CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">     <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="el" xml:lang="el" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"> <head> <title>Weld Qualification of the Cold Mass of the Superconducting Quadrupoles Magnets (MQXF) for the HL-LHC Project - CERN Document Server</title> <link href='https://framework.web.cern.ch/framework/2.0/fonts/PTSansWeb/PTSansWeb.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/invenio.css?v=20141127" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_theme/css/cern_theme.css?v=20141127" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet"href="/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_toolbar/css/toolbar.css" type="text/css" />    <link rel="canonical" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="el" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=el" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=fr" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="bg" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=bg" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-TW" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=zh_TW" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=pt" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="no" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=no" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="hr" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=hr" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ca" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=ca" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=de" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=it" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-CN" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=zh_CN" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sv" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=sv" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sk" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=sk" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=en" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pl" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=pl" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=ru" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ka" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=ka" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=ja" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259?ln=es" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="CERN Document Server RSS" href="/rss?ln=el" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cds.cern.ch/opensearchdescription" title="CERN Document Server" /> <link rel="unapi-server" type="application/xml" title="unAPI" href="https://cds.cern.ch/unapi" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="el" /> <meta name="description" content="The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is a major upgrade to the existing Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, aimed at increasing the integrated luminosity of the collider by a factor of ten [1]. A key component of the HL-LHC are the superconducting Nb3Sn quadrupole magnets, known as MQXF, whose purpose is to focus the particle beam [3]. In order to ensure the proper operation and structural reliability of the MQXF quadrupoles, it is essential to qualify the welds of their cold mass, used as a He container of the magnets. This paper describes the process of qualification of the welds involved in the closure of the cold mass, including the testing and inspection methods used to evaluate their strength and soundness. The results of the qualification process are used to ensure that the MQXF quadrupoles cold masses can withstand the high-stress operating conditions of the HL-LHC and operate as expected at cryogenic temperature. The qualification process has been used to implement a novel approach for quality control of the production parts using Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT). This advanced testing method uses phased array ultrasonic probes to scan the welds and generate a detail 3D image of their internal structure. This allows for a more accurate and efficient inspection of the welds, compared to traditional ultrasonic testing methods. Overall, the welding qualification process for the cold mass of the MQXF quadrupoles is a crucial step in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the HL-LHC. Castro, Enrique Rodriguez; Aviles Santillana, Ignacio; Sgobba, Stefano; Izquierdo, Gonzalo Arnau; Bonnin, Simon; Bampton, Tavis; Prin, Herve; Todesco, Ezio; Navas, Elisa Maria Ruiz" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Welding, Testing, ISO Standards, Qualifications, Acoustics, Superconducting magnets, Standards, Cold Mass, Test Method, Luminosity, Large Hadron Collider, Inspection Method, Ultrasonic Testing, Structural Integrity, Ultimate Strength, Longitudinal Direction, Transverse Direction, Relative Permeability, Bending Test, Fracture Toughness, Non-destructive Method, Non-destructive Testing, Penetration Test, Liquid Helium, Heat-affected Zone, Impact Toughness, Destructive Testing, Non-destructive Testing Methods, Artificial Defects, FT test, HL-LHC, mechanical characterisation, MQXF, PAUT, weld qualification" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/jquery.min.js"></script>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/webnews.css" type="text/css" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/webnews.js?v=20131009"></script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="137353533001720"/> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$']], processEscapes: true}, showProcessingMessages: false, messageStyle: "none" }); </script> <script src="/MathJax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS_CHTML" type="text/javascript"> </script>  <meta content="IEEE : Weld Qualification of the Cold Mass of the Superconducting Quadrupoles Magnets (MQXF) for the HL-LHC Project" name="citation_title" /> <meta content="Castro, Enrique Rodriguez" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Todesco, Ezio" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Aviles Santillana, Ignacio" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Bampton, Tavis" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Navas, Elisa Maria Ruiz" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Bonnin, Simon" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Prin, Herve" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Sgobba, Stefano" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Izquierdo, Gonzalo Arnau" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="10.1109/TASC.2024.3353137" name="citation_doi" /> <meta content="IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond." name="citation_journal_title" /> <meta content="34" name="citation_volume" /> <meta content="9000904" name="citation_firstpage" /> <meta content="2024" name="citation_publication_date" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/03/20"> <meta content="10.1109/TASC.2024.3353137" name="citation_doi" />  <meta content="IEEE" property="og:title" /> <meta content="Weld Qualification of the Cold Mass of the Superconducting Quadrupoles Magnets (MQXF) for the HL-LHC Project" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259" property="og:url" /> <meta content="CERN Document Server" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="IEEE" property="og:description" /> <meta content="The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is a major upgrade to the existing Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, aimed at increasing the integrated luminosity of the collider by a factor of ten [1]. A key component of the HL-LHC are the superconducting Nb3Sn quadrupole magnets, known as MQXF, whose purpose is to focus the particle beam [3]. In order to ensure the proper operation and structural reliability of the MQXF quadrupoles, it is essential to qualify the welds of their cold mass, used as a He container of the magnets. This paper describes the process of qualification of the welds involved in the closure of the cold mass, including the testing and inspection methods used to evaluate their strength and soundness. The results of the qualification process are used to ensure that the MQXF quadrupoles cold masses can withstand the high-stress operating conditions of the HL-LHC and operate as expected at cryogenic temperature. The qualification process has been used to implement a novel approach for quality control of the production parts using Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT). This advanced testing method uses phased array ultrasonic probes to scan the welds and generate a detail 3D image of their internal structure. This allows for a more accurate and efficient inspection of the welds, compared to traditional ultrasonic testing methods. Overall, the welding qualification process for the cold mass of the MQXF quadrupoles is a crucial step in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the HL-LHC." property="og:description" />  <meta content="summary" name="twitter:card" /> <style></style> </head> <body class="CERN32Document32Server search" lang="el">  <div id="cern-toolbar"> <h1><a href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN">CERN <span>Accelerating science</span></a></h1> <ul> <li class="cern-accountlinks"><a class="cern-account" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/login?ln=el&referer=https%3A//cds.cern.ch/record/2892259%3Fln%3Del" title="Sign in to your CERN account">Sign in</a></li> <li><a class="cern-directory" href="http://cern.ch/directory" title="Search CERN resources and browse the directory">Directory</a></li> </ul> </div>   <div role="banner" class="clearfix" id="header"> <div class="header-inner inner"> <hgroup class="clearfix"> <h2 id="site-name"> <a rel="home" title="Home" href="/"><span>CERN Document Server</span></a> </h2> <h3 id="site-slogan">Access articles, reports and multimedia content in HEP</h3> </hgroup> <div role="navigation" id="main-navigation" class="cdsmenu"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Main menu</h2><ul class="links inline clearfix"> <li class="menu-386 first active-trail"><a class="active-trail" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=el">Αναζήτηση</a></li> <li class="menu-444 "><a class="" title="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=el">Υποβολή</a></li> <li class="menu-426 "><a class="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=el">Βοήθεια</a></li> <li class="leaf hassubcdsmenu"> <a hreflang="en" class="header" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=el">Ρυθμίσεις</a> <ul class="subsubcdsmenu"><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/list?ln=el">Οι Ειδοποιήσεις μου</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourbaskets/display?ln=el">Τα καλάθια μου</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourcomments?ln=el">Your comments</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/display?ln=el">Οι Αναζητήσεις μου</a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <table class="navtrailbox"> <tr> <td class="navtrailboxbody"> <a href="/?ln=el" class="navtrail">Αρχική Σελίδα</a> > Weld Qualification of the Cold Mass of the Superconducting Quadrupoles Magnets (MQXF) for the HL-LHC Project </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="pagebody"><div class="pagebodystripemiddle"> <div class="detailedrecordbox"> <div class="detailedrecordtabs"> <div> <ul class="detailedrecordtabs"><li class="on first"><a href="/record/2892259/?ln=el">Πληροφορίες </a></li><li class="disabled"><a>Αρχεία </a></li></ul> <div id="tabsSpacer" style="clear:both;height:0px"> </div></div> </div> <div class="detailedrecordboxcontent"> <div class="top-left-folded"></div> <div class="top-right-folded"></div> <div class="inside">  <abbr class="unapi-id" title="2892259"></abbr> <style type="text/css">  </style> <table class="formatRecordTableFullWidth" > <tr> <td class="formatRecordHeader" style="background-image: url('https://cds.cern.ch/img/journals.jpg');" colspan="2">  Article </td> </tr> <script type="text/javascript"> $( document ).ready(function() { $('.showAuthor').on('click', function() { var author = '<p>' + $(this).data('name') + '</p>'; var affiliation = $(this).data('affiliation') + '</br>'; var contribution = $(this).data('contribution') + '</br>'; $.magnificPopup.open({ items: { src: '<div id="ovelary-mathjax" class="overlay-white oc-content overlay-white-500">' + author + affiliation + contribution + '</div>', type: 'inline' }, callbacks: { open: function() { var div = document.getElementById("overlay-mathjax") MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub, div]); }, } }) }) }); </script> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Title </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><b>Weld Qualification of the Cold Mass of the Superconducting Quadrupoles Magnets (MQXF) for the HL-LHC Project</b></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> Author(s) </span> </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Castro%2C%20Enrique%20Rodriguez&ln=el">Castro, Enrique Rodriguez</a> (Carlos III U., Madrid) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Aviles%20Santillana%2C%20Ignacio&ln=el">Aviles Santillana, Ignacio</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Sgobba%2C%20Stefano&ln=el">Sgobba, Stefano</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Izquierdo%2C%20Gonzalo%20Arnau&ln=el">Izquierdo, Gonzalo Arnau</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Bonnin%2C%20Simon&ln=el">Bonnin, Simon</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Bampton%2C%20Tavis&ln=el">Bampton, Tavis</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Prin%2C%20Herve&ln=el">Prin, Herve</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Todesco%2C%20Ezio&ln=el">Todesco, Ezio</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Navas%2C%20Elisa%20Maria%20Ruiz&ln=el">Navas, Elisa Maria Ruiz</a> (Carlos III U., Madrid)</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Publication </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">2024</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Number of pages </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">4</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> In: </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3353137"><i>IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.</i> 34 (2024) 9000904</a> </a></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> DOI </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2024.3353137" title="DOI" target="_blank">10.1109/TASC.2024.3353137</a> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Subject category </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">Accelerators and Storage Rings</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Accelerator/Facility, Experiment </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?p=CERN%20LHC&f=693__a">CERN LHC</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Project </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href='https://cds.cern.ch/search?p=693__p:"CERN HL-LHC"'>CERN HL-LHC</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Abstract </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is a major upgrade to the existing Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, aimed at increasing the integrated luminosity of the collider by a factor of ten [1]. A key component of the HL-LHC are the superconducting Nb3Sn quadrupole magnets, known as MQXF, whose purpose is to focus the particle beam [3]. In order to ensure the proper operation and structural reliability of the MQXF quadrupoles, it is essential to qualify the welds of their cold mass, used as a He container of the magnets. This paper describes the process of qualification of the welds involved in the closure of the cold mass, including the testing and inspection methods used to evaluate their strength and soundness. The results of the qualification process are used to ensure that the MQXF quadrupoles cold masses can withstand the high-stress operating conditions of the HL-LHC and operate as expected at cryogenic temperature. The qualification process has been used to implement a novel approach for quality control of the production parts using Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT). This advanced testing method uses phased array ultrasonic probes to scan the welds and generate a detail 3D image of their internal structure. This allows for a more accurate and efficient inspection of the welds, compared to traditional ultrasonic testing methods. Overall, the welding qualification process for the cold mass of the MQXF quadrupoles is a crucial step in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the HL-LHC.</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Copyright/License </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">© 2024 IEEE</td></tr> </table> <br/>Corresponding record in: <a href="http://inspirehep.net/record/2767535">Inspire</a> <small> </small> <br/> <br/><br/><div align="right"><div style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:30px;"><span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"> <a href="" class="moreinfo">Επιστροφή στην αναζήτηση</a> </span></div></div> <div class="bottom-left-folded"><div class="recordlastmodifiedbox" style="position:relative;margin-left:1px"> Δημιουργία εγγραφής 2024-03-20, τελευταία τροποποίηση 2024-03-26</div></div> <div class="bottom-right-folded" style="text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px;"> <span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"><a href="/search?ln=el&p=recid%3A2892259&rm=wrd" class="moreinfo">Παρόμοιες εγγραφές</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> <br/> <br /> <div class="detailedrecordminipanel"> <div class="top-left"></div><div class="top-right"></div> <div class="inside"> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelfile" style="width:33%;float:left;text-align:center;margin-top:0"> <br/> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelreview" style="width:30%;float:left;text-align:center"> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelactions" style="width:36%;float:right;text-align:right;"> <ul class="detailedrecordactions"> <li><a href="/yourbaskets/add?ln=el&recid=2892259">Προσθήκη στο προσωπικό καλάθι</a></li> <li>Εξαγωγή ως <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2892259/export/hx?ln=el">BibTeX</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2892259/export/hm?ln=el">MARC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2892259/export/xm?ln=el">MARCXML</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2892259/export/xd?ln=el">DC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2892259/export/xe?ln=el">EndNote</a>,  <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2892259/export/xn?ln=el">NLM</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2892259/export/xw?ln=el">RefWorks</a> </li> </ul> <div style='padding-left: 13px;'>  <div id="bookmark"></div> <div id="bookmark_sciencewise"></div> <style type="text/css"> #bookmark_sciencewise, #bookmark {float: left;} #bookmark_sciencewise li {padding: 2px; width: 25px;} #bookmark_sciencewise ul, #bookmark ul {list-style-image: none;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery.bookmark.min.js"></script> <style type="text/css">@import "/css/jquery.bookmark.css";</style> <script type="text/javascript">// <![CDATA[ $.bookmark.addSite('sciencewise', 'ScienceWise.info', 'https://cds.cern.ch/img/sciencewise.png', 'en', 'bookmark', 'http://sciencewise.info/bookmarks/cds:2892259/add'); $('#bookmark_sciencewise').bookmark({sites: ['sciencewise']}); $('#bookmark').bookmark({ sites: ['facebook', 'twitter', 'linkedin', 'google_plusone'], icons: '/img/bookmarks.png', url: 'https://cds.cern.ch/record/2892259', addEmail: true, title: "Weld Qualification of the Cold Mass of the Superconducting Quadrupoles Magnets (MQXF) for the HL-LHC Project", description: "The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is a major upgrade to the existing Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, aimed at increasing the integrated luminosity of the collider by a factor of ten [1]. A key component of the HL-LHC are the superconducting Nb3Sn quadrupole magnets, known as MQXF, whose purpose is to focus the particle beam [3]. In order to ensure the proper operation and structural reliability of the MQXF quadrupoles, it is essential to qualify the welds of their cold mass, used as a He container of the magnets. This paper describes the process of qualification of the welds involved in the closure of the cold mass, including the testing and inspection methods used to evaluate their strength and soundness. The results of the qualification process are used to ensure that the MQXF quadrupoles cold masses can withstand the high-stress operating conditions of the HL-LHC and operate as expected at cryogenic temperature. The qualification process has been used to implement a novel approach for quality control of the production parts using Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT). This advanced testing method uses phased array ultrasonic probes to scan the welds and generate a detail 3D image of their internal structure. This allows for a more accurate and efficient inspection of the welds, compared to traditional ultrasonic testing methods. Overall, the welding qualification process for the cold mass of the MQXF quadrupoles is a crucial step in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the HL-LHC." }); // ]]> </script>  </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;margin-bottom: 0;"></div> </div> <div class="bottom-left"></div><div class="bottom-right"></div> </div> </div></div> <footer id="footer" class="pagefooter clearfix">  <div class="pagefooterstripeleft"> CERN Document Server :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=el">Αναζήτηση</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=el">Υποβολή</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=el">Ρυθμίσεις</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=el">Βοήθεια</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=privacy_policy&se=CDS-Service" target="_blank">Privacy Notice</a> <br /> Βασίζεται στο <a class="footer" href="http://invenio-software.org/">Invenio</a> <br /> Συντηρείται από <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Service</a> - Need help? Contact <a href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Support</a>. <br /> </div> <div class="pagefooterstriperight"> <div class="cern-logo"> <a id="logo" href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN" rel="CERN" ><img src="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_theme/img/cern-logo-large.png" alt="CERN" /></a> </div> <div class="cern-languagebox"> Η σελίδα αυτή είναι διαθέσιμη και στις εξής γλώσσες:<br /><a href="/record/2892259?ln=bg" class="langinfo">Български</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=ca" class="langinfo">Català</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=de" class="langinfo">Deutsch</a>  <span class="langinfo">Ελληνικά</span>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=en" class="langinfo">English</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=es" class="langinfo">Español</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=fr" class="langinfo">Français</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=hr" class="langinfo">Hrvatski</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=it" class="langinfo">Italiano</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=ja" class="langinfo">日本語</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=ka" class="langinfo">ქართული</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=no" class="langinfo">Norsk/Bokmål</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=pl" class="langinfo">Polski</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=pt" class="langinfo">Português</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=ru" class="langinfo">Русский</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=sk" class="langinfo">Slovensky</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=sv" class="langinfo">Svenska</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=zh_CN" class="langinfo">中文(简)</a>  <a href="/record/2892259?ln=zh_TW" class="langinfo">中文(繁)</a> </div> </div>  </footer> <script type="text/javascript"> var SyndeticsBookCovers = (function() { var SMALL_SIZE = "sc.gif", MEDIUM_SIZE = "mc.gif", RAW_URL = "https://secure.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=THEISBN/THESIZE&client=cernlibrary"; replaceCover = function(imgElement, isbns, hdFormat) { var img = new Image(), size = hdFormat ? MEDIUM_SIZE : SMALL_SIZE; var _isbns = isbns.sort(function(a, b) { // sort from shortest to longest ISBN (more modern) return a.length > b.length ? 1 : -1; }); function next() { var isbn = _isbns.pop(); if (isbn) { var url = RAW_URL.replace("THEISBN", isbn).replace("THESIZE", size); img.src = url; } } function done() { imgElement.src = img.src; } img.onload = function() { if (this.width > 1) { done(); } else { next(); } }; next(); }; return { replaceCover: replaceCover }; })(); $(document).ready(function() { // get book covers $("img.book-cover").each(function() { var $this = $(this), strIsbns = $this.data("isbns") || "", isbnsArray = String(strIsbns).split(","), hdFormat = $this.hasClass("hd"); SyndeticsBookCovers.replaceCover(this, isbnsArray, hdFormat); }); // WebNews tooltips $.ajax({ url: "/news/tooltips", success: function(data) { create_tooltips(data); }, dataType: "json", cache: false }); }); </script>  <script src="//cds.cern.ch/js/feedback.js"></script>   <script> var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://webanalytics.web.cern.ch/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '756']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script>  </body> </html>