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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_constitutional_crisis_of_1993&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian constitutional crisis of 1993">Russian constitutional crisis of 1993</a>)</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style>In September and October 1993, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> arose in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> from a conflict between the then Russian president <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> and the country's <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>. Yeltsin performed a <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a>, dissolving parliament and instituting a presidential <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a> system. The crisis ended with Yeltsin using military force to attack Moscow's <a href="/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)" title="White House (Moscow)">House of Soviets</a> and arrest the lawmakers. In Russia, the events are known as the "October Coup" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Октябрьский путч, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Oktyabr'skiy putch) or "Black October" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Чëрный октябрь, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Chornyi Oktyabr'). <div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1993 Russian constitutional crisis or "October Coup"</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">post-Soviet conflicts</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/300px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/450px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/600px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="921"></a> The White House in October 1993, soon after the assault of government troops supported by tanks</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>21 September – 4 October 1993 (1 week and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Victory of pro-Yeltsin forces: <ul><li>Presidential <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a> imposed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">New constitution</a> <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Russian constitutional referendum">adopted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies</a>, regional and local <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a> disbanded</li> <li>Creation of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Federal Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_legislative_election" title="1993 Russian legislative election">New parliamentary election</a> held</li> <li>End of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republic (system of government)">Soviet system of government</a> in Russia</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Presidential</a> forces: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Federal_Guard_Service.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Guard_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Federal_Guard_Service.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Guard_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Federal_Guard_Service.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Guard_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal Protective Service (Russia)">Main Administration of Protection</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Ministry_for_Internal_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28MVD_of_Russia%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_for_Internal_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28MVD_of_Russia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Ministry_for_Internal_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28MVD_of_Russia%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_for_Internal_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28MVD_of_Russia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Ministry_for_Internal_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28MVD_of_Russia%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_for_Internal_Affairs_of_the_Russian_Federation_%28MVD_of_Russia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="375"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs">Ministry of the Interior</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation">Ministry of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/15px-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/23px-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/30px-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_4-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="561"></a> <a href="/wiki/4th_Guards_Tank_Division" title="4th Guards Tank Division">Kantemir Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/15px-2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/23px-2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/30px-2-%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></a> <a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division" title="2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division">Taman Division</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> Pro-Yeltsin demonstrators and organizations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> Federalists and anti-communists</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> Parliamentary forces: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_(1992-1993).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="952"></a> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_(1992-1993).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Federation_%281992-1993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="952"></a> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a></li></ul> <hr> Anti-Yeltsin opposition: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/23px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/35px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/45px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"> <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">National Unity</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Russia" title="Labour Russia">Labour Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> Other opposition forces<a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Diplomatic support<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>: <a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, 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height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Moldova_%281990%E2%80%932010%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova_%281990%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Moldova_%281990%E2%80%932010%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova_%281990%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281992%E2%80%932023%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281992%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281992%E2%80%932023%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281992%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281992%E2%80%932023%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281992%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"> <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Support<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Viktor Chernomyrdin</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Yegor Gaidar</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yerin" title="Viktor Yerin">Viktor Yerin</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Golushko" title="Nikolai Golushko">Nikolai Golushko</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Kulikov" title="Anatoly Kulikov">Anatoly Kulikov</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korzhakov" title="Alexander Korzhakov">Alexander Korzhakov</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis#endnote_1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Achalov" title="Vladislav Achalov">Vladislav Achalov</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> Andrey Dunayev <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Barannikov" title="Viktor Barannikov">Viktor Barannikov</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/23px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/35px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/45px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Baburin" title="Sergey Baburin">Sergey Baburin</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/23px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/35px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg/45px-Infobox_flag_of_the_National_Salvation_Front_%28Russia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Makashov" title="Albert Makashov">Albert Makashov</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375"></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Alexander Barkashov</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Anpilov" title="Viktor Anpilov">Viktor Anpilov</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Political support</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberals</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalists</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communists">Anti-communists</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States"><img alt="Commonwealth of Independent States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Russia">Communists</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalists</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchists</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russian_National_Unity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/National_Bolshevik_Party_flag.svg/23px-National_Bolshevik_Party_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/National_Bolshevik_Party_flag.svg/35px-National_Bolshevik_Party_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/National_Bolshevik_Party_flag.svg/46px-National_Bolshevik_Party_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240"> <a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National-bolsheviks</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> 147 killed, 437 wounded (official assessment of the <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor-General_of_Russia" title="Prosecutor-General of Russia">Prosecutor-General of Russia</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_1">^</a> Became <a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_Russia" title="Acting President of Russia">Acting President of Russia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">impeachment</a> of Yeltsin, in accordance with the Constitution.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> Yeltsin assumed the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of the Russian Federation">presidency of the Russian Federation</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991; the Soviet-era <a href="/wiki/1978_Russian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 Russian constitution">1978 Russian constitution</a> remained in effect. Yeltsin began assuming increasing powers, leading to a political standoff with Russia's parliament, which in 1993 was composed of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a>. After holding a <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_government_referendum" title="1993 Russian government referendum">four-part referendum in April</a> on support for his leadership and socio-economical policies, as well as on support for early elections, Yeltsin called for parliamentary elections and dissolved the legislature on 21 September in a move not authorized by the constitution, nor approved by the referendum. On 23 September, the parliament (led by Supreme Soviet Chairman <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a>) <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">impeached</a> Yeltsin, proclaimed vice president <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a> the acting president, and barricaded itself in the White House building. Ten days of street fighting commenced between police and demonstrators loyal to Yeltsin and the parliamentarians. On 3 October, demonstrators removed <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> cordons around the parliament and, urged by their leaders, took over the mayor's offices and tried to storm the <a href="/wiki/Ostankinsky_District" title="Ostankinsky District">Ostankino</a> television centre. On 4 October, the army, which had remained neutral, shelled the White House using tanks and stormed the building with special forces on Yeltsin's orders, arresting the surviving leaders of the resistance. All of those involved in the events were later granted amnesty by the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> in February 1994 and released from jail. At the climax of the crisis, Russia was thought by some to be "on the brink" of <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> The 10-day conflict became the deadliest single event of street fighting in <a href="/wiki/Moscow%27s_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow's history">Moscow's history</a> since the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>;<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> 147 people were killed and 437 wounded according to the official Russian government statistics. In the wake of the events, Yeltsin consolidated his position, further expanded the powers of the executive, and pushed through the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/1993_constitution_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 constitution of the Russian Federation">1993 constitution of the Russian Federation</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins">1 Origins</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Intensifying_executive-legislative_power_struggle">1.1 Intensifying executive-legislative power struggle</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Seventh_Congress_of_People's_Deputies">1.1.1 Seventh Congress of People's Deputies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Eighth_congress">1.1.2 Eighth congress</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#%22Special_regime%22">1.1.3 "Special regime"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ninth_congress">1.1.4 Ninth congress</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#National_referendum">1.1.5 National referendum</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Constitutional_convention">1.2 Constitutional convention</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#July%E2%80%93September">1.3 July–September</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Siege_and_assault">2 Siege and assault</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Parliament_purports_to_impeach_Yeltsin_as_president">2.1 Parliament purports to impeach Yeltsin as president</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Mass_protests_and_the_barricading_of_the_parliament">2.2 Mass protests and the barricading of the parliament</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Storming_of_Ostankino_Television_Tower">2.3 Storming of Ostankino Television Tower</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Storming_of_the_White_House">2.4 Storming of the White House</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Public_opinion_on_crisis">2.5 Public opinion on crisis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Yeltsin's_consolidation_of_power">3 Yeltsin's consolidation of power</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Immediate_aftermath">3.1 Immediate aftermath</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#End_of_the_first_constitutional_period">3.2 End of the first constitutional period</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Notes">5 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References">6 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sources_cited">6.1 Sources cited</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensifying_executive-legislative_power_struggle">Intensifying executive-legislative power struggle</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Intensifying executive-legislative power struggle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">was dissolved</a> on 26 December 1991 and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> gained its independence as the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>. In Russia, Yeltsin's <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia#Transition_to_market_economy_(1991%E2%80%9398)" title="Economy of Russia">economic reform program</a> took effect on 2 January 1992.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Soon afterward, <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">prices</a> skyrocketed, government spending was slashed, and heavy new <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> went into effect. A deep <a href="/wiki/Credit_crunch" title="Credit crunch">credit crunch</a> shut down many <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a> and led to a protracted depression. As a result, unemployment reached record levels. The program began to lose support, and the ensuing political confrontation between Yeltsin on one side, and the opposition to radical economic reform on the other, became increasingly centered in the two branches of government. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Real GDP percentage change in Russia<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>1990 </th> <th>1991 </th> <th>1992 </th> <th>1993 </th> <th>1994 </th></tr> <tr> <td>−3.0% </td> <td>−5.0% </td> <td>−14.5% </td> <td>−8.7% </td> <td>−12.7% </td></tr> </tbody></table> Throughout 1992, opposition to Yeltsin's reform policies grew stronger and more intractable among bureaucrats concerned about the condition of Russian industry and among regional leaders who wanted more independence from <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. Russia's vice president, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a>, denounced the Yeltsin program as "economic genocide".<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> From 1991 to 1998, the first seven years of Yeltsin's incumbency, the Russian <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> (measured by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>) went from over two trillion U.S. dollars annually to less than one and a quarter trillion U.S. per annum. The United States provided an estimated $2.58 billion of official aid to Russia during the eight years of Clinton's presidency, to build a new economic system, and he encouraged American businesses to invest.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> Leaders of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>-rich republics such as <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkiria</a> called for full independence from Russia. Also throughout 1992, Yeltsin wrestled with the Supreme Soviet (the standing legislature) and the Russian Congress of People's Deputies (the country's highest legislative body, from which the Supreme Soviet members were drawn) for control over government and government policy. In 1992 the speaker of the Russian Supreme Soviet, <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a>, came out in opposition to the reforms, despite claiming to support Yeltsin's overall goals. The president was concerned about the terms of the constitutional amendments passed in late 1991, which meant that his special powers of decree were set to expire by the end of 1992 (Yeltsin expanded the powers of the presidency beyond normal constitutional limits in carrying out the reform program). Yeltsin, awaiting implementation of his <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> program, demanded that parliament reinstate his decree powers (only parliament had the authority to replace or amend the constitution). In the Russian Congress of People's Deputies and in the Supreme Soviet, the deputies refused to adopt a new constitution that would enshrine the scope of presidential powers demanded by Yeltsin into law. Another cause of conflict also called repeated refusal of the Congress of People's Deputies to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezha Accords</a> on the termination of the existence of the USSR,<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> and to exclude from the text of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 references to the Constitution and laws of the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh_Congress_of_People's_Deputies">Seventh Congress of People's Deputies</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seventh Congress of People's Deputies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png/220px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="405"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png/220px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png/330px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png/440px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1992.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Congressional factions in December 1992</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png/220px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="2352"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png/220px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png/330px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png/440px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4_1992.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cover of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978" title="Russian Constitution of 1978">Constitution of Russia 1992 edition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation</a></figcaption></figure> During its December session, the parliament clashed with Yeltsin on a number of issues, and the conflict came to a head on 9 December when the parliament refused to confirm <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Yegor Gaidar</a>, the widely unpopular architect of Russia's "<a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a>" market liberalizations, as prime minister. The parliament refused to nominate Gaidar, demanding modifications of the economic program and directed the Central Bank, which was under the parliament's control, to continue issuing credits to enterprises to keep them from shutting down.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> In an angry speech the next day on 10 December, Yeltsin accused the Congress of blocking the government's reforms and suggested the people decide on a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, "which course do the citizens of Russia support? The course of the President, a course of transformations, or the course of the Congress, the Supreme Soviet and its Chairman, a course towards folding up reforms, and ultimately towards the deepening of the crisis."<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Parliament responded by voting to take control of the army. On 12 December, Yeltsin and parliament speaker Khasbulatov agreed on a compromise that included the following provisions: (1) a national referendum on framing a new Russian constitution to be held in April 1993; (2) most of Yeltsin's emergency powers were extended until the referendum; (3) the parliament asserted its right to nominate and vote on its own choices for prime minister; and (4) the parliament asserted its right to reject the president's choices to head the Defense, Foreign Affairs, Interior, and Security ministries. Yeltsin nominated <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Viktor Chernomyrdin</a> to be prime minister on 14 December, and the parliament confirmed him. Yeltsin's December 1992 compromise with the seventh Congress of the People's Deputies temporarily backfired. Early 1993 saw increasing tension between Yeltsin and the parliament over the language of the referendum and power sharing. In a series of collisions over policy, the congress whittled away the president's extraordinary powers, which it had granted him in late 1991. The legislature, marshaled by Speaker <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a>, began to sense that it could block and even defeat the president. The tactic that it adopted was gradually to erode presidential control over the government. In response, the president called a referendum on a constitution for 11 April. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eighth_congress">Eighth congress</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eighth congress" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The eighth Congress of People's Deputies opened on 10 March 1993,<a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20">[18]</a> with a strong attack on the president by Khasbulatov, who accused Yeltsin of acting unconstitutionally. In mid-March, an emergency session of the Congress of People's Deputies voted to amend the constitution, strip Yeltsin of many of his powers, and cancel the scheduled April referendum, again opening the door to legislation that would shift the balance of power away from the president. The president stalked out of the congress. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Shumeyko" title="Vladimir Shumeyko">Vladimir Shumeyko</a>, first deputy prime minister, declared that the referendum would go ahead, but on 25 April. The parliament was gradually expanding its influence over the government. On 16 March, the president signed a decree that conferred Cabinet rank on <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Gerashchenko" title="Viktor Gerashchenko">Viktor Gerashchenko</a>, chairman of the central bank, and three other officials; this was in accordance with the decision of the eighth congress that these officials should be members of the government. The congress' ruling, however, had made it clear that as ministers they would continue to be subordinate to parliament. In general, the parliament's lawmaking activity decreased in 1993, as its agenda increasingly became dominated by efforts to increase the parliamentarian powers and reduce those of the president.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id='"Special_regime"'>"Special regime"</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=5" title='Edit section: "Special regime"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The president's response was dramatic. On 20 March, Yeltsin addressed the nation directly on television, declaring that he had signed a decree on a "special regime" (Об особом порядке управления до преодоления кризиса власти), under which he would assume extraordinary executive power pending the results of a referendum on the timing of new legislative elections, on a new constitution, and on public confidence in the president and vice-president.<a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20">[18]</a> Yeltsin also bitterly attacked the parliament, accusing the deputies of trying to restore the Soviet-era order. Soon after Yeltsin's televised address, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Zorkin" title="Valery Zorkin">Valery Zorkin</a> (Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation</a>), Yuri Voronin (first vice-chairman of the Supreme Soviet), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a><a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20">[18]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Stepankov" title="Valentin Stepankov">Valentin Stepankov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prosecutor-General_of_Russia" title="Prosecutor-General of Russia">Prosecutor-General</a>) made an address, publicly condemning Yeltsin's declaration as unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> On 23 March, although not yet possessing the signed document,<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation">Constitutional Court</a> ruled that some of the measures proposed in Yeltsin's TV address were unconstitutional;<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> however, the decree itself, that was only published a few days later,<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> did not contain unconstitutional steps.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ninth_congress">Ninth congress</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ninth congress" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png/220px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="405"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png/220px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png/330px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png/440px-Russian_Congressional_Fractions_1993.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Congressional factions in March 1993</figcaption></figure> The ninth congress, which opened on 26 March,<a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20">[18]</a> began with an extraordinary session of the Congress of People's Deputies taking up discussions of emergency measures to defend the constitution, including <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">impeachment</a> of President Yeltsin. Yeltsin conceded that he had made mistakes and reached out to swing voters in parliament. Yeltsin narrowly survived an impeachment vote on March 28, votes for impeachment falling 72 short of the 689 votes needed for a 2/3 majority. The similar proposal to dismiss Ruslan Khasbulatov, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet was defeated by a wider margin (339 in favour of the motion), though 614 deputies had initially been in favour of including the re-election of the chairman in the agenda, a tell-tale sign of the weakness of Khasbulatov's own positions (517 votes for would have sufficed to dismiss the speaker).<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> By the time of the ninth Congress, the legislative branch was dominated by the joint communist-nationalist Russian Unity bloc,<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> which included representatives of the <a href="/wiki/CPRF" class="mw-redirect" title="CPRF">CPRF</a> and the Fatherland faction (communists, retired military personnel, and other deputies of a socialist orientation),<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Party_of_Russia" title="Agrarian Party of Russia">Agrarian Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_All-People%27s_Union" title="Russian All-People's Union">Russia</a> faction led by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Baburin" title="Sergey Baburin">Sergey Baburin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> These groups, together with more centrist groups like Change (Смена), left the opposing bloc of Yeltsin supporters (Democratic Russia and Radical Democrats) in a clear minority. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_referendum">National referendum</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National referendum" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_government_referendum" title="1993 Russian government referendum">1993 Russian government referendum</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg/160px-Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1916"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg/160px-Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg/240px-Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg/321px-Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Yeltsin speaking at a meeting of his supporters on 28 March 1993</figcaption></figure> The referendum would go ahead, but since the impeachment vote failed, the Congress of People's Deputies sought to set new terms for a popular referendum. The legislature's version of the referendum asked whether citizens had confidence in Yeltsin, approved of his reforms, and supported early presidential and legislative elections. The parliament voted that in order to win, the president would need to obtain 50 percent of the whole electorate, rather than 50 percent of those actually voting, to avoid an early presidential election. This time, the Constitutional Court supported Yeltsin and ruled that the president required only a simple majority on two issues: confidence in him, and economic and social policy; he would need the support of half the electorate in order to call new parliamentary and presidential elections. On 25 April, a majority of voters expressed confidence in the president,<a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20">[18]</a> and called for new legislative elections. Yeltsin termed the results a mandate for him to continue in power. Before the referendum, Yeltsin had promised to resign, if the electorate failed to express confidence in his policies.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Although this permitted the president to declare that the population supported him, not the parliament, Yeltsin lacked a constitutional mechanism to implement his victory. As before, the president had to appeal to the people over the heads of the legislature. On <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">1 May</a>, antigovernment protests organized by the hardline opposition turned violent.<a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20">[18]</a> Numerous deputies of the Supreme Soviet took part in organizing the protest and in its course. One <a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a> police officer suffered fatal injuries during the riot. As a reaction, a number of the representatives of Saint Petersburg intelligentia (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Basilashvili" title="Oleg Basilashvili">Oleg Basilashvili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Yuryevich_German" title="Aleksei Yuryevich German">Aleksei German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkady_and_Boris_Strugatsky" title="Arkady and Boris Strugatsky">Boris Strugatsky</a>) sent a petition to president Yeltsin, urging "putting an end to the street criminality under political slogans".<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_convention">Constitutional convention</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constitutional convention" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Conference_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Conference of the Russian Federation">Constitutional Conference of the Russian Federation</a></div> On 29 April 1993, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> released the text of his proposed constitution to a meeting of government ministers and leaders of the republics and regions, according to <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">ITAR-TASS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B6nen%C3%A72002161-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996110-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> On 12 May Yeltsin called for a special assembly of the Federation Council, which had been formed 17 July 1990 within the office of the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR,<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> and other representatives, including political leaders from a wide range of government institutions, regions, public organizations, and political parties, to finalize a draft for a new constitution from 5–10 June, and was followed by a similar decree 21 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B6nen%C3%A72002161-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996110-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> After much hesitation, the Constitutional Committee of the Congress of People's Deputies decided to participate and present its own draft constitution. Of course, the two main drafts contained contrary views of legislative-executive relations. Some 700 representatives at the conference ultimately adopted a draft constitution on 12 July that envisaged a bicameral legislature and the dissolution of the congress. But because the convention's draft of the constitution would dissolve the congress, there was little likelihood that the congress would vote itself out of existence. The Supreme Soviet immediately rejected the draft and declared that the Congress of People's Deputies was the supreme lawmaking body and hence would decide on the new constitution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September">July–September</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: July–September" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The parliament was active in July–August, while the president was on vacation, and passed a number of decrees that revised economic policy,<a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20">[18]</a> in order to "end the division of society", It also launched investigations of key advisers of the president, accusing them of corruption.<a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20">[18]</a> The president returned in August and declared that he would deploy all means, including circumventing the constitution, to achieve new parliamentary elections. In July, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation</a> confirmed the election of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Sumin" title="Pyotr Sumin">Pyotr Sumin</a> to head the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a>, something that Yeltsin had refused to accept. As a result, a situation of <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">dual power</a> existed in that region from July to October in 1993, with two administrations claiming legitimacy simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-lenta.ru-40">[38]</a> Another conflict involved the decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation regarding the regional presidency in <a href="/wiki/Mordovia" title="Mordovia">Mordovia</a>. The court delegated the question of legality of abolishing the post of the region's president to the Constitutional Court of Mordovia. As a result, popularly elected President <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Guslyannikov" title="Vasily Guslyannikov">Vasily Guslyannikov</a>, member of the pro-Yeltsin <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Russia" title="Democratic Russia">Democratic Russia</a> movement, lost his position. Thereafter, the state news agency (<a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">ITAR-TASS</a>) ceased to report on a number of Constitutional Court decisions.<a href="#cite_note-lenta.ru-40">[38]</a> The Supreme Soviet also tried to further foreign policies that differed from Yeltsin's line. Thus, on 9 July 1993, it passed resolutions on <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, "confirming the Russian <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">federal status</a>" of the city.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Ukraine saw its territorial integrity at stake and filed a complaint to the Security Council of the UN.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Yeltsin condemned the resolution of the Supreme Soviet. In August 1993, a commentator reflected on the situation as follows: "The President issues decrees as if there were no Supreme Soviet, and the Supreme Soviet suspends decrees as if there were no President." (<a href="/wiki/Izvestiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Izvestiya">Izvestiya</a>, August 13, 1993).<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> The president launched his offensive on 1 September when he attempted to suspend Vice President Rutskoy, a key adversary.<a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20">[18]</a> Rutskoy, elected on the same ticket as Yeltsin in 1991, was the president's automatic successor. A presidential spokesman said that he had been suspended because of "accusations of corruption", due to alleged corruption charges, which was not further confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> On 3 September, the Supreme Soviet rejected Yeltsin's suspension of Rutskoy and referred the question to the Constitutional Court.<a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20">[18]</a> Two weeks later, Yeltsin declared that he would agree to call early presidential elections provided that the parliament also called elections. The parliament ignored him. On 18 September, Yeltsin then named Yegor Gaidar, who had been forced out of office by parliamentary opposition in 1992, a deputy prime minister and a deputy premier for economic affairs. This appointment was unacceptable to the Supreme Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-ya93-s93-20">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Siege_and_assault">Siege and assault</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Siege and assault" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_(1993).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_%281993%29.png/220px-Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_%281993%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="265"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_%281993%29.png/220px-Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_%281993%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_%281993%29.png/330px-Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_%281993%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/11/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia_meeting_%281993%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Supreme Soviet session, 21 September 1993</figcaption></figure> On 21 September, Yeltsin declared the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a> dissolved;<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> this act was in contradiction with a number of articles of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978" title="Russian Constitution of 1978">Constitution of 1978</a> (as amended 1989–1993), such as, Article 1216<a href="#cite_note-46">[note 2]</a> which stated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The powers of the President of Russian Federation cannot be used to change the national and state organization of the Russian Federation, to dissolve or to interfere with the functioning of any elected organs of state power. In this case, his powers cease immediately.</blockquote> In his television appearance to the citizens of Russia, President Yeltsin argued for the decree nr 1400 as follows: <blockquote>Already for more than a year attempts were made to reach a compromise with the corps of deputies, with the Supreme Soviet. Russians know well how many steps were taken by my side during the last congresses and between them. ... The last days destroyed once and for all the hopes for a resurrection of at least some constructive cooperation. The majority of the Supreme Soviet is directly against the will of the Russian people. A course was taken in favour of the weakening of the president and ultimately his removal from office, of the disorganization of the work of the government; during the last months, dozens of unpopular decisions have been prepared and passed. ... Many of these were deliberately planned to worsen the situation in Russia. The more flagrant ones are the so-called economic policies of the Supreme Soviet, and its decisions on the budget and privatization; there are many others that deepen the crisis, cause colossal damage to the country. All attempts of the government undertaken to at least somewhat alleviate the economic situation are met with incomprehension. There is hardly a day when the cabinet of ministers is not harassed, its hands are not being tied. And this happens in a situation of a deepest economic crisis. The Supreme Soviet has stopped taking into account the decrees of the president, his amendments of the legislative projects, even his constitutional veto rights. Constitutional reform has practically been pared down. The process of creating rule of law in Russia has essentially been disorganized. On the contrary, what is going on is a deliberate reduction of the legal basis of the young Russian state, which is weak enough without this. The legislative work became a weapon of political struggle. Laws, that Russia urgently needs, are being delayed for years. ... For a long time, most of the sessions of the Supreme Soviet take place with infringements of elementary procedures and order... A cleansing of committees and commissions is taking place. Everyone who does not show personal loyalty to its leader is being mercilessly expelled from the Supreme Soviet, from its presidium. ... This is all bitter evidence of the fact that the Supreme Soviet as a state institution is currently in a state of decay ... . The power in the Supreme Soviet has been captured by a group of persons who have turned it into an HQ of the intransigent opposition. ... The only way to overcome the paralysis of the state authority in the Russian Federation is its fundamental renewal on the basis of the principles of popular power and constitutionality. The constitution currently in force does not enable this. The constitution in force also does not provide for a procedure of passing a new constitution, that would provide for a worthy exit from the crisis of state power. I as the guarantor of the security of our state have to propose an exit from this deadlock, have to break this vicious circle.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a></blockquote> At the same time, Yeltsin repeated his announcement of a constitutional referendum, and new legislative elections for December. He also repudiated the Constitution of 1978, declaring that it had been replaced with one that gave him extraordinary executive powers. According to the new plan, the lower house would have 450 deputies and be called the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>, the name of the Russian legislature before the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in 1917. The <a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Federation Council</a>, which would bring together representatives from the 89 subdivisions of the Russian Federation, would assume the role of an upper house. Yeltsin claimed that by dissolving the Russian parliament in September 1993 he was clearing the tracks for a rapid transition to a functioning market economy. With this pledge, he received strong backing from the leading powers of the West. Yeltsin enjoyed a strong relationship with the Western powers, particularly the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, but the relationship made him unpopular with many Russians. In Russia, the Yeltsin side had control over television, where hardly any pro-parliament views were expressed during the September–October crisis.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament_purports_to_impeach_Yeltsin_as_president">Parliament purports to impeach Yeltsin as president</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parliament purports to impeach Yeltsin as president" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Rutskoy called Yeltsin's move a step toward a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. The next day, the Constitutional Court held that Yeltsin had violated the constitution and could be impeached.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> During an all-night session, chaired by Khasbulatov, parliament declared the president's decree null and void.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Rutskoy was proclaimed acting president until new elections.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> He dismissed the key ministers <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a> (defense),<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Golushko" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Golushko">Nikolay Golushko</a> (security),<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yerin" title="Viktor Yerin">Viktor Yerin</a> (interior).<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Russia now had two presidents and two ministers of defense, security, and interior.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a> and other top leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a> did not participate in the events, individual members of communist organizations actively supported the parliament. On 23 September, with the observance of a quorum, the Congress of People's Deputies was convened (the quorum was 638).<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Congress purported to impeach Yeltsin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996113-57">[54]</a> The same day, Yeltsin announced presidential elections for June 1994.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> On 24 September, the Congress of People's Deputies voted to hold simultaneous parliamentary and presidential elections by March 1994.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Yeltsin scoffed at the parliament-backed proposal for simultaneous elections, and responded the next day by cutting off electricity, phone service, and hot water in the parliament building. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_protests_and_the_barricading_of_the_parliament">Mass protests and the barricading of the parliament</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mass protests and the barricading of the parliament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Yeltsin also sparked popular unrest with his dissolution of a Congress and parliament increasingly opposed to his <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> economic reforms. Tens of thousands of Russians marched in the streets of Moscow seeking to bolster the parliamentary cause. The demonstrators were protesting against the deteriorating living conditions. Since 1989, the <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> had been declining, <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a> was rampant, <a href="/wiki/Violent_crime" title="Violent crime">violent crime</a> was skyrocketing, medical services were collapsing and <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> falling. Yeltsin was also increasingly getting the blame.<a href="#cite_note-60">[note 3]</a> It is still hotly debated among Western economists, social scientists, and policy-makers as to whether or not the IMF, World Bank, and U.S. Treasury Department-backed reform policies adopted in Russia, often called "<a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a>", were responsible for Russia's poor record of economic performance in the 1990s or rather that Yeltsin had not gone far enough. Under the Western-backed economic program adopted by Yeltsin, the Russian government took several radical measures at once that were supposed to stabilize the economy by bringing state spending and revenues into balance and by letting <a href="/wiki/Market_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Market demand">market demand</a> determine the prices and supply of goods. Under the reforms, <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation#Monetary_and_fiscal_policies" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">the government let most prices float</a>, raised taxes, and cut back sharply on spending in industry and construction. These policies caused widespread hardship as many <a href="/wiki/State_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="State enterprise">state enterprises</a> found themselves without orders or financing. The rationale of the program was to squeeze the built-in <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflationary pressure</a> out of the economy so that the newly privatized producers would begin making sensible decisions about production, pricing and investment instead of chronically overusing resources, as in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet era</a>. By letting the market rather than <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">central planners</a> determine prices, product mixes, output levels, and the like, the reformers intended to create an incentive structure in the economy where efficiency and risk would be rewarded and waste and carelessness were punished. Removing the causes of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_inflation" title="Chronic inflation">chronic inflation</a>, the reform's architects argued, was a precondition for all other reforms. <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">Hyperinflation</a> would wreck both democracy and economic progress, they argued; only by stabilizing the state budget could the government proceed to restructure the economy. A <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland#1990%E2%80%932009" title="Economy of Poland">similar reform program had been adopted in Poland in January 1990</a>, with generally favorable results. However, Western critics of Yeltsin's reform, most notably <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Goldman" title="Marshall Goldman">Marshall Goldman</a> (who would have favored a more "gradual" transition to market capitalism) consider policies adopted in Poland ill-suited for Russia, given that the impact of communism on the Polish economy and political culture was far less indelible.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> Outside Moscow, the Russian masses overall were confused and disorganized. Nonetheless, some of them also tried to voice their protest, and sporadic strikes took place across Russia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The protesters included supporters of various communist (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Russia" title="Labour Russia">Labour Russia</a>) and nationalist organizations, including those belonging to the <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="Talk:1993 Russian constitutional crisis">disputed</a>] A number of armed militants of <a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a> took part in the defense of the <a href="/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)" title="White House (Moscow)">Russian White House</a>, as reportedly did veterans of <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> <a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistrian</a> forces, including the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> detachment '<a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dnestr</a>', stirred General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebed" title="Alexander Lebed">Alexander Lebed</a> to protest against Transnistrian interference in Russia's internal affairs.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> On 28 September, Moscow saw the first bloody clashes between the special police and anti-Yeltsin demonstrators. Also on the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Russian Interior Ministry</a> moved to seal off the parliament building. Barricades and wire were put around the building. On 1 October, the Interior Ministry estimated that 600 fighting men with a large cache of arms had joined Yeltsin's political opponents in the parliament building.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storming_of_Ostankino_Television_Tower">Storming of Ostankino Television Tower</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Storming of Ostankino Television Tower" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Congress of People's Deputies still did not discount the prospect of a compromise with Yeltsin. The Russian Orthodox Church acted as a host to desultory discussions between representatives of the Congress and the president. The negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexy_II_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow">Alexy II</a> as <a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">mediator</a> continued until 2 October. On the afternoon of 3 October, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Police" title="Moscow City Police">Moscow Municipal Militsiya</a> failed to control a demonstration near the White House, and the political impasse developed into armed conflict. On 2 October, supporters of parliament constructed barricades and blocked traffic on Moscow's main streets. Rutskoy signed a decree that had no practical consequences on the release of Viktor Chernomyrdin from the post of Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> On the afternoon of 3 October, armed opponents of Yeltsin successfully stormed the police cordon around the White House territory, where the Russian parliament was barricaded.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> Paramilitaries from factions supporting the parliament, as well as a few units of the internal military (armed forces normally reporting to the Ministry of Interior), supported the Supreme Soviet. Rutskoy greeted the crowds from the White House balcony, and urged them to form battalions and to go on to seize the mayor's office and the national television center at Ostankino. Khasbulatov also called for the storming of the Kremlin and imprisoning "the criminal and usurper Yeltsin" in <a href="/wiki/Matrosskaya_Tishina" title="Matrosskaya Tishina">Matrosskaya Tishina</a>. At 16:00 Yeltsin signed a decree<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> declaring a state of emergency in Moscow. On the evening of 3 October, after taking the mayor's office located in the former <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> HQ nearby, pro-parliament demonstrators and gunmen led by General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Makashov" title="Albert Makashov">Albert Makashov</a> moved toward Ostankino, the television center. But the pro-parliament crowds were met by <a href="/wiki/Militsiya_(Russia)" title="Militsiya (Russia)">Militsiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a> forces who took positions in and around the TV complex. A pitched battle followed. Part of the TV center was significantly damaged. Television stations went off the air and 46 people were killed,<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> according to official Russian state estimates, including <a href="/wiki/Terry_Michael_Duncan" title="Terry Michael Duncan">Terry Michael Duncan</a>, an American lawyer, who was in Moscow to establish a law firm and was killed while attempting to help the wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Isvestia-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-70">[66]</a> The government originally refused to report the number killed, which led to reports that as many as 1,500 people were killed. A report on Ukrainian radio put the number killed at 2,783.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> Before midnight, the Interior Ministry's units had turned back the parliament loyalists. When broadcasting resumed late in the evening, vice-premier <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Yegor Gaidar</a> called on television for a meeting in support of democracy and President Yeltsin "so that the country would not be turned yet again into a huge concentration camp".<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> A number of people with different political convictions and interpretations over the causes of the crisis (such as <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky" title="Grigory Yavlinsky">Grigory Yavlinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yakovlev" title="Alexander Yakovlev">Alexander Yakovlev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yury_Luzhkov" title="Yury Luzhkov">Yury Luzhkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ales_Adamovich" title="Ales Adamovich">Ales Adamovich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulat_Okudzhava" title="Bulat Okudzhava">Bulat Okudzhava</a>) also appealed to support the President.<a href="#cite_note-yabloko.ru-73">[69]</a> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Union_(Russia)" title="Civic Union (Russia)">Civic Union</a> bloc of 'constructive opposition' issued a statement accusing the Supreme Soviet of having crossed the border separating political struggle from criminality.<a href="#cite_note-yabloko.ru-73">[69]</a> Several hundred of Yeltsin's supporters spent the night in the square in front of the Moscow City Hall preparing for further clashes, only to learn in the morning of 4 October that the army was on their side. The Ostankino killings went unreported by Russian state television. The only independent Moscow radio station's studios were burnt. Two French, one British, and one American journalist were killed by sniper fire during the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-:1-74">[70]</a> A fifth journalist died from a heart attack.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> The press and broadcast news were censored starting on 4 October, and by the middle of October, prior censorship was replaced by punitive measures.<a href="#cite_note-:1-74">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storming_of_the_White_House">Storming of the White House</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Storming of the White House" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/220px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="921"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/220px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/330px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg/440px-%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Burned facade of the White House after the storming</figcaption></figure> Between 2–4 October, the position of the army was the deciding factor. The military equivocated for several hours about how to respond to Yeltsin's call for action. By this time dozens of people had been killed and hundreds had been wounded. Rutskoy, as a former general, appealed to some of his ex-colleagues. After all, many officers and especially rank-and-file soldiers had little sympathy for Yeltsin. The supporters of the parliament did not send any emissaries to the barracks to recruit lower-ranking officer corps, making the fatal mistake of attempting to deliberate only among high-ranking military officials who already had close ties to parliamentary leaders. In the end, a prevailing bulk of the generals did not want to take their chances with a Rutskoy-Khasbulatov regime. Some generals had stated their intention to back the parliament, but at the last moment moved over to Yeltsin's side. The plan of action was proposed by Captain Gennady Zakharov. Ten tanks were to fire at the upper floors of the <a href="/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)" title="White House (Moscow)">White House</a>, with the aim of minimizing casualties but creating confusion and panic amongst the defenders. Five tanks were deployed at <a href="/wiki/New_Arbat_Avenue" title="New Arbat Avenue">Novy Arbat</a> bridge and the other five at Pavlik Morozov playground, behind the building. Then, <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">special troops</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vympel" title="Vympel">Vympel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group" title="Alpha Group">Alpha</a> units would storm the parliament premises.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> According to Yeltsin's bodyguard <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korzhakov" title="Alexander Korzhakov">Alexander Korzhakov</a>, firing on the upper floors was also necessary to scare off snipers. By sunrise on 4 October, the Russian army encircled the parliament building, and a few hours later army tanks began to shell the White House, punching holes in the front of it.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> At 8:00 am Moscow time, Yeltsin's declaration was announced by his press service. Yeltsin declared: <blockquote>Those, who went against the peaceful city and unleashed bloody slaughter, are criminals. But this is not only a crime of individual <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">bandits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>-makers. Everything that took place and is still taking place in Moscow is a pre-planned armed rebellion. It has been organized by Communist <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchists</a>, Fascist leaders, a part of former deputies, and the representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a>. Under the cover of negotiations they gathered forces, recruited bandit troops of mercenaries, who were accustomed to murders and violence. A petty gang of politicians attempted by armed force to impose their will on the entire country. The means by which they wanted to govern Russia have been shown to the entire world. These are cynical lies and bribery. These are <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobblestones</a>, sharpened iron rods, automatic weapons and machine guns. Those, who are waving <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">red flags</a>, again stained Russia with blood. They hoped for the unexpectedness, for the fact that their impudence and unprecedented cruelty will sow fear and confusion.</blockquote> Yeltsin assured the listeners: "The fascist-communist armed rebellion in Moscow shall be suppressed within the shortest period. The Russian state has necessary forces for this."<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> By noon, troops entered the White House and began to occupy it, floor by floor. Rutskoy's desperate appeal to Air Force pilots to bomb the Kremlin was broadcast by the <a href="/wiki/Echo_of_Moscow" title="Echo of Moscow">Echo of Moscow</a> radio station but went unanswered.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> He also tried to have the Chairman of the Constitutional Court, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Zorkin" title="Valery Zorkin">Valery Zorkin</a>, call the Western embassies to guarantee Rutskoy's and his associates' safety – to no avail. Hostilities were stopped several times to allow some in the White House to leave. By mid-afternoon, popular resistance in the streets was completely suppressed, barring occasional sniper fire. The "second October Revolution",<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> as it came to be known, saw the deadliest street fighting in Moscow since 1917. The official list of the dead, presented on July 27, 1994 by the investigation team of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, includes 147 people: 45 civilians and 1 serviceman in Ostankino, and 77 civilians and 24 military personnel of the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the "White House area".<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> Some claim Yeltsin was backed by the military only grudgingly, and only at the eleventh hour.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The instruments of coercion gained the most, and they would expect Yeltsin to reward them in the future. A paradigmatic example of this was General <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a>, who had demonstrated his loyalty during this crisis. Grachev became a key political figure, despite many years of charges that he was linked to corruption within the Russian military.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion_on_crisis">Public opinion on crisis</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Public opinion on crisis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg/145px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 145px;height: 109px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg/145px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg" data-width="145" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg/218px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg/290px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2019_%D0%B3_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Memory action in 2019. The plaque, showing <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_circling_over_Shannon_diplomatic_incident" title="Boris Yeltsin circling over Shannon diplomatic incident">Yeltsin with a bottle of vodka</a>, says "Nothing is forgotten, no-one is forgiven".</figcaption></figure> The Russian public opinion research institute <a href="/wiki/Russian_Public_Opinion_Research_Center" title="Russian Public Opinion Research Center">VCIOM</a>, a state-controlled agency, conducted a poll in the aftermath of October 1993 events and found out that 70% of the people polled thought that the use of military force by Yeltsin was justified and 30% thought it was not justified. This support for Yeltsin's actions declined in later years. When VCIOM-A asked the same question in 2010, only 41% agreed with the use of the military, with 59% opposed.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> When asked about the main cause of the events of 3–4 October, 46% in the 1993 VCIOM poll blamed Rutskoy and Khasbulatov. Nine years following the crisis, the most popular culprit was the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> with 36%, closely followed by Yeltsin's policies with 32%.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Yeltsin's_consolidation_of_power">Yeltsin's consolidation of power</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Yeltsin's consolidation of power" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediate_aftermath">Immediate aftermath</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Immediate aftermath" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On 5 October 1993, the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a> "Writers demand decisive actions of the government" to the government and President signed by 42 well-known Russian <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">literati</a> and hence called the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Forty-Two" title="Letter of Forty-Two">Letter of Forty-Two</a>. It was written in reaction to the events and contained the following seven demands:<a href="#cite_note-letter-85">[81]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>All kinds of communist and nationalist parties, fronts, and associations should be disbanded and banned by a decree of the President.</li> <li>All illegal paramilitary and a fortiori armed groups and associations should be identified and disbanded (with bringing them to criminal responsibility when it is bound by a law).</li> <li>Legislation providing for heavy sanctions for propaganda of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_hatred" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial hatred">racial hatred</a>, for calls for violence and brutality should finally begin to work. Prosecutors, investigators, and judges patronizing such socially dangerous crimes should be immediately removed from their work.</li> <li>The organs of the press, which from day to day inspire hatred, call for violence and are, in our opinion, one of the main organizers and perpetrators of the tragedy (and potential perpetrators of a multitude of future tragedies), such as Den, <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_Rossiya" title="Sovetskaya Rossiya">Sovetskaya Rossiya</a>, Literaturnaya Rossiya (as well as the television program <a href="/wiki/600_Seconds" title="600 Seconds">600 Seconds</a>) and a number of others, should be closed until the judicial proceedings start.</li> <li>The activities of bodies of the Soviet authority which refused to obey the legitimate authority of Russia should be suspended.</li> <li>We all together must prevent the trial of the organizers and participants of the bloody drama in Moscow from becoming similar to that shameful farce which is called "the trial of the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Eight_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang of Eight (Soviet Union)">Gang of Eight</a>".</li> <li>Recognize not only the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Council</a> but also all bodies (including the Constitutional Court) formed by them as nonlegitimate.</li></ol></blockquote> In the weeks following the storming of the White House, Yeltsin issued a barrage of presidential decrees intended to consolidate his position. On 5 October, Yeltsin banned political leftist and nationalist organizations and newspapers like Den', Sovetskaya Rossiya and Pravda that had supported the parliament (they would later resume publishing).<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> In an address to the nation on 6 October, Yeltsin also called on those regional <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a> that had opposed him – by far the majority – to disband. <a href="/wiki/Valery_Zorkin" title="Valery Zorkin">Valery Zorkin</a>, chairman of the Constitutional Court, was forced to resign. The chairman of the Federation of Independent Trade Unions was also sacked. The anti-Yeltsin TV broadcast <a href="/wiki/600_Seconds" title="600 Seconds">600 Seconds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevzorov" title="Alexander Nevzorov">Alexander Nevzorov</a> was ultimately closed down. Yeltsin decreed on 12 October that both houses of parliament would be elected in December. On 15 October, he ordered that a popular referendum be held in December on a new constitution. Rutskoy and Khasbulatov were charged on 15 October with "organizing mass disorders" and imprisoned. On 23 February 1994, the State Duma amnestied all individuals involved in the events of September–October 1993. They were later released in 1994 when Yeltsin's position was sufficiently secure. In early 1995, the criminal proceedings were discontinued and were eventually placed into the archives.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> "Russia needs order," Yeltsin told the Russian people in a television broadcast in November in introducing his new draft of the constitution, which was to be put to a referendum on 12 December. The new basic law would concentrate sweeping powers in the hands of the president. The bicameral legislature, to sit for only two years, was restricted in crucial areas. The president could choose the prime minister even if the parliament objected and could appoint the military leadership without parliamentary approval. He would head and appoint the members of a new, more powerful security council. If a vote of no confidence in the government was passed, the president would be enabled to keep it in office for three months and could dissolve the parliament if it repeated the vote. The president could veto any bill passed by a simple majority in the lower house, after which a two-thirds majority would be required for the legislation to be passed. The president could not be impeached for contravening the constitution. The central bank would become independent, but the president would need the approval of the State Duma to appoint the bank's governor, who would thereafter be independent of the parliament. At the time, most political observers regarded the draft constitution as shaped by and for Yeltsin and perhaps unlikely to survive him. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_first_constitutional_period">End of the first constitutional period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: End of the first constitutional period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Russian constitutional referendum">1993 Russian constitutional referendum</a></div> On 12 December, Yeltsin managed to push through his new constitution, creating a strong presidency and giving the president sweeping powers to issue decrees; however, the parliament elected on the same day (with a turnout of about 53%) delivered a stunning rebuke to his neoliberal economic program. Candidates identified with Yeltsin's economic policies were overwhelmed by a huge protest vote, the bulk of which was divided between the Communists (who mostly drew their support from industrial workers, out-of-work bureaucrats, some professionals, and pensioners) and the ultra-nationalists (who drew their support from disaffected elements of the lower <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle classes</a>). Unexpectedly, the most surprising insurgent group proved to be the ultranationalist <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Vladimir Zhirinovsky</a>. It gained 23% of the vote while the Gaidar-led <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Choice_of_Russia" title="Democratic Choice of Russia">Russia's Choice</a> received 15.5% and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, 12.4%. Zhirinovsky alarmed many observers abroad with his <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chauvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Chauvinist">chauvinist</a> declarations. Nevertheless, the referendum marked the end of the constitutional period defined by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978" title="Russian Constitution of 1978">constitution</a> adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> in 1978, which was <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978#List_of_amendments" title="Russian Constitution of 1978">amended many times</a> while <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> was a part of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Although Russia would emerge as a dual presidential-parliamentary system in theory, substantial power would rest in the president's hands. Russia now had a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">prime minister</a> who heads a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">cabinet</a> and directs the <a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">administration</a>. Despite officially following a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">semi-presidential</a> constitutional model, the system was effectively an example of president-parliamentary presidentialism because the prime minister is appointed and in effect freely dismissed by the president. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_legislatures" title="List of attacks on legislatures">List of attacks on legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_self-coup" title="1992 Peruvian self-coup">1992 Peruvian self-coup</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Transnistria is a separatist and internationally unrecognized de facto state, regarded as <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldovan</a> territory by all <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> members. </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Ibid plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Constructs such as <a href="/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">ibid.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loc._cit." title="Loc. cit.">loc. cit.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idem" title="Idem">idem</a> are discouraged by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IBID" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IBID">Wikipedia's style guide</a> for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit">improve this article</a> by replacing them with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes#Naming_a_ref_tag_so_it_can_be_used_more_than_once" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">named references</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Refref/core" title="Template:Refref/core">quick guide</a>), or an abbreviated title. (March 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Supporters of Alexander Rutskoy, the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of People's Deputies frequently used those flags. The Russian tricolor itself only remained hoisted at the White House building (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rutube.ru/tracks/2075182.html?v=98de7ffd647be63539e63ac035f67f84">see video documentary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723105916/http://rutube.ru/tracks/2075182.html?v=98de7ffd647be63539e63ac035f67f84">Archived</a> July 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The Congress enabled this formerly-suspended amendment after it had failed to impeach Yeltsin after his declaration of a 'Special Rule' in March 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> IBID </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/20040223_199804.pdf">"Russia's New Foreign Policy"</a> (PDF). American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. p. 5. Retrieved 10 February 2023. <q>Hence their wholehearted support for Yeltsin in his September–October 1993 confrontation with the Left-nationalist radical supporters of the Supreme Soviet. The Czech President Václav Havel said October 4 that the clashes in Moscow were not simply 'a power struggle, but rather a fight between democracy and totalitarianism.' In a joint statement Presidents Lennart Meri of Estonia, Guntis Ulmanis of Latvia, and Algirdas Brazauskas of Lithuania called the struggle in Moscow 'a contest between a democratically elected President and antidemocratic power structures.' Their Moldovan counterpart, Mircea Snegur, called the Supreme Soviet supporters 'Communist, imperialist forces who want to turn Russia into a concentration camp'. 'In my thoughts I am on the barricades with the defenders of Russian democracy, as I was next to them in August 1991,' Eduard Shevardnadze said in a message to the Kremlin on the late afternoon of October 3, 1993, when the outcome looked quite grim for Yeltsin. 'Deeply concerned about the events in Moscow, I am again expressing my resolute support for President Yeltsin and his allies.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Enterprise+Institute+for+Public+Policy+Research&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+New+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F01%2F20040223_199804.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/10/05/yeltsin-receives-widespread-backing-for-assault/46b63d6e-1ec8-4e5e-9045-5415ef4d737e/">"Yeltsin Receives Widespread Backing for Assault"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 4 October 1993. Retrieved 23 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Yeltsin+Receives+Widespread+Backing+for+Assault&rft.date=1993-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1993%2F10%2F05%2Fyeltsin-receives-widespread-backing-for-assault%2F46b63d6e-1ec8-4e5e-9045-5415ef4d737e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipn.md/en/russian-revolution-of-october-1993-seen-from-office-of-moldovas-ambassador-in-mo-7978_1099671.html">"'Russian Revolution of October 1993' seen from office of Moldova's ambassador in Moscow. Op-Ed by Anatol Țăranu, ex-ambassador of Moldova to Russia"</a>. IPN press agency. 28 September 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2024. <q>Unlike Chisinau, the leaders of the Transnistrian separatists supported almost openly the Rutskoy-Khasbulatov camp, sending paramilitaries from Transnistria to the Russian capital to defend the White House. On October 4, the Moldovan ambassador in Moscow gave an interview for the Russian press, in which he warned about the presence of representatives of paramilitary detachments of the Transnistrian separatists among the defenders of the White House.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPN+press+agency&rft.atitle=%27Russian+Revolution+of+October+1993%27+seen+from+office+of+Moldova%27s+ambassador+in+Moscow.+Op-Ed+by+Anatol+%C8%9A%C4%83ranu%2C+ex-ambassador+of+Moldova+to+Russia&rft.date=2023-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipn.md%2Fen%2Frussian-revolution-of-october-1993-seen-from-office-of-moldovas-ambassador-in-mo-7978_1099671.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3161002.stm">"Remembering Russia's civil siege"</a>. Retrieved 10 March 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+Russia%27s+civil+siege&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F3161002.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/04/putin-continuum-tsars-russia">"Putin is part of a continuum that stretches back to the tsars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Putin+is+part+of+a+continuum+that+stretches+back+to+the+tsars&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Fapr%2F04%2Fputin-continuum-tsars-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraithwaite2011" class="citation book cs1">Braithwaite, Rodric (2011). Afgantsy: the Russians in Afghanistan 1979–89. Profile Books. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-054-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-054-0"><bdi>978-1-84668-054-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afgantsy%3A+the+Russians+in+Afghanistan+1979%E2%80%9389&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84668-054-0&rft.aulast=Braithwaite&rft.aufirst=Rodric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrmanov1992" class="citation web cs1">Urmanov, Alexandr (February 6, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231213/http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg879.cfm">"The creeping counterrevolution in Russia: local resistance to privatization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg879.cfm">the original</a> on September 26, 2007. 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А. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129173645/http://www.ni-journal.ru/archive/2001/n5_6_2001/fc143dae/4cdb3b9b/index.htm">С Союзом покончено. Забудьте!</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207090112/https://rusplt.ru/society/dodavit-gnoy-poka-ne-poluchaetsya.html">"Экс-сопредседателем Фронта национального спасения Ильей Константиновым – Русская планета"</a>. 7 December 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rusplt.ru/society/dodavit-gnoy-poka-ne-poluchaetsya.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC+%E2%80%93+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.date=2019-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frusplt.ru%2Fsociety%2Fdodavit-gnoy-poka-ne-poluchaetsya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Павлов Н. А.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1993.sovnarkom.ru/TEXT/STATYI/pavlov.htm">Незаконченный переворот: причины и последствия</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Воронин Ю. М. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/">Беловежское предательство</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180933/http://www.sovross.ru/articles/555/9021/">Archived</a> August 12, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. // Советская Россия: газета. – 16.12.2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The Central Bank's efforts got in the way of pro-Yeltsin, Western-oriented leaders were seeking to carry out a decisive neoliberal economic transformation of Russia. They undermined the regime of fiscal austerity that the Yeltsin government was attempting to pursue. See, e.g., Thomas F. Remington, Politics in Russia (New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2002), p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFРумянцев2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Румянцев, Олег Г (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9POldxUqhMC&pg=PA784"><bdi lang="ru">Из истории создания Конституции Российской Федерации: Конституционная комиссия стенограммы, материалы, документы (1990–1993 гг.) в 6 томах</bdi></a> (in Russian). Wolters Kluwer Russia. p. 784. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-466-00354-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-466-00354-3"><bdi>978-5-466-00354-3</bdi></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.edu.ru/article/article.asp?articleID=151800">the original</a> on 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+20+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+1993+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pages=48-63&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.edu.ru%2Farticle%2Farticle.asp%3FarticleID%3D151800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=43501"><bdi lang="ru">Съезд завершен: противостояние продолжается</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a> (in Russian). 30 March 1993. 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October 16, 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610170527/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=26903">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2011. 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Ъ-Газета. 12 November 1992. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama.ru/gazeta/p32frac.html">the original</a> on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 2009-07-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%3A+%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorama.ru%2Fgazeta%2Fp32frac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718212051/http://www.zavtra.ru/cgi//veil//data/zavtra/98/239/21.html"><bdi lang="ru">Николай Анисин __ ЗАПРОС НА БАБУРИНА</bdi></a> (in Russian). 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web1.law.edu.ru/magazine/article.asp?magID=5&magNum=5-6&magYear=1994&articleID=151704">Правоведение"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090512004722/http://web1.law.edu.ru/magazine/article.asp?magID=5&magNum=5-6&magYear=1994&articleID=151704">Archived</a> May 12, 2009, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> 1994, № 5-6. Accessed 2009-04-12. 2009-05-11. (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Известия, 4 мая 1993. С. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGönenç2002161-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B6nen%C3%A72002161_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B6nen%C3%A72002161_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFG%C3%B6nen%C3%A72002">Gönenç 2002</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996110-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996110_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996110_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffries1996">Jeffries 1996</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolz1993" class="citation news cs1">Tolz, Vera (29 April 1993). 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В.»</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=2&nd=102026214&intelsearch=">Указ исполняющего обязанности Президента Российской Федерации от 22 сентября 1993 г. № 3 «О Министре обороны Российской Федерации»</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=1&nd=102026213&intelsearch=">Указ исполняющего обязанности Президента Российской Федерации от 22 сентября 1993 г. № 4 «О Министре безопасности Российской Федерации»</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&link_id=0&nd=102026212&intelsearch=&firstDoc=1">Указ исполняющего обязанности Президента Российской Федерации от 22 сентября 1993 г. № 5 «О Министре внутренних дел Российской Федерации»</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1993" class="citation news cs1">Shapiro, Margaret (22 September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519101305/http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/russiagov/stories/dissolve092293.htm">"Yeltsin Dissolves Parliament, Orders New Vote"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/russiagov/stories/dissolve092293.htm">the original</a> on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Yeltsin+Dissolves+Parliament%2C+Orders+New+Vote&rft.date=1993-09-22&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Finatl%2Flongterm%2Frussiagov%2Fstories%2Fdissolve092293.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Воронин Ю. М. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1993.sovnarkom.ru/KNIGI/Voronin_YuM/Voronin_YuM_2-2.htm">Стреноженная Россия. Политико-экономический портрет ельцинизма</a>. – М.: Республика, 2003. – с.158 – 656 с. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996113-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffries1996113_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffries1996">Jeffries 1996</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609214752/http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1993/chron31.htm">"Октябрь 1993. Хроника переворота. 23 сентября. Третий день противостояния"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1993/chron31.htm">the original</a> on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C+1993.+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.+23+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F.+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.russ.ru%2Fantolog%2F1993%2Fchron31.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedomosti.rsfsr-rf.ru/1993/39/#1668">Постановление Съезда народных депутатов Российской Федерации от 24 сентября 1993 года № 5813-I «О досрочных выборах народных депутатов Российской Федерации и Президента Российской Федерации»</a> // Москва. Осень-93: Хроника противостояния. – (2-е изд., испр. и доп.). – М.: Республика, 1995., с.138–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/082602.htm">'Has Russia Been on the Right Path?'</a> by Kenneth Rogoff, IMF, August 26, 2002. Criticism on Stiglitz's perspective can be found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/cep/cepdps/dp0471.html">'Whence Reform? A Critique of the Stiglitz Perspective'</a> by M. Dabrowski, S. Gomulka, J. Rostowski, Centre for Economic Performance, September 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2001" class="citation book cs1">Cox, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsB-5-e0RwgC&pg=PA78">Close protection: the politics of guarding Russia's rulers</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96688-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96688-1"><bdi>978-0-275-96688-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Close+protection%3A+the+politics+of+guarding+Russia%27s+rulers&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96688-1&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsB-5-e0RwgC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220091412/http://panorama.ru/gazeta/p41leb.html"><bdi lang="ru">ЛЕБЕДЬ Александр Иванович</bdi></a> (in Russian). ПАНОРАМА. July 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama.ru/gazeta/p41leb.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%91%D0%95%D0%94%D0%AC+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%90&rft.date=1998-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorama.ru%2Fgazeta%2Fp41leb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629133751/http://www.specnaz.ru/archive/05_2002/2.htm"><bdi lang="ru">ПУТЬ ГЕНЕРАЛА ЛЕБЕДЯ</bdi></a> (in Russian). СПЕЦНАЗ РОССИИ N. May 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specnaz.ru/archive/05_2002/2.htm">the original</a> on 29 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%A2%D0%AC+%D0%93%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%90+%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%91%D0%95%D0%94%D0%AF&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%A6%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%97+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%98+N&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.specnaz.ru%2Farchive%2F05_2002%2F2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=EXP;n=607407">"Указ исполняющего обязанности Президента Российской Федерации от 2 октября 1993 года № 31 «О Президиуме Совета Министров – Правительства Российской Федерации»"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+2+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1993+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%96+31+%C2%AB%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consultant.ru%2Fcons%2Fcgi%2Fonline.cgi%3Freq%3Ddoc%3Bbase%3DEXP%3Bn%3D607407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Brian D (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oanB4q0o2vsC&q=1993+october+moscow+rutskoy+mayor%27s&pg=PA290">Politics and the Russian army: civil-military relations, 1689–2000</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01694-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01694-0"><bdi>978-0-521-01694-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+Russian+army%3A+civil-military+relations%2C+1689%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01694-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Brian+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoanB4q0o2vsC%26q%3D1993%2Boctober%2Bmoscow%2Brutskoy%2Bmayor%2527s%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Decree of the President of Russian Federation of October 3, 1993 Number 1575: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=085389">УКАЗ Президента РФ от 03.10.1993 N 1575</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002080416/http://document.kremlin.ru/doc.asp?ID=085389">Archived</a> October 2, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПрошкин_Л." class="citation web cs1">Прошкин Л. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/statii/2001/proshkin.html">"Неизвестные страницы уголовного дела № 18/123669-93"</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0+%E2%84%96+18%2F123669-93&rft.au=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%9B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrono.ru%2Fstatii%2F2001%2Fproshkin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isvestia-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Isvestia_69-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izvestia.ru/russia/article2803780/">Quiet American</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005082147/http://www.izvestia.ru/russia/article2803780/">Archived</a> October 5, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by A. Bratersky, for <a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a>, October 2005 (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-70"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/08/world/us-lawyer-died-as-hero-for-russians.html">"U.S. Lawyer Died as Hero For Russians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 8 October 1993. Retrieved 3 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Lawyer+Died+as+Hero+For+Russians&rft.date=1993-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F10%2F08%2Fworld%2Fus-lawyer-died-as-hero-for-russians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grigoryants.ru/sovremennaya-diskussiya/chuma-na-oba-vashix-doma">Chuma na oba vashix doma</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqPLUz1Mlfg">"Егор Гайдар в октябре 1993 г."</a> 17 October 2009 – via www.youtube.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5+1993+%D0%B3.&rft.date=2009-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DlqPLUz1Mlfg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yabloko.ru-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yabloko.ru_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yabloko.ru_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121062131/http://www.yabloko.ru/Publ/2003/2003_10/031007_ng_sheynis.html"><bdi lang="ru">Октябрь 1993-го: конец переy the middle of October, ходной эпохи</bdi></a> (in Russian). Yabloko. October 7, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yabloko.ru/Publ/2003/2003_10/031007_ng_sheynis.html">the original</a> on January 21, 2008. Retrieved July 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C+1993-%D0%B3%D0%BE%3A+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5y+the+middle+of+October%2C+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8&rft.pub=Yabloko&rft.date=2003-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yabloko.ru%2FPubl%2F2003%2F2003_10%2F031007_ng_sheynis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_74-1">b</a> pp. 36 ff, Restoration in Russia: Why Capitalism Failed, by Boris Kagarlitsky. Verso, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyfCCS1k-IAC&dq=ostankino+massacre&pg=PA36">Google Books excerpt</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Treisman" title="Daniel Treisman">Treisman, Daniel</a> (2011) The Return: Russia's Journey from Gorbachev to Medvedev. Simon and Schuster, p. 54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4516-0574-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4516-0574-9">1-4516-0574-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelkay2002" class="citation book cs1">Felkay, Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1YEBhxioiRYC&q=yeltsin+decree+1400+1993&pg=PA77">Yeltsin's Russia and the West</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96538-9"><bdi>978-0-275-96538-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yeltsin%27s+Russia+and+the+West&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96538-9&rft.aulast=Felkay&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1YEBhxioiRYC%26q%3Dyeltsin%2Bdecree%2B1400%2B1993%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> "After a grisly 10-hour gun battle in which tanks punched holes in the front of the White House, all but an unknown number of last-ditch snipers surrendered." Jonathan Steele and David Hearst, "Yeltsin crushes revolt". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1993/oct/05/russia.davidhearst">The Guardian</a>, October 5, 1993. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609215024/http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1993/chron141.htm">"4 октября – Четырнадцатый день противостояния. Расстрел Дома Советов"</a>. Октябрь 1993. Хроника переворота (in Russian). Russian Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.russ.ru/antolog/1993/chron141.htm">the original</a> on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C+1993.+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=4+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.russ.ru%2Fantolog%2F1993%2Fchron141.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/09/22/080922fa_fact_remnick">"Echo in the Dark"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. 15 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Echo+in+the+Dark&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2008%2F09%2F22%2F080922fa_fact_remnick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2009" class="citation book cs1">Service, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UeIcBQAAQBAJ&q=second+October+Revolution&pg=PA1">The Russian Revolution, 1900–1927</a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01345-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01345-3"><bdi>978-1-137-01345-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution%2C+1900%E2%80%931927&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-137-01345-3&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUeIcBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsecond%2BOctober%2BRevolution%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Москва. Осень-93: Хроника противостояния. М., 1995. c. 530–533 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013154200/http://www.rusnet.nl/encyclo/g/grachev.shtml">"Pavel Grachev"</a>. Rusnet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusnet.nl/encyclo/g/grachev.shtml">the original</a> on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pavel+Grachev&rft.pub=Rusnet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusnet.nl%2Fencyclo%2Fg%2Fgrachev.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russiavotes.org/admin/single_slide_display.php?sld=243">"Russia Votes"</a>. www.russiavotes.org. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.russiavotes.org&rft.atitle=Russia+Votes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russiavotes.org%2Fadmin%2Fsingle_slide_display.php%3Fsld%3D243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russiavotes.org/admin/single_slide_display.php?sld=365">"Russia Votes"</a>. www.russiavotes.org. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.russiavotes.org&rft.atitle=Russia+Votes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russiavotes.org%2Fadmin%2Fsingle_slide_display.php%3Fsld%3D365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-letter-85"><a href="#cite_ref-letter_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716043414/http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS/HONOUR/LETT42.HTM"><bdi lang="ru">Писатели требуют от правительства решительных действий</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a> (in Russian). October 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS/HONOUR/LETT42.HTM">the original</a> on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Izvestia&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvivovoco.rsl.ru%2FVV%2FPAPERS%2FHONOUR%2FLETT42.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091447/http://russiancinema.ru/template.php?dept_id=3&e_dept_id=5&e_chrdept_id=4&chr_year=1993&e_chr_id=2154"><bdi lang="ru">Указом Бориса Ельцина при Минпечати России создано управление по предварительной цензуре</bdi></a> (in Russian). Энциклопедия отечественного кино. 5 October 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russiancinema.ru/template.php?dept_id=3&e_dept_id=5&e_chrdept_id=4&chr_year=1993&e_chr_id=2154">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 19 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE&rft.date=1993-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussiancinema.ru%2Ftemplate.php%3Fdept_id%3D3%26e_dept_id%3D5%26e_chrdept_id%3D4%26chr_year%3D1993%26e_chr_id%3D2154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1993.sovnarkom.ru/TEXT/STATYI/flb_ru_2003.htm">"Октябрьское Восстание 1993 года"</a>. 1993.sovnarkom.ru.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1993.sovnarkom.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+1993+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F1993.sovnarkom.ru%2FTEXT%2FSTATYI%2Fflb_ru_2003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_cited">Sources cited</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources cited" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGönenç2002" class="citation book cs1">Gönenç, Levent (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VVwC9J6EPSwC&pg=PA161">Prospects for Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Countries</a>. Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-1836-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-1836-5"><bdi>90-411-1836-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prospects+for+Constitutionalism+in+Post-Communist+Countries&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-411-1836-5&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6nen%C3%A7&rft.aufirst=Levent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVVwC9J6EPSwC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries1996" class="citation book cs1">Jeffries, Ian (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac5CUNQPXT8C&pg=PA110">A Guide to the Economies in Transition</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13684-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13684-9"><bdi>0-415-13684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Economies+in+Transition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-13684-9&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAc5CUNQPXT8C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Steele, Jon (2003). War Junkie: One Man's Addiction to the Worst Places on Earth. Corgi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-552-14984-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-552-14984-6"><bdi>978-0-552-14984-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Junkie%3A+One+Man%27s+Addiction+to+the+Worst+Places+on+Earth&rft.pub=Corgi+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-552-14984-6&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1993+Russian+constitutional+crisis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lehrke, Jesse Paul (2013). "The Transition to National Armies in the Former Soviet Republics, 1988–2005." Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. See especially pp. 163–171 and 194–199.</li> <li>Ostrovsky, Alexander (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my-files.su/otgo2w">Расстрел «Белого дома». Чёрный октябрь 1993. (The shooting of the "White House". Black October 1993.)</a> – М.: «Книжный мир», 2014. – 640 с. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8041-0637-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-8041-0637-0">978-5-8041-0637-0</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/weekinreview/12barry.html">"A Specter's Shadow Returns to Haunt Moscow"</a> article by Ellen Barry in The New York Times October 11, 2008 (15th anniversary demonstration)</li> <li>(in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1993.sovnarkom.ru/">A collection of materials on the topic; pro-parliament</a></li> <li>(in Russian) <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD)_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%A4)" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Конституция (Основной Закон) Российской Федерации (проект Конституционной комиссии РФ)">Draft Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation</a> (Constitutional Commission draft, text as of August 1993)</li> <li>(in Russian) <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD)_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%A4)" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Конституция (Основной Закон) Российской Федерации (проект представленный Президентом РФ)">Draft Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian Federation</a> (presidential draft, text as of April 30, 1993)</li> <li>(in Russian) <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Конституция Российской Федерации (проект Конституционного совещания)">Draft Constitution of the Russian Federation</a> (Constitutional Convention draft, text as of July 12, 1993)</li> <li>(in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politika.su/doc/krf9312.html">Constitution of the Russian Federation</a> as adopted on December 12, 1993 (without <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.ru/en/10003000-01.htm">subsequent amendments</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com.au/photos/the-constitutional-crisis-of-1993">Getty Images the Constitutional Crisis of 1993</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&oldid=1254950124">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&oldid=1254950124</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 2 November 2024, at 12:42 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_1993" title="الأزمة الدستورية الروسية 1993 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأزمة الدستورية الروسية 1993" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81_%D1%83_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%96_(1993)" title="Канстытуцыйны крызіс у Расіі (1993) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстытуцыйны крызіс у Расіі (1993)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_(1992_%E2%80%93_1993)" title="Руска конституционна криза (1992 – 1993) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руска конституционна криза (1992 – 1993)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_constitucional_russa_de_1993" title="Crisi constitucional russa de 1993 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crisi constitucional russa de 1993" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_%C3%BAstavn%C3%AD_krize_1993" title="Ruská ústavní krize 1993 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruská ústavní krize 1993" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Verfassungskrise_1993" title="Russische Verfassungskrise 1993 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russische Verfassungskrise 1993" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992.%E2%80%931993._aasta_konstitutsioonikriis_Venemaal" title="1992.–1993. aasta konstitutsioonikriis Venemaal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1992.–1993. aasta konstitutsioonikriis Venemaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_(1993)" title="Συνταγματική κρίση στη Ρωσία (1993) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνταγματική κρίση στη Ρωσία (1993)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_constitucional_rusa_de_1993" title="Crisis constitucional rusa de 1993 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crisis constitucional rusa de 1993" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993ko_Errusiako_konstituzio-krisia" title="1993ko Errusiako konstituzio-krisia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1993ko Errusiako konstituzio-krisia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_constitutionnelle_russe" title="Crise constitutionnelle russe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise constitutionnelle russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%EB%85%84_%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%ED%97%8C%EC%A0%95%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0" title="1993년 러시아 헌정위기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1993년 러시아 헌정위기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_ustavna_kriza_1993." title="Ruska ustavna kriza 1993. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruska ustavna kriza 1993." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_konstitusional_Rusia_1993" title="Krisis konstitusional Rusia 1993 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krisis konstitusional Rusia 1993" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_costituzionale_russa_del_1993" title="Crisi costituzionale russa del 1993 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crisi costituzionale russa del 1993" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="המשבר החוקתי ברוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המשבר החוקתי ברוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(1993)" title="რუსეთის კონსტიტუციური კრიზისი (1993) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთის კონსტიტუციური კრიზისი (1993)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993._gada_konstitucion%C4%81l%C4%81_kr%C4%ABze_Krievij%C4%81" title="1993. gada konstitucionālā krīze Krievijā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1993. gada konstitucionālā krīze Krievijā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_m._Rusijos_konstitucin%C4%97_kriz%C4%97" title="1993 m. Rusijos konstitucinė krizė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1993 m. Rusijos konstitucinė krizė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_(1992-1993)" title="Руска уставна криза (1992-1993) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Руска уставна криза (1992-1993)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_constitutionele_crisis_van_1993" title="Russische constitutionele crisis van 1993 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russische constitutionele crisis van 1993" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%E6%9C%88%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%89" title="10月政変 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="10月政変" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryzys_konstytucyjny_w_Rosji_(1993)" title="Kryzys konstytucyjny w Rosji (1993) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kryzys konstytucyjny w Rosji (1993)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_constitucional_russa_de_1993" title="Crise constitucional russa de 1993 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crise constitucional russa de 1993" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criza_constitu%C8%9Bional%C4%83_rus%C4%83_din_1993" title="Criza constituțională rusă din 1993 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Criza constituțională rusă din 1993" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_(1992%E2%80%941993)" title="Конституционный кризис в России (1992—1993) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституционный кризис в России (1992—1993)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_1993." title="Руска уставна криза 1993. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руска уставна криза 1993." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_ustavna_kriza" title="Ruska ustavna kriza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruska ustavna kriza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_perustuslaillinen_kriisi_1993" title="Venäjän perustuslaillinen kriisi 1993 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän perustuslaillinen kriisi 1993" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Россия Югары Советы куып таратылуы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Россия Югары Советы куып таратылуы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2536" title="วิกฤตการณ์รัฐธรรมนูญรัสเซีย พ.ศ. 2536 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกฤตการณ์รัฐธรรมนูญรัสเซีย พ.ศ. 2536" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Rusya_anayasa_krizi" title="1993 Rusya anayasa krizi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1993 Rusya anayasa krizi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97_1993" title="Конституційна криза у Росії 1993 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конституційна криза у Росії 1993" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%A7ng_ho%E1%BA%A3ng_Hi%E1%BA%BFn_ph%C3%A1p_Nga_1993" title="Khủng hoảng Hiến pháp Nga 1993 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khủng hoảng Hiến pháp Nga 1993" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="1993年俄羅斯憲政危機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1993年俄羅斯憲政危機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="1993年俄罗斯宪政危机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1993年俄罗斯宪政危机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last 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