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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Monastery_as_a_refuge_(400–800)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Monastery_as_a_refuge_(400–800)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Monastery as a refuge (400–800)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Monastery_as_a_refuge_(400–800)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_and_persecution_(800–1300)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_and_persecution_(800–1300)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Peace and persecution (800–1300)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_and_persecution_(800–1300)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_European_visitors_(1300–1800)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_European_visitors_(1300–1800)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early European visitors (1300–1800)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_European_visitors_(1300–1800)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history_(from_1900)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history_(from_1900)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern history (from 1900)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history_(from_1900)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Medieval_Church_of_St._Anthony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Medieval_Church_of_St._Anthony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>The Medieval Church of St. Anthony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Medieval_Church_of_St._Anthony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_the_Apostles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_the_Apostles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>The Church of the Apostles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_the_Apostles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_St._Mark_the_Ascetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_St._Mark_the_Ascetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>The Church of St. Mark the Ascetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_St._Mark_the_Ascetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_the_Virgin_Mary_and_The_Church_of_St._Michael" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_the_Virgin_Mary_and_The_Church_of_St._Michael"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>The Church of the Virgin Mary and The Church of St. Michael</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_the_Virgin_Mary_and_The_Church_of_St._Michael-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_cave_of_St._Anthony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_cave_of_St._Anthony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The cave of St. Anthony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_cave_of_St._Anthony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_monks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_monks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The monks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_monks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The monks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_monks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popes_from_the_Monastery_of_St._Anthony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popes_from_the_Monastery_of_St._Anthony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Popes from the Monastery of St. Anthony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popes_from_the_Monastery_of_St._Anthony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Abbot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_for_Coptic_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_for_Coptic_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Significance for Coptic Christians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_for_Coptic_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monastery of Saint Anthony</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="دير الأنبا أنطونيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دير الأنبا أنطونيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Манастыр Святога Антонія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манастыр Святога Антонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Манастыр Сьвятога Антонія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Манастыр Сьвятога Антонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster_des_Heiligen_Antonius" title="Kloster des Heiligen Antonius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kloster des Heiligen Antonius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasterio_de_San_Antonio" title="Monasterio de San Antonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monasterio de San Antonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona%C4%A5ejo_de_Sankta_Antonio" title="Monaĥejo de Sankta Antonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monaĥejo de Sankta Antonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_monasterioa" title="San Antonio monasterioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="San Antonio monasterioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="صومعه سنت آنتونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صومعه سنت آنتونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monast%C3%A8re_Saint-Antoine" title="Monastère Saint-Antoine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monastère Saint-Antoine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastero_di_Sant%27Antonio" title="Monastero di Sant'Antonio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monastero di Sant'Antonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="دير الانبا انطونيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دير الانبا انطونيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klooster_van_Sint-Antonius" title="Klooster van Sint-Antonius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klooster van Sint-Antonius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasztor_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego_Antoniego" title="Klasztor Świętego Antoniego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klasztor Świętego Antoniego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosteiro_de_Santo_Ant%C3%B4nio_(Egito)" title="Mosteiro de Santo Antônio (Egito) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mosteiro de Santo Antônio (Egito)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Sf%C3%A2ntul_Antonie" title="Mănăstirea Sfântul Antonie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mănăstirea Sfântul Antonie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монастырь Святого Антония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монастырь Святого Антония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83" title="Манастир Светог Антонија у Египту – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манастир Светог Антонија у Египту" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manastir_Antonija_Velikog" title="Manastir Antonija Velikog – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manastir Antonija Velikog" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Antonius_kloster" title="Sankt Antonius kloster – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sankt Antonius kloster" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Antonius_Manast%C4%B1r%C4%B1" title="Aziz Antonius Manastırı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aziz Antonius Manastırı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Монастир святого Антонія Великого – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монастир святого Антонія Великого" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_vi%E1%BB%87n_Th%C3%A1nh_Ant%C3%B4n_C%E1%BA%A3" title="Tu viện Thánh Antôn Cả – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tu viện Thánh Antôn Cả" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Monastery of Saint Anthony</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="background: #efefef;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MonasteroAntonio2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MonasteroAntonio2.jpg/250px-MonasteroAntonio2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MonasteroAntonio2.jpg/375px-MonasteroAntonio2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MonasteroAntonio2.jpg/500px-MonasteroAntonio2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="background: #efefef;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monastery of Saint Anthony is located in Egypt"><img alt="Monastery of Saint Anthony is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.444%;left:62.214%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Monastery of Saint Anthony"><img alt="Monastery of Saint Anthony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Egypt</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E663CA; color:black;">Monastery information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Deir Mar Antonios</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">300<span class="noprint">; 1725 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">300</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dedicated to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Anthony the Great">Saint Anthony the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E663CA; color:black;">People</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Anthony the Great">Saint Anthony the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E663CA; color:black;">Site</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate" title="Red Sea Governorate">Red Sea Governorate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&params=28.92_N_32.35_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°55′N</span> <span class="longitude">32°21′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.92°N 32.35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.92; 32.35</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Visible remains</th><td class="infobox-data">church, mill, bakery, gardens, and cave</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Monastery of Saint Anthony</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox">Coptic Orthodox</a> monastery standing in an <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate" title="Red Sea Governorate">Red Sea Governorate</a> close to the border with the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Governorate" title="Suez Governorate">Suez Governorate</a>. </p><p>Hidden deep in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Sea Mountains">Red Sea Mountains</a>, it is located 334 km (208 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and can be reached from Cairo in just 5 to 6 hours. The Monastery of Saint Anthony was established by the followers of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a>, an early Christian <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a>. The monastery is one of the most prominent in Egypt and has strongly influenced the formation of several <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic</a> institutions, and has promoted <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a> in general. Several <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchs">patriarchs</a> have come from the monastery, and several hundred <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrims">pilgrims</a> visit it each day. </p><p>In 2002, the Egyptian government began what was to be an 8-year, $14.5 million project to restore the monastery. The modern monastery is a self-contained village with gardens, a mill, a bakery and five churches. It has become a popular destination for Egyptians, offering <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Egyptian Christians</a> religious retreats as well as family excursions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_of_Saint_Anthony">Life of Saint Anthony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life of Saint Anthony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a></div> <p>Saint Anthony is a Christian saint who was born to a wealthy family in Lower Egypt around 251 AD. He was orphaned at the age of eight years. Most of what is known about him comes from the biographical work of <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>, <i>Vita Antonii</i>. This biography depicts Anthony as an illiterate and holy man who through his existence in a primordial landscape received an absolute connection to divine truth. The moment that St. Anthony dedicated his life to God and the church was due to the words he heard from Mark in which he was told to give up all of his belongings and seek God.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 34, Anthony gave away all of his property and worldly possessions; he ventured into the Eastern Desert to seek a life of humility, solitude, and spiritual reflection. Saint Anthony took the words he heard in a literal sense and that is what caused him to venture into the desert to live a life of asceticism. He made his abode in a small cave where he lived ascetically. Although St. Anthony was not the first monk, he attracted many followers and disciples, and is one of the fathers of modern Christian monasticism.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few years after the death of Saint Anthony, his followers settled around the place where the <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> lived. The Monastery of Saint Anthony was built between 298 and 300 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the original settlement, his followers established only the most essential buildings. Isolation was stressed. They lived in solitary cells surrounding a communal worship center where they performed the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>. They took their daily meals in a basic <a href="/wiki/Refectory" title="Refectory">refectory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time passed, the focus on <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> diminished, and St. Anthony's followers began to develop closer relationships with one another in order to foster safety, convenience, and mutual fellowship.<sup id="cite_ref-m5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The life of an Antonian monk thus slowly evolved from one of solitary asceticism to one that allowed a <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">communal</a> way of living. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Monastery_as_a_refuge_(400–800)"><span id="The_Monastery_as_a_refuge_.28400.E2.80.93800.29"></span>The Monastery as a refuge (400–800)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Monastery as a refuge (400–800)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the sixth and seventh centuries, many monks from the monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Wadi_El_Natrun" title="Wadi El Natrun">Scetes</a> fled to the Monastery of Saint Anthony in order to escape frequent attack by <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>. During this time, the monastery experienced a constantly shifting and sometimes mutual occupation by the Coptic monks from Scetes and by the <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a> monks from the east. In 615, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Merciful" title="John the Merciful">John the Merciful</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a> Patriarch, sent <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_of_Persia" title="Anastasius of Persia">Anastasius of Persia</a>, the head of the Monastery of St. Anthony at that time, large sums of money and asked him to take some Melkite monks who were persecuted by the Persians.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Melkite monks then continued to oversee the monastery until the late 8th century. </p><p>In 790 Coptic monks from the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Macarius_the_Great" title="Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great">Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great</a> in the Desert of Scetis disguised themselves as Bedouins in an attempt to steal the earthly remains of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Dwarf" title="John the Dwarf">St. John the Short</a>, who had lived and died in the Monastery of St. Anthony in the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Synaxarium" title="Synaxarium">Synaxarium</a></i> describes how they deceived the Melkite monks to accomplish this task: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>it was not possible for them to fulfill their mission for the moment, for the body of the saint was guarded by the Melkite Chalcedonians who dwelt in the sanctuary. Then the judge from among the Arabs said to the Melkite bishop who sat in the sanctuary: ‘make all your men get out of the church, for I wish to enter the church myself and stay here this night.’ The bishop did as the judge commanded, and the Coptic Monks made ready their beasts outside the town and entered by night and took the body and returned to the desert of Scetis. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_and_persecution_(800–1300)"><span id="Peace_and_persecution_.28800.E2.80.931300.29"></span>Peace and persecution (800–1300)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peace and persecution (800–1300)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the monastery of St. Anthony enjoyed relative peace and security in its remote area, there were short periods of intense persecution. The monastery itself was plundered a number of times by the Bedouins of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a>, who partly destroyed it in the 11th century. There was also a <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> and the Turks during this time. When their leader <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla" title="Nasir al-Dawla">Nasir al-Dawla</a> was defeated, the remains of his army invaded and pillaged the Monastery of St. Anthony as well as the nearby <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Paul_the_Anchorite" title="Monastery of Saint Paul the Anchorite">Monastery of Saint Paul the Anchorite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monastery was restored in the 12th century, and it flourished throughout the next few centuries. A fortress-like structure was also built around the monastery for protection from invaders. <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Makarim" title="Abu al-Makarim">Abu al-Makarim</a> describes the unparalleled excellence of the monastery in the beginning of the 13th century: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This monastery possesses many endowments and possessions at <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Misr</a>. It is surrounded by a fortified wall. It contains many monks. Within the wall there is a large garden, containing fruitful palm trees, and apple trees, and pear trees, and pomegranates, and other trees besides beds of vegetables, and three springs of perpetually flowing water, with which the garden is irrigated and which the monks drink. One <a href="/wiki/Feddan" title="Feddan">feddan</a> and a sixth in the garden form a vineyard, which supplies all that is needed, and it is said that the number of the palms which the garden contains amounts to a thousand trees, and there stands in it a large well-built <a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">qasr</a>… There is nothing like it among the other monasteries inhabited by Egyptian monks.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_European_visitors_(1300–1800)"><span id="Early_European_visitors_.281300.E2.80.931800.29"></span>Early European visitors (1300–1800)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early European visitors (1300–1800)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the later <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusades</a>, European priests and diplomats began to tour Egypt as a part of their pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludolph_of_Suchem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludolph of Suchem (page does not exist)">Ludolph of Suchem</a>, a parish priest in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a>, mentions his visits to the “many cells and hermitages of holy fathers,” many of which live under St. Anthony.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his “Description of the Holy Land”, he describes the miraculous fountain of St. Anthony: “In this desert there is a place beneath an exceeding tall and narrow rock, wherein St. Anthony used to dwell, and from out of the rock there flows a stream for half a stone’s throw, until it is lost in the sand… this place is visited by many for devotions and pleasure, and also by the grace of God and in honor of St. Anthony many sicknesses are healed and driven away by the fountain.”<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1395, during the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Nicopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade of Nicopolis">Crusade of Nicopolis</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogier_VIII_d%27Anglure" class="extiw" title="fr:Ogier VIII d'Anglure">Ogier VIII d'Anglure</a> journeyed to Egypt with several French <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrims">pilgrims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m11_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He compared the Monastery of St. Anthony to the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, stating that it was even more beautiful and noted the holiness and charity of the <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacobite</a> monks.<sup id="cite_ref-m11_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 15th century, the monastery had become an established pilgrimage destination and it was commonplace for pilgrims to inscribe their name, <a href="/wiki/Coat-of-arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat-of-arms">coat-of-arms</a>, and date of arrival on the walls of the monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-m11_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 15th century, the monastery was devastated by the same Bedouins the monastery employed, and all of the monks were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-m12_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then followed that Syrian monks began to occupy the monastery, and helped in the rebuilding of the monastery at the beginning of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the restoration of the monastery, Ethiopian and Egyptian monks co-inhabited the monastery for some time. However, the monastery slowly fell completely into ruin and the few monks that lived there greatly relied on the support from the nearby village of Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From then until the 19th century, there are various accounts of travelers who stopped by the monastery, but the monastery is only briefly mentioned in passing. It is known that <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> missionaries sometimes used the monastery as a base to prepare missionaries in the 17th century. However, the monastery was in such disarray that it lacked even a door, and travelers had to enter via a rope and basket operated with a <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulley</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history_(from_1900)"><span id="Modern_history_.28from_1900.29"></span>Modern history (from 1900)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern history (from 1900)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the dawn of the 20th century, the only way to get to the monastery was by way of the monthly camel <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">caravans</a> which brought in food and other necessities from the nearby village of Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-Meinardus,_26_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinardus,_26-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A journey along the desert path that extended from Kuraymat, a city along the Nile in between <a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helwan" title="Helwan">Helwan</a>, to the monastery used to take three to four days.<sup id="cite_ref-Meinardus,_26_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinardus,_26-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monastery received very few visitors, but those who did come were often distinguished in status, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Cogordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Cogordan (page does not exist)">Georges Cogordan</a>, the French ambassador to Egypt in 1901, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Johann_Georg_of_Saxony" title="Prince Johann Georg of Saxony">Johann Georg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monastery became much more accessible after the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ras_Gharib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Gharib">Ras Gharib</a> Road in 1946, and can now be reached from Cairo in just five to six hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Meinardus,_27_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinardus,_27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first decade after construction, the number of foreigner visitors greatly increased, with about 370 visitors between 1953 and 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Meinardus,_27_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinardus,_27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the monastery has become a more popular destination for Egyptians, offering Egyptian Christians religious retreats as well as family excursions. Now on holiday weekends there are typically more than a thousand visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Meinardus,_27_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinardus,_27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Anthony%27s_Monastery_(inside)_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/St._Anthony%27s_Monastery_%28inside%29_2006.jpg/270px-St._Anthony%27s_Monastery_%28inside%29_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/St._Anthony%27s_Monastery_%28inside%29_2006.jpg/405px-St._Anthony%27s_Monastery_%28inside%29_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/St._Anthony%27s_Monastery_%28inside%29_2006.jpg/540px-St._Anthony%27s_Monastery_%28inside%29_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The interior of St. Anthony's Monastery.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern monastery is a self-contained village with gardens, a mill, a bakery and five churches. The walls are adorned with paintings of knights in bright colors and hermits in more subdued colors. The wall paintings have been worn over the centuries by soot, candle grease, oil and dust. In a collaborative effort between the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Antiquities" title="Supreme Council of Antiquities">Supreme Council of Antiquities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Research_Center_in_Egypt" title="American Research Center in Egypt">American Research Center in Egypt</a>, restoration has been undertaken on the paintings. The oldest paintings in the monastery date to the 7th and 8th centuries, while the newest date to the 13th.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Medieval_Church_of_St._Anthony">The Medieval Church of St. Anthony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Medieval Church of St. Anthony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This church dates back to the 12th century and has a central <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a> with a very small apse, two lateral sanctuaries, and a small choir.<sup id="cite_ref-AlSyrianyHabib21_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlSyrianyHabib21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> has two bays with two large domes and a wide arch between them. Most of the church's walls and domes are covered with <a href="/wiki/Frescos" class="mw-redirect" title="Frescos">frescos</a>. There is a small sanctuary dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">four beasts of the Apocalypse</a> in the southwestern corner, and their representations are depicted on the walls. The <a href="/wiki/Soffit" title="Soffit">soffit</a> of the arch above the door is decorated with a scene of Christ in <a href="/wiki/Mandorla" title="Mandorla">mandorla</a> flanked by busts of the twelve apostles. This is the oldest painting in the church, and dates from the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A figure of a decorated cross is in the <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AlSyrianyHabib21_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlSyrianyHabib21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body of St. Justus the monk is kept in a passage along the outer southern wall that connects to the adjoining Church of the Apostles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Church_of_the_Apostles">The Church of the Apostles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Church of the Apostles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This church, dedicated to the saints Peter and Paul, was renovated in 1772 AD by the Copt Lutfallah Shaker.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabra73_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabra73-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church has twelve domes. Nine of the domes roof the nave and the other three are over the sanctuaries, which are characterized by inlaid wooden screens. In 2005, the monks' cells dating to the 4th century – the oldest ever found – were discovered beneath the Church of the Apostles.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Church_of_St._Mark_the_Ascetic">The Church of St. Mark the Ascetic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Church of St. Mark the Ascetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This church was renovated in 1766 by Hasaballah al-Bayadi and also has twelve domes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabra73_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabra73-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built in the 15th century on the spot of <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark the Ascetic">Saint Mark the Ascetic</a>'s cell.<sup id="cite_ref-AlSyrianyHabib21_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlSyrianyHabib21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Church_of_the_Virgin_Mary_and_The_Church_of_St._Michael">The Church of the Virgin Mary and The Church of St. Michael</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Church of the Virgin Mary and The Church of St. Michael"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These two churches are north of the Church of St. Anthony and their structures resemble towers. The western building houses storage rooms and the <a href="/wiki/Refectory" title="Refectory">refectory</a> on the ground floor. The Church of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> is on the upper floor and has an inlaid screen extending over the whole breadth of the church. The eastern building is the tower of the monastery, and the Church of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_the_Archangel" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael the Archangel">St Michael the Archangel</a> is on the third floor of the tower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_library">The library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonius_Kloster_BW_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Antonius_Kloster_BW_7.jpg/220px-Antonius_Kloster_BW_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Antonius_Kloster_BW_7.jpg/330px-Antonius_Kloster_BW_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Antonius_Kloster_BW_7.jpg/440px-Antonius_Kloster_BW_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Monastery of Saint Anthony, Egypt.</figcaption></figure> <p>The library was originally intended to be a church by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria">Pope Cyril IV</a>, but because of its deviation from the eastern direction it was never consecrated and thus became the library.<sup id="cite_ref-AlSyrianyHabib22_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlSyrianyHabib22-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains a rich collection of printed books and the largest collection of Coptic manuscripts in Egypt, which amount to some 1,863 volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabra73_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabra73-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library contained many more volumes in the past. The present collection has been significantly reduced by the <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a> who plundered the monastery and used many of the manuscripts as cooking fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_cave_of_St._Anthony">The cave of St. Anthony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The cave of St. Anthony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Colzim" title="Mount Colzim">Mount Colzim</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mount_Colzim" title="Mount Colzim">cave where Saint Anthony lived</a> as a hermit is a 2km (1.2 mile) hike from the monastery and is 680 metres (2200 feet) above the Red Sea level. It is a small natural hole in the rocks adjacent to the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Galala_Mountain" title="Galala Mountain">Mount Galala</a>. Visitors can ascend the winding trail of stairs from the monastery to the cavern in about one hour. The hermitage of St. Anthony is an extremely small space about 7 meters from the narrow opening of the cave.<sup id="cite_ref-AlSyrianyHabib22_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlSyrianyHabib22-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration">Restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, the Egyptian government began what was to be an 8-year, $14.5 million project to restore the monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers renovated the main surrounding wall of the monastery, the two main churches, the monks' living quarters, and a defensive tower. A modern sewage system was also added. Archeologists from the American Research Center in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> restored paintings inside the <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Saint Anthony</a>'s Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the renovations, archaeologists uncovered the ruins of the original monks' working quarters from the 4th century. The remains are now covered by a glass floor and are viewable by visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restored monastery is now open to the public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The renovations were unveiled shortly after a violent attack on Christians in Egypt and have been touted by the government as evidence of peaceful Muslim-Christian coexistence.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_monks">The monks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The monks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coptic leaders, the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitans</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops">bishops</a> have always been recruited from among the desert monks.<sup id="cite_ref-mix_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mix-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria">Anba Shenudah</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Sunday School</a> movement, which encouraged educated young men to forsake worldly pleasures and instead join their desert fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-mix_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mix-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the movement began, the total number of monks had more than tripled within the first 25 years, and many of these young ascetics have also been promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Episcopacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopacy">episcopacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mix_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mix-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Monastery of Saint Anthony the number of monks increased from 24 in 1960 to 69 in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-mx_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mx-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2010 about 120 monks and priests lived in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-drhawass1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drhawass1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the past, the overwhelming majority of the monks in residence were 50 years of age or older, and through the tradition of the other desert fathers, their piety was linked to a quality of <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mx_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mx-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Macarius_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Macarius the Great">St. Macarius the Great</a> was a camel herder; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Macarius_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Macarius of Alexandria">St. Macarius of Alexandria</a> was a small shopkeeper; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Apollo">St. Apollo</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Goatherd" title="Goatherd">goat herder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">St. Paphnutius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pambo" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Pambo">St. Pambo</a> were illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-mx_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mx-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend has reversed since the revival of monasticism in Egypt in the 1960s. Today, monks are well-educated young men with extensive academic and professional backgrounds in the scientific fields such as engineering, medicine, pharmacy, and architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-mx_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mx-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popes_from_the_Monastery_of_St._Anthony">Popes from the Monastery of St. Anthony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Popes from the Monastery of St. Anthony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel VI of Alexandria">Pope Gabriel VI</a> (1466–1474)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XV of Alexandria">Pope John XV</a> (1619–1629)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark VI of Alexandria">Pope Mark VI</a> (1646–1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XVI of Alexandria">Pope John XVI</a> (1676–1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter VI of Alexandria">Pope Peter VI</a> (1718–1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XVII of Alexandria">Pope John XVII</a> (1727–1745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark VII of Alexandria">Pope Mark VII</a> (1745–1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XVIII of Alexandria">Pope John XVIII</a> (1769–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_VIII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark VIII of Alexandria">Pope Mark VIII</a> (1796–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter VII of Alexandria">Pope Peter VII</a> (1809–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria">Pope Cyril IV</a> (1854–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Joseph_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Joseph II of Alexandria">Pope Joseph II</a> (1946–1956)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbot">Abbot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Abbot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 1991 the bishop and abbot of the Monastery of Saint Anthony was Bishop Yostos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_for_Coptic_Christians">Significance for Coptic Christians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Significance for Coptic Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The monastic movement in Egypt experienced an unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">renaissance</a> under the Patriarchate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Papa Avva Kyrillos VI</a> (1959–1971), and has significantly contributed to a revival in the spiritual vitality of the Coptic church.<sup id="cite_ref-mix_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mix-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of a desert road leading to the monastery has lifted the monastery out of geographic isolation and brought it within reach of the masses. It has now become a popular <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> site that can be reached within a few hours by bus or car from a major city. Over a million people, including both Egyptian Christians and foreigners, visit each year.<sup id="cite_ref-drhawass1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drhawass1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to the exclusive ascetic functions of monasteries in the past, the monastery now also serves as a centre for Coptic Christians where they can organize and attend spiritual retreats, youth programs, and religious conferences. Today, the monastery is accessible from <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hurghada" title="Hurghada">Hurghada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MonasteroAntonio3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MonasteroAntonio3.jpg/120px-MonasteroAntonio3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MonasteroAntonio3.jpg/180px-MonasteroAntonio3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MonasteroAntonio3.jpg/240px-MonasteroAntonio3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MonasteroAntonio4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/MonasteroAntonio4.jpg/90px-MonasteroAntonio4.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/MonasteroAntonio4.jpg/135px-MonasteroAntonio4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/MonasteroAntonio4.jpg/180px-MonasteroAntonio4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="3488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MonasteroAntonio5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/MonasteroAntonio5.jpg/120px-MonasteroAntonio5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/MonasteroAntonio5.jpg/180px-MonasteroAntonio5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/MonasteroAntonio5.jpg/240px-MonasteroAntonio5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MonasteroAntonio6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MonasteroAntonio6.jpg/120px-MonasteroAntonio6.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MonasteroAntonio6.jpg/180px-MonasteroAntonio6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MonasteroAntonio6.jpg/240px-MonasteroAntonio6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MonasteroAntonio7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MonasteroAntonio7.jpg/120px-MonasteroAntonio7.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MonasteroAntonio7.jpg/180px-MonasteroAntonio7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MonasteroAntonio7.jpg/240px-MonasteroAntonio7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MonasteroAntonio8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MonasteroAntonio8.jpg/120px-MonasteroAntonio8.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MonasteroAntonio8.jpg/180px-MonasteroAntonio8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MonasteroAntonio8.jpg/240px-MonasteroAntonio8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Temptation_of_St._Anthony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Temptation of St. Anthony (disambiguation)">The Temptation of St. Anthony (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Coptic monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Paul_the_Anchorite" title="Monastery of Saint Paul the Anchorite">Monastery of Saint Paul the Anchorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_churches_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest churches in the world">Oldest churches in the world</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFØistein_Endsjø2008" class="citation book cs1">Øistein Endsjø, Dag (2008). <i>Primordial landscapes, incorruptible bodies. Desert asceticism and the Christian appropriation of Greek ideas on geography, bodies, and immortality</i>. New York: Peter Lang.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primordial+landscapes%2C+incorruptible+bodies.+Desert+asceticism+and+the+Christian+appropriation+of+Greek+ideas+on+geography%2C+bodies%2C+and+immortality&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=%C3%98istein+Endsj%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Dag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonastery+of+Saint+Anthony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolman, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evetts, 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m5_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m5_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinardus, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Butler1902" class="citation book cs1">J. Butler, Alfred (1902). <i>The Arab Conquest of Egypt</i>. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquest+of+Egypt&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=J.+Butler&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonastery+of+Saint+Anthony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leroy, Moines et Monasteres du Proche Orient, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Ethiopian Synaxarium P.O., IX, 418 f</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopian+Synaxarium+P.O.%2C+IX%2C+418+f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonastery+of+Saint+Anthony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinardus, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evetts, 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinardus, 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludolph of Sechum, Description of the Holy Land, 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m11-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m11_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m11_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m11_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinardus, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m12-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m12_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinardus, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinardus, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinardus, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinardus, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meinardus,_26-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meinardus,_26_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meinardus,_26_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinardus, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinardus, 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meinardus,_27-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meinardus,_27_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meinardus,_27_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meinardus,_27_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinardus, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabra, 76–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlSyrianyHabib21-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlSyrianyHabib21_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlSyrianyHabib21_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlSyrianyHabib21_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Syriany and Habib, 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabra, 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabra73-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gabra73_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabra73_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabra73_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabra, 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Slackman, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/27/world/africa/27iht-journal.html">In Egyptian desert, cells of earliest monks</a>". <i>The New York Times</i>, September 29, 2005. Retrieved on November 21, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlSyrianyHabib22-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlSyrianyHabib22_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlSyrianyHabib22_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Syriany and Habib, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn, Jimmy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/antony.htm"><i>St. Antony's Monastery (Deir Mar Antonios)</i>.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discovery-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.discovery.com/archaeology/egypt-christian-monastary-muslim.html">Archaeology News : Ancient Egypt, Archaeology : Discovery News</a>. News.discovery.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8500091.stm">World's oldest monastery restored</a>. BBC News (2010-02-05). Retrieved on 2010-11-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/05/world/middleeast/05briefs-Monastery.html?_r=1">Egypt: Ancient Monastery Called a Sign of Coexistence</a>, The Associated Press, February 4, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mix-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mix_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mix_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mix_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mix_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinardus, ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mx-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mx_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mx_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mx_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mx_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinardus, x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drhawass1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drhawass1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drhawass1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drhawass.com/blog/restoring-monastery-saint-anthony">Restoring the Monastery of Saint Anthony|drhawass.com – Zahi Hawass</a>. drhawass.com (2010-11-07). Retrieved on 2010-11-11.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ed., Bolman, Elizabeth. 2002. <i>Monastic visions : wall paintings in the Monastery of St. Antony at the Red Sea.</i> Cairo, Egypt: American Research Center in Egypt.</li> <li>Meinardus, Otto Friedrich August. 1989. <i>Monks and Monasteries of the Egyptian Deserts.</i> Cairo, Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press.</li> <li>Evetts, B.T.A. (Trans.) Abu Salih the Armenian. 2002. <i>The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighboring Countries.</i> <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_Press" title="Gorgias Press">Gorgias Press</a>.</li> <li>Dalrymple, William. 1998. <i>From the holy mountain : A journey among the Christians of the middle east.</i> New York: H. Holt.</li> <li>Dunn, Marilyn. 2000. <i>The emergence of monasticism : From the desert fathers to the early Middle Ages.</i> Oxford, UK; Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers.</li> <li>Gabra, Gawdat, Hany N. Takla, Saint Mark Foundation., and Saint Shenouda the Archimandrite Coptic Society. 2008. <i>Christianity and monasticism in upper Egypt.</i></li> <li>McClellan, Michael W. and Otto Friedrich August Meinardus. 1998. <i>Monasticism in Egypt : Images and words of the desert fathers.</i> Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press.</li> <li>St. Athanasius of Alexandria, 356–362. Vita S. Antoni (Life of St. Anthony) from the Medieval Sourcebook [Electronic Source] <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vita-antony.html">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vita-antony.html</a></li> <li>Al-Syriany, Samuel; Habib, Badii. 1990. <i>Guide to Ancient Coptic Churches & Monasteries in Upper Egypt.</i> Cairo, Egypt: Institute of Coptic Studies, Department of Coptic Architecture.</li> <li>Gabra, Gawdat. 2002. <i>Coptic Monasteries: Egypt's Monastic Art and Architecture.</i> Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Saint_Anthony&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monasteries_in_Egypt" title="Template:Monasteries in Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monasteries_in_Egypt" title="Template talk:Monasteries in Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monasteries_in_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monasteries in Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monasteries_in_Egypt350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Monasteries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4" style="background:#FDD017;"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate defunct monasteries.</div></td></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bischoy_Kloster_BW_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monastery of Saint Pishoy"><img alt="Monastery of Saint Pishoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bischoy_Kloster_BW_10.jpg/100px-Bischoy_Kloster_BW_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bischoy_Kloster_BW_10.jpg/150px-Bischoy_Kloster_BW_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bischoy_Kloster_BW_10.jpg/200px-Bischoy_Kloster_BW_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FDD017;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Muharraq" title="Deir el-Muharraq">Muharraq Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Martyrs" title="Monastery of the Martyrs">Monastery of the Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Monastery" title="Red Monastery">Red Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Monastery" title="White Monastery">White Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Epiphanius" title="Monastery of Saint Epiphanius">Monastery of Saint Epiphanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Matthew_the_Potter" title="Monastery of Saint Matthew the Potter">Monastery of Saint Matthew the Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Fana" title="Monastery of Saint Fana">Monastery of Saint Fana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Samuel_the_Confessor" title="Monastery of Saint Samuel the Confessor">Monastery of Saint Samuel the Confessor</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pachomian35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FDD017;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pachomian_monasteries" title="Pachomian monasteries">Pachomian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabenna" title="Tabenna">Tabennesi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pbow" title="Pbow">Pbow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneset-Chenoboskion" title="Sheneset-Chenoboskion">Sheneset</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tmoushons" title="Tmoushons">Tmoushons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tse_Monastery" title="Tse Monastery">Tse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akhmim" title="Akhmim">Tkahshmin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tbew" title="Tbew">Tbew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsmine" title="Tsmine">Tsmine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phnoum" title="Phnoum">Phnoum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coptic Cross"><img alt="Coptic Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/150px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/225px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/300px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FDD017;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Monastery of Saint Parsoma</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FDD017;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enaton" title="Enaton">Monastery of the Enaton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mina" title="Monastery of Saint Mina">Monastery of Saint Mina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FDD017;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monastery of Saint Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Paul_the_Anchorite" title="Monastery of Saint Paul the Anchorite">Monastery of Saint Paul the Anchorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FDD017;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrian_Desert" title="Nitrian Desert">Nitrian Desert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitria_(monastic_site)" title="Nitria (monastic site)">Nitria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kellia" title="Kellia">Kellia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_El_Natrun" title="Wadi El Natrun">Wadi El Natrun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paromeos_Monastery" title="Paromeos Monastery">Paromeos Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Macarius_the_Great" title="Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great">Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Pishoy" title="Monastery of Saint Pishoy">Monastery of Saint Pishoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mary_Deipara" title="Monastery of Saint Mary Deipara">Syrian Monastery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FDD017;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Monastery of Saint Catherine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="4" style="background:#FDD017;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_monasteries_in_Egypt" title="Category:Christian monasteries in Egypt">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_monasteries_by_country" title="Category:Christian monasteries by country">Monasteries by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/156133169">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002090700">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135074603">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135074603">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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