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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vine_domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vine_domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vine domestication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vine_domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Wine fermentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends_of_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends_of_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Legends of discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends_of_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ancient Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ancient Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Thrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Thrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ancient Thrace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Thrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medieval period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Medieval Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spread_and_development_in_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_and_development_in_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Spread and development in the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_and_development_in_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Developments in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia,_New_Zealand_and_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia,_New_Zealand_and_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Australia, New Zealand and South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia,_New_Zealand_and_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_del_vi" title="Història del vi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història del vi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinens_historie" title="Vinens historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vinens historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_des_Weinbaus" title="Geschichte des Weinbaus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte des Weinbaus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_vino" title="Historia del vino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia del vino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinhistorio" title="Vinhistorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vinhistorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardoaren_historia" title="Ardoaren historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ardoaren historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_vigne_et_du_vin" title="Histoire de la vigne et du vin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la vigne et du vin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_do_vi%C3%B1o" title="Historia do viño – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia do viño" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="포도주의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포도주의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="शराब का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शराब का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_wine" title="Sejarah wine – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah wine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_del_vino" title="Storia del vino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia del vino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="ワインの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワインの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_wina" title="Historia wina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia wina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_vinho" title="História do vinho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História do vinho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История виноделия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История виноделия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_ver%C3%ABs" title="Historia e verës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e verës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viinin_historia" title="Viinin historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viinin historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Earap_tarihi" title="Şarap tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şarap tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Історія виноробства – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія виноробства" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_r%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_vang" title="Lịch sử rượu vang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử rượu vang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="葡萄酒歷史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="葡萄酒歷史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1647494#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about wine produced from <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>. For other types, see <a href="/wiki/Non-grape_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-grape wine">Non-grape wine</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing#Brewing_and_winemaking" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermentation in food processing § Brewing and winemaking</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysos_Akme_Paphos_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dionysos_Akme_Paphos_mosaic.jpg/220px-Dionysos_Akme_Paphos_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dionysos_Akme_Paphos_mosaic.jpg/330px-Dionysos_Akme_Paphos_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dionysos_Akme_Paphos_mosaic.jpg/440px-Dionysos_Akme_Paphos_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="1491" /></a><figcaption>Hellenistic mosaics discovered close to the city of <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a>, god of wine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg/220px-Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg/330px-Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg/440px-Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Wine boy at a Greek <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest evidence of ancient wine production has been found in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6000</span> BC (the earliest known traces of grape wine),<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent8k_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent8k-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npr.org1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cultures_of_The_World_Georgia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultures_of_The_World_Georgia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5000</span> BC,<sup id="cite_ref-indie_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4500</span> BC,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4100</span> BC (large-scale production),<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deirdre_Holding_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deirdre_Holding-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hugh_Johnson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugh_Johnson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4000</span> BC.<sup id="cite_ref-SicilyGuardian_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SicilyGuardian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">fermented alcoholic beverage</a> of rice, honey and fruit, sometimes compared to wine, is claimed in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7000</span> BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Li_et_al_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_et_al-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cañete_et_al_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cañete_et_al-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hames_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hames-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Drunkenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunkenness">altered consciousness</a> produced by wine has been <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">considered religious</a> since its origin. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> worshiped <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Romans</a> carried on his cult.<sup id="cite_ref-greekwinemakers.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greekwinemakers.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumption of <a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">ritual wine</a>, probably a certain type of sweet wine originally, was part of Jewish <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Wine" title="Feast of Wine">practice</a> since <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Biblical times</a> and, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Communion_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion wine">eucharist</a> commemorating <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, became <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">even more essential to the Christian Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DODD,_EMLYN_K._2020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DODD,_EMLYN_K._2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Islam nominally forbade the production or consumption of wine, during its <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy (Islam)">alchemists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Hayyān">Geber</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_distilled_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of distilled beverages">pioneered wine's distillation</a> for <a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">medicinal</a> and industrial purposes such as the production of perfume.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine production">Wine production</a> and consumption increased, burgeoning from the 15th century onwards as part of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">European expansion</a>. Despite the devastating 1887 <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> louse infestation, modern science and technology adapted and industrial wine production and widespread consumption now occur throughout the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vine_domestication">Vine domestication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vine domestication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of wine predate <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">written records</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_archaeology" title="Modern archaeology">modern archaeology</a> is still uncertain about the details of the first cultivation of wild <a href="/wiki/Grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapevine">grapevines</a>. It has been hypothesized that early humans climbed trees to pick berries, liked their sugary flavor, and then began collecting them. After a few days with fermentation setting in, juice at the bottom of any container would begin producing low-alcohol wine. According to this theory, things changed around 10,000–8000 BC with the transition from a nomadic to a sedentary style of living, which led to agriculture and wine domestication.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_terracotta_Kvevri_used_to_ferment_and_age_wine_decorated_with_depictions_of_bunches_of_grapes,_First_half_of_the_6th_millennium_BC,_from_Khramis_Didid_Gora,_National_Museum_of_Georgia,_Tbilisi,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_terracotta_Kvevri_used_to_ferment_and_age_wine_decorated_with_depictions_of_bunches_of_grapes%2C_First_half_of_the_6th_millennium_BC%2C_from_Khramis_Didid_Gora%2C_National_Museum_of_Georgia%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_terracotta_Kvevri_used_to_ferment_and_age_wine_decorated_with_depictions_of_bunches_of_grapes%2C_First_half_of_the_6th_millennium_BC%2C_from_Khramis_Didid_Gora%2C_National_Museum_of_Georgia%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/375px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_terracotta_Kvevri_used_to_ferment_and_age_wine_decorated_with_depictions_of_bunches_of_grapes%2C_First_half_of_the_6th_millennium_BC%2C_from_Khramis_Didid_Gora%2C_National_Museum_of_Georgia%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a>, a jar dated to the 6th millennium BC found at the Shulaveri site (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_National_Museum" title="Georgian National Museum">Georgian National Museum</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The fermenting of strains of <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera_subsp._sylvestris" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris">Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris</a></i> (the ancestor of the modern wine grape, <i><a href="/wiki/V._vinifera" class="mw-redirect" title="V. vinifera">V. vinifera</a></i>) would have become easier following the development of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> during the later <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 11,000</span> BC. The earliest discovered evidence, however, dates from several millennia later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine_fermentation">Wine fermentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wine fermentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest archaeological evidence of wine fermentation found has been at sites in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6000</span> BC),<sup id="cite_ref-independent8k_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent8k-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npr.org1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cultures_of_The_World_Georgia_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultures_of_The_World_Georgia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hajji_Firuz_Tepe" title="Hajji Firuz Tepe">Hajj Firuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_province" title="West Azerbaijan province">West Azerbaijan province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5000</span> BC),<sup id="cite_ref-indie_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archaeology96_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeology96-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4500</span> BC), and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4000</span> BC).<sup id="cite_ref-SicilyGuardian_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SicilyGuardian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of steady production of wine has been found in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4100</span> BC)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the earliest evidence of a grape and rice mixed based fermented drink was found in ancient <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7000</span> BC),.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_et_al_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_et_al-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cañete_et_al_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cañete_et_al-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hames_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hames-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGovern_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovern-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iranian jars contained a form of <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">retsina</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Pistacia_terebinthus" title="Pistacia terebinthus">turpentine</a> <a href="/wiki/Pine_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine resin">pine resin</a> to more effectively seal and preserve the wine and is the earliest firm evidence of wine production to date.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production spread to other sites in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greek Macedonia</a> by <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4500</span> BC. The Greek site is notable for the recovery at the site of the remnants of crushed grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-dsc.discovery.com_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsc.discovery.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg/250px-Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg/375px-Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg/500px-Areni-1_cave_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the Areni-1 cave in southern Armenia near the town of <a href="/wiki/Areni" title="Areni">Areni</a> where a winery dated to c. 4100 BC was found in 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest-known <a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">winery</a> was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">"Areni-1" cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vayots_Dzor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vayots Dzor">Vayots Dzor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. Dated to <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4100</span> BC, the site contained a wine press, fermentation vats, jars, and cups.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8,000-year-old_wine_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8,000-year-old_wine-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archaeology_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wine-making_facility_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine-making_facility-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists also found <i>V. vinifera</i> seeds and vines. Commenting on the importance of the find, McGovern said, "The fact that winemaking was already so well developed in 4000 BC suggests that the technology probably goes back much earlier."<sup id="cite_ref-Wine-making_facility_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine-making_facility-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seeds were from <i>Vitis vinifera</i>, a grape still used to make wine.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cave remains date to about 4000 BC. This is 900 years before the earliest comparable wine remains, found in Egyptian tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fame of <a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Persian wine</a> has been well known in ancient times. The carvings on the Audience Hall, known as <a href="/wiki/Apadana_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Apadana Palace">Apadana Palace</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, demonstrate soldiers of subjected nations by the Persian Empire bringing gifts to the Persian king. </p><p>Domesticated grapes were abundant in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> from the beginning of the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, starting in 3200 BC. There is also increasingly abundant evidence for winemaking in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in the 3rd millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends_of_discovery">Legends of discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legends of discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many <a href="/wiki/Etiological_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiological myth">etiological myths</a> told about the first cultivation of the grapevine and fermentation of wine. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> first mentions the production of wine by Noah following the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Great Flood</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> placed the childhood of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> and his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nysa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Nysa">Mount Nysa</a> but had him teach the practice to the peoples of central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. Because of this, he was rewarded to become a god of wine. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> legend, <a href="/wiki/Persian_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian king">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a> banished a lady of his <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a>, causing her to become despondent and contemplate suicide. Going to the king's warehouse, the woman sought out a jar marked "poison" containing the remnants of the grapes that had spoiled and were now deemed undrinkable. After drinking the fermented wine, she found her spirits lifted. She took her discovery to the king, who became so enamored of his new drink that he not only accepted the woman back but also decreed that all grapes grown in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> would be devoted to winemaking.<sup id="cite_ref-Pellechia_pg_XI-XII_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pellechia_pg_XI-XII-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_China">Ancient China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unbalanced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unbalanced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">unbalanced</a> toward certain viewpoints</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_wine" title="Talk:History of wine">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_alcohol_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcohol in China">History of alcohol in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_wine_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of wine in China">History of wine in China</a></div> <p>Archaeologists have discovered production from native "mountain grapes" like <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_thunbergii" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitis thunbergii">V. thunbergii</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitis_filifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitis filifolia (page does not exist)">V. filifolia</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-temple_1986_101_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple_1986_101-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the 1st millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production of <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_China" title="Beer in China">beer</a> had largely disappeared by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, in favor of stronger drinks fermented from <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, and other grains. Although these <a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">huangjiu</a> have frequently been translated as "wine", they are typically 20% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol content">ABV</a> and considered quite distinct from grape wine (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a></span></span>) within China. </p><p>During the 2nd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a>'s exploration of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>) reached the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">successor states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Empire">empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>. These had brought viticulture into <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and trade permitted the first wine produced from <i>V. vinifera</i> grapes to be introduced to China.<sup id="cite_ref-temple_1986_101_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temple_1986_101-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gernet_134_135_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gernet_134_135-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wine was imported again when trade with the west was restored under the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, but it remained mostly imperial fare and it was not until the <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song</a> that its consumption spread among the <a href="/wiki/Gentry_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentry (China)">gentry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gernet_134_135_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gernet_134_135-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>'s 14th-century account noted the continuing preference for <a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wines</a> continuing in <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gernet_134_135_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gernet_134_135-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg/220px-%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg/330px-%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg/440px-%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1500_v._Chr._001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>Grape cultivation, winemaking<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and commerce in ancient Egypt <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span> BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Wine played an important role in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> ceremonial life. A thriving royal winemaking industry was established in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> following the introduction of grape cultivation from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> to Egypt <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000</span> BC. The industry was most likely the result of trade between Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, commencing from at least the 27th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Dynasty">Third Dynasty</a>, the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> period. Winemaking scenes on tomb walls, and the offering lists that accompanied them, included wine that was definitely produced in the delta vineyards. By the end of the Old Kingdom, five distinct wines, probably all produced in the Delta, constituted a canonical set of provisions for the afterlife. </p><p>Wine in ancient Egypt was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red</a>. Due to its resemblance to blood, much superstition surrounded wine-drinking in Egyptian culture. <i><a href="/wiki/Shedeh" title="Shedeh">Shedeh</a></i>, the most precious drink in ancient Egypt, is now known to have been a red wine and not fermented from <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a> as previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></i> relates that, prior to <a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Psammetichus I">Psammetichus I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a> did not drink wine nor <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">offer it to the gods</a> "thinking it to be the blood of those who had once battled against the gods and from whom, when they had fallen and had become commingled with the earth, they believed vines to have sprung". This was considered to be the reason why drunkenness "drives men out of their senses and crazes them, inasmuch as they are then filled with the blood of their forebears".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Residue from five clay <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphoras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>'s tomb, however, have been shown to be that of <a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">white wine</a>, so it was at least available to the Egyptians through trade if not produced domestically.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Levant">Ancient Levant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians and wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanese wine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israeli wine</a></div> <p>In ancient times, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> region has played a vital role in the domain of winemaking. Archaeological findings, including charred grape seeds and occasionally intact berries or raisins, have been unearthed in numerous prehistoric and historic sites across <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Southwest Asia</a>. Having deep historical roots dating back to at least the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, winemaking in the Levant retained its importance as a significant regional industry until the decline of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> rule in the 7th century CE. This prolonged history of winemaking significantly enriched the cultural and economic tapestry of ancient societies in the region, giving rise to numerous legends and beliefs intertwined with its consumption in the Mediterranean and Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> stood among the early civilizations to acknowledge the significance of cultivating and trading wine.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Positioned along the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">eastern Mediterranean</a> coast, the Phoenicians leveraged their location for far-reaching trade networks across the ancient world. The <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> prophet <a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a> (780–725 BC) is said to have urged his followers to return to <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> so that "they will blossom as the vine, [and] their fragrance will be like the wine of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Lebanon</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Phoenician use of <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphoras</a> for transporting wine was widely adopted and Phoenician-distributed grape varieties were important in the development of the wine industries of Rome and Greece. The Phoenicians also established <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician colonies">colonies</a> along the Mediterranean coasts, from modern-day Tunisia to Spain, where they introduced viticulture practices and grape cultivation. One such colony was <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, a city that later developed into a maritime empire. The only Carthaginian recipe to survive the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> was one by <a href="/wiki/Mago_(agricultural_writer)" title="Mago (agricultural writer)">Mago</a> for <a href="/wiki/Passum" title="Passum">passum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Raisin_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisin wine">raisin wine</a> that later became popular in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> as well. </p><p>Wine held a significant and favored role within <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">ancient Israelite cuisine</a>, serving not only as a dietary staple but also as a crucial element of Israelite cultural and religious practices. In <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">ancient Israel</a>, wine found its place in both everyday use and ceremonial rituals such as sacrificial libations.<sup id="cite_ref-MD222_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD222-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These traditions became an integral part of Jewish customs and celebrations, upholding the enduring importance of wine within <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> to this very day. The abundancy of archeological remnants of facilities dedicated to the production of wine (at ancient <a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a>, for example), coupled with detailed depictions of vineyard establishment and grape varieties within the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MD222_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD222-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EJFWine2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJFWine2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> underscore the prominence of wine as the primary alcoholic choice for the ancient Israelites. Within the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>, a multitude of terms emerged relating to vines and the various stages of winemaking.<sup id="cite_ref-Atiqot_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atiqot-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winemaking also included the incorporation of spices, honey, herbs, and other ingredients. Following the fermentation process, the wine was meticulously stored in amphorae, often lined with protective resin coatings to ensure preservation. Jewish winemaking evolved during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, with dried grapes producing sweeter, higher alcohol content wine that required dilution with water for consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-EJFWine2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJFWine2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Levant was under Byzantine control</a>, the region established itself as a renowned center for winemaking. <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, two ancient port cities in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, rose to prominence as important trade centers, facilitating extensive wine exports throughout the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. The writings of 4th-century CE priest <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> vividly depicted the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>'s landscape adorned with sprawling vineyards. The wines of this region, as described by the 6th-century CE poet <a href="/wiki/Corippus" title="Corippus">Corippus</a>, stood out for their attributes of being white, light, and sweet.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, wine was traded by <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaic</a> merchants, as the climate was not well-suited to the growing of vines. Many other types of fermented drinks, however, were produced in the 5th and 6th centuries, including date and <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">honey wines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece and wine</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysos_vineyard_MNE_Villa_Giulia_106463.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dionysos_vineyard_MNE_Villa_Giulia_106463.jpg/180px-Dionysos_vineyard_MNE_Villa_Giulia_106463.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dionysos_vineyard_MNE_Villa_Giulia_106463.jpg/270px-Dionysos_vineyard_MNE_Villa_Giulia_106463.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dionysos_vineyard_MNE_Villa_Giulia_106463.jpg/360px-Dionysos_vineyard_MNE_Villa_Giulia_106463.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1891" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption>Dionysus in a vineyard, depicted on an <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a> from the late 6th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of modern wine culture derives from the practices of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a>. The vine preceded both the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-greekwinemakers.com_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greekwinemakers.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dsc.discovery.com_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsc.discovery.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the grapes grown in modern Greece are grown there exclusively and are similar or identical to the <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varieties</a> grown in ancient times. Indeed, the most popular modern Greek wine, a strongly aromatic white called <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">retsina</a>, is thought to be a carryover from the ancient practice of lining the <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">wine jugs</a> with tree resin, imparting a distinct flavor to the drink. </p><p>The "Feast of the Wine" (<i>Me-tu-wo Ne-wo</i>) was a festival in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a> celebrating the "Month of the New Wine".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several ancient sources, such as the Roman <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, describe the ancient Greek method of using partly dehydrated <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> before fermentation and some type of <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a> after, in order to reduce the acidity of the wine. The Greek <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> provides the oldest known description of this aspect of Greek winemaking.<sup id="cite_ref-Theophrastus_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theophrastus-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-farlang_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farlang-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Homeric mythology, wine is usually served in "<a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">mixing bowls</a>" rather than consumed in an undiluted state. <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, the Greek god of revelry and wine—frequently referred to in the works of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a>—was sometimes given the epithet <i>Acratophorus</i>, "giver of unmixed wine".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> frequently refers to the "wine-dark sea" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οἶνωψ πόντος</span></span>, <i>oīnōps póntos</i>): while having several words for the color <i>blue</i> despite modern claims, the Greeks would simply refer to red wine's color as the sea appeared darker than their perspective of a 'blue' shade. </p><p>The earliest reference to a named wine is from the 7th-century BC lyrical poet <a href="/wiki/Alcman" title="Alcman">Alcman</a>, who praises <i>Dénthis</i>, a wine from the western foothills of Mount <a href="/wiki/Taygetus" title="Taygetus">Taygetus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>, as <i>anthosmías</i> ("flowery-scented"). <a href="/wiki/Chian_wine" title="Chian wine">Chian</a> was credited as the first <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a>, although it was known to the Greeks as "black wine".<sup id="cite_ref-EmpireBook_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EmpireBook-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucian_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucian-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coan_wine" title="Coan wine">Coan</a> was mixed with sea water and famously salty;<sup id="cite_ref-Empire_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Empire-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pramnian or <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian wine">Lesbian wine</a> was a famous export as well. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> mentions <a href="/wiki/Lemnos_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemnos Island">Lemnian</a> wine, which was probably the same as the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lemni%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemnió">Lemnió</a> varietal, a red wine with a bouquet of <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>. If so, this makes Lemnió the oldest known varietal still in cultivation. </p><p>For Greece, alcohol such as wine had not fully developed into the rich 'cash crop' that it would eventually become toward the peak of its reign. However, as the emphasis of viticulture increased with economic demand so did the consumption of alcohol during the years to come. The Greeks embraced the production aspect as a way to expand and create economic growth throughout the region. Greek wine was widely known and exported throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphoras</a> with Greek styling and art have been found throughout the area. The Greeks may have even been involved in the first appearance of wine in ancient Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They introduced the <i>V. vinifera</i> vine to<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobson_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made wine in their numerous colonies in modern-day Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-Fagan_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fagan-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sandler_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandler-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> southern France,<sup id="cite_ref-Kibler_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kibler-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobson_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Persia">Ancient Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ancient Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, writing about the culture of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> (in particular, those of <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>) writes that they were "very fond" of wine and drank it in large quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Thrace">Ancient Thrace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient Thrace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></div> <p>The works of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and other historians of Ancient Greece refer to the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">ancient Thracians</a>' love for winemaking and consumption,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as early as 6000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Thracians are considered the first to worship the god of wine called <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> in Greek or <a href="/wiki/Zagreus" title="Zagreus">Zagreus</a> in Thracian. Later this cult reached Ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some consider <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>) as the motherland of wine culture.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome and wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commerce_du_vin_sur_la_Durance_(%C3%A9poque_gallo-romaine).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Commerce_du_vin_sur_la_Durance_%28%C3%A9poque_gallo-romaine%29.png/220px-Commerce_du_vin_sur_la_Durance_%28%C3%A9poque_gallo-romaine%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Commerce_du_vin_sur_la_Durance_%28%C3%A9poque_gallo-romaine%29.png/330px-Commerce_du_vin_sur_la_Durance_%28%C3%A9poque_gallo-romaine%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Commerce_du_vin_sur_la_Durance_%28%C3%A9poque_gallo-romaine%29.png/440px-Commerce_du_vin_sur_la_Durance_%28%C3%A9poque_gallo-romaine%29.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Shipping wine in Roman Gaul: <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphoras</a> (top) were the traditional Mediterranean vessels, but the Gauls introduced the use of barrels.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> had an immense impact on the development of <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">oenology</a>. Wine was an integral part of the Roman diet and winemaking became a precise business. Virtually all of the major <a href="/wiki/Wine-producing_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine-producing regions">wine-producing regions</a> of Western Europe today were established during the Roman Imperial era. During the Roman Empire, social norms began to shift as the production of alcohol increased. Further evidence suggests that widespread drunkenness and true alcoholism among the Romans began in the first century BC and reached its height in the first century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viniculture expanded so much that by AD <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 92</span> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> was forced to pass the first <a href="/wiki/Wine_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine laws">wine laws</a> on record, banning the planting of any new vineyards in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a> and uprooting half of the vineyards in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman provinces">provinces</a> in order to increase the production of the necessary but less profitable grain. (The measure was widely ignored but remained on the books until its 280 repeal by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aurelius Probus">Probus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jro_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jro-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyrs_vine_press_BM_D550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Satyrs_vine_press_BM_D550.jpg/150px-Satyrs_vine_press_BM_D550.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Satyrs_vine_press_BM_D550.jpg/225px-Satyrs_vine_press_BM_D550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Satyrs_vine_press_BM_D550.jpg/300px-Satyrs_vine_press_BM_D550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Satyr working at a wine press of wicker-work mats (1st century AD <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Winemaking technology improved considerably during the time of the Roman Empire, though technologies from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> continued to be used alongside newer innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DODD,_EMLYN_K._2020_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DODD,_EMLYN_K._2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> noted how wine storage rooms were specially built facing north, "since that quarter is never subject to change but is always constant and unshifting",<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and special <a href="/wiki/Smokehouse" title="Smokehouse">smokehouses</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Fumarium" title="Fumarium">fumaria</a></i>) were developed to speed or mimic <a href="/wiki/Aging_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging (wine)">aging</a>. Many grape varieties and cultivation techniques were developed. Barrels (invented by the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>) and glass bottles (invented by the <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a>) began to compete with <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphoras</a> for storing and shipping wine. The Romans also created a precursor to today's appellation systems, as certain regions gained reputations for their fine wines. The most famous was the white <a href="/wiki/Falernian_wine" title="Falernian wine">Falernian</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campanian</a> border, principally because of its high (~15%) alcohol content. The Romans recognized three appellations: <a href="/wiki/Caucinian_Falernian" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucinian Falernian">Caucinian Falernian</a> from the highest slopes, <a href="/wiki/Faustian_Falernian" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustian Falernian">Faustian Falernian</a> from the center (named for its one-time owner <a href="/wiki/Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla_(quaestor_54_BC)" title="Faustus Cornelius Sulla (quaestor 54 BC)">Faustus Cornelius Sulla</a>, son of the <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">dictator</a>), and generic Falernian from the lower slopes and plain. The esteemed vintages grew in value as they aged, and each region produced different varieties as well: dry, sweet, and light. Other famous wines were the sweet <a href="/wiki/Alban_wine" title="Alban wine">Alban</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Alban_Hills" title="Alban Hills">Alban Hills</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caecuban_wine" title="Caecuban wine">Caecuban</a> beloved by <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> and extirpated by <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>. Pliny cautioned that such 'first-growth' wines not be smoked in a <i>fumarium</i> like lesser vintages.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> and others also named <a href="/wiki/Vinum_Hadrianum" title="Vinum Hadrianum">Vinum Hadrianum</a> as one of the most rated wines, along with Praetutian from Ancona on the Adriatic, Mamertine from Messina in Sicily, Rhaetic from Verona, and a few others.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wine, perhaps mixed with herbs and minerals, was assumed to serve medicinal purposes. During Roman times, the upper classes might dissolve <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a> in wine for better health. <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> created her own legend by promising <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a> she would "drink the value of a province" in one cup of wine, after which she drank an expensive pearl with a cup of the beverage.<sup id="cite_ref-farlang_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farlang-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> relates that, after the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setinum_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Setinum wine">Setinum</a> became the imperial wine because it did not cause him indigestion.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire fell</a> during the 5th century, Europe entered a period of invasions and social turmoil, with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> as the only stable social structure. Through the Church, grape growing and winemaking technology, essential for the Mass, were preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of the later Empire, wine production gradually shifted to the east as Roman infrastructure and influence in the western regions gradually diminished. Production in Asia Minor, the Aegean and the Near East flourished through Late Antiquity and the Byzantine era.<sup id="cite_ref-DODD,_EMLYN_K._2020_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DODD,_EMLYN_K._2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Carmona_Wine_Urn" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmona Wine Urn">oldest surviving urn of wine in liquid state</a> was found in 2019 in a Roman mausoleum in Carmona, southern Spain, and is about 2000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second oldest surviving bottle still containing liquid wine is the <a href="/wiki/Speyer_wine_bottle" title="Speyer wine bottle">Speyer wine bottle</a>, that belonged to a Roman nobleman and it is dated at 325 or 350 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-dw_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-local2011_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local2011-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Middle_East">Medieval Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Medieval Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wine_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine in the Middle East">Wine in the Middle East</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians and wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanese wine</a></div> <p>The advent of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">subsequent Muslim conquests</a> in the 7th and 8th centuries brought many territories under Muslim control. Alcoholic drinks were prohibited by law, but the production of alcohol, wine in particular, seems to have thrived.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wine was a subject for many poets, even under Islamic rule, and many <a href="/wiki/Khilafah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafah">khalifas</a> used to drink alcoholic beverages during their social and private meetings. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Jews in Egypt</a> leased vineyards from the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> governments, produced wine for sacramental and medicinal use, and traded wine throughout the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>. </p><p>Christian monasteries in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and Iraq often cultivated grapevines; they then distributed their vintages in taverns located on monastery grounds. <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a> in Persia and Central Asia also engaged in the production of wine. Though not much is known about their wine trade, they did become known for their taverns. Wine in general found an industrial use in the medieval Middle East as <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">feedstock</a> after advances in <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a> allowed for the production of relatively pure <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, which was used in the <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfume</a> industry. Wine was also for the first time distilled into <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> during this period. </p><p>In the Levant, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> suppressed winemaking after centuries of regional prominence, and the 13th-century Mamluk conquest resulted in its complete prohibition.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monk_tasting_wine_from_a_barrel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Monk_tasting_wine_from_a_barrel.jpg/170px-Monk_tasting_wine_from_a_barrel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Monk_tasting_wine_from_a_barrel.jpg/255px-Monk_tasting_wine_from_a_barrel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Monk_tasting_wine_from_a_barrel.jpg/340px-Monk_tasting_wine_from_a_barrel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Monastic cellarer tasting wine, from <i>Li Livres dou Santé</i> (French manuscript, late 13th century)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>It has been one of history's cruel ironies that the [Christian medieval] <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>—accusations against Jews using the blood of murdered gentile children for the making of wine and matzot—became the false pretext for numerous <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>. And due to the danger, those who live in a place where blood libels occur are <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">halachically</a> exempted from using <a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">[kosher] red wine</a>, lest it be seized as "evidence" against them.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pesach: What We Eat and Why We Eat It, Project Genesis<sup id="cite_ref-reWineBloodlibel_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reWineBloodlibel-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, wine was the common drink of all social classes in the south of Europe, where grapes were cultivated. In the north and east, where few if any grapes were grown, <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ale</a> were the usual beverages of both commoners and nobility. Wine was exported to the northern regions, but because of its relatively high expense was seldom consumed by the lower classes. Since wine was necessary, however, for the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Mass">Catholic Mass</a>, assuring a supply was crucial. The <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monks became one of the largest producers of wine in France and Germany, followed closely by the <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercians</a>. Other orders, such as the <a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Templars" class="mw-redirect" title="Templars">Templars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a>, are also notable both historically and in modern times as wine producers. The Benedictines owned vineyards in <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine region)">Champagne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom Pérignon (person)">Dom Perignon</a> was a Benedictine monk), <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> in France, and in the <a href="/wiki/Rheingau" title="Rheingau">Rheingau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> in Germany. In 1435 Count John IV of <a href="/wiki/Katzenelnbogen" title="Katzenelnbogen">Katzenelnbogen</a>, a wealthy member of the high nobility of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> from near <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, was the first to plant <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>, the most important German grape. The nearby winemaking monks made it into an industry, producing enough wine to ship all over Europe for secular use. <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, a country with one of the oldest wine traditions, developed the first wine <a href="/wiki/Appellation" title="Appellation">appellation</a> system in the world. </p><p>A housewife of the merchant class or a servant in a noble household would have served wine at every meal, and had a selection of reds and whites alike. Home recipes for <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">meads</a> from this period are still in existence, along with recipes for spicing and masking flavors in wines, including the simple act of adding a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>. As wines were kept in barrels, they were not extensively aged, and thus drunk quite young. To offset the effects of heavy alcohol-consumption, wine was frequently watered down at a ratio of four or five parts water to one of wine. </p><p>One medieval application of wine was the use of snake-stones (banded <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> resembling the figural rings on a <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a>) dissolved in wine as a remedy for snake bites, which shows an early understanding of the effects of alcohol on the central nervous system in such situations.<sup id="cite_ref-farlang_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farlang-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jofroi_of_Waterford" title="Jofroi of Waterford">Jofroi of Waterford</a>, a 13th-century Dominican, wrote a catalogue of all the known wines and ales of Europe, describing them with great relish and recommending them to academics and counsellors. <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">medieval French</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> called the "father" of all subsequent commentaries on the Talmud and the Tanakh,<sup id="cite_ref-chabad_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> earned his living as a <a href="/wiki/Vintner" class="mw-redirect" title="Vintner">vintner</a>. </p><p>Medieval names for types of wine included "pimentum"<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Malmsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Malmsey">malmsey</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_and_development_in_the_Americas">Spread and development in the Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spread and development in the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World wine</a></div> <p>Following the voyages of Columbus, grape culture and wine making were transported from the Old World to the New. European grape varieties were first brought to what is now Mexico by the first Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> to provide the necessities of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Holy_Eucharist" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Eucharist">Holy Eucharist</a>. Planted at Spanish <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">missions</a>, one variety came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Mission_(grape)" title="Mission (grape)">Mission grape</a> and is still planted today in small amounts. Spanish missionaries also took viticulture to Chile and Argentina in the mid-16th century and to Baja California in the 18th.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Succeeding waves of immigrants, particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries, imported French, Italian and German <i>V. vinifera</i> grapes, although wine from those native to the Americas (whose flavors can be distinctly different) is also produced. Mexico became the most important wine producer starting in the 16th century, to the extent that its output began to affect Spanish commercial production. In this competitive climate, the Spanish king sent an executive order to halt Mexico's production of wines and the planting of vineyards. </p><p>During the devastating phylloxera blight in late 19th-century Europe, it was found that Native American vines were immune to the pest. <a href="/wiki/French-American_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="French-American hybrid">French-American hybrid</a> grapes were developed and saw some use in Europe, but more important was the practice of grafting European grapevines to American rootstocks to protect vineyards from the insect. The practice continues to this day wherever phylloxera is present. </p><p>The prime wine-growing regions of South America were established in the foothills of the Andes Mountains in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a>. In <a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">California</a>, the centre of viticulture shifted from the southern missions to the Central Valley and the northern counties of Sonoma, Napa, and Mendocino.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, wine in the Americas is still often associated with these regions, all of which produce a wide variety of wines, from inexpensive jug wines to high-quality varietals and proprietary blends. Most of the wine production in the Americas is based on Old World grape varieties, and wine-growing regions there have often "adopted" grapes that have become particularly closely identified with them. California's <a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a> (from Croatia and Southern Italy), Argentina's <a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a>, and Chile's <a href="/wiki/Carmen%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmenère">Carmenère</a> (both from France) are well-known examples. </p><p>Until the latter half of the 20th century, American wine was generally viewed as inferior to that of Europe. However, with the surprisingly favorable American showing at the <a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Paris Wine tasting of 1976</a>, New World wine began to garner respect in the land of wine's origins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments_in_Europe">Developments in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Developments in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></div> <p>In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> louse brought widespread destruction to grapevines, wine production, and those whose livelihoods depended on them; far-reaching repercussions included the loss of many indigenous varieties. Lessons learned from the infestation led to the positive transformation of Europe's wine industry. Bad vineyards were uprooted and their land turned to better uses. Some of France's best <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, for example, is now made from cows that graze on <a href="/wiki/Charentais" class="mw-redirect" title="Charentais">Charentais</a> soil, which was previously covered with vines. <i>Cuvées</i> were also standardized, important in creating certain wines as they are known today; Champagne and Bordeaux finally achieved the grape mixes that now define them. In the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, where phylloxera had had little impact, the local varieties survived. However, the uneven transition from Ottoman rule has meant only gradual transformation in many vineyards. It is only in recent times that local varieties have gained recognition beyond "mass-market" wines like <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">retsina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia,_New_Zealand_and_South_Africa"><span id="Australia.2C_New_Zealand_and_South_Africa"></span>Australia, New Zealand and South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Australia, New Zealand and South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_African_wine" title="History of South African wine">History of South African wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine#History" title="Australian wine">Australian wine § History</a></div> <p>In the context of wine, <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and other countries without a wine tradition are considered New World producers. Wine production began in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a> of what is now South Africa in the 1680s as a business for supplying ships. Australia's <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> (1788) brought cuttings of vines from South Africa, although initial plantings failed and the first successful vineyards were established in the early 19th century. Until quite late in the 20th century, the product of these countries was not well known outside their small export markets. For example, Australia exported mainly to the United Kingdom; New Zealand retained most of its wine for domestic consumption, and South Africa exported to the Kings of Europe. However, with the increase in mechanization and scientific advances in winemaking, these countries became known for high-quality wine. A notable exception to the foregoing is that the Cape Province was the largest exporter of wine to Europe in the 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In East Asia, the first modern wine industry was <a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japanese wine</a>, developed in 1874 after grapevines were brought back from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest wine brewing companies in Japan include <a href="/wiki/Suntory" title="Suntory">Suntory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercian_Corporation" title="Mercian Corporation">Mercian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/22px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/30px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" 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Chianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">History of French wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese_wine" title="History of Portuguese wine">History of Portuguese wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_African_wine" title="History of South African wine">History of South African wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians and wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanese wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">Wine in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">Indian wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speyer_wine_bottle" title="Speyer wine bottle">Speyer wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_warehouses_of_Bercy" title="Wine warehouses of Bercy">Wine warehouses of Bercy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bbc.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Chen, Jaime; Martín, Cristian; Rubio, Bartolomé (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helvia.uco.es/bitstream/handle/10396/17421/sensors-18-00803.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Smart Winery: A Real-Time Monitoring System for Structural Health and Ullage in Fino Style Wine Casks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sensors</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 803. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Senso..18..803C">2018Senso..18..803C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs18030803">10.3390/s18030803</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5876521">5876521</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29518928">29518928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors&rft.atitle=Smart+Winery%3A+A+Real-Time+Monitoring+System+for+Structural+Health+and+Ullage+in+Fino+Style+Wine+Casks&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=803&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5876521%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29518928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fs18030803&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Senso..18..803C&rft.aulast=Ca%C3%B1ete&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jaime&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn%2C+Cristian&rft.au=Rubio%2C+Bartolom%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelvia.uco.es%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10396%2F17421%2Fsensors-18-00803.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hames-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hames_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hames_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHames2010" class="citation book cs1">Hames, Gina (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPNTBAAAQBAJ&q=%22grape+wine%22+7000&pg=PA17"><i>Alcohol in World History</i></a>. Routledge. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317548706" title="Special:BookSources/9781317548706"><bdi>9781317548706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcohol+in+World+History&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781317548706&rft.aulast=Hames&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXPNTBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522grape%2Bwine%2522%2B7000%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greekwinemakers.com-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greekwinemakers.com_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greekwinemakers.com_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greekwinemakers.com/czone/history/2ancient.shtml">The history of wine in ancient Greece</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020712171906/http://greekwinemakers.com/czone/history/2ancient.shtml">Archived</a> 12 July 2002 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at greekwinemakers.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mydestination.com/cyprus/things-to-do/177418/pafos-archaeological-park#">"UNESCO Pafos Archaeological Park"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Pafos+Archaeological+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mydestination.com%2Fcyprus%2Fthings-to-do%2F177418%2Fpafos-archaeological-park%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DODD,_EMLYN_K._2020-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DODD,_EMLYN_K._2020_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DODD,_EMLYN_K._2020_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DODD,_EMLYN_K._2020_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDODD,_EMLYN_K.2020" class="citation book cs1">DODD, EMLYN K. 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[Place of publication not identified]: ARCHAEOPRESS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-403-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-403-1"><bdi>978-1-78969-403-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1139263254">1139263254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ROMAN+AND+LATE+ANTIQUE+WINE+PRODUCTION+IN+THE+EASTERN+MEDITERRANEAN+%3A+a+comparative+...+archaeological+study+at+antiochia+ad+cragum.&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.pub=ARCHAEOPRESS&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1139263254&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-403-1&rft.au=DODD%2C+EMLYN+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1139263254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y Hassan">Ahmad Y Hassan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%207.htm">Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703045911/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%207.htm">Archived</a> 3 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJancis_RobinsonJulia_HardingJose_Vouillamoz2013" class="citation book cs1">Jancis Robinson; Julia Harding; Jose Vouillamoz (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HWh2AAAAQBAJ&q=PT18&pg=PT18"><i>Wine Grapes</i></a>. 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Euronews. 21 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/2015/05/21/evidence-of-ancient-wine-found-in-georgia-a-vintage-quaffed-some-6000-years-bc/">the original</a> on 24 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.am&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+winery+discovered+in+Armenian+cave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F44129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerango2006" class="citation news cs1">Verango, Dan (29 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/columnist/vergano/2006-05-29-tut-white-wine_x.htm">"White wine turns up in King Tutankhamen's tomb"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=White+wine+turns+up+in+King+Tutankhamen%27s+tomb&rft.date=2006-05-29&rft.aulast=Verango&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2Fcolumnist%2Fvergano%2F2006-05-29-tut-white-wine_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pellechia_pg_XI-XII-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pellechia_pg_XI-XII_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pellechia, T. <i>Wine: The 8,000-Year-Old Story of the Wine Trade</i>, pp. XI–XII. Running Press (London), 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-871-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56025-871-3">1-56025-871-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eijkhoff, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eykhoff.nl/Wine%20in%20China.pdf">Wine in China: its historical and contemporary developments</a> (PDF).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-temple_1986_101-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temple_1986_101_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-temple_1986_101_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Temple, Robert. (1986). <i>The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention</i>. 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Page 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sytu.edu.cn/zhgjiu/u5-2.htm">Wine Production in China 3000 years ago</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828140517/http://www.sytu.edu.cn/zhgjiu/u5-2.htm">Archived</a> 28 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020115046/http://www.monkeytree.org/silkroad/zhangqian.html">"Zhang Qian: Opening the Silk Road"</a>. <i>monkeytree.org</i>. 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Ohio State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theophrastis+on+Stone&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Caley&rft.aufirst=Earle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/theophrastus-on-stones/page_215">Online version: Gypsum/lime in wine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108192330/http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/theophrastus-on-stones/page_215">Archived</a> 8 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farlang-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farlang_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farlang_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farlang_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farlang.com/content/2007-07-26.3408347790">Wine Drinking and Making in Antiquity: Historical References on the Role of Gemstones</a> Many classic scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Al_Biruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Biruni">Al Biruni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Agricola" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Agricola">Georg Agricola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> as well as newer authors such as <a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Kunz" title="George Frederick Kunz">George Frederick Kunz</a> describe the many talismanic, medicinal uses of minerals and wine combined.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, viii. 39. § 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Schmitz" title="Leonhard Schmitz">Schmitz, Leonhard</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0023.html">"Acratophorus"</a>. In Smith, William (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"><i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</i></a>. Vol. 1. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Acratophorus&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Leonhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientlibrary.com%2Fsmith-bio%2F0023.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EmpireBook-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EmpireBook_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Dalby2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Andrew Dalby</a> (2002). <i>Empire of Pleasures: Luxury and Indulgence in the Roman World</i>. Routledge. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28073-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28073-0"><bdi>978-0-415-28073-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Pleasures%3A+Luxury+and+Indulgence+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28073-0&rft.au=Andrew+Dalby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucian-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lucian_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristoula_GeorgiadouDavid_H.J._Larmour1998" class="citation book cs1">Aristoula Georgiadou; David H.J. Larmour (1998). <i>Lucian's Science Fiction Novel 'True Histories': Interpretation and Commentary</i>. BRILL. pp. 73–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10970-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10970-4"><bdi>978-90-04-10970-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucian%27s+Science+Fiction+Novel+%27True+Histories%27%3A+Interpretation+and+Commentary&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10970-4&rft.au=Aristoula+Georgiadou&rft.au=David+H.J.+Larmour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Empire-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Empire_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Dalby2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Andrew Dalby</a> (2002). <i>Empire of Pleasures: Luxury and Indulgence in the Roman World</i>. Routledge. pp. 134–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28073-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28073-0"><bdi>978-0-415-28073-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Pleasures%3A+Luxury+and+Indulgence+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pages=134-136&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28073-0&rft.au=Andrew+Dalby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146412958&mode=thread&order=06500">year old Mashed grapes found</a> World's earliest evidence of crushed grapes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobson-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobson_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobson_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Introduction to Wine Laboratory Practices and Procedures, Jean L. Jacobson, Springer, p.84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fagan-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fagan_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Brian Murray Fagan, 1996 Oxford Univ Pr, p.757</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandler-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sandler_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wine: A Scientific Exploration, Merton Sandler, Roger Pinder, CRC Press, p.66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kibler-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kibler_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medieval France: an encyclopedia, William Westcott Kibler, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, p.964</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/herodotus-persians.asp">"Internet History Sourcebooks"</a>. <i>sourcebooks.fordham.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sourcebooks.fordham.edu&rft.atitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fancient%2Fherodotus-persians.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.codedevino.com/world-of-wine/the-way-of-wine/ancient-thrace-the-motherland-of-wine-culture">"Ancient Thrace, the Motherland of Wine Culture | Code de Vino"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Thrace%2C+the+Motherland+of+Wine+Culture+%7C+Code+de+Vino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.codedevino.com%2Fworld-of-wine%2Fthe-way-of-wine%2Fancient-thrace-the-motherland-of-wine-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdvertorial2021" class="citation web cs1">Advertorial (17 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wineindustryadvisor.com/2021/11/17/thracians-why-wine-integral-culture">"Who Are the Thracians and Why Wine Was an Integral Part of Their Culture and Tradition 6000 Years Ago?"</a>. <i>Wine Industry Advisor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wine+Industry+Advisor&rft.atitle=Who+Are+the+Thracians+and+Why+Wine+Was+an+Integral+Part+of+Their+Culture+and+Tradition+6000+Years+Ago%3F&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft.au=Advertorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwineindustryadvisor.com%2F2021%2F11%2F17%2Fthracians-why-wine-integral-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvilley2002" class="citation book cs1">McEvilley, Thomas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTfm8KHn900C&pg=PA118"><i>The Shape of Ancient Thought</i></a>. New York, NY: Allsworth press. pp. 118–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781581159332" title="Special:BookSources/9781581159332"><bdi>9781581159332</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/460134637">460134637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Ancient+Thought&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=118-121&rft.pub=Allsworth+press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F460134637&rft.isbn=9781581159332&rft.aulast=McEvilley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTfm8KHn900C%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGocha_R._Tsetskhladze1999" class="citation book cs1">Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41320191"><i>Ancient Greeks West and East</i></a>. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11190-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11190-5"><bdi>90-04-11190-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41320191">41320191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greeks+West+and+East&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41320191&rft.isbn=90-04-11190-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F41320191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.codedevino.com/world-of-wine/the-way-of-wine/ancient-thrace-the-motherland-of-wine-culture">"Ancient Thrace, the Motherland of Wine Culture | Code de Vino"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Thrace%2C+the+Motherland+of+Wine+Culture+%7C+Code+de+Vino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.codedevino.com%2Fworld-of-wine%2Fthe-way-of-wine%2Fancient-thrace-the-motherland-of-wine-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jellinek, E. M. 1976. "Drinkers and Alcoholics in Ancient Rome." Edited by Carole D. Yawney and Robert E. Popham. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 37 (11): 1718-1740.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jro-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jro_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed). <i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i>, 3rd Ed., p. 234. Oxford Univ. Press (Oxford), 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodd2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dodd, Emlyn (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35130874">"Pressing Issues: A New Discovery in the Vineyard of Region I.20, Pompeii"</a>. <i>Archeologia Classica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archeologia+Classica&rft.atitle=Pressing+Issues%3A+A+New+Discovery+in+the+Vineyard+of+Region+I.20%2C+Pompeii&rft.date=2017-01&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Emlyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35130874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></i>, I.4.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Johnson, <i>Vintage: The Story of Wine</i> pg 72. Simon and Schuster 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merton Sandler, Roger Pinder, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yq2W6dwJa5gC&dq=hadrianum+wine&pg=PA66">Wine: A Scientific Exploration</a></i> p. 66, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203373944" title="Special:BookSources/0203373944">0203373944</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny. <i><a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">Natural History</a></i>, XIV.61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909210847/http://www.lifeinitaly.com/wines/history.asp">"History of Wine I"</a>. <i>Life in Italy</i>. 28 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifeinitaly.com/wines/history.asp">the original</a> on 9 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Deutsches Weininstitut. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutscheweine.de/icc/Internet-EN/nav/4b4/4b470693-6826-7e21-e66b-48554c41ed8b&_ic_uCon=016407a8-5735-f431-aecd-f9916f135e25">the original</a> on 26 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Wine+of+Speyer%3A+The+oldest+Wine+of+the+World+that%27s+still+liquid&rft.pub=Deutsches+Weininstitut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutscheweine.de%2Ficc%2FInternet-EN%2Fnav%2F4b4%2F4b470693-6826-7e21-e66b-48554c41ed8b%26_ic_uCon%3D016407a8-5735-f431-aecd-f9916f135e25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-local2011-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-local2011_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.de/20111209/39405">"Museum scared to open ancient Roman wine"</a>. <i>The Local – Germany edition</i>. 9 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local+%E2%80%93+Germany+edition&rft.atitle=Museum+scared+to+open+ancient+Roman+wine&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.de%2F20111209%2F39405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillierVanthieghem2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tillier, Mathieu; Vanthieghem, Naïm (2 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ils/30/1-2/article-p1_001.xml">"Des amphores rouges et des jarres vertes: Considérations sur la production et la consommation de boissons fermentées aux deux premiers siècles de l'hégire"</a>. <i>Islamic Law and Society</i>. <b>30</b> (1–2): 1–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685195-bja10025">10.1163/15685195-bja10025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0928-9380">0928-9380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252084558">252084558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=Des+amphores+rouges+et+des+jarres+vertes%3A+Consid%C3%A9rations+sur+la+production+et+la+consommation+de+boissons+ferment%C3%A9es+aux+deux+premiers+si%C3%A8cles+de+l%27h%C3%A9gire&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-64&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252084558%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0928-9380&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685195-bja10025&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft.au=Vanthieghem%2C+Na%C3%AFm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fils%2F30%2F1-2%2Farticle-p1_001.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reWineBloodlibel-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reWineBloodlibel_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutman" class="citation web cs1">Rutman, Rabbi Yisrael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011224184517/http://www.torah.org/features/holydays/passover/pesacheat.html">"Pesach: What We Eat and Why We Eat It"</a>. Project Genesis Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torah.org/features/holydays/passover/pesacheat.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pesach%3A+What+We+Eat+and+Why+We+Eat+It&rft.pub=Project+Genesis+Inc.&rft.aulast=Rutman&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Yisrael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torah.org%2Ffeatures%2Fholydays%2Fpassover%2Fpesacheat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chabad-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chabad_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Chaim. <i>Chabad</i>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/476620/jewish/Rashis-Method-of-Biblical-Commentary.htm">Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangland1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Langland" title="William Langland">Langland, William</a> (1885). <a href="/wiki/Walter_William_Skeat" title="Walter William Skeat">Skeat, Walter William</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ePhDAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Vision of William Concerning Piers Plowman: Together with Vita de Dowel, Dobet, Et Dobest, and Richard the Redeles</i></a>. Early English Text Society (Series).: Original series: 67. London: N. Trübner & Company. p. 433<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>. <q><i>Pigmentum</i>, or <i>pimentum</i>, wine spiced, or mingled with honey, called in French <i>piment</i>, was formerly in high estimation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vision+of+William+Concerning+Piers+Plowman%3A+Together+with+Vita+de+Dowel%2C+Dobet%2C+Et+Dobest%2C+and+Richard+the+Redeles&rft.place=London&rft.series=Early+English+Text+Society+%28Series%29.%3A+Original+series%3A+67&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=N.+Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Company&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Langland&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DePhDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/wine">"Wine | Definition, History, Varieties, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Wine+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+Varieties%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fwine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonRobinson2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Johnson_(wine_writer)" title="Hugh Johnson (wine writer)">Johnson, Hugh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jancis_Robinson" title="Jancis Robinson">Robinson, Jancis</a> (2013). <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Atlas_of_Wine" title="The World Atlas of Wine">The World Atlas of Wine</a></i>. Octopus Publishing Group. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784724030" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784724030"><bdi>978-1784724030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Wine&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Octopus+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1784724030&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Jancis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_wine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_E._McGovern2007" class="citation book cs1">Patrick E. McGovern (2007). <i>Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691127842" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691127842"><bdi>978-0691127842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Wine%3A+The+Search+for+the+Origins+of+Viniculture&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0691127842&rft.au=Patrick+E.+McGovern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_E._McGovern2010" class="citation book cs1">Patrick E. McGovern (2010). <i>Uncorking the Past: The Quest for Wine, Beer, and Other Alcoholic Beverages</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520267985" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520267985"><bdi>978-0520267985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncorking+the+Past%3A+The+Quest+for+Wine%2C+Beer%2C+and+Other+Alcoholic+Beverages&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0520267985&rft.au=Patrick+E.+McGovern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Emlyn K. Dodd (2020). <i>Roman and Late Antique wine production in the eastern Mediterranean</i>. Archaeopress. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-402-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-402-4">978-1-78969-402-4</a></li> <li>Muraresku, Brian C. (2020). <i>The Immortality Key: The Secret History of the Religion with No Name.</i> Macmillan USA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250207142" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250207142">978-1250207142</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagrisJurmanFornasieroPaparelli2021" class="citation journal cs1">Magris, Gabriele; Jurman, Irena; Fornasiero, Alice; Paparelli, Eleonora; Schwope, Rachel; Marroni, Fabio; Di Gaspero, Gabriele; Morgante, Michele (21 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8692429">"The genomes of 204 Vitis vinifera accessions reveal the origin of European wine grapes"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 7240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.7240M">2021NatCo..12.7240M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27487-y">10.1038/s41467-021-27487-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8692429">8692429</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34934047">34934047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=The+genomes+of+204+Vitis+vinifera+accessions+reveal+the+origin+of+European+wine+grapes&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7240&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8692429%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34934047&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27487-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatCo..12.7240M&rft.aulast=Magris&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft.au=Jurman%2C+Irena&rft.au=Fornasiero%2C+Alice&rft.au=Paparelli%2C+Eleonora&rft.au=Schwope%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Marroni%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Di+Gaspero%2C+Gabriele&rft.au=Morgante%2C+Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8692429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+wine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholic_beverages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template talk:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcoholic_beverages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_and_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">Malting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">Lautering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">Wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple syrup">Simple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fermented_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink#Fermented_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Fermented drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li></ul></li> <li>Banana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bignay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignay_wine" title="Bignay wine">Bignay wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bokbunja <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokbunja-ju" title="Bokbunja-ju">Bokbunja-ju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistelle">Mistelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscatel_de_Set%C3%BAbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatel de Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Java plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhat_wine" title="Duhat wine">Duhat wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longan_wine" title="Longan wine">Longan wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lychee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lychee wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pineapple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pomegranate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimon (wine)">Rimon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prickly pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonche" title="Colonche">Colonche</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditum" title="Conditum">Conditum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">Hippocras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabol" title="Jabol">Jabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabidh" title="Nabidh">Nabidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Millet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agkud" title="Agkud">Agkud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Apo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beopju" title="Beopju">Beopju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brem" title="Brem">Brem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansul" title="Dansul">Dansul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariya" title="Hariya">Hariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasi" title="Pangasi">Pangasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_c%E1%BA%A7n" title="Rượu cần">Rượu cần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (beverage)">Sato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonti_(rice_drink)" title="Sonti (rice drink)">Sonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuy" title="Tapuy">Tapuy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendh%C4%81" title="Pendhā">Pendhā</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agave americana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahalina" title="Bahalina">Bahalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuba (wine)">Tubâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhak">Tuhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunggang">Tunggang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ginger <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">Ginger wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Galangal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_(wine)" title="Bais (wine)">Bais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarawan" title="Kabarawan">Kabarawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilju" title="Kilju">Kilju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basi" title="Basi">Basi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intus" title="Intus">Intus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palek" title="Palek">Palek</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakari" title="Parakari">Parakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibwatu">Ibwatu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liquors_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquors</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cashew apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fig <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist_(liquor)" title="Geist (liquor)">Geist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghi_(drink)" title="Oghi (drink)">Oghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierbrand" title="Bierbrand">Bierbrand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Buckwheat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maize <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholai" title="Cholai">Cholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-Lao" title="Lao-Lao">Lao-Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihing" title="Lihing">Lihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang liquor</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laksoy" title="Laksoy">Laksoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">Lambanog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotol" title="Sotol">Sotol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhi" title="Arkhi">Arkhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_daru" title="Desi daru">Desi daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_(drink)" title="Bangla (drink)">Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Almond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado">Anisado</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisado_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado Mallorca">Anisado Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbs_de_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs de Majorca">Herbs de Majorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierlik%C3%B6r" title="Bierlikör">Bierlikör</a></li></ul></li> <li>Blackthorn shrub <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Heering" title="Cherry Heering">Cherry Heering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">Maraschino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chili peppers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chocolate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cinnamon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coffee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cream_liqueur" title="Cream liqueur">Cream liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Irish cream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Egg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hazelnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicum" title="Unicum">Unicum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Irish Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">Borovička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mammee apple flower <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_cr%C3%A9ole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eau créole">Eau créole</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orange <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cointreau" title="Cointreau">Cointreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Star anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane/molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vanilla <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licor_43" title="Licor 43">Licor 43</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Walnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocino" title="Nocino">Nocino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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