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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Млынар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Млынар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miliner" title="Miliner – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Miliner" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moliner" title="Moliner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moliner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlyn%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Mlynář – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mlynář" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8ller" title="Møller – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Møller" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCller_(Beruf)" title="Müller (Beruf) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Müller (Beruf)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinero_(oficio)" title="Molinero (oficio) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Molinero (oficio)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muelisto" title="Muelisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muelisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulin#Métiers_autour_du_moulin" title="Moulin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moulin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugnaio" title="Mugnaio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mugnaio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9F" title="טוחן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוחן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%82%C3%ABn%C3%B4rz" title="Młënôrz – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Młënôrz" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moln%C3%A1r_(foglalkoz%C3%A1s)" title="Molnár (foglalkozás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Molnár (foglalkozás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller" title="Miller – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Miller" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molenaar" title="Molenaar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Molenaar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulder" title="Mulder – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mulder" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%BD%E7%B2%89" title="製粉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="製粉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8llar" title="Møllar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Møllar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinero" title="Molinero – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Molinero" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleiro" title="Moleiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moleiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Млинарь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Млинарь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мельник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мельник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myll%C3%A4ri" title="Mylläri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mylläri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnare" title="Mjölnare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mjölnare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4n%C3%AE" title="Mônî – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mônî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardwan" title="Ardwan 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person who produces flour or other products by operating a mill</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Miller" title="Special:EditPage/Miller">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Miller%22">"Miller"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Miller%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Miller%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Miller%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Miller%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Miller%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Miller_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Miller (disambiguation)">Miller (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Miller</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Den_Hoed%22,_molenaar_bij_maalbak_-_Kruiningen_-_20128156_-_RCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%22Den_Hoed%22%2C_molenaar_bij_maalbak_-_Kruiningen_-_20128156_-_RCE.jpg/225px-%22Den_Hoed%22%2C_molenaar_bij_maalbak_-_Kruiningen_-_20128156_-_RCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%22Den_Hoed%22%2C_molenaar_bij_maalbak_-_Kruiningen_-_20128156_-_RCE.jpg/338px-%22Den_Hoed%22%2C_molenaar_bij_maalbak_-_Kruiningen_-_20128156_-_RCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%22Den_Hoed%22%2C_molenaar_bij_maalbak_-_Kruiningen_-_20128156_-_RCE.jpg/450px-%22Den_Hoed%22%2C_molenaar_bij_maalbak_-_Kruiningen_-_20128156_-_RCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3110" data-file-height="3093" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Miller at work in the <a href="/wiki/De_Hoed,_Waarde" class="mw-redirect" title="De Hoed, Waarde">De Hoed, Waarde</a> windmill, in the Netherlands</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data">vocation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Agriculture</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">Buying & Selling,<br />Math, Machine repair,</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>miller</b> is a person who operates a <a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">mill</a>, a machine to grind a grain (for example corn or wheat) to make <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a> is among the oldest of human occupations. "Miller", "Milne" and other variants are common surnames,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are their equivalents in other languages around the world ("<a href="/wiki/Melnyk_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melnyk (surname)">Melnyk</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Meunier" title="Meunier">Meunier</a>" in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, "<a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller_(surname)" title="Müller (surname)">Müller</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Mueller_(surname)" title="Mueller (surname)">Mueller</a>" in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Mulder" title="Mulder">Mulder</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Molenaar" title="Molenaar">Molenaar</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Moln%C3%A1r" title="Molnár">Molnár</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Molinero" title="Molinero">Molinero</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Molinaro" title="Molinaro">Molinaro</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Molinari" title="Molinari">Molinari</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Mlinar" title="Mlinar">Mlinar</a>" in <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a> etc.). Milling existed in <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> communities, and later millers were important to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">development of agriculture</a>. </p><p>The materials ground by millers are often <a href="/wiki/Foodstuff" class="mw-redirect" title="Foodstuff">foodstuffs</a> and particularly <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grain</a>. The physical grinding of the food allows for the easier digestion of its <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> and saves wear on the teeth. Non-food substances needed in a fine, powdered form, such as <a href="/wiki/Building_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Building materials">building materials</a>, may be processed by a miller. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quern-stone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedandrind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bedandrind.jpg/220px-Bedandrind.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bedandrind.jpg/330px-Bedandrind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bedandrind.jpg/440px-Bedandrind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A bedstone and rind. <a href="/wiki/Dalgarven_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalgarven Mill">Dalgarven Mill</a>, Scotland.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most basic tool for a miller was the <a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">quern-stone</a>—simply a large, fixed stone as a base and another movable stone operated by hand, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar and pestle</a>. As technology and <a href="/wiki/Millstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Millstones">millstones</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Bedstone" title="Bedstone">bedstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millrind" title="Millrind">rynd</a>) improved, more elaborate machines such as <a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">watermills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmills</a> were developed to do the grinding work. These mills harnessed available energy sources including animal, water, wind, and electrical power. Mills are some of the oldest factories in human history, so factories making other items are sometimes known as mills, for example, <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mills</a>. These factory workers are also called millers. </p><p>The rynd in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">pre-reformation Scotland</a> was often carved on millers' gravestones as a symbol of their trade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a traditional <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> society, a miller is often wealthier than ordinary peasants, which can lead to jealousy. Millers are often accused of associating with thieves, and were targeted in <a href="/wiki/Bread_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread riots">bread riots</a> at times of <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>. Conversely, millers might be in a stronger position vis-a-vis <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> land owners than are ordinary peasants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carnival">Carnival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Carnival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monselice_z21.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Monselice_z21.JPG/220px-Monselice_z21.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Monselice_z21.JPG/330px-Monselice_z21.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Monselice_z21.JPG/440px-Monselice_z21.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A man dressed as a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> miller at a festival in <a href="/wiki/Monselice" title="Monselice">Monselice</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional carnival held annually in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ivrea#Culture" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, commemorates a spirited "Mugnaia" (miller's daughter) who supposedly refused to let a local duke exercise his <a href="/wiki/Right_of_the_first_night" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of the first night">right of the first night</a>, and proceeded to chop the duke's head off and spark a revolution. Whatever the historical validity of the story, it is significant it was the daughter of a miller to whom folk tradition assigned this rebellious role. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miller's_thumb"><span id="Miller.27s_thumb"></span>Miller's thumb</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Miller's thumb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an important part of his job, the miller repeatedly takes into his hand samples of the ground meal coming out of the spout in order to feel the quality and character of the product. The miller rubs the grain between his thumb and forefinger. After years of doing this, the miller's thumb changes shape and becomes broad and flattened. This is known as a "miller's thumb". </p><p>Sayings such as "worth a millerˈs thumb" and "an honest miller hath a golden thumb" refers to the profit the miller makes as a result of this skill. </p><p>The shape of a miller's thumb is said to have the appearance of the head of a fish. The <a href="/wiki/European_bullhead" title="European bullhead">European bullhead</a> (<i>Cottus gobio</i>), a freshwater fish, is commonly called a miller's thumb for this reason.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surname">Surname</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Miller_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller (name)">Miller</a> (also known as Millar) is a common surname derived from the old English surname <i>Milleiir</i>. The name, and its many other variants, can be found widely across Europe in countries like the UK, Ireland, and many other countries across the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">Gristmill</a>, a name for grain mills</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_medieval_watermills" title="List of early medieval watermills">Medieval watermills</a>, a list of early medieval watermills</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinx" title="Orinx">Belgian Millers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k8hrAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA165">Surname Book and Racial History: A Compilation and Arrangement of ...</a></i>, p. 165, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrhHAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22Miller%27s+thumb%22+etymology&pg=PA297"><i>The Athenaeum</i>, Issues 375-426 (London, 1835) p. 297</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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