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-11"><a href="#cite_ref-:32_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesei2023" class="citation book cs1">Tesei, Tommaso (2023). "Alexander's Horns". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/51697/chapter-abstract/419760236?redirectedFrom=fulltext">The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 137–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander%27s+Horns&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+Legend+of+Alexander%27s+Gate&rft.pages=137-146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Tesei&rft.aufirst=Tommaso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F51697%2Fchapter-abstract%2F419760236%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-12"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2023" class="citation cs2">Bowden, Hugh (2023), Ogden, Daniel (ed.), "Religion", The Cambridge Companion to Alexander the Great, Cambridge University Press, pp. 237–242, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-88834-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-88834-9"><bdi>978-1-108-88834-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Alexander+the+Great&rft.atitle=Religion&rft.pages=237-242&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-108-88834-9&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1927" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Andrew Runni (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/282906">"Alexander's Horns"</a>. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 58: 102–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F282906">10.2307/282906</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9711">0065-9711</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/282906">282906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=Alexander%27s+Horns&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=102-103&rft.date=1927&rft.issn=0065-9711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F282906%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F282906&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Runni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F282906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-14"><a href="#cite_ref-:33_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesei2023" class="citation book cs1">Tesei, Tommaso (2023). "Alexander's Horns". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/51697/chapter-abstract/419760236?redirectedFrom=fulltext">The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 137–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander%27s+Horns&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+Legend+of+Alexander%27s+Gate&rft.pages=137-155&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Tesei&rft.aufirst=Tommaso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F51697%2Fchapter-abstract%2F419760236%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesei_2010_417–440-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tesei_2010_417–440_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tesei_2010_417–440_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesei2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tesei, Tommaso (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43927088">"Survival and Christianization of the Gilgamesh Quest for Immortality in the Tale of Alexander and the Fountain of Life"</a>. Rivista degli studi orientali. 83 (1/4): 417–440. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0392-4866">0392-4866</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43927088">43927088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+degli+studi+orientali&rft.atitle=Survival+and+Christianization+of+the+Gilgamesh+Quest+for+Immortality+in+the+Tale+of+Alexander+and+the+Fountain+of+Life&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=417-440&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43927088%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0392-4866&rft.aulast=Tesei&rft.aufirst=Tommaso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43927088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2016" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDBRDAAAQBAJ&dq=song+of+alexander+jacob+serugh&pg=PA67">Islam, the Ancient Near East and Varieties of Godlessness: Collected Studies in Three Volumes, Volume 3</a>. Brill. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31931-8"><bdi>978-90-04-31931-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+Varieties+of+Godlessness%3A+Collected+Studies+in+Three+Volumes%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31931-8&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDBRDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsong%2Bof%2Balexander%2Bjacob%2Bserugh%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2016" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDBRDAAAQBAJ&dq=song+of+alexander+jacob+serugh&pg=PA67">Islam, the Ancient Near East and Varieties of Godlessness: Collected Studies in Three Volumes, Volume 3</a>. Brill. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31931-8"><bdi>978-90-04-31931-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+Varieties+of+Godlessness%3A+Collected+Studies+in+Three+Volumes%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31931-8&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDBRDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsong%2Bof%2Balexander%2Bjacob%2Bserugh%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:111-18"><a href="#cite_ref-:111_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2018" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2018). The Qur'an and the Bible: text and commentary. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 463–465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18132-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18132-6"><bdi>978-0-300-18132-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+and+the+Bible%3A+text+and+commentary&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=463-465&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18132-6&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+Said&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasari2012" class="citation book cs1">Casari, Mario (2012). "The King Explorer: A Cosmographic Approach to the Persian Alexander". In Stoneman, Richard; Erickson, Kyle; Netton, Ian Richard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/794706981">The Alexander romance in Persia and the East</a>. Ancient Narrative. Supplementum. Groningen: Barkhuis Publishing & Groningen University Library. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-91431-04-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-91431-04-3"><bdi>978-94-91431-04-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794706981">794706981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+King+Explorer%3A+A+Cosmographic+Approach+to+the+Persian+Alexander&rft.btitle=The+Alexander+romance+in+Persia+and+the+East&rft.place=Groningen&rft.series=Ancient+Narrative.+Supplementum&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Barkhuis+Publishing+%26+Groningen+University+Library&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794706981&rft.isbn=978-94-91431-04-3&rft.aulast=Casari&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F794706981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasari2011" class="citation cs2">Casari, Mario (2011-04-15), "Nizāmī's Cosmographic Vision and Alexander in Search of the Fountain of Life", A Key to the Treasure of the Hakim, Leiden University Press, pp. 95–106, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9789400600140-006">10.1515/9789400600140-006</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-006-0014-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-006-0014-0"><bdi>978-94-006-0014-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niz%C4%81m%C4%AB%E2%80%99s+Cosmographic+Vision+and+Alexander+in+Search+of+the+Fountain+of+Life&rft.btitle=A+Key+to+the+Treasure+of+the+Hakim&rft.pages=95-106&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9789400600140-006&rft.isbn=978-94-006-0014-0&rft.aulast=Casari&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChism2016" class="citation cs2">Chism, Christine (2016-02-04), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442661301-007/html">"Facing The Land Of Darkness: Alexander, Islam, And The Quest For The Secrets Of God"</a>, Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages, University of Toronto Press, pp. 51–75, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442661301-007">10.3138/9781442661301-007</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6130-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6130-1"><bdi>978-1-4426-6130-1</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-01-17</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Facing+The+Land+Of+Darkness%3A+Alexander%2C+Islam%2C+And+The+Quest+For+The+Secrets+Of+God&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=51-75&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442661301-007&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6130-1&rft.aulast=Chism&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442661301-007%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowden2019757–758-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowden2019757–758_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDowden2019">Dowden 2019</a>, p. 757–758. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawotka2017" class="citation book cs1">Nawotka, Krzysztof (2017). The Alexander romance by Ps.-Callisthenes: a historical commentary. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33521-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33521-9"><bdi>978-90-04-33521-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alexander+romance+by+Ps.-Callisthenes%3A+a+historical+commentary&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33521-9&rft.aulast=Nawotka&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawotka2017" class="citation book cs1">Nawotka, Krzysztof (2017). The Alexander romance by Ps.-Callisthenes: a historical commentary. Brill. pp. ix, 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33521-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33521-9"><bdi>978-90-04-33521-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alexander+romance+by+Ps.-Callisthenes%3A+a+historical+commentary&rft.pages=ix%2C+273&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33521-9&rft.aulast=Nawotka&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawotka2017" class="citation book cs1">Nawotka, Krzysztof (2017). The Alexander romance by Ps.-Callisthenes: a historical commentary. Mnemosyne. Supplements; volume 399. Leiden; Boston: Brill. pp. 30–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33521-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33521-9"><bdi>978-90-04-33521-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alexander+romance+by+Ps.-Callisthenes%3A+a+historical+commentary&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.series=Mnemosyne.+Supplements%3B+volume+399&rft.pages=30-33&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33521-9&rft.aulast=Nawotka&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2022" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (2022). "Introduction: Formation and Diffusion of the Alexander Legend". In Stoneman, Richard (ed.). A history of Alexander the Great in world culture. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16769-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16769-8"><bdi>978-1-107-16769-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Formation+and+Diffusion+of+the+Alexander+Legend&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Alexander+the+Great+in+world+culture&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-107-16769-8&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Hofmann, Heinz, ed. (2004). Latin fiction: the Latin novel in context. London: Routledge. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14722-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14722-4"><bdi>978-0-415-14722-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+fiction%3A+the+Latin+novel+in+context&rft.place=London&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14722-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend1996" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, David (1996). The Alexandreis of Walter of Châtillon: a twelfth-century epic: a verse translation. The Middle Ages series. Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3347-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-3347-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alexandreis+of+Walter+of+Ch%C3%A2tillon%3A+a+twelfth-century+epic%3A+a+verse+translation&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa&rft.series=The+Middle+Ages+series&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3347-6&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowden2019761-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowden2019761_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDowden2019">Dowden 2019</a>, p. 761. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMínguez_CornellesRodríguez_Moya2024" class="citation book cs1">Mínguez Cornelles, Víctor; Rodríguez Moya, Inmaculada (2024). The visual legacy of Alexander the Great from the Renaissance to the age of revolution. Routledge research in art history. New York London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-54990-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-54990-3"><bdi>978-1-032-54990-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+visual+legacy+of+Alexander+the+Great+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+age+of+revolution&rft.place=New+York+London&rft.series=Routledge+research+in+art+history&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-032-54990-3&rft.aulast=M%C3%ADnguez+Cornelles&rft.aufirst=V%C3%ADctor&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Moya%2C+Inmaculada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamian-Grint1999" class="citation book cs1">Damian-Grint, Peter (1999). The new historians of the twelfth-century Renaissance: inventing vernacular authority. Rochester, N.Y: Boydell Press. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-760-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-760-3"><bdi>978-0-85115-760-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+historians+of+the+twelfth-century+Renaissance%3A+inventing+vernacular+authority&rft.place=Rochester%2C+N.Y&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-760-3&rft.aulast=Damian-Grint&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainer2010" class="citation cs2">Mainer, Sergi (2010-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789042029767/B9789042029767-s009.xml">"The Alexander and Charlemagne Romances"</a>, The Scottish Romance Tradition c. 1375–c. 1550, Brill, pp. 223–255, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789042029767_009">10.1163/9789042029767_009</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2976-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2976-7"><bdi>978-90-420-2976-7</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-03-11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Romance+Tradition+c.+1375%E2%80%93c.+1550&rft.atitle=The+Alexander+and+Charlemagne+Romances&rft.pages=223-255&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789042029767_009&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2976-7&rft.aulast=Mainer&rft.aufirst=Sergi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789042029767%2FB9789042029767-s009.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorosini2011" class="citation cs2">Morosini, Roberta (2011-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004211933/Bej.9789004183452.i-410_015.xml">"The Alexander Romance In Italy"</a>, A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages, Brill, pp. 329–364, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004183452.i-410.109">10.1163/ej.9789004183452.i-410.109</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21193-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21193-3"><bdi>978-90-04-21193-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-03-11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Companion+to+Alexander+Literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.atitle=The+Alexander+Romance+In+Italy&rft.pages=329-364&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004183452.i-410.109&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21193-3&rft.aulast=Morosini&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004211933%2FBej.9789004183452.i-410_015.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinaévaHolmquist_Olausson2015" class="citation book cs1">Minaéva, Oxana; Holmquist Olausson, Lena (2015). Scandinavia and the Balkans: cultural interactions with Byzantium and Eastern Europe in the first Millennium AD. Newcastle upon Tyne (GB): Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 107–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7761-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7761-9"><bdi>978-1-4438-7761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavia+and+the+Balkans%3A+cultural+interactions+with+Byzantium+and+Eastern+Europe+in+the+first+Millennium+AD&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne+%28GB%29&rft.pages=107-108&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-7761-9&rft.aulast=Mina%C3%A9va&rft.aufirst=Oxana&rft.au=Holmquist+Olausson%2C+Lena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPseudo-CallisthenesStoneman1991" class="citation book cs1">Pseudo-Callisthenes; Stoneman, Richard (1991). The Greek Alexander romance. Penguin classics. London, England; New York, NY, USA: Penguin Books. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044560-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044560-2"><bdi>978-0-14-044560-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Alexander+romance&rft.place=London%2C+England%3B+New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=Penguin+classics&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044560-2&rft.au=Pseudo-Callisthenes&rft.au=Stoneman%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciancaglini-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ciancaglini_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciancaglini_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiancaglini2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ciancaglini, Claudia A. (2001). "The Syriac Version of the Alexander Romance". Le Muséon. 114 (1–2): 121–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FMUS.114.1.302">10.2143/MUS.114.1.302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Mus%C3%A9on&rft.atitle=The+Syriac+Version+of+the+Alexander+Romance&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=121-140&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FMUS.114.1.302&rft.aulast=Ciancaglini&rft.aufirst=Claudia+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesei-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tesei_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tesei_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesei2023" class="citation book cs1">Tesei, Tommaso (2023-10-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197646878.001.0001">The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197646878.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197646878.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-764687-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-764687-8"><bdi>978-0-19-764687-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+Legend+of+Alexander%27s+Gate&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197646878.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-764687-8&rft.aulast=Tesei&rft.aufirst=Tommaso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197646878.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brillA-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brillA_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brillA_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonzelSchmidt2010" class="citation book cs1">Donzel, Emeri J. van; Schmidt, Andrea Barbara (2010). Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall. Brill. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17416-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17416-0"><bdi>978-90-04-17416-0</bdi></a>. <q>The episode of Alexander's building a wall against Gog and Magog, however, is not found in the oldest Greek, Latin, Armenian and Syriac versions of the Romance. Though the Alexander Romance was decisive for the spreading of the new and supernatural image of Alexander the king in East and West, the barrier episode has not its origin in this text. The fusion of the motif of Alexander's barrier with the Biblical tradition of the apocalyptic peoples Gog and Magog appears in fact for the first time in the so called Syriac Alexander Legend. This text is a short appendix attached to the Syriac manuscripts of the Alexander Romance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gog+and+Magog+in+Early+Eastern+Christian+and+Islamic+Sources%3A+Sallam%27s+Quest+for+Alexander%27s+Wall&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17416-0&rft.aulast=Donzel&rft.aufirst=Emeri+J.+van&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Andrea+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://universalium.academic.ru/256043/Ahmedi,_Taceddin">"Ahmedi, Taceddin"</a>. universalium.academic.ru. Retrieved 19 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=universalium.academic.ru&rft.atitle=Ahmedi%2C+Taceddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funiversalium.academic.ru%2F256043%2FAhmedi%2C_Taceddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleaves1959" class="citation journal cs1">Cleaves, Francis Woodman (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718540">"An Early Mongolian Version of The Alexander Romance"</a>. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 22: 1–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718540">10.2307/2718540</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0073-0548">0073-0548</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718540">2718540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Early+Mongolian+Version+of+The+Alexander+Romance&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=1-99&rft.date=1959&rft.issn=0073-0548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718540%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718540&rft.aulast=Cleaves&rft.aufirst=Francis+Woodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._A._Wallis_Budge" class="citation book cs1">E. A. Wallis Budge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/BudgeSyriacAlexander">The History of Alexander the Great, being the Syriac version of the Pseudo-Callisthenes</a>. pp. xxxvi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Alexander+the+Great%2C+being+the+Syriac+version+of+the+Pseudo-Callisthenes&rft.pages=xxxvi&rft.au=E.+A.+Wallis+Budge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBudgeSyriacAlexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotar2011" class="citation book cs1">Kotar, Peter Christos (2011). "The Ethiopic Alexander Romance". In Zuwiyya, Z. David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden; Boston: Brill. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2"><bdi>978-90-04-18345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ethiopic+Alexander+Romance&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Alexander+literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.series=Brill%27s+companions+to+the+Christian+tradition&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18345-2&rft.aulast=Kotar&rft.aufirst=Peter+Christos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTronson1982" class="citation web cs1">Tronson, Adrian (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/life-alexander-and-west-africa">"The 'Life of Alexander' and West Africa"</a>. History Today. Retrieved 2024-03-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+%27Life+of+Alexander%27+and+West+Africa&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Tronson&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Flife-alexander-and-west-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTronson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tronson, Adrian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC165408">"From Jerusalem to Timbuktu: the appropriation of Alexander the Great by national narratives"</a>. Acta Classica: Proceedings of the Classical Association of South Africa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Classica%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Classical+Association+of+South+Africa&rft.atitle=From+Jerusalem+to+Timbuktu%3A+the+appropriation+of+Alexander+the+Great+by+national+narratives&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Tronson&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.10520%2FEJC165408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2010" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (2010). "Alexander Romance". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.). The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome: Volume 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 62–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+Romance&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+encyclopedia+of+ancient+Greece+and+Rome%3A+Volume+1&rft.pages=62-64&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2018" class="citation cs2">Stoneman, Richard (2018-02-26), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-8245">"Alexander Romance"</a>, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.8245">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8245</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-10-29</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Classics&rft.atitle=Alexander+Romance&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.8245&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.oxfordre.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-8245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2019" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Charles Russell (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1089840999">The Roman de toute chevalerie: reading Alexander romance in late medieval England</a>. Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0189-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0189-1"><bdi>978-1-4875-0189-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089840999">1089840999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+de+toute+chevalerie%3A+reading+Alexander+romance+in+late+medieval+England&rft.place=Toronto%3B+Buffalo%3B+London&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1089840999&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-0189-1&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Charles+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fon1089840999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulfram2018" class="citation book cs1">Wulfram, Hartmut (2018). "Intertextuality through translation: the foundation of Alexandria and Virgil in Julius Valerius' Alexander Romance". The Alexander Romance: history and literature. Ancient narrative. Groningen: Barkhuis & Groningen University Library. pp. 169–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-92444-71-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-92444-71-4"><bdi>978-94-92444-71-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intertextuality+through+translation%3A+the+foundation+of+Alexandria+and+Virgil+in+Julius+Valerius%27+Alexander+Romance&rft.btitle=The+Alexander+Romance%3A+history+and+literature&rft.place=Groningen&rft.series=Ancient+narrative&rft.pages=169-188&rft.pub=Barkhuis+%26+Groningen+University+Library&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-94-92444-71-4&rft.aulast=Wulfram&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Tibbon1992" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Tibbon, Shmuel (1992). Bekkum, Wouter J. van (ed.). A Hebrew Alexander romance according to MS London, Jews' College no. 145. Leuven: Peeters. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-395-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-395-6"><bdi>978-90-6831-395-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hebrew+Alexander+romance+according+to+MS+London%2C+Jews%27+College+no.+145&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-395-6&rft.aulast=Ibn+Tibbon&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Hofmann, Heinz, ed. (2004). Latin fiction: the Latin novel in context. London: Routledge. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14722-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14722-4"><bdi>978-0-415-14722-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+fiction%3A+the+Latin+novel+in+context&rft.place=London&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14722-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddoxSturm-Maddox2002" class="citation book cs1">Maddox, Donald; Sturm-Maddox, Sara (2002). "Introduction: Alexander the Great in the French Middle Ages". In Maddox, Donald; Sturm-Maddox, Sara (eds.). The Medieval French Alexander. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5443-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5443-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-5443-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Alexander+the+Great+in+the+French+Middle+Ages&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+French+Alexander&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5443-5&rft.aulast=Maddox&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Sturm-Maddox%2C+Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2019" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Charles Russell (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1089840999">The Roman de toute chevalerie: reading Alexander romance in late medieval England</a>. Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0189-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0189-1"><bdi>978-1-4875-0189-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089840999">1089840999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+de+toute+chevalerie%3A+reading+Alexander+romance+in+late+medieval+England&rft.place=Toronto%3B+Buffalo%3B+London&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1089840999&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-0189-1&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Charles+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fon1089840999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorosiniVitti2011" class="citation book cs1">Morosini, Roberta; Vitti, Franceso (2011). "The Alexander Romance in Italy". In Zuwiyya, Z. David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Brill. pp. 329–364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2"><bdi>978-90-04-18345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Alexander+Romance+in+Italy&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Alexander+literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.series=Brill%27s+companions+to+the+Christian+tradition&rft.pages=329-364&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18345-2&rft.aulast=Morosini&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft.au=Vitti%2C+Franceso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorosiniVitti2011" class="citation book cs1">Morosini, Roberta; Vitti, Franceso (2011). "The Alexander Romance in Italy". In Zuwiyya, Z. David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Brill. pp. 341–349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2"><bdi>978-90-04-18345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Alexander+Romance+in+Italy&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Alexander+literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.series=Brill%27s+companions+to+the+Christian+tradition&rft.pages=341-349&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18345-2&rft.aulast=Morosini&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft.au=Vitti%2C+Franceso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorosiniVitti2011" class="citation book cs1">Morosini, Roberta; Vitti, Franceso (2011). "The Alexander Romance in Italy". In Zuwiyya, Z. David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Brill. pp. 352–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2"><bdi>978-90-04-18345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Alexander+Romance+in+Italy&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Alexander+literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.series=Brill%27s+companions+to+the+Christian+tradition&rft.pages=352-355&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18345-2&rft.aulast=Morosini&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft.au=Vitti%2C+Franceso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoiaSelousBoia2004" class="citation book cs1">Boia, Lucian; Selous, Trista; Boia, Lucian (2004). Forever young: a cultural history of longevity (1. publ. in English ed.). London: Reaktion Books. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-154-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-154-9"><bdi>978-1-86189-154-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forever+young%3A+a+cultural+history+of+longevity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=50-51&rft.edition=1.+publ.+in+English&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-154-9&rft.aulast=Boia&rft.aufirst=Lucian&rft.au=Selous%2C+Trista&rft.au=Boia%2C+Lucian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaskalovMarinov2013" class="citation book cs1">Daskalov, Rumen; Marinov, Tchavdar, eds. (2013). Entangled histories of the Balkans. Balkan studies library. Leiden; Boston: Brill. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25075-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25075-8"><bdi>978-90-04-25075-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entangled+histories+of+the+Balkans&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.series=Balkan+studies+library&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25075-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuwiyya2011" class="citation book cs1">Zuwiyya, Z. David (2011). "The Alexander Tradition in Spain". In Zuwiyya, Z. David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden; Boston: Brill. pp. 231–254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2"><bdi>978-90-04-18345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Alexander+Tradition+in+Spain&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Alexander+literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.series=Brill%27s+companions+to+the+Christian+tradition&rft.pages=231-254&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18345-2&rft.aulast=Zuwiyya&rft.aufirst=Z.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> In medieval orthography, "king" could be "kyng" and "Alisaunder" could be "Alysaunder". </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaughey2010" class="citation book cs1">Caughey, Anna (2010). "'A1s for the worthyness of be romance': Exploitation of Genre in the Buik of Kyng Alexander the Conquerour". In Ashe, Laura; Djordjević, Ivana; Weiss, Judith (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/426810057">The exploitations of medieval romance</a>. Studies in medieval romance. Cambridge, UK; Rochester, NY: D.S. Brewer. pp. 139–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-212-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-212-5"><bdi>978-1-84384-212-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/426810057">426810057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27A1s+for+the+worthyness+of+be+romance%27%3A+Exploitation+of+Genre+in+the+Buik+of+Kyng+Alexander+the+Conquerour&rft.btitle=The+exploitations+of+medieval+romance&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+Rochester%2C+NY&rft.series=Studies+in+medieval+romance&rft.pages=139-158&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F426810057&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-212-5&rft.aulast=Caughey&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F426810057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuschinger2011" class="citation book cs1">Buschinger, Danielle (2011). "German Alexander Romances". In Zuwiyya, Z. David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden; Boston: Brill. pp. 291–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2"><bdi>978-90-04-18345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German+Alexander+Romances&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Alexander+literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.series=Brill%27s+companions+to+the+Christian+tradition&rft.pages=291-314&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18345-2&rft.aulast=Buschinger&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-62"><a href="#cite_ref-:03_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1993" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Kirsten (1993). "Alexanders saga". In Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten (eds.). Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824047877" title="Special:BookSources/0824047877"><bdi>0824047877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexanders+saga&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scandinavia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0824047877&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-63"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1988" class="citation journal cs1">Wolf, Kirsten (1988). "Gydinga Saga, Alexanders Saga, and Bishop Brande Jónsson". Scandinavian Studies. 60 (3): 371–400. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-5637">0036-5637</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40918962">40918962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Studies&rft.atitle=Gydinga+Saga%2C+Alexanders+Saga%2C+and+Bishop+Brande+J%C3%B3nsson&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-400&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40918962%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0036-5637&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshurstVitti2011" class="citation book cs1">Ashurst, David; Vitti, Franceso (2011). "Alexander Literature in Scandinavia". In Zuwiyya, Z. David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden; Boston: Brill. pp. 315–328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2"><bdi>978-90-04-18345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+Literature+in+Scandinavia&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Alexander+literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.series=Brill%27s+companions+to+the+Christian+tradition&rft.pages=315-328&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18345-2&rft.aulast=Ashurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Vitti%2C+Franceso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2011" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (2011). "Primary sources from the classical and early medieval periods". In Zuwiyya, Z. David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden; Boston: Brill. pp. 7–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2"><bdi>978-90-04-18345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Primary+sources+from+the+classical+and+early+medieval+periods&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Alexander+literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.series=Brill%27s+companions+to+the+Christian+tradition&rft.pages=7-10&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18345-2&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsakiewicz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Usakiewicz, Krzysztof (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ispan.edu.pl/index.php/ch/article/view/ch.2013.012">"The Greek Phyllada and the Old Serbian Alexander Romance"</a>. Colloquia Humanistica (2): 257–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11649%2Fch.2013.012">10.11649/ch.2013.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2392-2419">2392-2419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colloquia+Humanistica&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Phyllada+and+the+Old+Serbian+Alexander+Romance&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-289&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11649%2Fch.2013.012&rft.issn=2392-2419&rft.aulast=Usakiewicz&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ispan.edu.pl%2Findex.php%2Fch%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fch.2013.012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGogoladze2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gogoladze, Andro (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=679746">"THE MYTH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT IN MEDIEVAL GEORGIAN CHRONICLES"</a>. Études Balkaniques (2): 291. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0324-1645">0324-1645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%26%23201%3Btudes+Balkaniques&rft.atitle=THE+MYTH+OF+ALEXANDER+THE+GREAT+IN+MEDIEVAL+GEORGIAN+CHRONICLES&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0324-1645&rft.aulast=Gogoladze&rft.aufirst=Andro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D679746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1967" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Erik (1967). "Die irische Alexandersage' Zeitschrift für". Celtische Philologie. 30: 71–264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Celtische+Philologie&rft.atitle=Die+irische+Alexandersage%27+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=71-264&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Hofmann, Heinz, ed. (2004). Latin fiction: the Latin novel in context. London: Routledge. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14722-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14722-4"><bdi>978-0-415-14722-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+fiction%3A+the+Latin+novel+in+context&rft.place=London&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14722-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatt1960–2007">Watt 1960–2007</a>: "It is generally agreed both by Muslim commentators and modéra [sic] occidental scholars that Dhu ’l-Ḳarnayn [...] is to be identified with Alexander the Great." <a href="#CITEREFCook2013">Cook 2013</a>: "[...] Dhū al-Qarnayn (usually identified with Alexander the Great) [...]". </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2022" class="citation journal cs1">Griffith, Sidney (2022-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5913/jiqsa.6.2021.a005">"Narratives of "the Companions of the Cave," Moses and His Servant, and Dhū 'l-Qarnayn in Sūrat al-Kahf"</a>. Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association. 6 (1): 146–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5913%2Fjiqsa.6.2021.a005">10.5913/jiqsa.6.2021.a005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2474-8420">2474-8420</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251486595">251486595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Qur%27anic+Studies+Association&rft.atitle=Narratives+of+%22the+Companions+of+the+Cave%2C%22+Moses+and+His+Servant%2C+and+Dh%C5%AB+%27l-Qarnayn+in+S%C5%ABrat+al-Kahf&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=146-147&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251486595%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2474-8420&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5913%2Fjiqsa.6.2021.a005&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5913%2Fjiqsa.6.2021.a005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaneshgar2020" class="citation book cs1">Daneshgar, Majid (2020). Studying the Qur'ān in the Muslim Academy. AAR reflection and theory in the study of religion. New York (N.Y.): Oxford University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006754-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-006754-0"><bdi>978-0-19-006754-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Qur%27%C4%81n+in+the+Muslim+Academy&rft.place=New+York+%28N.Y.%29&rft.series=AAR+reflection+and+theory+in+the+study+of+religion&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-006754-0&rft.aulast=Daneshgar&rft.aufirst=Majid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.W._Doufikar-Aerts2016" class="citation book cs1">C.W. Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina (2016). "A Hero Without Borders: 2 Alexander the Great in the Syriac and Arabic Tradition". In Cupane, Carolina; Krönung, Bettina (eds.). Fictional storytelling in the medieval Eastern Mediterranean and beyond. Brill's companions to the Byzantine world. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28999-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28999-4"><bdi>978-90-04-28999-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Hero+Without+Borders%3A+2+Alexander+the+Great+in+the+Syriac+and+Arabic+Tradition&rft.btitle=Fictional+storytelling+in+the+medieval+Eastern+Mediterranean+and+beyond&rft.place=Leiden+Boston&rft.series=Brill%27s+companions+to+the+Byzantine+world&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28999-4&rft.aulast=C.W.+Doufikar-Aerts&rft.aufirst=Faustina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonzelSchmidtOtt2009" class="citation book cs1">Donzel, Emeri Johannes van; Schmidt, Andrea Barbara; Ott, Claudia (2009). Gog and Magog in early syriac and islamic sources: Sallam's quest for Alexander's wall. Brill's Inner Asian Library. Leiden: Brill. pp. 176–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17416-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17416-0"><bdi>978-90-04-17416-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gog+and+Magog+in+early+syriac+and+islamic+sources%3A+Sallam%27s+quest+for+Alexander%27s+wall&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill%27s+Inner+Asian+Library&rft.pages=176-178&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17416-0&rft.aulast=Donzel&rft.aufirst=Emeri+Johannes+van&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Andrea+Barbara&rft.au=Ott%2C+Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuwiyya2001" class="citation book cs1">Zuwiyya, Zachary D., ed. (2001). Islamic legends concerning Alexander the Great: taken from two medieval Arabic manuscripts in Madrid. Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58684-132-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58684-132-4"><bdi>978-1-58684-132-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+legends+concerning+Alexander+the+Great%3A+taken+from+two+medieval+Arabic+manuscripts+in+Madrid&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+Univ.+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58684-132-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabiri2023" class="citation cs2">Dabiri, Ghazzal (2023-11-08), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004685758/BP000012.xml">"Modelling Prophets: Alexander the Great as a Proto-Sufi Saint-King in Thaʿlabi's Lives of the Prophets"</a>, Narrative, Imagination and Concepts of Fiction in Late Antique Hagiography, Brill, pp. 253–282, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004685758_013">10.1163/9789004685758_013</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68575-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68575-8"><bdi>978-90-04-68575-8</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-03-13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Narrative%2C+Imagination+and+Concepts+of+Fiction+in+Late+Antique+Hagiography&rft.atitle=Modelling+Prophets%3A+Alexander+the+Great+as+a+Proto-Sufi+Saint-King+in+Tha%CA%BFlabi%27s+Lives+of+the+Prophets&rft.pages=253-282&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004685758_013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-68575-8&rft.aulast=Dabiri&rft.aufirst=Ghazzal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004685758%2FBP000012.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-77"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChism2016" class="citation book cs1">Chism, Christine (2016). "Facing The Land Of Darkness: Alexander, Islam, And The Quest For The Secrets Of God". In Stock, Markus (ed.). Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages: transcultural perspectives. Toronto Buffalo London: University of Toronto Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4466-3"><bdi>978-1-4426-4466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Facing+The+Land+Of+Darkness%3A+Alexander%2C+Islam%2C+And+The+Quest+For+The+Secrets+Of+God&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+transcultural+perspectives&rft.place=Toronto+Buffalo+London&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4466-3&rft.aulast=Chism&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoufikar-Aerts2020" class="citation cs2">Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina (2020-07-20), "Gog and Magog Crossing Borders: Biblical, Christian and Islamic Imaginings", Cultures of Eschatology, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, pp. 394–395, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110597745-021">10.1515/9783110597745-021</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-059774-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-059774-5"><bdi>978-3-11-059774-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gog+and+Magog+Crossing+Borders%3A+Biblical%2C+Christian+and+Islamic+Imaginings&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+Eschatology&rft.pages=394-395&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Oldenbourg&rft.date=2020-07-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110597745-021&rft.isbn=978-3-11-059774-5&rft.aulast=Doufikar-Aerts&rft.aufirst=Faustina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaullier-BougassasDoufikar-Aerts2022" class="citation book cs1">Gaullier-Bougassas, Catherine; Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina (2022). "Alexander the Great in Medieval Literature". Literature: A World History, Volumes 1-4. Wiley. p. 535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+the+Great+in+Medieval+Literature&rft.btitle=Literature%3A+A+World+History%2C+Volumes+1-4&rft.pages=535&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Gaullier-Bougassas&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Doufikar-Aerts%2C+Faustina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023398-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasari2023398_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasari2023">Casari 2023</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaullier-BougassasDoufikar-Aerts2022" class="citation book cs1">Gaullier-Bougassas, Catherine; Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina (2022). "Alexander the Great in Medieval Literature". Literature: A World History, Volumes 1-4. Wiley. p. 534.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+the+Great+in+Medieval+Literature&rft.btitle=Literature%3A+A+World+History%2C+Volumes+1-4&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Gaullier-Bougassas&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Doufikar-Aerts%2C+Faustina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aerts-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aerts_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aerts_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoufikar-Aerts2003" class="citation journal cs1">Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina C.W. (2003). "Alexander the Flexible Friend: Some Reflections on the Representation of Alexander the Great in the Arabic Alexander Romance". Journal of Eastern Christian Studies. 55 (3–4): 196, 204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FJECS.55.3.504417">10.2143/JECS.55.3.504417</a>. <q>Moreover, the integration of the Gog and Magog episode based on the Christian Syriac Alexander Legend, the allusions to the principle of Trinity, and many other signs determine the text as a Christianized revision of the Romance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eastern+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Alexander+the+Flexible+Friend%3A+Some+Reflections+on+the+Representation+of+Alexander+the+Great+in+the+Arabic+Alexander+Romance&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=196%2C+204&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FJECS.55.3.504417&rft.aulast=Doufikar-Aerts&rft.aufirst=Faustina+C.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsirvatham2014" class="citation journal cs1">Asirvatham, Sulochana (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC165410">"The Alexander romance tradition from Egypt to Ethiopia"</a>. Acta Classica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Classica&rft.atitle=The+Alexander+romance+tradition+from+Egypt+to+Ethiopia&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Asirvatham&rft.aufirst=Sulochana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.10520%2FEJC165410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WJvB-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WJvB_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJvB_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJvB_84-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Wout_van_Bekkum" title="Wout van Bekkum">Wout van Bekkum</a> (1986), "Alexander the Great in Medieval Hebrew Literature", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 49, pp. 218–226, at 223–225. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F751298">10.2307/751298</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:29_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonferrer-Sala2011" class="citation cs2">Monferrer-Sala, Juan Pedro (2011-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004211933/Bej.9789004183452.i-410_004.xml">"Chapter Three. Alexander The Great In The Syriac Literary Tradition"</a>, A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages, Brill, pp. 41–72, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004183452.i-410.24">10.1163/ej.9789004183452.i-410.24</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21193-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21193-3"><bdi>978-90-04-21193-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-03-22</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Companion+to+Alexander+Literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.atitle=Chapter+Three.+Alexander+The+Great+In+The+Syriac+Literary+Tradition&rft.pages=41-72&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004183452.i-410.24&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21193-3&rft.aulast=Monferrer-Sala&rft.aufirst=Juan+Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004211933%2FBej.9789004183452.i-410_004.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._A._Wallis_Budge" class="citation book cs1">E. A. Wallis Budge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/BudgeSyriacAlexander">The History of Alexander the Great, being the Syriac version of the Pseudo-Callisthenes</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Alexander+the+Great%2C+being+the+Syriac+version+of+the+Pseudo-Callisthenes&rft.au=E.+A.+Wallis+Budge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBudgeSyriacAlexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesei2023" class="citation book cs1">Tesei, Tommaso (2023-10-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197646878.001.0001">The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1, 22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197646878.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197646878.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-764687-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-764687-8"><bdi>978-0-19-764687-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+Legend+of+Alexander%27s+Gate&rft.pages=1%2C+22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197646878.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-764687-8&rft.aulast=Tesei&rft.aufirst=Tommaso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197646878.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarlane2019" class="citation cs2">MacFarlane, Alex (2019-10-14), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004409460/BP000008.xml">"'This Shocking Lobster': Understanding the Fantastic Creatures of the Armenian Alexander Romance"</a>, Transmitting and Circulating the Late Antique and Byzantine Worlds, Brill, pp. 125–148, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004409460_007">10.1163/9789004409460_007</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-40946-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-40946-0"><bdi>978-90-04-40946-0</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-03-11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transmitting+and+Circulating+the+Late+Antique+and+Byzantine+Worlds&rft.atitle=%27This+Shocking+Lobster%27%3A+Understanding+the+Fantastic+Creatures+of+the+Armenian+Alexander+Romance&rft.pages=125-148&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004409460_007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-40946-0&rft.aulast=MacFarlane&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004409460%2FBP000008.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2011" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (2011). "Primary sources from the classical and early medieval periods". In Zuwiyya, Z. David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden; Boston: Brill. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18345-2"><bdi>978-90-04-18345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Primary+sources+from+the+classical+and+early+medieval+periods&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Alexander+literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.series=Brill%27s+companions+to+the+Christian+tradition&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18345-2&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolohojian1969" class="citation book cs1">Wolohojian, Albert Mugrdich (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.attalus.org/armenian/Tales_Alexander_Wolohojian_trans.pdf">The Romance of Alexander the Great by Pseudo-Callisthenes</a> (PDF). Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+of+Alexander+the+Great+by+Pseudo-Callisthenes&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Wolohojian&rft.aufirst=Albert+Mugrdich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Farmenian%2FTales_Alexander_Wolohojian_trans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-91"><a href="#cite_ref-:04_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonzelSchmidtOtt2009" class="citation book cs1">Donzel, Emeri Johannes van; Schmidt, Andrea Barbara; Ott, Claudia (2009). Gog and Magog in early syriac and islamic sources: Sallam's quest for Alexander's wall. Brill's Inner Asian Library. Leiden: Brill. pp. 37, also n. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17416-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17416-0"><bdi>978-90-04-17416-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gog+and+Magog+in+early+syriac+and+islamic+sources%3A+Sallam%27s+quest+for+Alexander%27s+wall&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill%27s+Inner+Asian+Library&rft.pages=37%2C+also+n.+62&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17416-0&rft.aulast=Donzel&rft.aufirst=Emeri+Johannes+van&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Andrea+Barbara&rft.au=Ott%2C+Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-92"><a href="#cite_ref-CE_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Müller, Detlef (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccdl.claremont.edu/digital/collection/cce/id/1670/rec/1">"Romances"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Suryal_Atiya" title="Aziz Suryal Atiya">Atiya, Aziz Suryal</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Encyclopedia" title="Coptic Encyclopedia">The Coptic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 7. New York: Macmillan Publishers. cols. 2059b–2061a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romances&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=cols.+2059b-2061a&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Detlef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccdl.claremont.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fcce%2Fid%2F1670%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selden-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Selden_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelden2011" class="citation cs2">Selden, Daniel L. (2011), "The Coptic Alexander Romance", A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages, Brill, pp. 133–156, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004183452.i-410.62">10.1163/ej.9789004183452.i-410.62</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21193-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21193-3"><bdi>978-90-04-21193-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Companion+to+Alexander+Literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.atitle=The+Coptic+Alexander+Romance&rft.pages=133-156&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004183452.i-410.62&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21193-3&rft.aulast=Selden&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Oscar von Lemm (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coptica.ch/Lemm-Alexanderroman.pdf">Der Alexanderroman bei den Kopten</a> (St. Petersburg, 1903). </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaspero2004" class="citation book cs1">Maspero, Sir Gaston (2004). Popular Stories of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Stories+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Maspero&rft.aufirst=Sir+Gaston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGogoladze2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gogoladze, Andro (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=679746">"THE MYTH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT IN MEDIEVAL GEORGIAN CHRONICLES"</a>. Études Balkaniques (2): 285–313. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0324-1645">0324-1645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%26%23201%3Btudes+Balkaniques&rft.atitle=THE+MYTH+OF+ALEXANDER+THE+GREAT+IN+MEDIEVAL+GEORGIAN+CHRONICLES&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=285-313&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0324-1645&rft.aulast=Gogoladze&rft.aufirst=Andro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D679746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuwiyya2001" class="citation book cs1">Zuwiyya, Zachary D., ed. (2001). Islamic legends concerning Alexander the Great: taken from two medieval Arabic manuscripts in Madrid. Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58684-132-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58684-132-4"><bdi>978-1-58684-132-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+legends+concerning+Alexander+the+Great%3A+taken+from+two+medieval+Arabic+manuscripts+in+Madrid&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=State+Univ.+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58684-132-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaneshgar2019" class="citation book cs1">Daneshgar, Majid (2019). "Dhu l-Qarnayn in Modern Malay Qurʾānic Commentaries and Other Literature on Qurʾānic Themes". In Daneshgar, Majid; Riddell, Peter G.; Rippin, Andrew (eds.). The Qurʼan in the Malay-Indonesian world: context and interpretation. Routledge studies in the Quran (First issued in paperback ed.). London New York: Routledge. pp. 212–228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-28109-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-28109-0"><bdi>978-0-367-28109-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dhu+l-Qarnayn+in+Modern+Malay+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81nic+Commentaries+and+Other+Literature+on+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81nic+Themes&rft.btitle=The+Qur%CA%BCan+in+the+Malay-Indonesian+world%3A+context+and+interpretation&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+studies+in+the+Quran&rft.pages=212-228&rft.edition=First+issued+in+paperback&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-367-28109-0&rft.aulast=Daneshgar&rft.aufirst=Majid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoufikar-Aerts2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25817892">"Sīrat Al-Iskandar: An Arabic Popular Romance of Alexander"</a>. Oriente Moderno. 22 (83) (2): 505–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22138617-08302016">10.1163/22138617-08302016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-5472">0030-5472</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25817892">25817892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriente+Moderno&rft.atitle=S%C4%ABrat+Al-Iskandar%3A+An+Arabic+Popular+Romance+of+Alexander&rft.volume=22+%2883%29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=505-520&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0030-5472&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25817892%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22138617-08302016&rft.aulast=Doufikar-Aerts&rft.aufirst=Faustina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25817892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieringa2011" class="citation cs2">Wieringa, E. (2011-09-30), "Juja-Makjuja as the Antichrist in a Javanese End-of-Time Narrative", Embodiments of Evil: Gog and Magog, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 123–152, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9789400600119-009">10.1515/9789400600119-009</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-006-0011-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-006-0011-9"><bdi>978-94-006-0011-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Embodiments+of+Evil%3A+Gog+and+Magog&rft.atitle=Juja-Makjuja+as+the+Antichrist+in+a+Javanese+End-of-Time+Narrative&rft.pages=123-152&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9789400600119-009&rft.isbn=978-94-006-0011-9&rft.aulast=Wieringa&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Darvishi, Dariush, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/95955711/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_The_Alexander_Romance">The Alexander Romance</a>, page 153-170, Tehran, Negah-e Moaser, 2022] </li> <li id="cite_note-:112-102"><a href="#cite_ref-:112_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawotka2018" class="citation cs2">Nawotka, Krzysztof (2018-04-26), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004359932/BP000023.xml">"Syriac and Persian Versions of the Alexander Romance"</a>, Brill's Companion to the Reception of Alexander the Great, Brill, pp. 525–542, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004359932_022">10.1163/9789004359932_022</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35993-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35993-2"><bdi>978-90-04-35993-2</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-03-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+the+Reception+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.atitle=Syriac+and+Persian+Versions+of+the+Alexander+Romance&rft.pages=525-542&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004359932_022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35993-2&rft.aulast=Nawotka&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004359932%2FBP000023.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023443–461-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasari2023443–461_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasari2023">Casari 2023</a>, p. 443–461. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Evangelos Venetis, The Persian Alexander: The First Complete English Translation of the Iskandarnama, Bloomsbury 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-105"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Blois" class="citation web cs1">De Blois, François. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eskandar-nama-of-nezami">"ESKANDAR-NĀMA OF NEẒĀMĪ"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=ESKANDAR-N%C4%80MA+OF+NE%E1%BA%92%C4%80M%C4%AA&rft.aulast=De+Blois&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feskandar-nama-of-nezami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:28-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:28_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_106-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_106-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaullier-BougassasDoufikar-Aerts2022" class="citation book cs1">Gaullier-Bougassas, Catherine; Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina (2022). "Alexander the Great in Medieval Literature". Literature: A World History, Volumes 1-4. Wiley. p. 538.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+the+Great+in+Medieval+Literature&rft.btitle=Literature%3A+A+World+History%2C+Volumes+1-4&rft.pages=538&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Gaullier-Bougassas&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Doufikar-Aerts%2C+Faustina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023525–531-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasari2023525–531_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasari2023">Casari 2023</a>, p. 525–531. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023491–504-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasari2023491–504_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasari2023">Casari 2023</a>, p. 491–504. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023491,_504–510-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasari2023491,_504–510_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasari2023">Casari 2023</a>, p. 491, 504–510. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanaway1998" class="citation web cs1">Hanaway, William L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eskandar-nama">"ESKANDAR-NĀMA"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 2024-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=ESKANDAR-N%C4%80MA&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hanaway&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feskandar-nama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023513–514-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasari2023513–514_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasari2023">Casari 2023</a>, p. 513–514. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasunia2013" class="citation book cs1">Vasunia, Phiroze (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/847943593">The classics and colonial India</a>. Classical presences. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920323-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920323-9"><bdi>978-0-19-920323-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/847943593">847943593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+classics+and+colonial+India&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=Classical+presences&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F847943593&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920323-9&rft.aulast=Vasunia&rft.aufirst=Phiroze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F847943593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023516–517-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasari2023516–517_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasari2023">Casari 2023</a>, p. 516–517. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023517–518-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasari2023517–518_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasari2023">Casari 2023</a>, p. 517–518. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023521–534-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasari2023521–534_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasari2023">Casari 2023</a>, p. 521–534. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023518–519-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasari2023518–519_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasari2023">Casari 2023</a>, p. 518–519. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKastritsis2007" class="citation book cs1">Kastritsis, Dimitris J. (2007). The sons of Bayezid: empire building and representation in the Ottoman civil war of 1402-1413. The Ottoman empire and its heritage. Leiden; Boston: Brill. pp. 33–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15836-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15836-8"><bdi>978-90-04-15836-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sons+of+Bayezid%3A+empire+building+and+representation+in+the+Ottoman+civil+war+of+1402-1413&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.series=The+Ottoman+empire+and+its+heritage&rft.pages=33-37&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15836-8&rft.aulast=Kastritsis&rft.aufirst=Dimitris+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMengüç2019" class="citation cs2">Mengüç, Murat Cem (2019-11-06), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004415294/BP000015.xml">"Bringing the Past Together: Ahmedi's Narrative of Ottoman History and Two Later Texts"</a>, Studies in Islamic Historiography, Brill, pp. 125–144, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004415294_006">10.1163/9789004415294_006</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41529-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41529-4"><bdi>978-90-04-41529-4</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-03-19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Islamic+Historiography&rft.atitle=Bringing+the+Past+Together%3A+Ahmedi%27s+Narrative+of+Ottoman+History+and+Two+Later+Texts&rft.pages=125-144&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004415294_006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41529-4&rft.aulast=Meng%C3%BC%C3%A7&rft.aufirst=Murat+Cem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004415294%2FBP000015.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-119"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel1992" class="citation book cs1">Schimmel, Annemarie (1992). A two-colored brocade: the imagery of Persian poetry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2050-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2050-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-2050-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+two-colored+brocade%3A+the+imagery+of+Persian+poetry&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-2050-6&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasari2023510-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasari2023510_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasari2023">Casari 2023</a>, p. 510. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStonemanEricksonNetton2012" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard; Erickson, Kyle; Netton, Ian Richard, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/794706981">The Alexander romance in Persia and the East</a>. Barkhuis Publishing & Groningen University Library. pp. 117–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-91431-04-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-91431-04-3"><bdi>978-94-91431-04-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794706981">794706981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alexander+romance+in+Persia+and+the+East&rft.pages=117-126&rft.pub=Barkhuis+Publishing+%26+Groningen+University+Library&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794706981&rft.isbn=978-94-91431-04-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F794706981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAerts2010" class="citation book cs1">Aerts, Faustina Clara Wilhelmina (2010). Alexander Magnus Arabicus: A Survey of the Alexander Tradition Through Seven Centuries: from Pseudo-Callisthenes to Ṣūrī. Peeters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Magnus+Arabicus%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Alexander+Tradition+Through+Seven+Centuries%3A+from+Pseudo-Callisthenes+to+%E1%B9%A2%C5%ABr%C4%AB&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Aerts&rft.aufirst=Faustina+Clara+Wilhelmina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1932" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Andrew Runni (1932), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVUbAAAAYAAJ">Alexander's Gate, Gog and Magog: And the Inclosed Nations</a>, Medieval academy of America, p. 11, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780910956079" title="Special:BookSources/9780910956079"><bdi>9780910956079</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander%27s+Gate%2C+Gog+and+Magog%3A+And+the+Inclosed+Nations&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Medieval+academy+of+America&rft.date=1932&rft.isbn=9780910956079&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Runni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVUbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasari2023" class="citation book cs1">Casari, Mario (2023). "The Alexander Legend in Persian Literature". In Mohsen, Ashtiany (ed.). Persian narrative poetry in the classical era, 800-1500: romantic and didactic genres. I.B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Alexander+Legend+in+Persian+Literature&rft.btitle=Persian+narrative+poetry+in+the+classical+era%2C+800-1500%3A+romantic+and+didactic+genres&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Casari&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowden2019" class="citation book cs1">Dowden, Ken (2019). "Pseudo-Callisthenes: The Alexander Romance". In Reardon, B.P. (ed.). Collected Ancient Greek Novels. University of California Press. pp. 757–858.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pseudo-Callisthenes%3A+The+Alexander+Romance&rft.btitle=Collected+Ancient+Greek+Novels&rft.pages=757-858&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Dowden&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cook_(historian)" title="David Cook (historian)">Cook, David B.</a> (2013). "Gog and Magog". In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27495">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gog+and+Magog&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27495&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1960–2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Montgomery_Watt" title="W. Montgomery Watt">Watt, W. Montgomery</a> (1960–2007). "al-Iskandar". In <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C.E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W.P.</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3630">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Iskandar&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.date=1960%2F2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3630&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=W.+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bürgel, J. Christoph, Nizami. Das Alexanderbuch, Munich: Manesse, 1991.</li> <li>Favager, D.J. (translator) The Romance of Alexander of Alexandre de Paris (abbreviated translation) Kindle (2021)</li> <li>Harf-Lancner, Laurence (translator and commentator, edited by Armstrong and al.). Le roman d'Alexandre, Livre de poche, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-253-06655-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-253-06655-9">2-253-06655-9</a>.</li> <li>Southgate, Minoo (translator). Iskandarnamah: a Persian medieval Alexander-romance. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-04416-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-04416-X">0-231-04416-X</a>.</li> <li>Stoneman, Richard (editor and translator). The Greek Alexander Romance. New York: Penguin, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044560-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044560-9">0-14-044560-9</a>.</li> <li>Wolohojian, A. H. The Romance of Alexander the Great by Pseudo-Callisthenes (from the Armenian). Columbia University Press, 1969.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudge1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">Budge, Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis</a>, ed. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBxjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1">The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version</a>. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Alexander+the+Great%2C+Being+the+Syriac+Version&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBxjAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Aerts, W. J., et al., Alexander the Great in the Middle Ages, Nijmegen, 1978.</li> <li>Boyle, J. A., "The Alexander Romance In The East And West", Bulletin Of The John Rylands University Library Of Manchester 60 (1977), pp. 19–20.</li> <li>Chasseur, M., Oriental Elements in Surat al Kahf. Annali di Scienze Religiose 1, Brepols Publishers 2008, ISSN 2031-5929, p. 255-289 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104090531/http://brepols.metapress.com/content/v64518701256k28t/">Brepols Journals Online</a>)</li> <li>Gero, S., "The Legend Of Alexander The Great In The Christian Orient", Bulletin Of The John Rylands University Library Of Manchester, 1993, Volume 75.</li> <li>Gosman, Martin, "Le roman de toute chevalerie et le public visé: la légende au service de la royauté". In Neophilologus 72 (1988), 335–343.</li> <li>Gosman, Martin, "Le roman d'Alexandre et les "juvenes": une approche socio-historique". In Neophilologus 66 (1982), 328–339.</li> <li>Gosman, Martin, "La légende d'Alexandre le Grand dans la littérature française du douzième siècle", Rodopi, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0213-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0213-1">90-420-0213-1</a>.</li> <li>Kotar, Peter, Der syrische Alexanderroman, Hamburg, 2013.</li> <li>Merkelbach, Reinhold, Die Quellen des griechischen Alexanderromans (Munich, 1977). Cf. his and Stanley Burstein's discussions of the epigraphical fragment SEG 33.802 in the journal Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Vol. 77 (1989), 275-280.</li> <li>Selden, Daniel, "Text Networks," Ancient Narrative 8 (2009), 1–23.</li> <li>Stoneman, Richard, Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend, Yale University Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11203-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11203-0">978-0-300-11203-0</a></li> <li>Stoneman, Richard and Kyle Erickson, eds. The Alexander Romance in Persia and the East, Barkhuis: 2012l.</li> <li>Zuwiyya, David, A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages, Brill: Leiden, 2011.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawotka2018" class="citation book cs1">Nawotka, Krzysztof (2018). "Syriac and Persian Versions of the Alexander Romance". Brill's Companion to the Reception of Alexander the Great. Brill. pp. 525–542. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35993-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35993-2"><bdi>978-90-04-35993-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+and+Persian+Versions+of+the+Alexander+Romance&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+the+Reception+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=525-542&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35993-2&rft.aulast=Nawotka&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoufikar-Aerts2010" class="citation book cs1">Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina (2010). Alexander Magnus Arabicus: A Survey of the Alexander Tradition Through Seven Centuries: from Pseudo-Callisthenes to Ṣūrī. Isd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2183-2"><bdi>978-90-429-2183-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Magnus+Arabicus%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Alexander+Tradition+Through+Seven+Centuries%3A+from+Pseudo-Callisthenes+to+%E1%B9%A2%C5%ABr%C4%AB&rft.pub=Isd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-429-2183-2&rft.aulast=Doufikar-Aerts&rft.aufirst=Faustina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Romance" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexander_romance" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alexander romance">Alexander romance</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.rochester.edu/robbins/medieval-alexander">The Medieval Alexander Bibliographies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/info/alexander.html">Text and English translation of the Greek Alexander Romance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017042658/http://ancientlibrary.com/wcd/Alexander_Romance">Wiki Classical Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Sources/BBalex.html">Is The Source Of Qur'an 18:60-65 The Alexander Romances?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulgarskistarini13bulguoft">Милетич, Любомир. Една българска Александрия от 1810 год. (= Български старини, XIII). София, 1936</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/105863/rec/1">The Wild Man: Medieval Myth and Symbolism</a>, an exhibition catalog from the Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the Alexander Romance (nos. 5-7)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_novels_and_novelists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_novels" title="Template:Ancient Greek novels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_novels" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek novels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_novels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek novels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_novels_and_novelists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_novel" title="Ancient Greek novel">Ancient Greek novels</a> and novelists</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surviving romances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopica" title="Aethiopica">Aethiopica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_of_Emesa" title="Heliodorus of Emesa">Heliodorus of Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirhoe_(novel)" title="Callirhoe (novel)">Chaereas and Callirhoe</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chariton" title="Chariton">Chariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnis_and_Chloe" title="Daphnis and Chloe">Daphnis and Chloe</a> by <a href="/wiki/Longus" title="Longus">Longus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesian_Tale" title="Ephesian Tale">Ephesian Tale</a> by <a href="/wiki/Xenophon_of_Ephesus" title="Xenophon of Ephesus">Xenophon of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippe_and_Clitophon" title="Leucippe and Clitophon">Leucippe and Clitophon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Achilles_Tatius" title="Achilles Tatius">Achilles Tatius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other prose fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Romance</a> by Pseudo-Callisthenes</li> <li>Babyloniaca by <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus_(novelist)" title="Iamblichus (novelist)">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metiochus_and_Parthenope" title="Metiochus and Parthenope">Metiochus and Parthenope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_True_Story" title="A True Story">A True Story</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li>The Wonders Beyond Thule by <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Diogenes" title="Antonius Diogenes">Antonius Diogenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyre" title="Apollonius of Tyre">Apollonius of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milesian_tale" title="Milesian tale">Milesian tale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974482#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974482#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974482#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/70148207829700341718">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007585780905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&oldid=1257207551">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&oldid=1257207551</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd-century_books" title="Category:3rd-century books">3rd-century books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alexander_Romance" title="Category:Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alexander_the_Great" title="Category:Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alexander_the_Great_in_legend" title="Category:Alexander the Great in legend">Alexander the Great in legend</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_literature" title="Category:Byzantine literature">Byzantine literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_folklore" title="Category:Greek folklore">Greek folklore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_legends" title="Category:Medieval legends">Medieval legends</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dhul-Qarnayn" title="Category:Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 20:10 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Romance&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-5d84k","wgBackendResponseTime":216,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.010","walltime":"2.203","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8834,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":235495,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5830,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":428987,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1893.193 1 -total"," 48.91% 925.997 1 Template:Reflist"," 29.39% 556.435 69 Template:Cite_book"," 8.52% 161.370 1 Template:Alexander_the_Great_series"," 8.42% 159.314 1 Template:Sidebar_person"," 8.15% 154.228 1 Template:Langx"," 7.27% 137.682 16 Template:Citation"," 7.18% 135.961 16 Template:Sfn"," 5.39% 101.951 14 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.96% 93.809 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.324","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15881440,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAerts2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshurstVitti2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsirvatham2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoiaSelousBoia2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowden2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudge1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuschinger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC.W._Doufikar-Aerts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasari2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasari2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasari2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaughey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChism2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCiancaglini2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleaves1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrone2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDabiri2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamian-Grint1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaneshgar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaneshgar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaskalovMarinov2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Blois\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDjurslev2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonzelSchmidt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonzelSchmidtOtt2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDoufikar-Aerts2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDoufikar-Aerts2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoufikar-Aerts2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDowden2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._A._Wallis_Budge\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGaullier-BougassasDoufikar-Aerts2022\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGogoladze2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanaway1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmann2004\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_Tibbon1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKastritsis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFarlane2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddoxSturm-Maddox2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMainer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaspero2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMengüç2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinaévaHolmquist_Olausson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonferrer-Sala2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorosini2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorosiniVitti2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMínguez_CornellesRodríguez_Moya2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNawotka2017\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFNawotka2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPeters1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPseudo-CallisthenesStoneman1991\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmel1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelden2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStoneman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoneman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoneman2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStoneman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoneman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStonemanEricksonNetton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesei2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesei2023\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFTownsend1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTronson1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTronson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsakiewicz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasunia2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatt1960–2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWieringa2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolohojian1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWulfram2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuwiyya2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZuwiyya2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Alexander the Great series\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Greek novels\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 69,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 16,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","19.7"],["?","240","18.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","9.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","9.1"],["concat","80","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.0"],["is_valid_parameter_value \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2209\u003E","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.0"],["[others]","260","19.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-w9mpz","timestamp":"20241125094214","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alexander Romance","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Romance","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q974482","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q974482","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-09-03T06:11:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T20:10:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1e\/Alexander_romance._Armenian_illuminated_manuscript_of_XIV_century_%28Venice%2C_San_Lazzaro%2C_424%29.jpg","headline":"ancient Greek literary work"}</script> </body> </html>