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Galactopoiesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autocrine_control_-_Galactopoiesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milk_ejection_reflex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milk_ejection_reflex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Milk ejection reflex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milk_ejection_reflex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Milk_ejection_reflex_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milk_ejection_reflex_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Milk ejection reflex mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milk_ejection_reflex_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afterpains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afterpains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Afterpains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afterpains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Without_pregnancy,_induced_lactation,_relactation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Without_pregnancy,_induced_lactation,_relactation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Without pregnancy, induced lactation, relactation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Without_pregnancy,_induced_lactation,_relactation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_outside_Mammalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_outside_Mammalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Occurrence outside Mammalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_outside_Mammalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lactation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="رضاعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رضاعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktasiya" title="Laktasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Laktasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Лактацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лактацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ляктацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ляктацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лактация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лактация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktace" title="Laktace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Laktace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktation" title="Laktation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laktation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactancia" title="Lactancia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lactancia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lactation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachtadh" title="Lachtadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lachtadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%96%EB%B6%84%EB%B9%84" title="젖분비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="젖분비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լակտացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լակտացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="दुग्धपायन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुग्धपायन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamin" title="Lamin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lamin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjaltaskei%C3%B0" title="Mjaltaskeið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mjaltaskeið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattazione" title="Lattazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lattazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactatio" title="Lactatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lactatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leti" title="Leti – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Leti" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Лактација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лактација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BD" title="പാൽ ചുരത്തൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാൽ ചുരത്തൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyusuan" title="Penyusuan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyusuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toeschietreflex" title="Toeschietreflex – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toeschietreflex" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%88%E4%B9%B3" title="授乳 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="授乳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktatsiya" title="Laktatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Laktatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktacja" title="Laktacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laktacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactog%C3%AAnese" title="Lactogênese – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lactogênese" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лактация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лактация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lactation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_(mj%C3%B6lk)" title="Di (mjölk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Di (mjölk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asu%E1%B9%ADe%E1%B9%AD" title="Asuṭeṭ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asuṭeṭ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCt_verme" title="Süt verme – Turkish" lang="tr" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Release of milk from the mammary glands</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg/220px-White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg/330px-White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg/440px-White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kitten" title="Kitten">Kittens</a> nursing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactating_Female_Coyote_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lactating_Female_Coyote_-_cropped.jpg/220px-Lactating_Female_Coyote_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lactating_Female_Coyote_-_cropped.jpg/330px-Lactating_Female_Coyote_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lactating_Female_Coyote_-_cropped.jpg/440px-Lactating_Female_Coyote_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Lactating female <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a> with visible <a href="/wiki/Teat" title="Teat">teats</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lactation</b> describes the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> and the period of time that a <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a> lactates to feed her young. The process naturally occurs with all sexually mature <a href="/wiki/Female_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Female mammals">female mammals</a>, although it may predate mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Capuco_2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capuco_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of feeding milk in all female creatures is called <i>nursing</i>, and in humans it is also called <i><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a></i>. Newborn infants often produce some milk from their own breast tissue, known colloquially as <a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_milk" title="Witch's milk">witch's milk</a>. </p><p>In most species, lactation is a sign that the female has been pregnant at some point in her life, although in humans and goats, it can happen without pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly every species of mammal has <a href="/wiki/Teat" title="Teat">teats</a>; except for <a href="/wiki/Monotremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotremes">monotremes</a>, egg-laying mammals, which instead release milk through ducts in the abdomen. In only a handful of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of mammals, certain <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a> species, is milk production a normal <a href="/wiki/Male_lactation" title="Male lactation">male function</a>. </p><p><i>Galactopoiesis</i> is the maintenance of milk production. This stage requires <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a> is critical for the <i>milk let-down reflex</i> in response to <a href="/wiki/Suckling" class="mw-redirect" title="Suckling">suckling</a>. <a href="/wiki/Galactorrhea" title="Galactorrhea">Galactorrhea</a> is milk production unrelated to nursing. It can occur in males and females of many mammal species as result of hormonal imbalances such as <a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinaemia" title="Hyperprolactinaemia">hyperprolactinaemia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chief function of a lactation is to provide <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> and immune protection to the young after birth. Due to lactation, the mother-young pair can survive even if food is scarce or too hard for the young to attain, expanding the environmental conditions the species can withstand. The costly investment of energy and resources into milk is outweighed by the benefit to offspring survival.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In almost all mammals, lactation induces a period of <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a> (in humans, <a href="/wiki/Lactational_amenorrhea" title="Lactational amenorrhea">lactational amenorrhea</a>), which serves to provide the optimal <a href="/wiki/Birth_spacing" title="Birth spacing">birth spacing</a> for survival of the offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human">Human</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Human"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactation_consultant" title="Lactation consultant">Lactation consultant</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lactation.jpg/330px-Lactation.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lactation.jpg/500px-Lactation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lactation.jpg/960px-Lactation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Milk secretion from a human breast</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormonal_influences">Hormonal influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hormonal influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the eighteenth week of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> (the second and third <a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiology of pregnancy">trimesters</a>), a woman's body produces <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> that stimulate the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Milk_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk duct">milk duct</a> system in the <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breasts</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a> influences the growth in size of <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_gland" title="Alveolar gland">alveoli</a> and lobes; high levels of progesterone inhibit lactation before birth. Progesterone levels drop after birth; this triggers the onset of copious milk production.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohrbacher_2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohrbacher_2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a> stimulates the milk duct system to grow and differentiate. Like progesterone, high levels of estrogen also inhibit lactation. Estrogen levels also drop at delivery and remain low for the first several months of breastfeeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohrbacher_2003_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohrbacher_2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breastfeeding mothers should avoid estrogen based birth control methods, as a spike in estrogen levels may reduce a mother's milk supply.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a> contributes to the increased growth and differentiation of the alveoli, and also influences differentiation of ductal structures. High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a>, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining <a href="/wiki/Tight_junction" title="Tight junction">tight junctions</a> of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">Human placental lactogen</a> (HPL) – from the second month of pregnancy, the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> releases large amounts of HPL. This hormone is closely associated with prolactin and appears to be instrumental in breast, nipple, and areola growth before birth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle_stimulating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Follicle stimulating hormone">Follicle stimulating hormone</a> (FSH), <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH), and <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">human chorionic gonadotropin</a> (hCG), through control of estrogen and progesterone production, and also, by extension, prolactin and growth hormone production, are essential.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">Growth hormone</a> (GH) is structurally very similar to prolactin and independently contributes to its galactopoiesis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">Adrenocorticotropic hormone</a> (ACTH) and <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> have an important lactation inducing function in several animal species, including humans. Glucocorticoids play a complex regulating role in the maintenance of tight junctions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">Thyroid-stimulating hormone</a> (TSH) and <a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a> (TRH) are very important galactopoietic hormones whose levels are naturally increased during pregnancy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a> contracts the <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> during and after birth, and during <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasm</a>(s). After birth, oxytocin contracts the smooth muscle layer of band-like cells surrounding the alveoli to squeeze the newly produced milk into the duct system. Oxytocin is necessary for the <i>milk ejection reflex</i>, or <i>let-down</i>, in response to suckling, to occur.</li></ul> <p>It is also possible to <a href="#Lactation_without_pregnancy,_induced_lactation,_relactation">induce lactation</a> without pregnancy through combinations of birth control pills, <a href="/wiki/Galactagogue" title="Galactagogue">galactagogues</a>, and milk expression using a breast pump. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0118_Breastfeeding_CorrectLatch-On_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Blausen_0118_Breastfeeding_CorrectLatch-On_02.png/220px-Blausen_0118_Breastfeeding_CorrectLatch-On_02.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Blausen_0118_Breastfeeding_CorrectLatch-On_02.png/330px-Blausen_0118_Breastfeeding_CorrectLatch-On_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Blausen_0118_Breastfeeding_CorrectLatch-On_02.png/440px-Blausen_0118_Breastfeeding_CorrectLatch-On_02.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Breastfeeding (Correct Latch-On Position)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asymmetric_breastfeeding_latch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Asymmetric_breastfeeding_latch.jpg/250px-Asymmetric_breastfeeding_latch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Asymmetric_breastfeeding_latch.jpg/330px-Asymmetric_breastfeeding_latch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Asymmetric_breastfeeding_latch.jpg/500px-Asymmetric_breastfeeding_latch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Breastfeeding a newborn baby</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zanzibar_31.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Zanzibar_31.JPG/240px-Zanzibar_31.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Zanzibar_31.JPG/360px-Zanzibar_31.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Zanzibar_31.JPG/480px-Zanzibar_31.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Breastfeeding of an older child</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secretory_differentiation">Secretory differentiation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secretory differentiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the latter part of pregnancy, the woman's breasts enter into the <i>Secretory Differentiation</i> stage. This is when the breasts make <a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">colostrum</a> (see below), a thick, sometimes yellowish fluid. At this stage, high levels of progesterone inhibit most milk production. It is not a medical concern if a pregnant woman leaks any colostrum before her baby's birth, nor is it an indication of future milk production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secretory_activation">Secretory activation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secretory activation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">birth</a>, prolactin levels remain high, while the delivery of the placenta results in a sudden drop in progesterone, estrogen, and HPL levels. This abrupt withdrawal of progesterone in the presence of high prolactin levels stimulates the copious milk production of <i>Secretory Activation</i>. </p><p>When the breast is stimulated, prolactin levels in the blood rise, peak in about 45 minutes, and return to the pre-breastfeeding state about three hours later. The release of prolactin triggers the cells in the alveoli to make milk. Prolactin also transfers to the breast milk. Some research indicates that prolactin in milk is greater at times of higher milk production, and lower when breasts are fuller, and that the highest levels tend to occur between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m.<sup id="cite_ref-Cregan_2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cregan_2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other hormones—notably insulin, thyroxine, and cortisol—are also involved, but their roles are not yet well understood. Although biochemical markers indicate that Secretory Activation begins about 30–40 hours after birth, mothers do not typically begin feeling increased breast fullness (the sensation of milk "coming in the breast") until 50–73 hours (2–3 days) after birth. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">Colostrum</a> is the first milk a breastfed baby receives. It contains higher amounts of white blood cells and <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> than mature milk, and is especially high in <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_A" title="Immunoglobulin A">immunoglobulin A</a> (IgA), which coats the lining of the baby's immature intestines, and helps to prevent pathogens from invading the baby's system. Secretory IgA also helps prevent food allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-Sears_2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears_2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the first two weeks after the birth, colostrum production slowly gives way to mature breast milk.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohrbacher_2003_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohrbacher_2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autocrine_control_-_Galactopoiesis">Autocrine control - Galactopoiesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Autocrine control - Galactopoiesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hormonal <a href="/wiki/Endocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine">endocrine</a> control system drives milk production during pregnancy and the first few days <a href="/wiki/Postpartum" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpartum">after the birth</a>. When the milk supply is more firmly established, <a href="/wiki/Autocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrine">autocrine</a> (or local) control system begins. </p><p>During this stage, the more that milk is removed from the breasts, the more the breast will produce milk.<sup id="cite_ref-deCarvalho_1985_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deCarvalho_1985-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hopkinson_1988_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkinson_1988-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research also suggests that draining the breasts more fully also increases the rate of milk production.<sup id="cite_ref-Daly_1993_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daly_1993-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the milk supply is strongly influenced by how often the baby feeds and how well it is able to transfer milk from the breast. Low supply can often be traced to: </p> <ul><li>not feeding or <a href="/wiki/Breast_pump" title="Breast pump">pumping</a> often enough</li> <li>inability of the infant to transfer milk effectively caused by, among other things: <ul><li>jaw or mouth structure deficits</li> <li>poor latching technique</li> <li>premature birth</li> <li>drowsiness in the baby, due to illness, medication or recovery from medical procedures</li></ul></li> <li>rare maternal endocrine disorders</li> <li>hypoplastic breast tissue</li> <li>inadequate calorie intake or malnutrition of the mother</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milk_ejection_reflex">Milk ejection reflex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Milk ejection reflex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding#Let-down_reflex" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding § Let-down reflex</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2922_Let_Down_Reflex-new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2922_Let_Down_Reflex-new.jpg/500px-2922_Let_Down_Reflex-new.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="447" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/2922_Let_Down_Reflex-new.jpg/960px-2922_Let_Down_Reflex-new.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2164" data-file-height="2765" /></a><figcaption>Flowchart showing the mechanism of let-down reflex</figcaption></figure> <p>This is the mechanism by which milk is transported from the breast alveoli to the <a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">nipple</a>. Suckling by the baby stimulates the <a href="/wiki/Paraventricular_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraventricular nuclei">paraventricular nuclei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus" title="Supraoptic nucleus">supraoptic nucleus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, which signals to the posterior <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a>. Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the <a href="/wiki/Myoepithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoepithelial cells">myoepithelial cells</a> surrounding the alveoli, which already hold milk. The increased pressure causes milk to flow through the duct system and be released through the nipple. This response can be <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">conditioned</a> e.g. to the cry of the baby. </p><p>Milk ejection is initiated in the mother's breast by the act of suckling by the baby. The milk ejection reflex (also called let-down reflex) is not always consistent, especially at first. Once a woman is conditioned to nursing, let-down can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, including the sound of any baby. Even thinking about breastfeeding can stimulate this reflex, causing unwanted leakage, or both breasts may give out milk when an infant is feeding from one breast. However, this and other problems often settle after two weeks of feeding. <a href="/wiki/Stress_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (medicine)">Stress</a> or anxiety can cause difficulties with breastfeeding. The release of the hormone <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a> leads to the <i>milk ejection</i> or <i>let-down reflex</i>. Oxytocin stimulates the muscles surrounding the breast to squeeze out the milk. Breastfeeding mothers describe the sensation differently. Some feel a slight tingling, others feel immense amounts of pressure or slight pain/discomfort, and still others do not feel anything different. A minority of mothers experience a <a href="/wiki/Dysphoric_milk_ejection_reflex" title="Dysphoric milk ejection reflex">dysphoric milk ejection reflex</a> immediately before let-down, causing anxiety, anger or nausea, amongst other negative sensations, for up to a few minutes per feed. </p><p>A poor milk ejection reflex can be due to sore or cracked nipples, separation from the infant, a history of breast <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, or tissue damage from prior <a href="/w/index.php?title=Breast_trauma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breast trauma (page does not exist)">breast trauma</a>. If a mother has trouble breastfeeding, different methods of assisting the milk ejection reflex may help. These include feeding in a familiar and comfortable location, massage of the breast or back, or warming the breast with a cloth or shower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milk_ejection_reflex_mechanism">Milk ejection reflex mechanism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Milk ejection reflex mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the mechanism by which milk is transported from the breast alveoli to the nipple. Suckling by the baby innervates slowly adapting<sup id="cite_ref-Grachev_1977_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grachev_1977-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rapidly-adapting<sup id="cite_ref-Grachev_1976_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grachev_1976-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptors</a> that are densely packed around the <a href="/wiki/Areola" title="Areola">areolar</a> region. The electrical impulse follows the <a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">spinothalamic tract</a>, which begins by innervation of fourth <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal nerve">intercostal nerves</a>. The electrical impulse then ascends the <a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_tract" title="Posterolateral tract">posterolateral tract</a> for one or two vertebral levels and synapses with second-order neurons, called tract cells, in the posterior dorsal horn. The tract cells then decussate via the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_white_commissure" title="Anterior white commissure">anterior white commissure</a> to the anterolateral corner and ascend to the <a href="/wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus" title="Supraoptic nucleus">supraoptic nucleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraventricular_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraventricular nucleus">paraventricular nucleus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, where they synapse with oxytocinergic third-order neurons. The somas of these neurons are located in the hypothalamus, but their axon and axon terminals are located in the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_stalk" title="Pituitary stalk">infundibulum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pars_nervosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pars nervosa">pars nervosa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a>, respectively. The oxytocin is produced in the neuron's soma in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, and is then transported down the infundibulum via the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract">hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract</a> with the help of the carrier protein, <a href="/wiki/Neurophysin_I" title="Neurophysin I">neurophysin I</a>, to the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary, and then stored in <a href="/wiki/Herring_bodies" title="Herring bodies">Herring bodies</a>, where they are stored until the synapse between second- and third-order neurons. </p><p>Following the electrical impulse, oxytocin is released into the bloodstream. Through the bloodstream, oxytocin makes its way to <a href="/wiki/Myoepithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoepithelial cells">myoepithelial cells</a>, which lie between the extracellular matrix and luminal epithelial cells that also make up the alveoli in breast tissue. When oxytocin binds to the myoepithelial cells, the cells contract. The increased intra-alveolar pressure forces milk into the lactiferous sinuses, into the lactiferous ducts (a study found that lactiferous sinuses may not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this is true then milk simply enters the lactiferous ducts), and then out the nipple. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afterpains">Afterpains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Afterpains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A surge of oxytocin also causes the uterus to contract. During breastfeeding, mothers may feel these contractions as <i>afterpains</i>. These may range from period-like cramps to strong labour-like contractions and can be more severe with second and subsequent babies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kathy_Fray_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kathy_Fray-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Lactation_without_pregnancy,_induced_lactation,_relactation"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Without_pregnancy,_induced_lactation,_relactation"><span id="Without_pregnancy.2C_induced_lactation.2C_relactation"></span>Without pregnancy, induced lactation, relactation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Without pregnancy, induced lactation, relactation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In humans, induced lactation and relactation have been observed frequently in some cultures, and demonstrated with varying success in adoptive mothers and <a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears plausible that the possibility of lactation in women (or females of other species) who are not biological mothers does confer an evolutionary advantage, especially in groups with high maternal mortality and tight social bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobrinho_2003_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobrinho_2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bose_1981_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bose_1981-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenon has been also observed in most primates, in some lemurs, and in dwarf mongooses.<sup id="cite_ref-Koenig_1997_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koenig_1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Creel_1991_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creel_1991-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lactation can be induced in humans by a combination of physical and psychological stimulation, by drugs, or by a combination of those methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Seema_1997_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seema_1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several protocols for inducing lactation were developed by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Newman_(doctor)" title="Jack Newman (doctor)">Jack Newman</a> and Lenore Goldfarb and are commonly called the Newman-Goldfarb protocols. The "regular protocol" involves the use of birth control pills to mimic the hormone levels of pregnancy with <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a> to stimulate milk production, followed by discontinuing the birth control and the introducing use of a double electric breast pump to induce milk production.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional protocols exist to support an accelerated timeline and to support induced lactation in menopausal parents. </p><p>Some couples may stimulate lactation outside of pregnancy for <a href="/wiki/Erotic_lactation" title="Erotic lactation">sexual purposes</a>. </p><p>Rare accounts of <a href="/wiki/Male_lactation" title="Male lactation">male lactation</a> (as distinct from <a href="/wiki/Galactorrhea" title="Galactorrhea">galactorrhea</a>) exist in historical medical and anthropological literature.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most recently a subject of <a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">transgender health care</a>, multiple case reports have described <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">transgender women</a> successfully inducing lactation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has indicated that such breast milk is nutritionally comparable to both the milk of naturally lactating and induced lactating cisgender women.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a> is a drug that can induce lactation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals#Lactation" title="Evolution of mammals">Evolution of mammals § Lactation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland#Evolution" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland § Evolution</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> recognized that mammary glands seemed to have developed specifically from cutaneous glands, and hypothesized that they evolved from glands in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brood_pouch_(fish)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brood pouch (fish) (page does not exist)">brood pouches</a> of fish, where they would provide nourishment for eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-Capuco_2009_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capuco_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter aspect of his hypothesis has not been confirmed; however, more recently the same mechanism has been postulated for early <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oftendal_2002_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oftendal_2002-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As all mammals lactate, lactation must have evolved before the last common ancestor of all mammals, which places it at a minimum in the Middle or Late Triassic when monotremes diverged from therians.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O. T. Oftedal has argued that <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsids</a> evolved a proto-lacteal fluid in order to keep eggs moist, an adaptation necessitated due to synapsids’ parchment shelled eggs which are more vulnerable to evaporation and dehydration than the mineralized eggs produced by some sauropsids.<sup id="cite_ref-Oftendal_2002_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oftendal_2002-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This protolacteal fluid became a complex, nutrient-rich milk which then allowed a decline in egg size by reducing the dependence on a large yolk in the egg.<sup id="cite_ref-Bose_1981_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bose_1981-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolution of lactation is also believed to have resulted in the more complex dentition seen in mammals, as lactation would have allowed the prolonged development of the jaw before the eruption of teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Oftendal_2002_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oftendal_2002-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oftedal also proposed that the protolacteal fluid was initially secreted through pilosebaceous glands on mammary patches, analogous to the areola, and that hairs on this patch transported the fluid to the hatchlings as is seen in <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotremes</a>. In monotremes, they are said to have evolved from apocrine sweat glands.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would have occurred in the mammal lineages that diverged after monotremes, <a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">metatheria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">eutheria</a>. In this scenario, some genes and signaling pathways involved in lactation evolved from ancient precursors which facilitated secretions from spiny structures, which themselves evolved from <a href="/wiki/Odontode" title="Odontode">odontodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oftedal2013_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oftedal2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_outside_Mammalia">Occurrence outside Mammalia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Occurrence outside Mammalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent research, as documented in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, has shed light on the behavior of certain species of <a href="/wiki/Caecilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Caecilians">caecilians</a>. These studies reveal that some caecilians exhibit a phenomenon wherein they provide their hatchlings with a nutrient-rich substance akin to milk, delivered through a maternal vent. Among the species investigated, the oviparous nonmammalian caecilian amphibian <i>Siphonops annulatus</i> stood out, indicating that the practice of lactation may be more widespread among these creatures than previously thought. As detailed in a 2024 study, researchers collected 16 mothers of the <i>Siphonops annulatus</i> species from cacao plantations in Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">Atlantic Forest</a> and filmed them with their <a href="/wiki/Precociality_and_altriciality" title="Precociality and altriciality">altricial</a> hatchlings in the lab. The mothers remained with their offspring, which suckled on a white, viscous liquid from their <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>, experiencing rapid growth in their first week. This milk-like substance, rich in <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, is produced in the mother's <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a> <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a>'s hypertrophied glands, similar to <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">mammal milk</a>. The substance was released seemingly in response to tactile and acoustic stimulation by the babies. The researchers observed the hatchlings emitting high-pitched clicking sounds as they approached their mothers for milk, a behavior unique among amphibians. This milk-feeding behavior may contribute to the development of the hatchlings' <a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">microbiome</a> and immune system, similar to mammalian young. The presence of milk production in caecilians that lay eggs suggests an evolutionary transition between <a href="/wiki/Oviparity" title="Oviparity">egg-laying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">live birth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another well known example of nourishing young with secretions of glands is the <a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">crop milk</a> of certain birds such as <a href="/wiki/Columbiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbiformes">columbiform</a> birds (pigeons and doves), among others. As in mammals, this also appears to be directed by prolactin.<sup id="cite_ref-Horseman_1995_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horseman_1995-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other birds such as <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> utilize similar feeding techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Discus_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Discus fish">discus fish</a> (<i>Symphysodon</i>) is known for (biparentally) feeding their offspring by epidermal mucus secretion.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chong_2005_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chong_2005-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A closer examination reveals that, as in mammals and birds, the secretion of this nourishing fluid may be controlled by prolactin.<sup id="cite_ref-Khong_2009_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khong_2009-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar behavior is seen in at least 30 species of <a href="/wiki/Cichlid" title="Cichlid">cichlids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lactation is also the hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Adenotrophic_viviparity" title="Adenotrophic viviparity">adenotrophic viviparity</a> – a breeding mechanism developed by some insects, most notably <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsetse flies">tsetse flies</a>. The single egg of the tsetse develops into a larva inside the uterus where it is fed by a milky substance secreted by a milk gland inside the uterus.<sup id="cite_ref-Attardo_2008_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attardo_2008-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroach</a> species <i><a href="/wiki/Diploptera_punctata" title="Diploptera punctata">Diploptera punctata</a></i> is also known to feed their offspring by milky secretions.<sup id="cite_ref-Williford_2004_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williford_2004-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Toxeus_magnus" title="Toxeus magnus">Toxeus magnus</a></i>, an ant-mimicking <a href="/wiki/Jumping_spider" title="Jumping spider">jumping spider</a> species of Southeast Asia, also lactates. It nurses its offspring for about 38 days, although they are able to forage on their own after 21 days. Blocking nursing immediately after birth resulted in complete mortality of the offspring, whereas blocking it 20 days after birth resulted in increased foraging and reduced survival. This form of lactation may have evolved from production of <a href="/wiki/Trophic_egg" title="Trophic egg">trophic eggs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2018_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactation_room" title="Lactation room">Lactation room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactogogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactogogue">Galactogogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk line">Milk line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_lactation" title="Male lactation">Male lactation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">Udder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation_failure_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lactation failure (disambiguation)">Lactation failure (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation_suppression" title="Lactation suppression">Lactation suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_lactation" title="Erotic lactation">Erotic lactation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93prolactin_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_charity" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman charity">Roman charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">Crop milk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Capuco_2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Capuco_2009_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capuco_2009_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCapucoAkers2009" class="citation journal cs1">Capuco AV, Akers RM (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688910">"The origin and evolution of lactation"</a>. <i>Journal of Biology</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fjbiol139">10.1186/jbiol139</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688910">2688910</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19439024">19439024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biology&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+evolution+of+lactation&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2688910%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19439024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fjbiol139&rft.aulast=Capuco&rft.aufirst=AV&rft.au=Akers%2C+RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2688910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALactation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114034426/https://sites.google.com/a/babiekids.com/babiekids/lactating-without-pregnancy">"Lactating Without Pregnancy"</a>. <i>sites.google.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/a/babiekids.com/babiekids/lactating-without-pregnancy">the original</a> on 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.google.com&rft.atitle=Lactating+Without+Pregnancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fa%2Fbabiekids.com%2Fbabiekids%2Flactating-without-pregnancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALactation" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114032429/https://www.berryemporium.com/precocious-udder-maiden-milker/">"Goats with Precocious Udder Syndrome"</a>. <i>berryemporium.com</i>. 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(November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat3692">"Prolonged milk provisioning in a jumping spider"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>362</b> (6418): <span class="nowrap">1052–</span>1055. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...362.1052C">2018Sci...362.1052C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat3692">10.1126/science.aat3692</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30498127">30498127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Prolonged+milk+provisioning+in+a+jumping+spider&rft.volume=362&rft.issue=6418&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1052-%3C%2Fspan%3E1055&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30498127&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat3692&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...362.1052C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Corlett%2C+RT&rft.au=Jiao%2C+X&rft.au=Liu%2C+SJ&rft.au=Charles-Dominique%2C+T&rft.au=Zhang%2C+S&rft.au=Li%2C+H&rft.au=Lai%2C+R&rft.au=Long%2C+C&rft.au=Quan%2C+RC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aat3692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALactation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCBarras2008" class="citation journal cs1">CBarras C (18 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13471-how-mammals-lost-their-egg-yolks-.html">"How mammals lost their egg yolks]—Did mammals develop nutritional milk before or after they abandoned yolky eggs?"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=How+mammals+lost+their+egg+yolks%5D%E2%80%94Did+mammals+develop+nutritional+milk+before+or+after+they+abandoned+yolky+eggs%3F&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft.aulast=CBarras&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn13471-how-mammals-lost-their-egg-yolks-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALactation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Development of the reproductive system">Development of the<br /> reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation_in_humans" title="Sexual differentiation in humans">Sexual differentiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">Feminization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">Virilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadarche" title="Gonadarche">Gonadarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_scale" title="Tanner scale">Tanner scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubarche" title="Pubarche">Pubarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermarche" title="Spermarche">Spermarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenarche" title="Adrenarche">Adrenarche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_maternal_age" title="Advanced maternal age">Maternal age</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paternal_age_effect" title="Paternal age effect">Paternal age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">Egg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">Ovum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">Vivipary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology<br />and infertility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93prolactin_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelarche" title="Thelarche">Thelarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_development" title="Breast development">Development</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lactation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Human reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diseases and disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorgasmia" title="Anorgasmia">Anorgasmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysorgasmia" title="Dysorgasmia">Dysorgasmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_flaccid_syndrome" title="Hard flaccid syndrome">Hard flaccid syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_ejaculation" title="Premature ejaculation">Premature ejaculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginismus" title="Vaginismus">Vaginismus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Milk150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Milk_navbox" title="Template talk:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Milk150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo milk">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_milk" title="Donkey milk">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_milk" title="Goat milk">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_milk" title="Mare milk">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">Colostrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_milk" title="Witch's milk">Newborn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_milk" title="Moose milk">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_milk" title="Pig milk">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" title="Sheep milk">Sheep</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/63px-Milk_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="63" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/95px-Milk_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/126px-Milk_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1908" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A2_milk" title="A2 milk">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_milk" title="Baked milk">Baked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonated_milk" title="Carbonated milk">Carbonated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">Condensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporated_milk" title="Evaporated milk">Evaporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filled_milk" title="Filled milk">Filled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_milk" title="Flavored milk">Flavored</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anijsmelk" title="Anijsmelk">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_milk" title="Chocolate milk">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_milk" title="Coffee milk">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaya_milk" title="Papaya milk">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry milk">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_milk" title="Vanilla milk">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_milk" title="Watermelon milk">Watermelon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymilk" title="Haymilk">Haymilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malted_milk" title="Malted milk">Malted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_milk" title="Organic milk">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurized_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized milk">Pasteurized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_milk" title="Powdered milk">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_milk" title="Raw milk">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalded_milk" title="Scalded milk">Scalded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimmed_milk" title="Skimmed milk">Skimmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soured_milk" title="Soured milk">Soured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toned_milk" title="Toned milk">Toned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature_processing" title="Ultra-high-temperature processing">UHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltered_milk" title="Ultrafiltered milk">Ultrafiltered</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">Ayran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">Curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">Custard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Ice cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_milk" title="Ice milk">Ice milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_jewelry" title="Breast milk jewelry">Jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmj%C3%B6lk" title="Filmjölk">Filmjölk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">Kefir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">Milkshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyr" title="Skyr">Skyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">Sour cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_fra%C3%AEche" title="Crème fraîche">Crème fraîche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">Whey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymer_(dairy_product)" title="Ymer (dairy product)">Ymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk carton">Milk carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_churn" title="Milk churn">Milk churn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_crate" title="Milk crate">Milk crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_delivery" title="Milk delivery">Milk delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_milk_jug" title="Square milk jug">Square milk jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro_and_dairy" title="Fidel Castro and dairy">Fidel Castro and dairy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lactation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milking" title="Milking">Milking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milking_pipeline" title="Milking pipeline">Pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkmaid" title="Milkmaid">Milkmaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkman">Milkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_quotas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Milk quotas in the United Kingdom">Milk quotas in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Milk_Day" title="World Milk Day">World Milk Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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