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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Acquiring_Panamanian_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquiring_Panamanian_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Acquiring Panamanian nationality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Acquiring_Panamanian_nationality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Acquiring Panamanian nationality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Acquiring_Panamanian_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_birthright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_birthright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>By birthright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_birthright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_naturalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_naturalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>By naturalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_naturalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_special_dispensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_special_dispensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>By special dispensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_special_dispensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_Panamanian_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_Panamanian_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Loss of Panamanian nationality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_Panamanian_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dual nationality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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<span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <b>Panamanian nationality law</b> is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Panama" title="Constitution of Panama">1972 Constitution</a>, as amended by legislative acts; the Civil Code; migration statues, such as Law Decree No. 3 (Spanish: <i lang="es">Decreto Ley No. 3</i>) of 2008; and relevant treaties to which Panama is a signatory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169–10_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169–10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a <a href="/wiki/Panamanians" title="Panamanians">citizen</a> of Panama. The legal means to acquire nationality and formal membership in a nation differ from the relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoll200766-67_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoll200766-67-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonohanRougier2018338_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonohanRougier2018338-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuerryRundell201673_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuerryRundell201673-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panamanian nationality is typically obtained either on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</a>, i.e. by birth in Panama; or under the rules of <a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">jus sanguinis</a>, i.e. by birth abroad to a parent with Panamanian nationality. It can also be granted to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20161_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20161-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acquiring_Panamanian_nationality">Acquiring Panamanian nationality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_nationality_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Acquiring Panamanian nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panamanian nationality can be acquired by birth, through naturalization, or by special disposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_birthright">By birthright</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_nationality_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By birthright"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birthright nationals are specified as:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Persons born within the territory of Panama;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Persons born abroad, who have established residency in the country and for whom at least one parent was a birthright national; or<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Persons for whom one parent is a naturalized Panamanian and who have established residency in the country and expressed a desire to be Panamanian within a year of reaching their majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_naturalization">By naturalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_nationality_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By naturalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naturalization is open to those adult foreigners who desire to naturalize, are willing to renounce other nationality, and have a basic knowledge of Spanish language and Panamanian geography, history and political organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applicants for naturalization must pay necessary fees and provide a request to the President of Panama along with documentation providing for identification and migration status, certification from the authorities of no criminal record, evidence of financial self-sufficiency, certifications regarding tax obligations and adequate health, and test results from the Election Tribunal for language and knowledge of Panama. Documentation and the petition are reviewed by the Ministry and National Migration Service. If the applicant is successful, the file is sent to the President to grants naturalization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201611_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201611-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who are eligible include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Persons who have continuously resided in Panama for a period of five years;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Persons who have Panamanian children or have married a Panamanian national, after establishing a three-year residency in the territory; or<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nationals of Spain or Latin American states, who have established residence in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The residency must be permanent; years spent in the country under other types of residencies, such as temporary or for humanitarian reasons, are not valid for the purpose of naturalization.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_special_dispensation">By special dispensation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_nationality_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: By special dispensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreign-born children under age seven, who have been adopted by a Panamanian national acquire Panamanian nationality by special dispensation upon completion of the adoption process with the recordation in the Civil Registry. Prior to 2004, adoptees were required to establish a domicile in Panama and request nationality upon reaching the age of majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201611_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201611-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loss_of_Panamanian_nationality">Loss of Panamanian nationality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_nationality_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Loss of Panamanian nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birthright nationals of Panama cannot lose their nationality or renounce it. Naturalized Panamanians can lose their nationality by renunciation, obtaining another nationality, or by serving an enemy nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201611_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201611-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dual_nationality">Dual nationality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_nationality_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dual nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indigenous populations may have difficulty with the regulation processes for nationality and in the past have not had their nationality recognized. In 1996, Panama initiated a program for the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Elimination_of_Racial_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination">Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination</a> to ensure that indigenous persons' dual nationality is recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201612_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201612-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birthright Panamanians may acquire other nationalities by complying with regulations in the other country's laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20162_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20162-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naturalized Panamanians are not permitted to have multiple nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20161_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20161-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_nationality_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panama gained independence from Spain in 1821 and became one of the departments of the federal Republic of <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20162_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20162-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1821" title="Colombian Constitution of 1821">Colombian Constitution of 1821</a>, defined nationals as free persons, born in the territory and their descendants, residents of the country who were had supported independence, and naturalized foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEscobar20152_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscobar20152-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Gran Colombia was partitioned into the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">Republic of New Granada</a>, Ecuador, and Venezuela in 1832, the new constitution granted birthright nationality to those born in the territory or descended of nationals of the territory. Children born in New Grenada to foreigners or children born abroad to New Grenadian nationals, or former Gran Colombian nationals, were entitled to derived nationality if they were domiciled in the federal territory. The 1832 Constitution also granted nationality to <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> and the children of slave women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEscobar20152–3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscobar20152–3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though there were various separatist movements (1826, 1830, 1831, 1840, and 1860), the nationality laws of Panama were mirrors of those of Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20162_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20162-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeluche2003_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeluche2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During one of those conflicts, the first constitution for the State of the Isthmus, was drafted in 1841. It defined birthright Panamanians as those born in the territory or born outside the territory to Isthmian parents who were abroad in government service or to further the cause of independence. It allowed naturalization to those residing in the Isthmus at its independence or those born in any part of Gran Colombia or the Republic of New Granada who expressed the desire to be a native of the Isthmus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Constitution_de_Panama''1841_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Constitution_de_Panama''1841-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later the Colombian Constitution was amended and contained provisions for foreign women to derive naturalization upon marriage with New Granadians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetancourt_Aristeguieta1959141_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetancourt_Aristeguieta1959141-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1853 and 1886, states within New Granada, and later the <a href="/wiki/Granadine_Confederation" title="Granadine Confederation">Granadine Confederation</a> (1858–1863) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia" title="United States of Colombia">United States of Colombia</a> (1863–1886), had the authority to adopt their own constitutions and civil codes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinestrosa20067_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinestrosa20067-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that regard, <a href="/wiki/Justo_Arosemena" class="mw-redirect" title="Justo Arosemena">Justo Arosemena</a> led an unsuccessful effort for the adoption of a Civil Code in 1853, but was successful in his push for the creation of the Federal State of Panama in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013134,_138_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013134,_138-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1862, the State of Panama adopted a modified version of the Chilean Civil Code drafted by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Andrés Bello</a> and then subsequently modified its constitution in 1863, 1865, 1868, 1870, 1873 and 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013139_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013139-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaloul_Zebede2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloul_Zebede2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Bello Code, married women were incapacitated by extending the husband's marital authority legally over his wife's person and property and requiring wives to maintain the same <i>domicilio</i> (permanent residence) as their husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaviria_GilAlzate_TobónEspinal_ArangoGil_Guzmán2013145,_149_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaviria_GilAlzate_TobónEspinal_ArangoGil_Guzmán2013145,_149-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1886, the country was reorganized as the Republic of Colombia, state codes were abolished, and a new national constitution and Civil Code was drafted for the entire nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013139_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013139-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaviria_GilAlzate_TobónEspinal_ArangoGil_Guzmán2013145_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaviria_GilAlzate_TobónEspinal_ArangoGil_Guzmán2013145-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1886" title="Colombian Constitution of 1886">Colombian Constitution of 1886</a> defined three types of nationals: those born in the country, those born abroad to native-born parents or those born in Latin America who wanted Colombian nationality, and foreigners who were naturalized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEscobar20154_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscobar20154-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republic adopted the Bello code for all of its territories in 1887 and this civil code remained in effect for Panama until 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013139_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013139-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006174_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006174-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Naturalization Law (Ley 145) of 1888 gave men married to Colombian women a reduction from four years residency to two years for naturalization and stated in Article 17 that wives and children under age 21 derived their nationality from their husband or father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlournoyHudson1929181_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlournoyHudson1929181-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUribe1901854_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUribe1901854-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903, Panama declared its independence from Colombia and in 1904 adopted a new constitution. The constitution provided that Panamanians were those born in Panamanian territory, children born abroad to one Panamanian parent who upon reaching majority chose to be Panamanian, or Colombian nationals who had supported Panamanian independence. It allowed foreigners to naturalize, who were skilled in art, business, or science who had resided in the territory for ten years; who were married and had family residing in the territory after six years; and who were married to Panamanian women, after three years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20163_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20163-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though a revision of the civil code was commissioned in 1904, it did not reach fruition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006173_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006173-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Panama)" title="National Assembly (Panama)">National Assembly</a> adopted Law No. 6, which prohibited the immigration by Chinese, Syrian, or Turkish nationals to Panama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20164_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20164-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new civil code commission was established in 1913 and in 1917 a new code was adopted. While it eliminated a husband's marital authority and secularized marriage, the question of married women's and minor children's nationality was not resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006177_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006177-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIllueca1945140_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIllueca1945140-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commission was appointed in 1918 to resolve contradictions in the law, for example those articles pertaining to uncertain nationality and differences in the treatment of legitimate and illegitimate children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIllueca1945140_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIllueca1945140-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continuing the trend to restrict immigration to Europeans, in 1926, the Assembly passed Law 13 barring <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean</a>, Chinese, Davidian, <a href="/wiki/Guyanese_people" title="Guyanese people">Guyanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Indo-Oriental</a>, Japanese, Syrian, and Turkish nationals, unless their first language was Spanish. As workforce needs changed, the law was changed in 1928 through Law 6, which limited immigration of blacks, Chinese, Syrian, and Turkish nationals to ten per year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20164_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20164-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law provided an exception for foreigners who had married Panamanian women prior to 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018213_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018213-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927 and 1928 Acts were passed amending the constitution, clarifying that anyone born in Panama prior to October 1928 regardless of their parent's nationality was Panamanian. To have birthright nationality, those born after October 1928 had to be legitimate or legitimized and at least one parent had to be a Panamanian national. Children of foreign nationals born in Panama could choose Panamanian nationality upon reaching majority by declaring their intent to the proper authorities. Children born abroad to at least one parent who was Panamanian, had to establish residency in Panama before electing Panamanian nationality in the prescribed manner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens193347,_Part_II_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens193347,_Part_II-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essence, the 1928 amendment left children born in Panama from 1928 forward to first generation immigrants without a nationality at birth. They were essentially stateless until they became adults and chose a nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasso_De_Paulis200770_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELasso_De_Paulis200770-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930 a naturalization law (Ley 26) was passed, which provided in article 10 that if a foreigner naturalized in Panama his wife and his minor children automatically derived his new citizenship. A married woman could not independently naturalize or relinquish her nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens193349,_Part_II_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens193349,_Part_II-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, the exclusion act was updated to include <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> nationals whose first language was not Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018214_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018214-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Dem%C3%B3stenes_Arosemena" title="Juan Demóstenes Arosemena">Juan Demóstenes Arosemena</a>, Eduardo E. Holguín, and Magín Pons, the Panamanian delegates to the Pan-American Union's Montevideo conference, signed the Inter-American Convention on the Nationality of Women, which became effective in 1934, without legal reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvalon_Project1933_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvalon_Project1933-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new constitution was written in 1941, which incorporated ethnic restrictions to nationality. Birthright nationals were children born in the territory or abroad to at least one birthright parent, as long as the other parent was not of a prohibited class or children born to foreigners in the territory whose parents were not barred from immigration. It acknowledged that those born prior to independence and those previously naturalized before 1941 retained their nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018214_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018214-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20165_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20165-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, it stripped nationality from any Panamanian of a prohibited ethnicity of their Panamanian nationality unless they had been in the country at the time of independence or had been born before 1928 in Panamanian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20168–9_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20168–9-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provisions removed the requirement for married women to automatically derive their husband's nationality and allowed women to repatriate if they had previously lost their nationality upon dissolution of the marriage. Foundlings were allowed to acquire Panamanian nationality if that was the nationality held by their guardians. Foreigners who had participated in the independence movement, or who were not of the prohibited classes could naturalize after five years, after three years if they had children born in Panama, and after two years if they were married to a Panamanian. Retroactively, former nationals who had been born in the <a href="/wiki/Canal_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal Zone">Canal Zone</a> lost their Panamanian nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20165_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20165-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945 the constitution was suspended and a new constitutional convention was called to deal with inconsistencies between the exclusion policy and Article 21 of the constitution which provided that both Panamanians and foreigners were to be equal before the law without prejudice or privilege based upon birth, class, ethnicity, or political or religious belief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018215_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018215-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constitution of 1946 basically kept the same descriptions of who could be classed as native born or naturalized, but eliminated racial exclusion provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20166_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20166-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the constitution listed acquisition of another nationality as grounds for loss of Panamanian nationality, it did contain a new provision for Spanish citizens or other independent American countries to nationalize under reciprocity agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20166–7_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20166–7-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those born in Panamanian territory, but within the US jurisdiction of the Canal Zone were defined as nationals of the United States until 1 October 1979, when US administration ended and the area became jointly managed by both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20167_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20167-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_nationality_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The cases of Reyes Gnecco de Dugand (24 March 1888) and Emma Hulsman (1923) were heard by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Colombia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, and negated the requirement for married women to lose their nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens193313–14,_Part_II_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens193313–14,_Part_II-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Panamanian independence in 1903 preceded the second ruling,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20163_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20163-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were ambiguities remaining in Panamanian law concerning married women's nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006177_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006177-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIllueca1945140_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIllueca1945140-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_nationality_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_nationality_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169–10-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169–10_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoll200766-67-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoll200766-67_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoll2007">Boll 2007</a>, p. 66-67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonohanRougier2018338-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonohanRougier2018338_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHonohanRougier2018">Honohan & Rougier 2018</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuerryRundell201673-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuerryRundell201673_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuerryRundell2016">Guerry & Rundell 2016</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20161-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20161_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20161_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20169_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201610_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201611-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201611_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201611_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201611_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndm.com.pa/citizenship-in-panama/">NDM Law Firm & Associates</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201612-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna201612_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20162-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20162_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20162_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20162_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscobar20152-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEscobar20152_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEscobar2015">Escobar 2015</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscobar20152–3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEscobar20152–3_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEscobar2015">Escobar 2015</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeluche2003-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeluche2003_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeluche2003">Beluche 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Constitution_de_Panama''1841-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Constitution_de_Panama''1841_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstitution_de_Panama1841"><i>Constitution de Panama</i> 1841</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetancourt_Aristeguieta1959141-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVetancourt_Aristeguieta1959141_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVetancourt_Aristeguieta1959">Vetancourt Aristeguieta 1959</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinestrosa20067-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinestrosa20067_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinestrosa2006">Hinestrosa 2006</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013134,_138-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013134,_138_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoriano_Cienfuegos2013">Soriano Cienfuegos 2013</a>, pp. 134, 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013139-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013139_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013139_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoriano_Cienfuegos2013139_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoriano_Cienfuegos2013">Soriano Cienfuegos 2013</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloul_Zebede2017-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaloul_Zebede2017_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaloul_Zebede2017">Maloul Zebede 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaviria_GilAlzate_TobónEspinal_ArangoGil_Guzmán2013145,_149-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaviria_GilAlzate_TobónEspinal_ArangoGil_Guzmán2013145,_149_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaviria_GilAlzate_TobónEspinal_ArangoGil_Guzmán2013">Gaviria Gil et al. 2013</a>, pp. 145, 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaviria_GilAlzate_TobónEspinal_ArangoGil_Guzmán2013145-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaviria_GilAlzate_TobónEspinal_ArangoGil_Guzmán2013145_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaviria_GilAlzate_TobónEspinal_ArangoGil_Guzmán2013">Gaviria Gil et al. 2013</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscobar20154-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEscobar20154_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEscobar2015">Escobar 2015</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006174-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006174_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdel_Moral2006">del Moral 2006</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlournoyHudson1929181-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlournoyHudson1929181_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlournoyHudson1929">Flournoy & Hudson 1929</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUribe1901854-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUribe1901854_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUribe1901">Uribe 1901</a>, p. 854.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens193313–14,_Part_II-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens193313–14,_Part_II_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens1933">Stevens 1933</a>, pp. 13–14, Part II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20163-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20163_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20163_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006177-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006177_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006177_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdel_Moral2006">del Moral 2006</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIllueca1945140-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIllueca1945140_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIllueca1945140_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIllueca1945140_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIllueca1945">Illueca 1945</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006173-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdel_Moral2006173_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdel_Moral2006">del Moral 2006</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20164-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20164_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20164_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018213-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018213_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenior_Angulo2018">Senior Angulo 2018</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens193347,_Part_II-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens193347,_Part_II_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens1933">Stevens 1933</a>, p. 47, Part II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELasso_De_Paulis200770-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELasso_De_Paulis200770_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLasso_De_Paulis2007">Lasso De Paulis 2007</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens193349,_Part_II-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens193349,_Part_II_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens1933">Stevens 1933</a>, p. 49, Part II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018214-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018214_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018214_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenior_Angulo2018">Senior Angulo 2018</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvalon_Project1933-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvalon_Project1933_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvalon_Project1933">Avalon Project 1933</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20165-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20165_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20165_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20168–9-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20168–9_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018215-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenior_Angulo2018215_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenior_Angulo2018">Senior Angulo 2018</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20166-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20166_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20166–7-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20166–7_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20167-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_Serna20167_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodríguez_Serna2016">Rodríguez Serna 2016</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_nationality_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeluche2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beluche, Olmedo (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.banrepcultural.org/biblioteca-virtual/credencial-historia/numero-165/separacion-de-panama-la-historia-desconocida">"Separación de Panamá: la historia desconocida"</a> [Separation of Panama: The Unknown Story]. <i>Credencial Historia</i> (in Spanish). <b>165</b>. 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationality_laws" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationality_laws" title="Template:Nationality laws"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationality_laws" title="Template talk:Nationality laws"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationality_laws" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationality laws"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationality_laws" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality laws</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationality_law" title="Algerian nationality law">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_nationality_law" title="Angolan nationality law">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_nationality_law" title="Beninese nationality law">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswanan_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswanan nationality law">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_nationality_law" title="Burkinabe nationality law">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_nationality_law" title="Burundian nationality law">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_nationality_law" title="Cameroonian nationality law">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_nationality_law" title="Cape Verdean nationality law">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_nationality_law" title="Central African nationality law">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_nationality_law" title="Chadian nationality law">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_nationality_law" title="Comorian nationality law">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese nationality law">Congo Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_nationality_law" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo nationality law">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_nationality_law" title="Djiboutian nationality law">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law" title="Egyptian nationality law">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_nationality_law" title="Equatoguinean nationality law">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nationality_law" title="Eritrean nationality law">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emaswati_nationality_law" title="Emaswati nationality law">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_nationality_law" title="Ethiopian nationality law">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_nationality_law" title="Gabonese nationality law">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_nationality_law" title="Gambian nationality law">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_nationality_law" title="Ghanaian nationality law">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_nationality_law" title="Guinean nationality law">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_nationality_law" title="Bissau-Guinean nationality law">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_nationality_law" title="Ivorian nationality law">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_nationality_law" title="Kenyan nationality law">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basotho_nationality_law" title="Basotho nationality law">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_nationality_law" title="Liberian nationality law">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationality_law" title="Libyan nationality law">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_nationality_law" title="Malagasy nationality law">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_nationality_law" title="Malawian nationality law">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_nationality_law" title="Malian nationality law">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_nationality_law" title="Mauritanian nationality law">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_nationality_law" title="Mauritian nationality law">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_nationality_law" title="Moroccan nationality law">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_nationality_law" title="Mozambican nationality law">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_nationality_law" title="Namibian nationality law">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_nationality_law" title="Nigerien nationality law">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationality_law" title="Nigerian nationality law">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_nationality_law" title="Rwandan nationality law">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9an_nationality_law" title="São Toméan nationality law">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_nationality_law" title="Senegalese nationality law">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_nationality_law" title="Seychellois nationality law">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_nationality_law" title="Sierra Leonean nationality law">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationality_law" title="Somali nationality law">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_citizenship_and_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland citizenship and nationality">Somaliland</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_nationality_law" title="South African nationality law">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_nationality_law" title="South Sudanese nationality law">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nationality_law" title="Sudanese nationality law">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_nationality_law" title="Tanzanian nationality law">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_nationality_law" title="Togolese nationality law">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationality_law" title="Tunisian nationality law">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationality_law" title="Ugandan nationality law">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_citizenship_and_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi citizenship and nationality">Western Sahara</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_nationality_law" title="Zambian nationality law">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_nationality_law" title="Zimbabwean nationality law">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudian_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiguan and Barbudian nationality law">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_nationality_law" title="Bahamian nationality law">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_nationality_law" title="Barbadian nationality law">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_nationality_law" title="Belizean nationality law">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_nationality_law" title="Costa Rican nationality law">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_nationality_law" title="Cuban nationality law">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_nationality_law" title="Dominican nationality law">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_nationality_law" title="Dominican Republic nationality law">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_nationality_law" title="Salvadoran nationality law">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nationality_law" title="Danish nationality law">Greenland <small>(Kingdom of Denmark)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_nationality_law" title="Grenadian nationality law">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_nationality_law" title="Guatemalan nationality law">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haitian_nationality_and_citizenship" title="History of Haitian nationality and citizenship">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_nationality_law" title="Honduran nationality law">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_nationality_law" title="Jamaican nationality law">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_nationality_law" title="Nicaraguan nationality law">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittitian_and_Nevisian_nationality_law" title="Kittitian and Nevisian nationality law">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_nationality_law" title="Saint Lucian nationality law">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_nationality_law" title="Vincentian nationality law">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_nationality_law" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality law">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Puerto Rican citizenship and nationality">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islander_citizenship_and_nationality" title="United States Virgin Islander citizenship and nationality">US Virgin Islands</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationality_law" title="Argentine nationality law">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_nationality_law" title="Bolivian nationality law">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nationality_law" title="Brazilian nationality law">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_nationality_law" title="Chilean nationality law">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_nationality_law" title="Colombian nationality law">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_nationality_law" title="Ecuadorian nationality law">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_nationality_law" title="Guyanese nationality law">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_nationality_law" title="Paraguayan nationality law">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_nationality_law" title="Peruvian nationality law">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_nationality_law" title="Surinamese nationality law">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_nationality_law" title="Uruguayan nationality law">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_nationality_law" title="Venezuelan nationality law">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_nationality_law" title="Afghan nationality law">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_nationality_law" title="Bahraini nationality law">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationality_law" title="Bangladeshi nationality law">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_nationality_law" title="Bhutanese nationality law">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_nationality_law" title="Bruneian nationality law">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_nationality_law" title="Cambodian nationality law">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_nationality_law" title="East Timorese nationality law">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_nationality_law" title="Indonesian nationality law">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationality_law" title="Iraqi nationality law">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law" title="Israeli citizenship law">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationality_law" title="Japanese nationality law">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationality_law" title="Jordanian nationality law">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_nationality_law" title="Kazakhstani nationality law">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstani_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyzstani nationality law (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_nationality_law" title="Kuwaiti nationality law">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laotian nationality law (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_nationality_law" title="Malaysian nationality law">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nationality_law" title="Mongolian nationality law">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_nationality_law" title="Myanmar nationality law">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_nationality_law" title="Nepali nationality law">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_nationality_law" title="North Korean nationality law">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_nationality_law" title="Omani nationality law">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationality_law" title="Pakistani nationality law">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_nationality" title="History of Palestinian nationality">Palestine</a><sup><small></small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_nationality_law" title="Philippine nationality law">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_nationality_law" title="Qatari nationality law">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_nationality_law" title="Saudi Arabian nationality law">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_nationality_law" title="South Korean nationality law">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_nationality_law" title="Sri Lankan nationality law">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationality_law" title="Syrian nationality law">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistani_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajikistani nationality law (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationality_law" title="Taiwanese nationality law">Taiwan</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationality_law" title="Thai nationality law">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen nationality law">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_nationality_law" title="Emirati nationality law">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbek nationality law (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_passport" title="Vietnamese passport">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni nationality law (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">European Union</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationality_law" title="Austrian nationality law">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_nationality_law" title="Belgian nationality law">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_nationality_law" title="Bulgarian nationality law">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationality_law" title="Croatian nationality law">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_nationality_law" title="Cypriot nationality law">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationality_law" title="Czech nationality law">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nationality_law" title="Danish nationality law">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationality_law" title="Estonian nationality law">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationality_law" title="Finnish nationality law">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationality_law" title="French nationality law">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationality_law" title="German nationality law">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationality_law" title="Icelandic nationality law">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationality_law" title="Irish nationality law">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_nationality_law" title="Latvian nationality law">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_nationality_law" title="Liechtensteiner nationality law">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nationality_law" title="Lithuanian nationality law">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_nationality_law" title="Luxembourg nationality law">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_nationality_law" title="Maltese nationality law">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationality_law" title="Dutch nationality law">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationality_law" title="Norwegian nationality law">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationality_law" title="Polish nationality law">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nationality_law" title="Portuguese nationality law">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationality_law" title="Romanian nationality law">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationality_law" title="Slovak nationality law">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationality_law" title="Slovenian nationality law">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationality_law" title="Spanish nationality law">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_nationality_law" title="Swedish nationality law">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_nationality_law" title="Swiss nationality law">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Rest of Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationality_law" title="Albanian nationality law">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationality_law" title="Armenian nationality law">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorran_nationality_law" title="Andorran nationality law">Andorra</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationality_law" title="Azerbaijani nationality law">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian citizenship">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_nationality_law" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina nationality law">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationality_law" title="Georgian nationality law">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan nationality law">Kosovo</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_nationality_law" title="Moldovan nationality law">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_nationality_law" title="Monégasque nationality law">Monaco</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationality_law" title="Montenegrin nationality law">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_North_Macedonia" title="Nationality law of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus_citizenship" title="Northern Cyprus citizenship">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_citizenship_law" title="Russian citizenship law">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_nationality_law" title="San Marino nationality law">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationality_law" title="Serbian nationality law">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationality_law" title="Ukrainian nationality law">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_nationality_law" title="Micronesian nationality law">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_nationality_law" title="Fijian nationality law">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_nationality_law" title="Nauruan nationality law">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Kiribati_nationality_law" title="I-Kiribati nationality law">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_nationality_law" title="Marshallese nationality law">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_nationality_law" title="Palauan nationality law">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_nationality_law" title="Papua New Guinean nationality law">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_nationality_law" title="Samoan nationality law">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_nationality_law" title="Solomon Islands nationality law">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_nationality_law" title="Tongan nationality law">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_nationality_law" title="Tuvaluan nationality law">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Samoan_citizenship_and_nationality" title="American Samoan citizenship and nationality">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Northern Mariana citizenship and nationality">Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guamanian_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Guamanian citizenship and nationality">Guam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu_nationality_law" title="Ni-Vanuatu nationality law">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">International<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_Mercosur" title="Citizenship of the Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Passport_Union" title="Nordic Passport Union">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">Caribbean Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union#Migration" title="African Union">African Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_citizenship" title="Loss of citizenship">Loss of citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">Denaturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation_of_citizenship" title="Renunciation of citizenship">Renunciation of citizenship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">Naturalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_aboard_aircraft_and_ships" title="Birth aboard aircraft and ships">Birth aboard aircraft and ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius_sanguinis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius sanguinis">Ius sanguinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius_soli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius soli">Ius soli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">Repatriation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By result</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">Multiple citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_passport" title="Internal passport">Internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">Permanent residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">Second-class citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Statelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_nationality_law" title="Soviet nationality law">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Open border with <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.</li> <li><sup>3</sup> Partially recognized.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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