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<span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_post-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_post-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>World War II and post-war period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_post-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze_constituency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze_constituency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze constituency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze_constituency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bytom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="بيطوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيطوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Бытам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бытам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Бытам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бытам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Битом – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битом" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom_(kapital_sa_munisipyo)" title="Bytom (kapital sa munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bytom (kapital sa munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC" title="Μπίτομ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπίτομ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бытом – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бытом" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85" title="بیتوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیتوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%86%B0" title="비톰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비톰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Բիտոմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիտոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бытом – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бытом" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ביטום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithomia" title="Bithomia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bithomia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitoma" title="Bitoma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bitoma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytomas" title="Bytomas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bytomas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Битом – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битом" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85" title="بيتوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيتوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бытом – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бытом" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%88%E3%83%A0" title="ビトム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビトム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitom" title="Bitom – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bitom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%B1tom" title="Bıtom – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bıtom" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бытом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бытом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byt%C5%AFm" title="Bytům – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bytům" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Битом – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бытом – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бытом" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Битом – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bytom" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%89%98%E5%A7%86" title="比托姆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="比托姆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%94%90" title="比唐 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="比唐" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%89%98%E5%A7%86" title="比托姆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="比托姆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bytom&params=50_20_54_N_18_54_56_E_region:PL_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°20′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°54′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.34833°N 18.91556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.34833; 18.91556</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Bytom</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Silesian-language text"><i lang="szl">Bytōm / Bytōń</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bytom_collage_123.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From top, left to right: Silesian Opera; Historic tram (in background Main Post Office); Dworcowa Street; Market square; Szombierki Heat Power Station; View of Władysław Sikorski Square; Church of St. Margaret"><img alt="From top, left to right: Silesian Opera; Historic tram (in background Main Post Office); Dworcowa Street; Market square; Szombierki Heat Power Station; View of Władysław Sikorski Square; Church of St. Margaret" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bytom_collage_123.jpg/250px-Bytom_collage_123.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bytom_collage_123.jpg/375px-Bytom_collage_123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bytom_collage_123.jpg/500px-Bytom_collage_123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><b>From top, left to right</b>: <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Opera" title="Silesian Opera">Silesian Opera</a>; Historic tram (in background Main Post Office); Dworcowa Street; <a href="/wiki/Bytom_market_square" class="mw-redirect" title="Bytom market square">Market square</a>; <a href="/wiki/Szombierki_Heat_Power_Station" title="Szombierki Heat Power Station">Szombierki Heat Power Station</a>; View of Władysław Sikorski Square; Church of St. Margaret</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Bytom_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bytom"><img alt="Flag of Bytom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/POL_Bytom_flag.svg/100px-POL_Bytom_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/POL_Bytom_flag.svg/150px-POL_Bytom_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/POL_Bytom_flag.svg/200px-POL_Bytom_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Bytom_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Bytom"><img alt="Coat of arms of Bytom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Bytom_COA.svg/88px-POL_Bytom_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Bytom_COA.svg/132px-POL_Bytom_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Bytom_COA.svg/176px-POL_Bytom_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="670" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bytom" title="Coat of arms of Bytom">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bytom is located in Poland"><img alt="Bytom is located in Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="837" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.641%;left:47.809%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bytom"><img alt="Bytom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Bytom</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bytom&params=50_20_54_N_18_54_56_E_region:PL_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°20′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°54′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.34833°N 18.91556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.34833; 18.91556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">Voivodeship</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>city county</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">12th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City rights</th><td class="infobox-data">1254</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Mariusz Wołosz (<a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">KO</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">69.44 km<sup>2</sup> (26.81 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">330 m (1,080 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">249 m (817 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(31 December 2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">161,139 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">23rd</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-population_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,321/km<sup>2</sup> (6,010/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,710,397</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,294,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">41-900–41-936</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+48 32</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Polish_car_number_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish car number plates">Car plates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">SY</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary airport</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Katowice_Airport" title="Katowice Airport">Katowice Airport</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bytom.pl/">www<wbr />.bytom<wbr />.pl</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bytom</b> (<small>Polish pronunciation:</small> <span class="IPA" lang="pl-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈbɨtɔm]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0a\/Pl-Bytom.ogg\/Pl-Bytom.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Bytom.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Pl-Bytom.ogg/Pl-Bytom.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Bytom.ogg" title="File:Pl-Bytom.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a>: <i>Bytōm, Bytōń</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Beuthen O.S.</i>) is a city in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, in southern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. Located in the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian Voivodeship</a> of Poland, the city is 7 km northwest of <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, the regional capital. </p><p>It is one of the oldest cities in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, and the former seat of the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Piasts" title="Silesian Piasts">Piast dukes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bytom" title="Duchy of Bytom">Duchy of Bytom</a>. Until 1532, it was in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a>, then it belonged to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern dynasty</a>. After 1623 it was a <a href="/wiki/State_country" title="State country">state country</a> in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Henckel_von_Donnersmarck" title="Henckel von Donnersmarck">the Donnersmarck family</a>. From 1742 to 1945 the town was within the borders of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and played an important role as an economic and administrative centre of the <a href="/wiki/Katowice_urban_area" title="Katowice urban area">local industrial region</a>. Until the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it was the main centre of national, social, cultural and publishing organisations fighting to preserve Polish identity in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>. In the interbellum and during World War II, local Poles and Jews faced persecution by Germany. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">173,955</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">182,578</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">187,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1978</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">230,844</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1988</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">228,306</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−1.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">193,546</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−15.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">176,902</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">153,274</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−13.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">source<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the war, decades of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> were characterized by a constant emphasis on the development of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>, which deeply polluted and degraded Bytom. After 1989, the city experienced a socio-economic decline. The population has also been rapidly declining since 1999. However, it is an important place in the cultural, entertainment, and industrial map of the region. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bedrock of the Upland of <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miechowice" class="extiw" title="pl:Miechowice">Miechowice</a> consists primarily of sandstones and slates. The rocks are punctuated with abundant natural resources of coal and iron ore from the Carboniferous period. In the north part of the upland, in the Bytom basin lays the broad range of the triassic rocks, from sandstones to limestones, with rich ore, zinc and lead reserves. The upper layer is composed of clay, sand and gravel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One half of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bytom" title="Coat of arms of Bytom">coat of arms of Bytom</a> depicts a miner mining coal, while the other half presents a yellow eagle on the blue field – the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plackosciuszki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Plackosciuszki.jpg/220px-Plackosciuszki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Plackosciuszki.jpg/330px-Plackosciuszki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Plackosciuszki.jpg/440px-Plackosciuszki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Kosciuszko</a> Square in the 1890s</figcaption></figure> <p>Bytom is one of the oldest cities of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, originally recorded as <i>Bitom</i> in 1136, when it was part of the Medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Kingdom of Poland</a>. Archaeological discoveries have shown that there was a fortified settlement (a <i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B3d" class="mw-redirect" title="Gród">gród</a></i>) here, probably founded by the Polish King <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a> in the early 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth">fragmentation of Poland</a> in 1138, Bytom became part of the <a href="/wiki/Seniorate_Province" title="Seniorate Province">Seniorate Province</a>, as it was still considered part of historic <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>. In 1177 it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Silesia" title="Duchy of Silesia">Silesian</a> province of Poland, and remained within historic <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> since.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bytom received <a href="/wiki/City_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="City rights">city rights</a> from Prince <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_of_Salzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław of Salzburg">Władysław</a> in 1254 with its first centrally located market square. The city of Bytom benefited economically from its location on a trade route linking <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> with Silesia from east to west, and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> with <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> from north to south. The first <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Church of the Virgin Mary was built in 1231. In 1259 Bytom was raided by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>. The Duchy of Opole was split and in 1281 Bytom became a <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bytom" title="Duchy of Bytom">separate duchy</a>, since 1289 under overlordship and administration of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>. It existed until 1498, when it was re-integrated with the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Opole" title="Duchy of Opole">Duchy of Opole</a>. Due to German settlers coming to the area, the city was being <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanized</a>. </p><p>It came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> in 1526, which increased the influence of the German language. In 1683, Polish King <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a> and his wife Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Casimire_Louise_de_La_Grange_d%27Arquien" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien">Marie Casimire</a>, visited the city, greeted by the townspeople and clergy, on the king's way to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in 1742 during the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wars" title="Silesian Wars">Silesian Wars</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871. In the 19th and the first part of the 20th centuries, the city rapidly grew and industrialized. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bytom_Legionow_49_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bytom_Legionow_49_2023.jpg/190px-Bytom_Legionow_49_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bytom_Legionow_49_2023.jpg/285px-Bytom_Legionow_49_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bytom_Legionow_49_2023.jpg/380px-Bytom_Legionow_49_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4380" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption>Polish Gymnasium in Bytom (2023)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalide002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kalide002.jpg/220px-Kalide002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kalide002.jpg/330px-Kalide002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kalide002.jpg/440px-Kalide002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Lion,_Bytom" title="Sleeping Lion, Bytom">The Sleeping Lion</a> at Bytom's Market Square</figcaption></figure> <p>Bytom was one of the main centers of Polish resistance against Germanization in Upper Silesia in the 19th century, up until the mid-20th century. Polish social, political and cultural organizations were formed and operated here. From 1848, the newspaper <i><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziennik_G%C3%B3rno%C5%9Bl%C4%85ski" class="extiw" title="pl:Dziennik Górnośląski">Dziennik Górnośląski</a></i> was published here. Poles smuggled large amounts of gunpowder through the city to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Partition" title="Russian Partition">Russian Partition</a> of Poland during the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Prussian census of 1905, the city of Beuthen had a population of 60,273, of which 59% spoke <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, 38% spoke <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> and 3% were bilingual.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Sokół movement">"Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society</a> was established, and, during the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian uprisings">Silesian uprisings</a>, in 1919–1920, Polish football clubs <a href="/wiki/Szombierki_Bytom" title="Szombierki Bytom">Poniatowski Szombierki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polonia_Bytom" title="Polonia Bytom">Polonia Bytom</a> were founded, which later on, in post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> Poland both won the national championship. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesia plebiscite">Upper Silesian plebiscite</a> of 1921, 74.7% of the votes in Beuthen city were for <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a>, and 25.3% were for <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, due to which it remained in Germany, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Province of Upper Silesia">Province of Upper Silesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the interwar period, Bytom was one of two cities (alongside <a href="/wiki/Kwidzyn" title="Kwidzyn">Kwidzyn</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Germany</a>, in which a Polish gymnasium was allowed to operate. In 1923 a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Poles_in_Germany" title="Union of Poles in Germany">Union of Poles in Germany</a> was established in Bytom. There was also a Polish <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">preschool</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two <a href="/wiki/Scout_troop" title="Scout troop">scout troops</a> and a Polish bank.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a secret <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i> report from 1934, Bytom was named one of the main centers of the Polish movement in western Upper Silesia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish activists were persecuted since 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bytom_Synagogue" title="Bytom Synagogue">Bytom Synagogue</a> was burned down by Nazi German <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> troopers during the <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> on 9–10 November 1938. Before 1939, the town, along with Gleiwitz (now <a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a>), was at the southeastern tip of German Silesia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_post-war_period">World War II and post-war period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II and post-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fasadaivlo.img.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fasadaivlo.img.jpg/220px-Fasadaivlo.img.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fasadaivlo.img.jpg/330px-Fasadaivlo.img.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fasadaivlo.img.jpg/440px-Fasadaivlo.img.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Building of IV Secondary School in Bytom</figcaption></figure> <p>During the German <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>, which started <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local Poles. On September 1, 1939, the day of the outbreak of the war, Adam Bożek, the chairman of the Upper Silesian district of the Union of Poles in Germany, was arrested in Bytom and then deported to the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans carried out revisions in the Polish gymnasium and the local Polish community centre, 20 Polish activists were arrested on September 4, 1939, then released and arrested again a few days later to be deported to the <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also three Polish teachers, who had not yet fled, were arrested, while the assets of the Polish bank were confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppe I</a></i> entered the city on September 6, 1939, to commit <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">atrocities against Poles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Poles were conscripted to the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> and died on various war fronts, including 92 former students of the Polish gymnasium.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Beuthen_Jewish_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Beuthen Jewish community">Beuthen Jewish community</a> was liquidated via the first ever <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust transport</a> to be exterminated at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city with a <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a> subcamp in the present-day Karb district.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also multiple forced labour camps within the present-day city limits, including six subcamps of the <a href="/wiki/Stalag_VIII-B" title="Stalag VIII-B">Stalag VIII-B/344</a> <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner of war camp">prisoner of war camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, the city was transferred to Poland as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Its German population was largely <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">expelled</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> and the remaining indigenous Polish inhabitants were joined mostly by <a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Poles repatriated</a> from the eastern <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">provinces annexed by the Soviets</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Silver_Mine_in_Tarnowskie_G%C3%B3ry" title="Historic Silver Mine in Tarnowskie Góry">Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine and its Underground Water Management System</a>, located mostly in the neighboring city of <a href="/wiki/Tarnowskie_G%C3%B3ry" title="Tarnowskie Góry">Tarnowskie Góry</a>, but also partly in Bytom, was included on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Districts">Districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bytom_Subdivisions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bytom_Subdivisions.svg/300px-Bytom_Subdivisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bytom_Subdivisions.svg/450px-Bytom_Subdivisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bytom_Subdivisions.svg/600px-Bytom_Subdivisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Bytom.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Bytom is divided into 12 districts (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Language">Polish</a>: <i>Dzielnice</i>), year of inclusion within the city limits in brackets: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Bytom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śródmieście, Bytom (page does not exist)">Śródmieście</a> (lit. <i>city centre</i>/<i>downtown</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rozbark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rozbark (page does not exist)">Rozbark</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozbark" class="extiw" title="pl:Rozbark">pl</a>]</span> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobrek,_Bytom" title="Bobrek, Bytom">Bobrek</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karb,_Bytom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karb, Bytom (page does not exist)">Karb</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karb_(Bytom)" class="extiw" title="pl:Karb (Bytom)">pl</a>]</span> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81agiewniki,_Bytom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Łagiewniki, Bytom (page does not exist)">Łagiewniki</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81agiewniki_(Bytom)" class="extiw" title="pl:Łagiewniki (Bytom)">pl</a>]</span> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miechowice,_Bytom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miechowice, Bytom (page does not exist)">Miechowice</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miechowice" class="extiw" title="pl:Miechowice">pl</a>]</span> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szombierki" title="Szombierki">Szombierki</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B3rniki,_Bytom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Górniki, Bytom (page does not exist)">Górniki</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3rniki_(Bytom)" class="extiw" title="pl:Górniki (Bytom)">pl</a>]</span> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osiedle_gen._Jerzego_Zi%C4%99tka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osiedle gen. Jerzego Ziętka (page does not exist)">Osiedle gen. Jerzego Ziętka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiedle_gen._Jerzego_Zi%C4%99tka" class="extiw" title="pl:Osiedle gen. Jerzego Ziętka">pl</a>]</span> (1975), also known as Sójcze Wzgórze</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stolarzowice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stolarzowice (page does not exist)">Stolarzowice</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolarzowice" class="extiw" title="pl:Stolarzowice">pl</a>]</span> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stroszek-D%C4%85browa_Miejska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stroszek-Dąbrowa Miejska (page does not exist)">Stroszek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroszek-D%C4%85browa_Miejska" class="extiw" title="pl:Stroszek-Dąbrowa Miejska">pl</a>]</span> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucha_G%C3%B3ra,_Bytom" title="Sucha Góra, Bytom">Sucha Góra</a> (1975)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Radzionk%C3%B3w" title="Radzionków">Radzionków</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rojca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rojca (page does not exist)">Rojca</a> (currently a district of Radzionków) were located within the city limits of Bytom from 1975 until 1997. Somehow there is (probably) autonomic district named "Vitor" in South Stroszek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bytom" title="Special:EditPage/Bytom">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agorabytom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Agorabytom.jpg/220px-Agorabytom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Agorabytom.jpg/330px-Agorabytom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Agorabytom.jpg/440px-Agorabytom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Agora Bytom shopping centre</figcaption></figure> <p>Trade is one of the main pillars of the economy of Bytom. Being a city with long traditions of commercial trade, Bytom is fulfilling its new <a href="/wiki/Postindustrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Postindustrial">postindustrial</a> role. In the centre of Bytom, and mainly around Station Street and the Market Square, is the largest concentration of registered merchants in the county. </p><p>In 2007, Bytom and its neighbours created the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union, the largest urban centre in Poland. The Union was superseded by <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_GZM" title="Metropolis GZM">Metropolis GZM</a> in 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pesa_Twist_Bytom_Plac_Sikorskiego.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pesa_Twist_Bytom_Plac_Sikorskiego.jpg/220px-Pesa_Twist_Bytom_Plac_Sikorskiego.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pesa_Twist_Bytom_Plac_Sikorskiego.jpg/330px-Pesa_Twist_Bytom_Plac_Sikorskiego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pesa_Twist_Bytom_Plac_Sikorskiego.jpg/440px-Pesa_Twist_Bytom_Plac_Sikorskiego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pesa_Twist" title="Pesa Twist">Pesa Twist</a> tram in Bytom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Webera_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Webera_4.jpg/220px-Webera_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Webera_4.jpg/330px-Webera_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Webera_4.jpg/440px-Webera_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tenement house on Weber's Street</figcaption></figure> <p>The tram routes are operated by <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Interurbans" title="Silesian Interurbans">Silesian Interurbans</a> <a href="/wiki/Tramwaje_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Tramwaje Śląskie">Tramwaje Śląskie S.A</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bytom is home to <a href="/wiki/Polonia_Bytom" title="Polonia Bytom">Polonia Bytom</a> which has both a football and an ice hockey team (<a href="/wiki/TMH_Polonia_Bytom" title="TMH Polonia Bytom">TMH Polonia Bytom</a>). Its football team played in the <a href="/wiki/Ekstraklasa" title="Ekstraklasa">Ekstraklasa</a> from 2007 to 2011, winning it twice in <a href="/wiki/1954_Ekstraklasa" title="1954 Ekstraklasa">1954</a> and in <a href="/wiki/1962_Ekstraklasa" title="1962 Ekstraklasa">1962</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Szombierki" title="Szombierki">Szombierki</a> district is home to another former Polish champion <a href="/wiki/Szombierki_Bytom" title="Szombierki Bytom">Szombierki Bytom</a> which won the title in <a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Ekstraklasa" title="1979–80 Ekstraklasa">1980</a>, and is one of the oldest clubs in the region. Other areas of the city host football clubs such as Górniki which is home to lower league club Rodło Górniki, founded in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bytom_Opera_Slaska_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bytom_Opera_Slaska_facade.jpg/220px-Bytom_Opera_Slaska_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bytom_Opera_Slaska_facade.jpg/330px-Bytom_Opera_Slaska_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bytom_Opera_Slaska_facade.jpg/440px-Bytom_Opera_Slaska_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3510" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Opera" title="Silesian Opera">Silesian Opera</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bytom_Upper_Silesian_Museum_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bytom_Upper_Silesian_Museum_2021.jpg/220px-Bytom_Upper_Silesian_Museum_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bytom_Upper_Silesian_Museum_2021.jpg/330px-Bytom_Upper_Silesian_Museum_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bytom_Upper_Silesian_Museum_2021.jpg/440px-Bytom_Upper_Silesian_Museum_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4755" data-file-height="3258" /></a><figcaption>The Upper Silesian Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Bytom's cultural venues include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Opera" title="Silesian Opera">Silesian Opera</a> – ul. Moniuszki 21/23</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miejska_Biblioteka_Publiczna_w_Bytomiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miejska Biblioteka Publiczna w Bytomiu (page does not exist)">Miejska Biblioteka Publiczna w Bytomiu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miejska_Biblioteka_Publiczna_w_Bytomiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Miejska Biblioteka Publiczna w Bytomiu">pl</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Town's Public Library)</li> <li>Dance Theatre Rozbark in Bytom</li> <li>Bytomskie Centrum Kultury<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Bytom Cultural Centre)</li> <li>Kronika – Center of modern art</li> <li>City Choir of St. Grzegorz Wielki</li> <li>Muzeum Górnośląskie (Upper Silesian Museum)</li></ul> <p>Among Bytom's art galleries are: Galeria Sztuki Użytkowej Stalowe Anioły, Galeria "Rotunda" MBP, Galeria "Suplement", Galeria "Pod Czaplą", Galeria "Platforma", Galeria "Pod Szrtychem", Galeria Sztuki "Od Nowa 2", Galeria SPAP "Plastyka" – Galeria "Kolor", Galeria "Stowarzyszenia.Rewolucja.Art.Pl", and Galeria-herbaciarnia "Fanaberia". </p><p>Festivals </p> <ul><li>Annual International Contemporary Dance Conference and Performance Festival</li> <li>Theatromania – Theatre Festival</li> <li>Bytom Literary Autumn</li> <li>Festival of New Music</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bytom_-_Ul._Powsta%C5%84c%C3%B3w_Warszawskich_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bytom_-_Ul._Powsta%C5%84c%C3%B3w_Warszawskich_01.jpg/220px-Bytom_-_Ul._Powsta%C5%84c%C3%B3w_Warszawskich_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bytom_-_Ul._Powsta%C5%84c%C3%B3w_Warszawskich_01.jpg/330px-Bytom_-_Ul._Powsta%C5%84c%C3%B3w_Warszawskich_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bytom_-_Ul._Powsta%C5%84c%C3%B3w_Warszawskich_01.jpg/440px-Bytom_-_Ul._Powsta%C5%84c%C3%B3w_Warszawskich_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="1663" /></a><figcaption>Kraszewski Street in Bytom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bytom_-_Ul._J%C3%B3zefa_Jainty_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bytom_-_Ul._J%C3%B3zefa_Jainty_01.jpg/220px-Bytom_-_Ul._J%C3%B3zefa_Jainty_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bytom_-_Ul._J%C3%B3zefa_Jainty_01.jpg/330px-Bytom_-_Ul._J%C3%B3zefa_Jainty_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bytom_-_Ul._J%C3%B3zefa_Jainty_01.jpg/440px-Bytom_-_Ul._J%C3%B3zefa_Jainty_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>Townhouses on Jainty Street</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The list of Bytom universities includes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_University_of_Technology" title="Silesian University of Technology">Silesian University of Technology</a> – Faculty of Transport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_Silesia" title="Medical University of Silesia">Medical University of Silesia</a></li> <li>Polish Japanese Institute of Information Technology</li> <li>Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomii i Administracji</li></ul></li> <li>Secondary schools: <ul><li>I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Jana Smolenia</li> <li>II Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Stefana Żeromskiego</li> <li>IV Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Bolesława Chrobrego</li> <li>21 other secondary schools</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze_constituency"><span id="Bytom.2FGliwice.2FZabrze_constituency"></span>Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze constituency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze constituency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of 2001–2005 Parliament (<a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>) elected from Bytom/Gliwice/Zabrze constituency </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Jan Chojnacki, SLD-UP</li> <li>Stanisław Dulias, Samoobrona</li> <li>Andrzej Gałażewski, <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">PO</a></li> <li>Ewa Janik, SLD-UP</li> <li>Józef Kubica, SLD-UP</li> <li>Wacław Martyniuk, SLD-UP</li> <li>Wiesław Okoński, SLD-UP</li> <li>Wojciech Szarama, <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">PiS</a></li> <li>Krystyna Szumilas, PO</li> <li>Marek Widuch, SLD-UP</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Gerwazy_Gorczycki" title="Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki">Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1665–1734</span>), Polish composer and musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schulz-Beuthen" title="Heinrich Schulz-Beuthen">Heinrich Schulz-Beuthen</a> (1838–1915), German composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Karfunkelstein" title="Siegfried Karfunkelstein">Siegfried Karfunkelstein</a> (1848–1870), Prussian soldier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gaupp" title="Ernst Gaupp">Ernst Gaupp</a> (1865–1916), German anatomist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Halberst%C3%A4dter" title="Ludwig Halberstädter">Ludwig Halberstädter</a> (1876–1949), radiologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Kober" title="Adolf Kober">Adolf Kober</a> (1879–1958), <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> and historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kaller" title="Maximilian Kaller">Maximilian Kaller</a> (1880–1947), bishop of Warmia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kober" title="Hermann Kober">Hermann Kober</a> (1888-1973), Jewish-German mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Steinitz" title="Kate Steinitz">Kate Steinitz</a> (1889–1975), German-American artist and art historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartwig_von_Ludwiger" title="Hartwig von Ludwiger">Hartwig von Ludwiger</a> (1895–1947), German general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Tau" title="Max Tau">Max Tau</a> (1897–1976), Jewish-German-Norwegian writer, editor and publisher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Leir" title="Henry J. Leir">Henry J. Leir</a> (1900–1998), American industrialist, financier, and philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Domin" title="Friedrich Domin">Friedrich Domin</a> (1902–1961), German film actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_B%C3%BCchs" title="Herbert Büchs">Herbert Büchs</a> (1913–1996), German General</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Kachel" title="Józef Kachel">Józef Kachel</a> (1913–1983), head of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">pre-war</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Scouting_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Scouting Association">Polish Scouting Association</a> in Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Pancherz" title="Hans-Joachim Pancherz">Hans-Joachim Pancherz</a> (1914–2008), German aviator and test pilot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Horst Winter">Horst Winter</a> (1914–2001), German-Austrian jazz musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Scheffczyk" title="Leo Scheffczyk">Leo Scheffczyk</a> (1920–2005), German theologian and cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_Melchior" title="Bent Melchior">Bent Melchior</a>(1929-2021) Chief Rabbi of Denmark and humanitarian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Yavin" title="Haim Yavin">Haim Yavin</a> (born 1932), Israeli news anchor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Reichmann" title="Wolfgang Reichmann">Wolfgang Reichmann</a> (1932–1991), German actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Opitz" title="Reinhard Opitz">Reinhard Opitz</a> (1934–1986), German political scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo-Ferdinand_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck" title="Leo-Ferdinand Henckel von Donnersmarck">Leo-Ferdinand Henckel von Donnersmarck</a> (1935–2009), German businessman and Catholic lay worker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Szmidt" title="Józef Szmidt">Józef Szmidt</a> (born 1935), Polish triple jumper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Liberda" title="Jan Liberda">Jan Liberda</a> (1936–2020), Polish footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Jaschke" title="Hans-Jochen Jaschke">Hans-Jochen Jaschke</a> (1941-2023), German Roman Catholic bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Bana%C5%9B" title="Jan Banaś">Jan Banaś</a> (born 1943), Polish footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Winkler" title="Walter Winkler">Walter Winkler</a> (1943–2014), Polish footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Anczok" title="Zygmunt Anczok">Zygmunt Anczok</a> (born 1946), Polish footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Konikowski" title="Jerzy Konikowski">Jerzy Konikowski</a> (born 1947), chess player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Engelking" title="Leszek Engelking">Leszek Engelking</a> (born 1955), Polish poet, writer, translator and scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Legie%C5%84" title="Waldemar Legień">Waldemar Legień</a> (born 1963), Polish judoka, Olympic champion from Seoul and Barcelona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Probierz" title="Michał Probierz">Michał Probierz</a> (born 1972), Polish football manager and former football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcin_Sucha%C5%84ski" title="Marcin Suchański">Marcin Suchański</a> (born 1977), Polish footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marzena_Godecki" title="Marzena Godecki">Marzena Godecki</a> (born 1978), Australian actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorota_Kobiela" title="Dorota Kobiela">Dorota Kobiela</a> (born 1978), Polish filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freier" title="Paul Freier">Paul Freier</a> (born 1979), German footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Suker" title="Marek Suker">Marek Suker</a> (born 1982), Polish footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosia_Andrzejewicz" title="Gosia Andrzejewicz">Gosia Andrzejewicz</a> (born 1984), Polish pop singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyna_Majok" title="Martyna Majok">Martyna Majok</a> (born 1985), Polish-American playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weronika_Murek" title="Weronika Murek">Weronika Murek</a> (born 1989), Polish writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariusz_Wodzicki" title="Mariusz Wodzicki">Mariusz Wodzicki</a>, Polish mathematician</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Poland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland">List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland</a></div> <p>Bytom is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Butte,_Montana" title="Butte, Montana">Butte</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Drohobych" title="Drohobych">Drohobych</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ormo%C5%BE" title="Ormož">Ormož</a>, Slovenia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vset%C3%ADn" title="Vsetín">Vsetín</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr" title="Zhytomyr">Zhytomyr</a>, Ukraine</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P011875,_Oberschlesien,_Kraftwerk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bobrek power station in the 1930s"><img alt="Bobrek power station in the 1930s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P011875%2C_Oberschlesien%2C_Kraftwerk.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P011875%2C_Oberschlesien%2C_Kraftwerk.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P011875%2C_Oberschlesien%2C_Kraftwerk.jpg/270px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P011875%2C_Oberschlesien%2C_Kraftwerk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P011875%2C_Oberschlesien%2C_Kraftwerk.jpg/360px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P011875%2C_Oberschlesien%2C_Kraftwerk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Szombierki_Heat_Power_Station" title="Szombierki Heat Power Station">Bobrek power station</a> in the 1930s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rynek_w_Bytomiu_i_widok_na_kamienice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market square"><img alt="Market square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rynek_w_Bytomiu_i_widok_na_kamienice.jpg/180px-Rynek_w_Bytomiu_i_widok_na_kamienice.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rynek_w_Bytomiu_i_widok_na_kamienice.jpg/270px-Rynek_w_Bytomiu_i_widok_na_kamienice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rynek_w_Bytomiu_i_widok_na_kamienice.jpg/360px-Rynek_w_Bytomiu_i_widok_na_kamienice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market square</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bytom_-_City_hall_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bytom city hall"><img alt="Bytom city hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bytom_-_City_hall_01.jpg/180px-Bytom_-_City_hall_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bytom_-_City_hall_01.jpg/270px-Bytom_-_City_hall_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bytom_-_City_hall_01.jpg/360px-Bytom_-_City_hall_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3667" data-file-height="1546" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bytom city hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosciol_sw_jacka_rozbark_tyl.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Hyacinth's Church – an example of Neo-Romantic architecture in Bytom"><img alt="St. Hyacinth's Church – an example of Neo-Romantic architecture in Bytom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kosciol_sw_jacka_rozbark_tyl.jpg/180px-Kosciol_sw_jacka_rozbark_tyl.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kosciol_sw_jacka_rozbark_tyl.jpg/270px-Kosciol_sw_jacka_rozbark_tyl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kosciol_sw_jacka_rozbark_tyl.jpg/360px-Kosciol_sw_jacka_rozbark_tyl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_of_Poland" title="Hyacinth of Poland">St. Hyacinth</a>'s Church – an example of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Romantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Romantic">Neo-Romantic</a> architecture in Bytom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bytom_-_Plac_Akademicki_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Plac Akademicki – public square"><img alt="Plac Akademicki – public square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bytom_-_Plac_Akademicki_01.JPG/180px-Bytom_-_Plac_Akademicki_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bytom_-_Plac_Akademicki_01.JPG/270px-Bytom_-_Plac_Akademicki_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bytom_-_Plac_Akademicki_01.JPG/360px-Bytom_-_Plac_Akademicki_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Plac Akademicki</i> – public square</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bytom_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Trinity Church"><img alt="Holy Trinity Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bytom_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_04.jpg/120px-Bytom_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bytom_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_04.jpg/180px-Bytom_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bytom_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_04.jpg/240px-Bytom_-_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_pw._%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Tr%C3%B3jcy_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holy Trinity Church</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/teryt/jednostka">"Local Data Bank"</a>. Statistics Poland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Data+Bank&rft.pub=Statistics+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbdl.stat.gov.pl%2Fbdl%2Fdane%2Fteryt%2Fjednostka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span> Data for territorial unit 2462011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Bytom">"Bytom (śląskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bytom+%28%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie%29+%C2%BB+mapy%2C+nieruchomo%C5%9Bci%2C+GUS%2C+noclegi%2C+szko%C5%82y%2C+regon%2C+atrakcje%2C+kody+pocztowe%2C+wypadki+drogowe%2C+bezrobocie%2C+wynagrodzenie%2C+zarobki%2C+tabele%2C+edukacja%2C+demografia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskawliczbach.pl%2FBytom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf">"Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+and+occupational+structure+and+housing+conditions+of+the+urban+population+in+1978-1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatlibr.stat.gov.pl%2Fexlibris%2Faleph%2Fa22_1%2Fapache_media%2FRQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/">"Statistics Poland - National Censuses"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Poland+-+National+Censuses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbdl.stat.gov.pl%2Fbdl%2Fdane%2Fpodgrup%2Ftemat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Kramer, <i>Chronik der Stadt Beuthen in Ober-Schlesien</i>, Bytom, 1863, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Majorczyk, <i>Historia górnictwa kruszcowego w rejonie Bytomia</i>, Bytom, 1985, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaweł_Freus" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paweł Freus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilanow-palac.pl/jan_iii_sobieski_na_slasku_w_drodze_na_odsiecz_wiedniowi_roku_1683.html">"Jan III Sobieski na Śląsku w drodze na odsiecz Wiedniowi roku 1683"</a>. <i>Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muzeum+Pa%C5%82acu+Kr%C3%B3la+Jana+III+w+Wilanowie&rft.atitle=Jan+III+Sobieski+na+%C5%9Al%C4%85sku+w+drodze+na+odsiecz+Wiedniowi+roku+1683&rft.au=Pawe%C5%82+Freus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilanow-palac.pl%2Fjan_iii_sobieski_na_slasku_w_drodze_na_odsiecz_wiedniowi_roku_1683.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPater1963" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pater, Mieczysław (1963). "Wrocławskie echa powstania styczniowego". <i>Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka</i> (in Polish) (4): 418.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+Kwartalnik+Historyczny+Sob%C3%B3tka&rft.atitle=Wroc%C5%82awskie+echa+powstania+styczniowego&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=418&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Pater&rft.aufirst=Mieczys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelzyt1998" class="citation book cs1">Belzyt, Leszek (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/search?isbn"><i>Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 - 1914 ; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar</i></a>. Marburg: Herder-Inst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87969-267-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87969-267-5"><bdi>978-3-87969-267-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sprachliche+Minderheiten+im+preussischen+Staat%3A+1815+-+1914+%3B+die+preu%C3%9Fische+Sprachenstatistik+in+Bearbeitung+und+Kommentar&rft.place=Marburg&rft.pub=Herder-Inst.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-87969-267-5&rft.aulast=Belzyt&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopacplus.bsb-muenchen.de%2Fsearch%3Fisbn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcor.de/">"Aktuelle News, Schlagzeilen und Berichte aus aller Welt - Arcor.de"</a>. <i>www.arcor.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arcor.de&rft.atitle=Aktuelle+News%2C+Schlagzeilen+und+Berichte+aus+aller+Welt+-+Arcor.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcor.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaumWęcki2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rosenbaum, Sebastian; Węcki, Mirosław (2010). <i>Nadzorować, interweniować, karać. Nazistowski obóz władzy wobec Kościoła katolickiego w Zabrzu (1934–1944). Wybór dokumentów</i> (in Polish). Katowice: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">IPN</a>. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-8098-299-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-8098-299-4"><bdi>978-83-8098-299-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nadzorowa%C4%87%2C+interweniowa%C4%87%2C+kara%C4%87.+Nazistowski+ob%C3%B3z+w%C5%82adzy+wobec+Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82a+katolickiego+w+Zabrzu+%281934%E2%80%931944%29.+Wyb%C3%B3r+dokument%C3%B3w&rft.place=Katowice&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=IPN&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-8098-299-4&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=W%C4%99cki%2C+Miros%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCygański1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939 - 1945". <i>Przegląd Zachodni</i> (in Polish) (4): 31, 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Przegl%C4%85d+Zachodni&rft.atitle=Hitlerowskie+prze%C5%9Bladowania+przyw%C3%B3dc%C3%B3w+i+aktywu+Zwi%C4%85zk%C3%B3w+Polak%C3%B3w+w+Niemczech+w+latach+1939+-+1945&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=31%2C+33&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Cyga%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Miros%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenbaum, Węcki, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cygański, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardzyńska2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). <i>Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion</i> (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By%C5%82+rok+1939.+Operacja+niemieckiej+policji+bezpiecze%C5%84stwa+w+Polsce.+Intelligenzaktion&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=IPN&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wardzy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cygański, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cygański, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardzyńska2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). <i>Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion</i> (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By%C5%82+rok+1939.+Operacja+niemieckiej+policji+bezpiecze%C5%84stwa+w+Polsce.+Intelligenzaktion&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=IPN&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wardzy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cygański, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ellisisland.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/translations.html">Jews deported from Beuthen (Bytom), list prepared in 1942</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715230956/http://ellisisland.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/translations.html">Archived</a> 15 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ellisisland.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/bytom/Bytom1.html">Elsa Drezner, Yizkor Book Project Manager Avraham Groll, Names of Jews deported from Beuthen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726202938/http://ellisisland.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/bytom/Bytom1.html">Archived</a> 26 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ellisisland.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/bytom/bytom.html">Translations: deportation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726203021/http://ellisisland.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/bytom/bytom.html">Archived</a> 26 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=432">"Zuchthaus Beuthen"</a>. <i>Bundesarchiv.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Zuchthaus+Beuthen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html">"Working Parties"</a>. <i>Stalag VIIIB 344 Lamsdorf</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html">the original</a> on October 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stalag+VIIIB+344+Lamsdorf&rft.atitle=Working+Parties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamsdorf.com%2Fworking-parties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1539/multiple=1&unique_number=2165">"Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine and its Underground Water Management System"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Tarnowskie+G%C3%B3ry+Lead-Silver-Zinc+Mine+and+its+Underground+Water+Management+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1539%2Fmultiple%3D1%26unique_number%3D2165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rodlogorniki.klubowo24.pl/Strona/Szczegoly/582/historia">"Historia"</a>. <i>rodlogorniki.klubowo24.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rodlogorniki.klubowo24.pl&rft.atitle=Historia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frodlogorniki.klubowo24.pl%2FStrona%2FSzczegoly%2F582%2Fhistoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblioteka.bytom.pl/">"Home"</a>. <i>biblioteka.bytom.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblioteka.bytom.pl&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblioteka.bytom.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDESIGN" class="citation web cs1">DESIGN, ARF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.becek.pl/">"Bytomskie Centrum Kultury"</a>. <i>www.becek.pl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.becek.pl&rft.atitle=Bytomskie+Centrum+Kultury&rft.aulast=DESIGN&rft.aufirst=ARF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.becek.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204172621/https://www.bytom.pl/miasta-partnerskie">"Miasta partnerskie"</a>. <i>bytom.pl</i> (in Polish). Bytom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bytom.pl/miasta-partnerskie">the original</a> on December 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bytom.pl&rft.atitle=Miasta+partnerskie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bytom.pl%2Fmiasta-partnerskie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABytom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bytom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bytom#Q102350" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Bytom">Bytom</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bytom" class="extiw" title="commons:Bytom"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Bytom</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bytom.pl/en/welcome">Municipality of Bytom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170112081707/http://www.bytom.pl/en/welcome">Archived</a> January 12, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Counties_of_Silesian_Voivodeship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Template:Silesian Voivodeship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Template talk:Silesian Voivodeship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silesian Voivodeship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Counties_of_Silesian_Voivodeship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">Counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian Voivodeship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bytom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza" title="Dąbrowa Górnicza">Dąbrowa Górnicza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój">Jastrzębie-Zdrój</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaworzno" title="Jaworzno">Jaworzno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice" title="Mysłowice">Mysłowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piekary_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Piekary Śląskie">Piekary Śląskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska" title="Ruda Śląska">Ruda Śląska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rybnik" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemianowice_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Siemianowice Śląskie">Siemianowice Śląskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec" title="Sosnowiec">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99toch%C5%82owice" title="Świętochłowice">Świętochłowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychy" title="Tychy">Tychy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabrze" title="Zabrze">Zabrze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBory" title="Żory">Żory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Silesian Voivodeship"><img alt="Coat of arms of Silesian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg/50px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg/75px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg/100px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="816" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_County" title="Będzin County">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielsko_County" title="Bielsko County">Bielsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieru%C5%84-L%C4%99dziny_County" title="Bieruń-Lędziny County">Bieruń-Lędziny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_County" title="Cieszyn County">Cieszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_County" title="Częstochowa County">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliwice_County" title="Gliwice County">Gliwice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%82obuck_County" title="Kłobuck County">Kłobuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubliniec_County" title="Lubliniec County">Lubliniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82%C3%B3w_County" title="Mikołów County">Mikołów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myszk%C3%B3w_County" title="Myszków County">Myszków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pszczyna_County" title="Pszczyna County">Pszczyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz_County" title="Racibórz County">Racibórz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rybnik_County" title="Rybnik County">Rybnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnowskie_G%C3%B3ry_County" title="Tarnowskie Góry County">Tarnowskie Góry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw_County" title="Wodzisław County">Wodzisław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiercie_County" title="Zawiercie County">Zawiercie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywiec_County" title="Żywiec County">Żywiec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Poland" title="Template:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland#Cities" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">Cities of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">750,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">250,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec" title="Sosnowiec">Sosnowiec</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabrze" title="Zabrze">Zabrze</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bytom</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra" title="Zielona Góra">Zielona Góra</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rybnik" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruda_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska" title="Ruda Śląska">Ruda Śląska</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tychy" title="Tychy">Tychy</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a></b></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza" title="Dąbrowa Górnicza">Dąbrowa Górnicza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wa%C5%82brzych" title="Wałbrzych">Wałbrzych</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Włocławek">Włocławek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koszalin" title="Koszalin">Koszalin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">50,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Legnica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaworzno" title="Jaworzno">Jaworzno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój">Jastrzębie-Zdrój</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz" title="Nowy Sącz">Nowy Sącz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra" title="Jelenia Góra">Jelenia Góra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siedlce" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice" title="Mysłowice">Mysłowice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Piła</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konin" title="Konin">Konin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski" title="Piotrków Trybunalski">Piotrków Trybunalski</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Ostrów Wielkopolski">Ostrów Wielkopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubin" title="Lubin">Lubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inowroc%C5%82aw" title="Inowrocław">Inowrocław</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrowiec_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyski" title="Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski">Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siemianowice_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Siemianowice Śląskie">Siemianowice Śląskie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Głogów">Głogów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabianice" title="Pabianice">Pabianice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBory" title="Żory">Żory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w" title="Pruszków">Pruszków</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszno" title="Leszno">Leszno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Łomża">Łomża</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C5%82k" title="Ełk">Ełk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki" title="Tomaszów Mazowiecki">Tomaszów Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mielec" title="Mielec">Mielec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tczew" title="Tczew">Tczew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99dzierzyn-Ko%C5%BAle" title="Kędzierzyn-Koźle">Kędzierzyn-Koźle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalowa_Wola" title="Stalowa Wola">Stalowa Wola</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska" title="Biała Podlaska">Biała Podlaska</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w" title="Bełchatów">Bełchatów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awidnica" title="Świdnica">Świdnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin" title="Będzin">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zgierz" title="Zgierz">Zgierz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piekary_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Piekary Śląskie">Piekary Śląskie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz" title="Racibórz">Racibórz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionowo" title="Legionowo">Legionowo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Ostrołęka">Ostrołęka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">35,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99toch%C5%82owice" title="Świętochłowice">Świętochłowice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wejherowo" title="Wejherowo">Wejherowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiercie" title="Zawiercie">Zawiercie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skierniewice" title="Skierniewice">Skierniewice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starachowice" title="Starachowice">Starachowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski" title="Wodzisław Śląski">Wodzisław Śląski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogard_Gda%C5%84ski" title="Starogard Gdański">Starogard Gdański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82awy" title="Puławy">Puławy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarnobrzeg" title="Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krosno" title="Krosno">Krosno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomsko" title="Radomsko">Radomsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otwock" title="Otwock">Otwock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skar%C5%BCysko-Kamienna" title="Skarżysko-Kamienna">Skarżysko-Kamienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciechan%C3%B3w" title="Ciechanów">Ciechanów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutno" title="Kutno">Kutno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradz" title="Sieradz">Sieradz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zdu%C5%84ska_Wola" title="Zduńska Wola">Zduńska Wola</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BByrard%C3%B3w" title="Żyrardów">Żyrardów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82awiec" title="Bolesławiec">Bolesławiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowa_S%C3%B3l" title="Nowa Sól">Nowa Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knur%C3%B3w" title="Knurów">Knurów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sopot" title="Sopot">Sopot</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor#Poland" title="Mayor">city mayor</a> (<i>prezydent miasta</i>) instead of a town mayor (<i>burmistrz</i>) · <a href="/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights" title="City with powiat rights">Cities with powiat rights</a> are in <i>italics</i> · Voivodeship cities are in <b>bold</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102350#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102350#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102350#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/162801252">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJghjPXhFbqrvYPXK3ChHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4088232-9">Germany</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1028039-X">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50058496">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bytom (Polsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128872&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557374605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/ceeef01c-d698-4cd7-891b-13cef9ca745b">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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