CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ukraine - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7ae24c25-f906-48e6-8b31-65332a5f5d33","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ukraine","wgTitle":"Ukraine","wgCurRevisionId":1259607670,"wgRevisionId":1259607670,"wgArticleId":31750,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages using the Phonos extension","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing Ukrainian-language text","Pages with Ukrainian IPA","CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk)","CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2023", "Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Use dmy dates from April 2022","EngvarB from May 2022","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2022","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from December 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023","Citation overkill","Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from September 2023","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images", "All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from March 2022","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2022","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles lacking reliable references from December 2022","Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Ukraine","1991 establishments in Ukraine","Countries and territories where Ukrainian is an official language","Countries in Europe","Member states of the Council of Europe","Member states of the United Nations", "Post-Soviet states","Republics","States and territories established in 1991"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ukraine","wgRelevantArticleId":31750,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":49,"lon":32},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q212","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage": "ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/800px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/640px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ukraine - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ukraine rootpage-Ukraine skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ukraine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ukraine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ukraine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ukraine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology and orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Age_of_Kyiv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Age_of_Kyiv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Golden Age of Kyiv </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Age_of_Kyiv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_domination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_domination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Foreign domination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_domination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cossack_Hetmanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cossack_Hetmanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Cossack Hetmanate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cossack_Hetmanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 19th and early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Inter-war period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–war_Soviet_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–war_Soviet_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Post–war Soviet Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–war_Soviet_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Urban areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courts_and_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courts_and_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Courts and law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courts_and_law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Information technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Regional differences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaving_and_embroidery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaving_and_embroidery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Weaving and embroidery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaving_and_embroidery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Print_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Print sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Print_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Print sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Print_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Reference books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_(since_1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_(since_1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Recent (since 1991) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_(since_1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.1 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ukraine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 298 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-298" aria-hidden="true" > 298 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Украинэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Украинэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Украинэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Украинэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AC%E1%8A%95" title="ዩክሬን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዩክሬን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucr%C3%A6gna" title="Ucrægna – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ucrægna" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أوكرانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوكرانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%ADna" title="Ucraína – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ucraína" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%A9%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%84%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ուքրանիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ուքրանիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucr%C3%A8na" title="Ucrèna – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ucrèna" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ইউক্ৰেইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইউক্ৰেইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%ADna" title="Ucraína – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ucraína" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uky%C3%A1%C3%B1a" title="Ukyáña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ukyáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraniya" title="Ukraniya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ukraniya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayna" title="Ukrayna – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ukrayna" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اوکراین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوکراین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain" title="Ukrain – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Ukrain" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ইউক্রেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউক্রেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украіна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Украіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украіна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Украіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="यूक्रेन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूक्रेन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranya" title="Ukranya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ukranya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukren" title="Yukren – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Yukren" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украйна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Украйна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨུཀ་རཡི་ནི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨུཀ་རཡི་ནི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%AFna" title="Ucraïna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ucraïna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranya" title="Ukranya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ukranya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrania" title="Ukrania – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Ukrania" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrania" title="Ucrania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Ucrania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukireni" title="Vukireni – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vukireni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wcr%C3%A1in" title="Wcráin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wcráin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ؤكرانيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤكرانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%94%DE%AB%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޔޫކްރެއިން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޔޫކްރެއިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C3%ADtso_Hatsohnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dzítso Hatsohnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dzítso Hatsohnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ουκρανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουκρανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucragna" title="Ucragna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ucragna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrania" title="Ucrania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ucrania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainio" title="Ukrainio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ukrainio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrania" title="Ucrania – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ucrania" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اوکراین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوکراین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayiina" title="Ukrayiina – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ukrayiina" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraine" title="Ucraine – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ucraine" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%9Acr%C3%A1in" title="An Úcráin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Úcráin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ookraan" title="Yn Ookraan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ookraan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayna" title="Ukrayna – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Ukrayna" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ucr%C3%A0in" title="An Ucràin – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Ucràin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%ADna" title="Ucraína – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ucraína" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="烏克蘭 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="烏克蘭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8" title="યૂક્રેઇન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યૂક્રેઇન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌿𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌾𐌽𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌿𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌾𐌽𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98" title="우크라이나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우크라이나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraniya" title="Ukraniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ukraniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBUkelena" title="ʻUkelena – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻUkelena" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ուկրաինա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուկրաինա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukrain" title="Yukrain – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Yukrain" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrania" title="Ukrania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ukrania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ইউক্রেন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইউক্রেন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%94%AA%E1%91%AF%E1%95%8B%E1%90%83%E1%93%90" title="ᔪᑯᕋᐃᓐ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᔪᑯᕋᐃᓐ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukrain" title="Yukrain – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Yukrain" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Украинæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Украинæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYukreyini" title="IYukreyini – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IYukreyini" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYukreyini" title="IYukreyini – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IYukreyini" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Akra%C3%ADna" title="Úkraína – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úkraína" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אוקראינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוקראינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukur%C9%9Bn%C9%A9" title="Ukurɛnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ukurɛnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುಕ್ರೇನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುಕ್ರೇನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranya" title="Ukranya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ukranya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უკრაინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უკრაინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%97%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="یوٗکریٖن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یوٗکریٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99krajina" title="Ùkrajina – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ùkrajina" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayn" title="Ukrayn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ukrayn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikerene" title="Ikerene – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikerene" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraini" title="Ukraini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukraini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uklenyi" title="Uklenyi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Uklenyi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikr%C3%A8n" title="Ikrèn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ikrèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oukr%C3%A8n" title="Oukrèn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Oukrèn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Bkrayna" title="Ûkrayna – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ûkrayna" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດອູແກຣນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອູແກຣນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain" title="Ukrain – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ukrain" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrainn-a" title="Ucrainn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ucrainn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainu" title="Ukrainu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ukrainu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/vurgu%27e" title="vurgu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="vurgu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajna" title="Ukrajna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ukrajna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okraina" title="Okraina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Okraina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="ഉക്രൈൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉക്രൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajna" title="Ukrajna – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ukrajna" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAkareinga" title="Ūkareinga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ūkareinga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უკრაინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უკრაინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اوكرانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوكرانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اکراین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اکراین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯌꯨꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯨꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oucr%C3%A1nia" title="Oucránia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Oucránia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Украин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Украин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ယူကရိန်းနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူကရိန်းနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukrain" title="Yukrain – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Yukrain" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A" title="ウクライナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウクライナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8E%DF%9E%DF%99%DF%8D%DF%A3%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AB" title="ߎߞߙߍߣߌ߲߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߎߞߙߍߣߌ߲߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukra%C3%AEne" title="Ukraîne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ukraîne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%AFna" title="Ucraïna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ucraïna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ୟୁକ୍ରେନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ୟୁକ୍ରେନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuukireen" title="Yuukireen – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Yuukireen" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਯੂਕਰੇਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਕਰੇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraniya" title="Ukraniya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Ukraniya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="یوکرین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوکرین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ယူကရေင်းခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ယူကရေင်းခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrania" title="Ukrania – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ukrania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اوکراین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوکراین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuukrien" title="Yuukrien – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yuukrien" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93" title="អ៊ុយក្រែន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ុយក្រែន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oucrinne" title="Oucrinne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Oucrinne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrain-a" title="Ucrain-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ucrain-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ukelan" title="ukelan – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="ukelan" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukren" title="Yukren – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Yukren" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ουκρανία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ουκρανία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucr%C3%A2nia" title="Ucrânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ucrânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayna" title="Ukrayna – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Ukrayna" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayina" title="Ukrayina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ukrayina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Україна – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Україна" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украйиина – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Украйиина" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iukureini" title="Iukureini – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iukureini" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="යුක්‍රේනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුක්‍රේනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="يوڪرين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يوڪرين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYukhureni" title="IYukhureni – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IYukhureni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Оукраина – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Оукраина" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukrayn" title="Yukrayn – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Yukrayn" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ئوکراینا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئوکراینا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainakondre" title="Ukrainakondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Ukrainakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украјина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Украјина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranya" title="Ukranya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ukranya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="உக்ரைன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உக்ரைன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranya" title="Ukranya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ukranya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayin" title="Ukrayin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ukrayin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraine" title="Ucraine – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Ucraine" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းယူႇၶရဵၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းယူႇၶရဵၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఉక్రెయిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉక్రెయిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukr%C3%A1nia" title="Ukránia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Ukránia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศยูเครน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศยูเครน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AC%E1%8A%95" title="ዩክሬን – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ዩክሬን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Укроин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Укроин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%AAkala%CA%BBine" title="ʻŪkalaʻine – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻŪkalaʻine" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%A7%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%82" title="ᏳᎧᎴᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏳᎧᎴᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayna" title="Ukrayna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ukrayna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki%CC%B1ren" title="Yuki̱ren – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Yuki̱ren" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%99" title="ᨕᨘᨀᨑᨕᨗᨊᨙ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨘᨀᨑᨕᨗᨊᨙ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Україна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Україна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="یوکرین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوکرین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ئۇكرائىنا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۇكرائىنا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuhgwzlanz" title="Vuhgwzlanz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vuhgwzlanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucr%C3%A0ina" title="Ucràina – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ucràina" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain" title="Ukrain – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ukrain" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukray%C3%A4n" title="Lukrayän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lukrayän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oucrinne" title="Oucrinne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oucrinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="烏克蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="烏克蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranya" title="Ukranya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ukranya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukreen" title="Ukreen – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ukreen" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌克兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="אוקראינע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוקראינע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukr%C3%A9%C3%ACn" title="Yukréìn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Yukréìn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="烏克蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏克蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayna" title="Ukrayna – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ukrayna" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okraina" title="Okraina – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Okraina" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乌克兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukeren" title="Yukeren – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Yukeren" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain" title="Ukrain – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ukrain" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajn%C9%99" title="Ukrajnə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ukrajnə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ukraine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ukraine" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ukraine" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&oldid=1259607670" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ukraine&id=1259607670&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUkraine">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUkraine">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ukraine&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Ukraine" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ukraine" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ukraine" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ukraine&params=49_N_32_E_scale:10000000_source:GNS_type:city">49°N 32°E / 49°N 32°E / 49; 32</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected to prevent sock puppets of blocked or banned users from editing it"><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Eastern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ukraine (disambiguation)">Ukraine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Ukraine</div><div class="ib-country-names">Україна (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ukraine"><img alt="Flag of Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ukraine"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="922" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine" title="Coat of arms of Ukraine"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: Державний Гімн України Derzhavnyi Himn Ukrainy "<a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Ukraine" title="National anthem of Ukraine">State Anthem of Ukraine</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="80" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Ukraine,_instrumental.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/National_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga/National_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/National_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=be-tarask&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="be-tarask" label="беларуская (тарашкевіца) ‪(be-tarask)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=da&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="da" label="dansk ‪(da)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=eo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eo" label="Esperanto ‪(eo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=ro&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ro" label="română ‪(ro)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=sk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sk" label="slovenčina ‪(sk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=sr-ec&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr-Cyrl" label="српски (ћирилица) ‪(sr-ec)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=zh-sg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-SG" label="中文（新加坡） ‪(zh-sg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ukraine_(orthographic_projection)_with_Disputed_Land.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ukraine_%28orthographic_projection%29_with_Disputed_Land.png/220px-Ukraine_%28orthographic_projection%29_with_Disputed_Land.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ukraine_%28orthographic_projection%29_with_Disputed_Land.png/330px-Ukraine_%28orthographic_projection%29_with_Disputed_Land.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ukraine_%28orthographic_projection%29_with_Disputed_Land.png/440px-Ukraine_%28orthographic_projection%29_with_Disputed_Land.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-Ukraine_(disputed_territory).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Europe-Ukraine_%28disputed_territory%29.svg/220px-Europe-Ukraine_%28disputed_territory%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Europe-Ukraine_%28disputed_territory%29.svg/330px-Europe-Ukraine_%28disputed_territory%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Europe-Ukraine_%28disputed_territory%29.svg/440px-Europe-Ukraine_%28disputed_territory%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_(with_borders_and_towns).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg/220px-Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg/330px-Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg/440px-Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="959" /></a>Topographic map of Ukraine with borders and cities</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory controlled by Ukraine (dark green) <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">Russian-occupied territories</a> (light green)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ukraine&params=49_N_32_E_scale:10000000_source:GNS_type:city">49°N 32°E / 49°N 32°E / 49; 32</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Official language</li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>and national language</li></ul></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2001)<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_composition_of_the_population_of_Ukraine,_2001_Census-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>78% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a></li><li>17% <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Ukraine" title="Russians in Ukraine">Russians</a></li><li>4.9% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">87.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">11.0% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.8% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">other</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.9% unanswered</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Shmyhal" title="Denys Shmyhal">Denys Shmyhal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Verkhovna_Rada" title="Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada">Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Stefanchuk" title="Ruslan Stefanchuk">Ruslan Stefanchuk</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">882</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1199</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 August 1649</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">People's Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1917</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 March 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_the_United_Nations" title="Ukraine and the United Nations">UN membership</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independence declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 August 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1996</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">603,628<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> km2 (233,062 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">45th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.8<a href="#cite_note-Jhariya_Meena_Banerjee_2021_p._40-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 33,443,000<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UA-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">36th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">60.9/km2 (157.7/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">126th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $655.583 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UA-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">49th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $19,603<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UA-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">102nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $184.099 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UA-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">58th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $5,504<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.UA-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">111st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2020)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 25.6<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.734<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-8">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">100th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">Hryvnia</a> (₴) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">UAH</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2<a href="#cite_note-timechange-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd.mm.yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ukraine" title="Telephone numbers in Ukraine">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ukraine" title="Telephone numbers in Ukraine">+380</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:UA" title="ISO 3166-2:UA">UA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.ua" title=".ua">.ua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80" title=".укр">.укр</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ukraine<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">second-largest European country</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[b]</a> after <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Russia–Ukraine border">borders it</a> to the east and northeast.<a href="#cite_note-12">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> It also borders <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> to the north; <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> to the west; <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[d]</a> to the southwest; with a coastline along the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> to the south and southeast.<a href="#cite_note-15">[e]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> is the nation's capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">largest city</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>. Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Ukraine was the site of <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">early Slavic</a> expansion and the area later became a key centre of <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> culture under the state of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, which emerged in the 9th century. The state eventually disintegrated into rival regional powers and was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasions</a> of the 13th century. The area was then contested, divided, and ruled by a variety of external powers for the next 600 years, including the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> emerged in <a href="/wiki/Central_Ukraine" title="Central Ukraine">central Ukraine</a> in the 17th century, but was partitioned between Russia and Poland, and absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalism</a> developed and, following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> in 1917, the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> was formed. The <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> consolidated control over much of the former empire and established the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, which became a <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">constituent republic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> when it was formed in 1922. In the early 1930s, millions of Ukrainians died in the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">human-made famine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">German occupation</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II in Ukraine">World War II in Ukraine</a> was devastating, with 7 million Ukrainian civilians killed, including <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">most Ukrainian Jews</a>. Ukraine gained independence in 1991 as the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union dissolved</a>, and declared itself <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gska2.rada.gov.ua-16">[11]</a> A new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">constitution</a> was adopted in 1996. A series of mass demonstrations, known as the <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a>, led to the establishment of a new government in 2014 after <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">a revolution</a>. Russia then unilaterally <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexed</a> Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean Peninsula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">pro-Russian unrest</a> culminated in <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">a war in the Donbas</a> between Russian-backed separatists and government forces in eastern Ukraine. Russia launched <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">a full-scale invasion</a> of Ukraine in 2022. Since the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">war with Russia</a>, Ukraine has continued to seek closer <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ukraine–United States relations">ties with the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">European Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-European_Commission_Trade_Ukraine-19">[14]</a> Ukraine is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">system of government</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a>, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">poorest country in Europe</a> by nominal GDP per capita<a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">corruption</a> remains a significant issue.<a href="#cite_note-21">[16]</a> However, due to <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">its extensive fertile land</a>, pre-war Ukraine was <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">one of the largest grain exporters in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grain1-22">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-grain2-23">[18]</a> Ukraine is considered a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> in global affairs, and the Ukrainian Armed Force is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">fifth largest armed force in the world in terms of both active personnel as well as total number of personnel</a> with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">eighth largest defence budget</a> in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Armed Forces">Ukrainian Armed Forces</a> also operates one of the largest and most diverse drone fleets in the world. It is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, as well as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>. It is in the process of <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">joining the European Union</a> and has applied to join NATO.<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_orthography">Etymology and orthography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Ukraine" title="Name of Ukraine">Name of Ukraine</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Ukraine" title="Name of Ukraine">name of Ukraine</a> is frequently interpreted as coming from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Slavic">old Slavic</a> term for 'borderland' as is the word <a href="/wiki/Krajina" title="Krajina">krajina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> Another interpretation is that the name of Ukraine means "region" or "country." In the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a> during most of the 20th century, Ukraine (whether independent or not) was referred to as "the Ukraine".<a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster-26">[21]</a> This is because the word ukraina means 'borderland'<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> so the <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">definite article</a> would be natural in the English language; this is similar to Nederlanden, which means 'low lands' and is rendered in English as "the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>".<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> However, since Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">declaration of independence</a> in 1991, this usage has become politicised and is now rarer, and <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a> advise against its use.<a href="#cite_note-UKrW812991TU-29">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> US ambassador <a href="/wiki/William_B._Taylor_Jr." title="William B. Taylor Jr.">William Taylor</a> said that using "the Ukraine" implies disregard for Ukrainian sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> The official Ukrainian position is that "the Ukraine" is both grammatically and politically incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_Magazine-32">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcip.gov.ua-33">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History of Ukraine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/300px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/450px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/600px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppes">Pontic steppes</a> of present-day Ukraine and Russia<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> 1.4 million year old stone tools from <a href="/wiki/Korolevo" title="Korolevo">Korolevo</a>, western Ukraine, are the earliest securely dated hominin presence in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Garba2024-35">[30]</a> Settlement by <a href="/wiki/Modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern humans">modern humans</a> in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Gravettian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravettian culture">Gravettian culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-orig-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-37">[32]</a> By 4,500 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a> was flourishing in wide areas of modern Ukraine, including <a href="/wiki/Trypillia" title="Trypillia">Trypillia</a> and the entire <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> region. Ukraine is considered to be the likely location of the first <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domestication of the horse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-41">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a> places the Volga-Dnieper region of Ukraine and southern Russia as the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">linguistic homeland</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> Early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> from the Pontic steppes in the 3rd millennium BC spread <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Steppe pastoralist</a> ancestry and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> across large parts of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, the land was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Iranian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> Between 700 BC and 200 BC it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythian</a> kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> From the 6th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> colonies were established on the north-eastern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, such as at <a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olbia,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia, Ukraine">Olbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a>. These thrived into the 6th century AD. The <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> stayed in the area, but came under the sway of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> from the 370s. In the 7th century, the territory that is now eastern Ukraine was the centre of <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a>. At the end of the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions, and the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> took over much of the land.<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> In the 5th and 6th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">early Slavic</a> people, lived in Ukraine. Migrations from the territories of present-day Ukraine throughout the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> established many <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic</a> nations. Northern migrations, reaching almost to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ilmen" title="Lake Ilmen">Lake Ilmen</a>, led to the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Ilmen_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmen Slavs">Ilmen Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krivichs" title="Krivichs">Krivichs</a>. Following an <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar</a> raid in 602 and the collapse of the Antes Union, most of these peoples survived as separate tribes until the beginning of the second millennium.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Age_of_Kyiv">Golden Age of Kyiv</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_(1054-1132).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29.jpg/260px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29.jpg/390px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29.jpg/520px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption>The furthest extent of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, 1054–1132</figcaption></figure> The establishment of the state of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> remains obscure and uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> The state included much of present-day Ukraine, Belarus and the western part of <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-49">[44]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a> initially consisted of <a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">Varangians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> In 882, the pagan <a href="/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg of Novgorod">Prince Oleg</a> (Oleh) conquered <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> from <a href="/wiki/Askold_and_Dir" title="Askold and Dir">Askold and Dir</a> and proclaimed it as the new capital of the Rus'.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">Anti-Normanist</a> historians however argue that the East Slavic tribes along the southern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a> were already in the process of forming a state independently.<a href="#cite_note-martin-52">[47]</a> The Varangian elite, including the ruling <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a>, later assimilated into the Slavic population.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-49">[44]</a> Kievan Rus' was composed of several <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principalities</a> ruled by the interrelated Rurikid <a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">kniazes</a> ("princes"), who often fought each other for possession of Kyiv.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> During the 10th and 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became the largest and most powerful state in Europe, a period known as its Golden Age.<a href="#cite_note-cia-54">[49]</a> It began with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> (980–1015), who <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">introduced Christianity</a>. During the reign of his son, <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> (1019–1054), Kievan Rus' reached the zenith of its cultural development and military power.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-49">[44]</a> The state soon fragmented as the relative importance of regional powers rose again. After a final resurgence under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_II_Monomakh" title="Vladimir II Monomakh">Vladimir II Monomakh</a> (1113–1125) and his son <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_I_of_Kiev" title="Mstislav I of Kiev">Mstislav</a> (1125–1132), Kievan Rus' finally disintegrated into separate principalities following Mstislav's death, though ownership of Kyiv would still carry great prestige for decades.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> In the 11th and 12th centuries, the nomadic confederacy of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> was the dominant force in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a> north of the Black Sea.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Rus'">Mongol invasions</a> in the mid-13th century devastated Kievan Rus'; following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kyiv_(1240)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kyiv (1240)">Siege of Kyiv in 1240</a>, the city was destroyed by the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> In the western territories, the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Halych">Halych</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Volhynia" title="Principality of Volhynia">Volhynia</a> had arisen earlier, and were merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Principality of Galicia–Volhynia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Galicia" title="Daniel of Galicia">Daniel of Galicia</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Roman_the_Great" title="Roman the Great">Roman the Great</a>, re-united much of south-western Rus', including <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>, as well as Kyiv. He was subsequently crowned by a <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">papal</a> envoy as the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ruthenia" title="King of Ruthenia">king of Galicia–Volhynia</a> (also known as the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>) in 1253.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_domination">Foreign domination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev Voivodeship</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rzeczpospolita2nar.png/220px-Rzeczpospolita2nar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rzeczpospolita2nar.png/330px-Rzeczpospolita2nar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rzeczpospolita2nar.png/440px-Rzeczpospolita2nar.png 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> at its maximum extent in 1619, superimposed on modern borders. <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Polish Crown</a> exercised power over much of Ukraine after <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">1569</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>, Polish <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a>, Commonwealth fief </figcaption></figure> In 1349, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars" title="Galicia–Volhynia Wars">Galicia–Volhynia Wars</a>, the region was partitioned between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rowell266-60">[55]</a> From the mid-13th century to the late 1400s, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> founded numerous <a href="/wiki/Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonies">colonies</a> on the northern coast of the Black Sea and transformed these into large commercial centers headed by the consul, a representative of the Republic.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> In 1430, the region of <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> was incorporated into Poland, and the lands of modern-day Ukraine became increasingly settled by <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> In 1441, <a href="/wiki/Genghisid" class="mw-redirect" title="Genghisid">Genghisid</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Haci_I_Giray" class="mw-redirect" title="Haci I Giray">Haci I Giray</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimean Peninsula</a> and the surrounding steppes;<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> the Khanate orchestrated <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_slave_raids_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe">slave raids</a>. Over the next three centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a> would enslave an estimated two million in the region.<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> In 1569, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, and most of the Ukrainian lands were transferred from Lithuania to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a>, becoming <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> Polish territory. Under the pressures of <a href="/wiki/Polonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonisation">Polonisation</a>, many landed gentry of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholicism</a> and joined the circles of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish nobility">Polish nobility</a>; others joined the newly created <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Uniate_Church" title="Ruthenian Uniate Church">Ruthenian Uniate Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cossack_Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporozhian Sich</a></div> Deprived of native protectors among the Ruthenian nobility, the peasants and townspeople began turning for protection to the emerging <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a>. In the mid-17th century, a Cossack military quasi-state, the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Host" title="Zaporozhian Host">Zaporozhian Host</a>, was formed by <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper Cossacks">Dnieper Cossacks</a> and Ruthenian peasants.<a href="#cite_note-zaporizhia-67">[62]</a> Poland exercised little real control over this population, but found the Cossacks to be useful against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Tatars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-britcos-68">[63]</a> and at times the two were allies in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">military campaigns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> However, the continued harsh <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">enserfment</a> of Ruthenian peasantry by Polish <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a> (many of whom were Polonized <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility" title="Ruthenian nobility">Ruthenian nobles</a>) and the suppression of the Orthodox Church alienated the Cossacks.<a href="#cite_note-britcos-68">[63]</a> The latter did not shy from taking up arms against those they perceived as enemies and occupiers, including the Catholic Church with its local representatives.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hondius_Bohdan_Khmelnytsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hondius_Bohdan_Khmelnytsky.jpg/200px-Hondius_Bohdan_Khmelnytsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hondius_Bohdan_Khmelnytsky.jpg/300px-Hondius_Bohdan_Khmelnytsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hondius_Bohdan_Khmelnytsky.jpg/400px-Hondius_Bohdan_Khmelnytsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hetmans_of_Ukrainian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks">Hetman</a> <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> established an independent <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack state</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">1648 uprising</a> against Poland.</figcaption></figure> In 1648, <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">largest of the Cossack uprisings</a> against the Commonwealth and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Polish king</a>, which enjoyed wide support from the local population.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> Khmelnytsky founded the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a>, which existed until 1764 (some sources claim until 1782).<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> After Khmelnytsky suffered a crushing defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berestechko" title="Battle of Berestechko">Battle of Berestechko</a> in 1651, he turned to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">Russian tsar</a> for help. In 1654, Khmelnytsky was subject to the <a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a>, forming a military and political alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Russian monarch. After his death, the Hetmanate went through a devastating 30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Ruin_(Ukrainian_history)" title="The Ruin (Ukrainian history)">The Ruin</a>" (1657–1686), for control of the Cossack Hetmanate. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perpetual_Peace_(1686)" title="Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686)">Treaty of Perpetual Peace</a> between Russia and Poland in 1686 divided the lands of the Cossack Hetmanate between them, reducing the portion over which Poland had claimed sovereignty to Ukraine west of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> river. In 1686, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Kyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitanate of Kyiv">Metropolitanate of Kyiv</a> was <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Metropolitanate_of_Kyiv_by_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of the Metropolitanate of Kyiv by the Moscow Patriarchate">annexed by the Moscow Patriarchate</a> through a synodal letter of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a> <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Dionysius IV of Constantinople">Dionysius IV</a>, thus placing the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Kyiv#Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitanate of Kyiv">Metropolitanate of Kyiv</a> under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. An attempt to reverse the decline was undertaken by Cossack Hetman <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mazepa" title="Ivan Mazepa">Ivan Mazepa</a> (1639–1709), who ultimately defected to the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700–1721) in a bid to get rid of Russian dependence,<a href="#cite_note-Magocsi-73">[68]</a> but they were crushed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> (1709).<a href="#cite_note-Magocsi-73">[68]</a> The Hetmanate's autonomy was severely restricted since Poltava. In the years 1764–1781, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> incorporated much of <a href="/wiki/Central_Ukraine" title="Central Ukraine">Central Ukraine</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporozhian Sich</a>, and was one of the people responsible for the suppression of the last major Cossack uprising, the <a href="/wiki/Koliivshchyna" title="Koliivshchyna">Koliivshchyna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire">annexation of Crimea by Russia</a> in 1783, the newly acquired lands, now called <a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a>, were opened up to settlement by Russians.<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">tsarist autocracy</a> established a policy of <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a>, suppressing the use of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> and curtailing the Ukrainian national identity.<a href="#cite_note-censor-76">[71]</a> The western part of present-day Ukraine was subsequently split between Russia and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">fall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in 1795. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_early_20th_century">19th and early 20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Krai" title="Southwestern Krai">Southwestern Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Governorate" title="Kharkov Governorate">Kharkov Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chernigov_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernigov Governorate">Chernigov Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_revival" title="Ukrainian national revival">Ukrainian national revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_during_World_War_I" title="Ukraine during World War I">Ukraine during World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">Ukraine after the Russian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg/220px-Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg/330px-Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg/440px-Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kiev_offensive_(1920)" title="Kiev offensive (1920)">Polish troops enter Kyiv</a> in May 1920 during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Riga">Peace of Riga</a> signed on 18 March 1921, Poland took control of modern-day western Ukraine while Soviets took control of eastern and central Ukraine.</figcaption></figure> The 19th century saw the rise of Ukrainian nationalism. With growing urbanization and modernization and a cultural trend toward <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a>, a Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged. The serf-turned-national-poet <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a> (1814–1861) and political theorist <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Drahomanov" title="Mykhailo Drahomanov">Mykhailo Drahomanov</a> (1841–1895) led the growing nationalist movement.<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> While conditions for its development in Austrian <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(eastern_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> were relatively lenient,<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> the Russian part (historically known as "<a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russia</a>" or "South Russia")<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> faced severe restrictions, going as far as <a href="/wiki/Ems_Ukaz" title="Ems Ukaz">banning virtually all books from being published in Ukrainian</a> in 1876. Ukraine, like the rest of the Russian Empire, joined the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Industrialization in the Russian Empire">later</a> than most of Western Europe<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] due to the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">serfdom</a> until 1861.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other than near the newly discovered coal fields of the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a>, and in some larger cities such as <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> and Kyiv, Ukraine largely remained an agricultural and resource extraction economy.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> The Austrian part of Ukraine <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Austrian_Galicia" title="Poverty in Austrian Galicia">was particularly destitute</a>, which forced hundreds of thousands of peasants into emigration, who created the backbone of an extensive <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainian diaspora</a> in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilians" title="Ukrainian Brazilians">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> Some of the Ukrainians settled in the Far East, too. According to the <a href="/wiki/1897_census" class="mw-redirect" title="1897 census">1897 census</a>, there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and 102,000 in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> An additional 1.6 million emigrated to the east in the ten years after the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Far Eastern</a> areas with an ethnic Ukrainian population became known as <a href="/wiki/Green_Ukraine" title="Green Ukraine">Green Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> Ukraine plunged into turmoil with the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and fighting on Ukrainian soil persisted until late 1921. Initially, the Ukrainians were split between Austria-Hungary, fighting for the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, though the vast majority served in the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Imperial Russia">Imperial Russian Army</a>, which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a>, under Russia.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> As the Russian Empire collapsed, the conflict evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a>, with Ukrainians fighting alongside, or against, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green armies</a>, with the Poles, Hungarians (in <a href="/wiki/Transcarpathian_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcarpathian Rus'">Transcarpathia</a>), and Germans also intervening at various times. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_national_costumes_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ukrainian_national_costumes_04.jpg/220px-Ukrainian_national_costumes_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ukrainian_national_costumes_04.jpg/330px-Ukrainian_national_costumes_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ukrainian_national_costumes_04.jpg/440px-Ukrainian_national_costumes_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Youth in national Ukrainian dress during a ceremony commemorating the 22nd January 1919 "Act of Reunification of the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic", which is honored yearly across 22 cities of Ukraine.</figcaption></figure> An attempt to create an independent state, the left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> (UNR), was first announced by <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a>, but the period was plagued by an extremely unstable political and military environment. It was first deposed in a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a>, which yielded the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a> under the German protectorate, and the attempt to restore the UNR under the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate</a> ultimately failed as the Ukrainian army was regularly overrun by other forces. The short-lived <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hutsul_Republic" title="Hutsul Republic">Hutsul Republic</a> also failed to join the rest of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> The result of the conflict was a partial victory for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, which annexed the Western Ukrainian provinces, as well as a larger-scale victory for the pro-Soviet forces, which succeeded in dislodging the remaining factions and eventually established the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (Soviet Ukraine). Meanwhile, modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> was admitted to <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> as an autonomous region.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> The conflict over Ukraine, a part of the broader <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, devastated the whole of the former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, including eastern and central Ukraine. The fighting left over 1.5 million people dead and hundreds of thousands homeless in the former Russian Empire's territory. The eastern provinces were additionally impacted by a <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Russian famine of 1921–1922">famine in 1921</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war_period">Inter-war period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg/220px-HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg/330px-HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg/440px-HolodomorKharkiv_1933_Wienerberger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>Starved peasants on a street in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, 1933. <a href="/wiki/Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization">Collectivization</a> of crops and their confiscation by Soviet authorities led to a major famine in Soviet Ukraine known as the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the inter-war period, in <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, Marshal <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> sought Ukrainian support by offering local autonomy as a way to minimise Soviet influence in Poland's eastern <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> However, this approach was abandoned after Piłsudski's death in 1935, due to continued unrest among the Ukrainian population, including assassinations of Polish government officials by the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" title="Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> (OUN); with the Polish government responding by restricting rights of people who declared Ukrainian nationality.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-94">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-95">[90]</a> In consequence, the underground <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalist</a> and militant movement, which arose in the 1920s gained wider support. Meanwhile, the recently constituted Soviet Ukraine became one of the founding republics of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. During the 1920s,<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> under the Ukrainisation policy pursued by the national Communist leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Skrypnyk" title="Mykola Skrypnyk">Mykola Skrypnyk</a>, Soviet leadership at first encouraged a national renaissance in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Ukrainian culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainisation">Ukrainisation</a> was part of the Soviet-wide policy of <a href="/wiki/Korenisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenisation">Korenisation</a> (literally indigenisation), which was intended to promote the advancement of native peoples, their language and culture into the governance of their respective republics. Around the same time, Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> instituted the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> (NEP), which introduced a form of <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialism</a>, allowing some private ownership of small and medium-sized productive enterprises, hoping to reconstruct the post-war Soviet Union that had been devastated by both WWI and later the civil war. The NEP was successful at restoring the formerly war-torn nation to pre-WWI levels of production and agricultural output by the mid-1920s, much of the latter based in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Service-97">[92]</a> These policies attracted many prominent former UNR figures, including former UNR leader Hrushevsky, to return to Soviet Ukraine, where they were accepted, and participated in the advancement of Ukrainian science and culture.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> This period was cut short when <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> became the leader of the USSR following Lenin's death. Stalin did away with the NEP in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a>. Starting from the late 1920s and now with a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">centrally planned economy</a>, Soviet Ukraine took part in an <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization in the USSR">industrialisation scheme</a> which quadrupled its industrial output during the 1930s. However, as a consequence of Stalin's new policy, the Ukrainian peasantry suffered from the <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization in the USSR">programme of collectivization</a> of agricultural crops. Collectivization was part of the <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">first five-year plan</a> and was enforced by regular troops and the secret police known as <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a>. Those who resisted were <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">arrested and deported</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulags</a> and work camps. As members of the collective farms were sometimes not allowed to receive any grain until unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to death in a <a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">famine</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> or the "Great Famine", which was recognized by some countries as an act of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and other Soviet notables.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> Following on the Russian Civil War and collectivisation, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, while killing Stalin's perceived political enemies, resulted in a profound loss of a new generation of Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>, known today as the <a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">The Holocaust in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukraine-growth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ukraine-growth.png/300px-Ukraine-growth.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ukraine-growth.png/450px-Ukraine-growth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ukraine-growth.png/600px-Ukraine-growth.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Territorial evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, 1922–1954[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a> in September 1939, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet</a> troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> with their Ukrainian population became part of Ukraine. For the first time in history, the nation was united.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> Further territorial gains were secured in 1940, when the Ukrainian SSR incorporated the northern and southern districts of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bukovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Bukovina">Northern Bukovina</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa region</a> from the territories the USSR <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">forced Romania to cede</a>, though it handed over the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> to the newly created <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian SSR">Moldavian SSR</a>. These territorial gains of the USSR were internationally recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris peace treaties of 1947</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg/170px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg/255px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg/340px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="2096" /></a><figcaption>Marshal <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a> (born in the <a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a> region) commanded numerous fronts throughout the war, including the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)">Southwestern Front</a> east of Kyiv in 1941.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German armies</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a> on 22 June 1941, initiating nearly four years of <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kyiv_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kyiv (1941)">battle of Kyiv</a>, the city was acclaimed as a "<a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">Hero City</a>", because of its fierce <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kyiv_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kyiv (1941)">resistance</a>. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers (or one-quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Western_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Western Front">Soviet Western Front</a>) were killed or taken captive there, with many suffering <a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">severe mistreatment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> After its conquest, most of the Ukrainian SSR was organised within the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a>, with the intention of exploiting its resources and eventual German settlement. Some western Ukrainians, who had only joined the Soviet Union in 1939, hailed the Germans as liberators, but that did not last long as the Nazis made little attempt to exploit dissatisfaction with Stalinist policies.<a href="#cite_note-ww2-106">[101]</a> Instead, the Nazis preserved the collective-farm system, carried out <a href="/wiki/Mass_graves_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass graves in the Soviet Union">genocidal policies</a> against <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/OST-Arbeiter" class="mw-redirect" title="OST-Arbeiter">deported millions of people to work in Germany</a>, and began a depopulation program to prepare for German colonisation.<a href="#cite_note-ww2-106">[101]</a> They blockaded the transport of food on the Dnieper River.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> Although the majority of Ukrainians fought in or alongside the Red Army and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet resistance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-worldwars-108">[103]</a> in Western Ukraine an independent <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> movement arose (UPA, 1942). It was created as the armed forces of the underground <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> (OUN).<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-vedeneyev-110">[105]</a> Both organizations, the OUN and the UPA, supported the goal of an <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Ukrainian_Independence,_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941">independent Ukrainian state</a> on the territory with a Ukrainian ethnic majority. Although this brought conflict with Nazi Germany, at times the <a href="/wiki/Andriy_Atanasovych_Melnyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Atanasovych Melnyk">Melnyk</a> wing of the OUN allied with the Nazi forces. From mid-1943 until the end of the war, the UPA carried out <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">massacres of ethnic Poles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Galicia" title="Eastern Galicia">Eastern Galicia</a> regions, killing around 100,000 Polish civilians, which brought reprisals.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-IPNconf-112">[107]</a> These organized massacres were an attempt by the OUN to create a homogeneous Ukrainian state without a Polish minority living within its borders, and to prevent the post-war Polish state from asserting its sovereignty over areas that had been part of pre-war Poland.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> After the war, the UPA continued to fight the USSR until the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Liberation_Army" title="Ukrainian Liberation Army">Ukrainian Liberation Army</a>, another nationalist movement, fought alongside the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-Kalb2015-116">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg/220px-Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg/330px-Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg/440px-Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> suffered significant damage during <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">World War II</a>, and was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Germans</a> from 19 September 1941 until 6 November 1943.</figcaption></figure> In total, the number of ethnic Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million<a href="#cite_note-worldwars-108">[103]</a> to 7 million;<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-fn1-118">[f]</a> half of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Partisans">Pro-Soviet partisan</a> guerrilla resistance units, which counted up to 500,000 troops in 1944, were also Ukrainian.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> Generally, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's figures are unreliable, with figures ranging anywhere from 15,000 to as many as 100,000 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> The vast majority of the fighting in World War II took place on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">total losses</a> inflicted upon the Ukrainian population during the war are estimated at 6 million,<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-dt-kul-dem-los-124">[118]</a> including an estimated one and a half million Jews killed by the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> sometimes with the help of local collaborators. Of the estimated 8.6 million Soviet troop losses,<a href="#cite_note-peremoga7-126">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krivosheev-128">[122]</a> 1.4 million were ethnic <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-peremoga7-126">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krivosheev-128">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-fn1-118">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[g]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_over_Nazism_in_World_War_II" title="Victory Day over Nazism in World War II">Victory Day</a> is celebrated as one of eleven Ukrainian national holidays.<a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–war_Soviet_Ukraine">Post–war Soviet Ukraine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khrushchev_and_Brezhnev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Khrushchev_and_Brezhnev.jpg/170px-Khrushchev_and_Brezhnev.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Khrushchev_and_Brezhnev.jpg/255px-Khrushchev_and_Brezhnev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Khrushchev_and_Brezhnev.jpg/340px-Khrushchev_and_Brezhnev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Two future leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (left, pre-war <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a> chief in Ukraine) and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> (an engineer from <a href="/wiki/Kamianske" title="Kamianske">Kamianske</a>, Ukraine)</figcaption></figure> The republic was heavily damaged by the war, and it required significant efforts to recover. More than 700 cities and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> The situation was worsened by a <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> in 1946–1947, which was caused by a drought and the wartime destruction of infrastructure, killing at least tens of thousands of people.<a href="#cite_note-dt-kul-dem-los-124">[118]</a> In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN),<a href="#cite_note-un_ukssr-132">[125]</a> part of a special agreement at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, and, alongside Belarus, had voting rights in the UN even though they were not independent.<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a> Moreover, Ukraine once more expanded its borders as it annexed <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia</a>, and the population became much more homogenized due to post-war <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">population transfers</a>, most of which, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Germans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, were forced. As of 1 January 1953, Ukrainians were second only to Russians among adult "<a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">special deportees</a>", comprising 20% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-Malynovska-135">[128]</a> Following the death of Stalin in 1953, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> became the new leader of the USSR, who began the policies of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a>. During his term as head of the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Oblast">Crimea</a> was <a href="/wiki/1954_transfer_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 transfer of Crimea">transferred</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, formally as a friendship gift to Ukraine and for economic reasons.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> This represented the final extension of Ukrainian territory and formed the basis for the internationally recognized borders of Ukraine to this day. Ukraine was one of the most important republics of the Soviet Union, which resulted in many top positions in the Soviet Union being occupied by Ukrainians, including notably <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> from 1964 to 1982. However, it was he and his <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">appointee in Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a>, who presided over the extensive <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Ukraine" title="Russification of Ukraine">Russification</a> of Ukraine and who were instrumental in repressing a new generation of Ukrainian intellectuals known as the <a href="/wiki/Sixtiers" title="Sixtiers">Sixtiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> By 1950, the republic had fully surpassed pre-war levels of industry and production.<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> Soviet Ukraine soon became a European leader in industrial production<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> and an important centre of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms industry</a> and high-tech research, though heavy industry still had an outsided influence.<a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a> The Soviet government invested in hydroelectric and nuclear power projects to cater to the energy demand that the development carried. On 26 April 1986, however, a reactor in the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant">Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant</a> exploded, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>, the worst <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> accident in history.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Modern history of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk" title="Leonid Kravchuk">Leonid Kravchuk</a> and Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/Belavezha_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belavezha Accords">Belavezha Accords</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolved the Soviet Union</a>, on 8 December 1991</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> pursued a policy of limited liberalization of public life, known as <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, and attempted to reform a <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">stagnating economy</a>. The latter failed, but the democratization of the Soviet Union fuelled nationalist and separatist tendencies among the ethnic minorities, including Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> As part of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Parade_of_sovereignties" title="Parade of sovereignties">parade of sovereignties</a>, on 16 July 1990, the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine">Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a> After a <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">failed coup</a> by some Communist leaders in Moscow at deposing Gorbachov, outright independence was <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">proclaimed</a> on 24 August 1991.<a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a> It was approved by 92% of the Ukrainian electorate in a <a href="/wiki/1991_Ukrainian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Ukrainian independence referendum">referendum</a> on 1 December.<a href="#cite_note-Nohlen_Stöver-145">[138]</a> Ukraine's new <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a>, Leonid Kravchuk, went on to sign the <a href="/wiki/Belavezha_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belavezha Accords">Belavezha Accords</a> and made Ukraine a founding member of the much looser <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS),<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> though Ukraine never became a full member of the latter as it did not ratify the agreement founding CIS.<a href="#cite_note-:2-147">[140]</a> These documents sealed the fate of the Soviet Union, which formally voted itself out of existence on 26 December.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> Ukraine was initially viewed as having favourable economic conditions in comparison to the other regions of the Soviet Union,<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> though it was one of the poorer Soviet republics by the time of the dissolution.<a href="#cite_note-Notstronk-150">[143]</a> However, during its transition to the market economy, the country experienced deeper economic slowdown than almost all of the other <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet Republics">former Soviet Republics</a>. During the recession, between 1991 and 1999, Ukraine lost 60% of its GDP<a href="#cite_note-IMF-151">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> and suffered from <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> that peaked at 10,000% in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> The situation only stabilized well after the new currency, the <a href="/wiki/Hryvnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hryvnia">hryvnia</a>, fell sharply in late 1998 partially as a fallout from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_debt_default" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian debt default">Russian debt default</a> earlier that year.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> The legacy of the economic policies of the nineties was the mass privatization of state property that created a class of extremely powerful and rich individuals known as the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian oligarch">oligarchs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Notstronk-150">[143]</a> The country then fell into a series of sharp recessions as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Notstronk-150">[143]</a> the start of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> and finally, the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">full-scale invasion</a> by Russia in starting from 24 February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> Ukraine's economy in general underperformed since the time independence came due to pervasive <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">corruption</a> and mismanagement,<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> which, particularly in the 1990s, led to protests and organized strikes.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> The war with Russia impeded meaningful economic recovery in the 2010s,<a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> while efforts to combat the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, which arrived in 2020, were made much harder by <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">low vaccination rates</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> and, later in the pandemic, by the ongoing invasion.<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euromaidan_Kyiv_1-12-13_by_Gnatoush_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Euromaidan_Kyiv_1-12-13_by_Gnatoush_009.jpg/220px-Euromaidan_Kyiv_1-12-13_by_Gnatoush_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Euromaidan_Kyiv_1-12-13_by_Gnatoush_009.jpg/330px-Euromaidan_Kyiv_1-12-13_by_Gnatoush_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Euromaidan_Kyiv_1-12-13_by_Gnatoush_009.jpg/440px-Euromaidan_Kyiv_1-12-13_by_Gnatoush_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> protest in Kyiv, December 2013</figcaption></figure> From the political perspective, one of the defining features of the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">politics of Ukraine</a> is that for most of the time, it has been divided along two issues: the relation between Ukraine, the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a> and Russia, and the classical <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left-right</a> divide.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> The first two presidents, Kravchuk and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma" title="Leonid Kuchma">Leonid Kuchma</a>, tended to balance the competing visions of Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Yushchenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Yushchenko">Yushchenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yanukovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanukovych">Yanukovych</a> were generally pro-Western and pro-Russian, respectively. There were two major protests against Yanukovych: the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a> in 2004, when tens of thousands of people went in protest of <a href="/wiki/Election_rigging" class="mw-redirect" title="Election rigging">election rigging</a> in his favour (Yushchenko was eventually elected president), and another one in the winter of 2013/2014, when more gathered on the <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> to oppose Yanukovych's refusal to sign the <a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Ukraine_Association_Agreement" title="European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement">European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement</a>. By the end of the protests on 21 February 2014, he fled from Ukraine and was removed by the parliament in what is termed the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a>, but Russia refused to recognize the interim pro-Western government, calling it a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">junta</a> and denouncing the events as a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> sponsored by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Partido_da_imprensa_Golpista-166">[159]</a> Even though Russia had signed the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Memorandum_on_Security_Assurances" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances">Budapest memorandum</a> in 1994 that said that Ukraine was to hand over <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear weapons</a> in exchange of security guarantees and those of territorial integrity, it reacted violently to these developments and started a <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">war against its western neighbour</a>. In late February and early March 2014, it <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexed Crimea</a> using its <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Navy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol_Naval_Base" title="Sevastopol Naval Base">Sevastopol</a> as well as the so- called <a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">little green men</a>; after this succeeded, it then launched a <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">proxy war in the Donbas</a> via the breakaway <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> The first months of the conflict with the Russian-backed separatists were fluid, but Russian forces then started an open invasion in Donbas on 24 August 2014. Together they pushed back Ukrainian troops to the frontline established in February 2015, i.e. after Ukrainian troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debaltseve" title="Battle of Debaltseve">withdrew from Debaltseve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> The conflict remained in a sort of <a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">frozen state</a> until the early hours of 24 February 2022,<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> when Russia proceeded with an <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">ongoing invasion</a> of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> Russian troops control about 17% of Ukraine's internationally recognized territory, which constitutes 94% of <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast">Luhansk Oblast</a>, 73% of <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast">Kherson Oblast</a>, 72% of <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a>, 54% of <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk Oblast</a> and all of Crimea,<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> though Russia failed with its initial plan, with Ukrainian troops recapturing some territory in counteroffensives.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg/220px-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg/330px-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg/440px-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2199" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine</a> as of 27 November 2024</figcaption></figure> The military conflict with Russia shifted the government's policy towards the West. Shortly after Yanukovych fled Ukraine, the country signed the EU association agreement in June 2014, and its citizens were granted visa-free travel to the European Union three years later. In January 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a> was recognized as independent of Moscow, which reversed the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Metropolitanate_of_Kyiv_by_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of the Metropolitanate of Kyiv by the Moscow Patriarchate">1686 decision</a> of the patriarch of Constantinople and dealt a further blow to Moscow's influence in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a> Finally, amid a full-scale war with Russia, Ukraine was granted <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">candidate status</a> to the European Union on 23 June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-174">[167]</a> A broad anti-corruption drive began in early 2023 with the resignations of several deputy ministers and regional heads during a reshuffle of the government.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Geography of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_(with_borders_and_towns).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg/220px-Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg/330px-Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg/440px-Topographic_map_of_Ukraine_%28with_borders_and_towns%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Ukraine with borders and cities</figcaption></figure> Ukraine is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">second-largest European country</a>, after Russia, and the largest country entirely in Europe. Lying between latitudes <a href="/wiki/44th_parallel_north" title="44th parallel north">44°</a> and <a href="/wiki/53rd_parallel_north" title="53rd parallel north">53° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/22nd_meridian_east" title="22nd meridian east">22°</a> and <a href="/wiki/41st_meridian_east" title="41st meridian east">41° E</a>., it is mostly in the <a href="/wiki/East_European_Plain" title="East European Plain">East European Plain</a>. Ukraine covers an area of 603,550 square kilometres (233,030 sq mi), with a coastline of 2,782 kilometres (1,729 mi).<a href="#cite_note-cia-54">[49]</a> The landscape of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile <a href="/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a> (plains with few trees) and plateaus, crossed by rivers such as the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper</a> (Dnipro), <a href="/wiki/Seversky_Donets" class="mw-redirect" title="Seversky Donets">Seversky Donets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a> as they flow south into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the smaller <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>. To the southwest, the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a> forms the border with Romania. Ukraine's regions have diverse geographic features, ranging from the highlands to the lowlands. The country's only mountains are the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> in the west, of which the highest is <a href="/wiki/Hoverla" title="Hoverla">Hoverla</a> at 2,061 metres (6,762 ft), and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a>, in the extreme south along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Volhynian-Podolian_Upland" title="Volhynian-Podolian Upland">Volyn-Podillia Upland</a> (in the west) and the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of the Dnieper). To the east there are the south-western spurs of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a> over which runs the border with Russia. Near the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> are the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The <a href="/wiki/Snow_melt" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow melt">snow melt</a> from the mountains feeds the rivers and their <a href="/wiki/Waterfalls_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfalls of Ukraine">waterfalls</a>. Significant natural resources in Ukraine include <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> natural gas,<a href="#cite_note-:0-178">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-178">[171]</a> timber<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> and an abundance of <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a> Ukraine has many environmental issues.<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> Some regions lack adequate supplies of potable water.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> Air and water pollution affects the country, as well as deforestation, and radiation contamination in the northeast from the 1986 accident at the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl" title="Chernobyl">Chernobyl</a> Nuclear Power Plant.<a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a> The environmental damage caused by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> has been described as an <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam" title="Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam">destruction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kakhovka_Dam" title="Kakhovka Dam">Kakhovka Dam</a>, severe pollution and millions of tonnes of contaminated debris is estimated to cost over <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a> 50 billion to repair.<a href="#cite_note-pax-185">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-enviroyale-186">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_UKR_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_UKR_present.svg/260px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_UKR_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_UKR_present.svg/390px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_UKR_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_UKR_present.svg/520px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_UKR_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> map of Ukraine</figcaption></figure> Ukraine is in the mid-latitudes, and generally has a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a>, except for its southern coasts, which have <a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">cold semi-arid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-faoclimate-191">[184]</a> Average annual temperatures range from 5.5–7 °C (41.9–44.6 °F) in the north, to 11–13 °C (51.8–55.4 °F) in the south.<a href="#cite_note-ebclimate-192">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a> is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and southeast.<a href="#cite_note-ebclimate-192">[185]</a> Western Ukraine, particularly in the Carpathian Mountains, receives around 120 centimetres (47.2 in) of precipitation annually, while Crimea and the coastal areas of the Black Sea receive around 40 centimetres (15.7 in).<a href="#cite_note-ebclimate-192">[185]</a> Water availability from the major river basins is expected to decrease <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">due to climate change</a>, especially in summer. This poses risks to the agricultural sector.<a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a> The negative <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">impacts of climate change on agriculture</a> are mostly felt in the south of the country, which has a <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> climate. In the north, some crops may be able to benefit from a longer growing season.<a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> has stated that Ukraine is highly <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable to climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine" title="Wildlife of Ukraine">Wildlife of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLE_-_2020_-_%D0%90%D0%B9-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WLE_-_2020_-_%D0%90%D0%B9-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/220px-WLE_-_2020_-_%D0%90%D0%B9-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WLE_-_2020_-_%D0%90%D0%B9-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/330px-WLE_-_2020_-_%D0%90%D0%B9-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WLE_-_2020_-_%D0%90%D0%B9-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/440px-WLE_-_2020_-_%D0%90%D0%B9-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4446" data-file-height="2963" /></a><figcaption>View from the western slope of Mount Ai-Petri of the <a href="/wiki/Ai-Petri" title="Ai-Petri">Ai-Petri</a> plateau, in Crimea designated by the Ukrainian government as a natural heritage site.</figcaption></figure> Ukraine contains six terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Central_European_mixed_forests" title="Central European mixed forests">Central European mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Submediterranean_forest_complex" title="Crimean Submediterranean forest complex">Crimean Submediterranean forest complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_European_forest_steppe" title="East European forest steppe">East European forest steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_mixed_forests" title="Pannonian mixed forests">Pannonian mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_montane_conifer_forests" title="Carpathian montane conifer forests">Carpathian montane conifer forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-196">[189]</a> There is somewhat more <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">coniferous</a> than <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> forest.<a href="#cite_note-ShvidenkoBukshaKrakovska2017-197">[190]</a> The most densely forested area is <a href="/wiki/Polisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Polisia">Polisia</a> in the northwest, with pine, oak, and birch.<a href="#cite_note-ShvidenkoBukshaKrakovska2017-197">[190]</a> There are 45,000 species of animals (mostly invertebrates),<a href="#cite_note-Conference2001-198">[191]</a> with approximately 385 endangered species listed in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Data_Book_of_Ukraine" title="Red Data Book of Ukraine">Red Data Book of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-State-199">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Internationally important wetlands</a> cover over 7,000 square kilometres (2,700 sq mi), with the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a> being important for conservation.<a href="#cite_note-wetland-200">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramsar-201">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_areas">Urban areas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">List of cities in Ukraine</a></div> Ukraine has 457 cities, of which 176 are designated as oblast-class, 279 as smaller raion-class cities, and two as special legal status cities. There are also 886 urban-type settlements and 28,552 villages.<a href="#cite_note-oblasts-202">[195]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Ukraine <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2022 <a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ukraine by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Ukraine">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ukraine by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ukraine by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Ukraine">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ukraine by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-07-13_View_to_Poshtova_Square_and_Podil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kyiv"><img alt="Kyiv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2019-07-13_View_to_Poshtova_Square_and_Podil.jpg/120px-2019-07-13_View_to_Poshtova_Square_and_Podil.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2019-07-13_View_to_Poshtova_Square_and_Podil.jpg/180px-2019-07-13_View_to_Poshtova_Square_and_Podil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2019-07-13_View_to_Poshtova_Square_and_Podil.jpg/240px-2019-07-13_View_to_Poshtova_Square_and_Podil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5003" data-file-height="2774" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> <a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kharkiv"><img alt="Kharkiv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_3.jpg/120px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_3.jpg/180px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_3.jpg/240px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="2220" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv (city)</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,952,301</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">425,681 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Odesa"><img alt="Odesa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_02.jpg/120px-%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_02.jpg/180px-%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_02.jpg/240px-%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="1386" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Soniachnyi,_Dnipro,_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast,_Ukraine_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dnipro"><img alt="Dnipro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Soniachnyi%2C_Dnipro%2C_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast%2C_Ukraine_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Soniachnyi%2C_Dnipro%2C_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast%2C_Ukraine_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Soniachnyi%2C_Dnipro%2C_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast%2C_Ukraine_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Soniachnyi%2C_Dnipro%2C_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast%2C_Ukraine_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Soniachnyi%2C_Dnipro%2C_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast%2C_Ukraine_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Soniachnyi%2C_Dnipro%2C_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast%2C_Ukraine_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,421,125</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast">Luhansk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">397,677 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,010,537</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia" title="Vinnytsia">Vinnytsia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_Oblast" title="Vinnytsia Oblast">Vinnytsia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">369,739 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast" title="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast">Dnipropetrovsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">968,502</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Republic Crimea">Crimea</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">340,540 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">901,645</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Makiivka" title="Makiivka">Makiivka</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">338,968 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">717,273</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">282,747 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhzhia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">710,052</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Poltava_Oblast" title="Poltava Oblast">Poltava</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">279,593 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kryvyi_Rih" title="Kryvyi Rih">Kryvyi Rih</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast" title="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast">Dnipropetrovsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">603,904</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast">Kherson</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">279,131 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol (city)</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">479,394</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi" title="Khmelnytskyi">Khmelnytskyi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_Oblast" title="Khmelnytskyi Oblast">Khmelnytskyi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">274,452 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Mykolaiv Oblast">Mykolaiv</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">470,011</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cherkasy" title="Cherkasy">Cherkasy</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast" title="Cherkasy Oblast">Cherkasy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">269,836 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics of Ukraine</a></div> Ukraine is a republic under a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a> with separate <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial branch">judicial branches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Choudhry_2018_p16.-204">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution">Constitution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chart_Constitution_of_Ukraine_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chart_Constitution_of_Ukraine_EN.svg/260px-Chart_Constitution_of_Ukraine_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chart_Constitution_of_Ukraine_EN.svg/390px-Chart_Constitution_of_Ukraine_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chart_Constitution_of_Ukraine_EN.svg/520px-Chart_Constitution_of_Ukraine_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Chart of the political system of Ukraine</figcaption></figure> The Constitution of Ukraine was adopted and ratified at the 5th session of the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a>, the parliament of Ukraine, on 28 June 1996.<a href="#cite_note-UNIANCD28616-205">[198]</a> The constitution was passed with 315 ayes out of 450 votes possible (300 ayes minimum).<a href="#cite_note-UNIANCD28616-205">[198]</a> All other laws and other normative[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] legal acts of Ukraine must conform to the constitution. The right to amend the constitution through a special legislative procedure is vested exclusively in the parliament. The only body that may interpret the constitution and determine whether legislation conforms to it is the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Ukraine" title="Constitutional Court of Ukraine">Constitutional Court of Ukraine</a>. Since 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">public holiday</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(Ukraine)" title="Constitution Day (Ukraine)">Constitution Day</a> is celebrated on 28 June.<a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-UW29121996-207">[200]</a> On 7 February 2019, the Verkhovna Rada voted to amend the constitution to state Ukraine's strategic objectives as joining the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government of Ukraine</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Volodymyr_Zelensky_Official_portrait.jpg/132px-Volodymyr_Zelensky_Official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Volodymyr_Zelensky_Official_portrait.jpg/198px-Volodymyr_Zelensky_Official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Volodymyr_Zelensky_Official_portrait.jpg/264px-Volodymyr_Zelensky_Official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="4724" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Shmyhal" title="Denys Shmyhal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%29_2.jpg/132px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%29_2.jpg/198px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%29_2.jpg/264px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%28%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Denys_Shmyhal" title="Denys Shmyhal">Denys Shmyhal</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">president</a> is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a> Ukraine's legislative branch includes the 450-seat <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a> The parliament is primarily responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ministers_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine">Cabinet of Ministers</a>, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">prime minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a> The president retains the authority to nominate the ministers of foreign affairs and of defence for parliamentary approval, as well as the power to appoint the <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_Ukraine" title="Prosecutor General of Ukraine">prosecutor general</a> and the head of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a> Laws, acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential decrees, and acts of the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada_of_Crimea" title="Verkhovna Rada of Crimea">Crimean parliament</a> may be abrogated by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Ukraine" title="Constitutional Court of Ukraine">Constitutional Court</a>, should they be found to violate the constitution. Other normative acts are subject to judicial review. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ukraine" title="Supreme Court of Ukraine">Supreme Court</a> is the main body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction. Local self-government is officially guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations are appointed by the president in accordance with the proposals of the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-House2004-213">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courts_and_law_enforcement">Courts and law enforcement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Ukraine">Judicial system of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Ukraine">Law enforcement in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klov_Palace._Listed_ID_80-382-0462._-_8_Pylypa_Orlyka_Street,_Pechersk_Raion,_Kiev._-_Pechersk_28_09_13_396.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Klov_Palace._Listed_ID_80-382-0462._-_8_Pylypa_Orlyka_Street%2C_Pechersk_Raion%2C_Kiev._-_Pechersk_28_09_13_396.jpg/220px-Klov_Palace._Listed_ID_80-382-0462._-_8_Pylypa_Orlyka_Street%2C_Pechersk_Raion%2C_Kiev._-_Pechersk_28_09_13_396.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Klov_Palace._Listed_ID_80-382-0462._-_8_Pylypa_Orlyka_Street%2C_Pechersk_Raion%2C_Kiev._-_Pechersk_28_09_13_396.jpg/330px-Klov_Palace._Listed_ID_80-382-0462._-_8_Pylypa_Orlyka_Street%2C_Pechersk_Raion%2C_Kiev._-_Pechersk_28_09_13_396.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Klov_Palace._Listed_ID_80-382-0462._-_8_Pylypa_Orlyka_Street%2C_Pechersk_Raion%2C_Kiev._-_Pechersk_28_09_13_396.jpg/440px-Klov_Palace._Listed_ID_80-382-0462._-_8_Pylypa_Orlyka_Street%2C_Pechersk_Raion%2C_Kiev._-_Pechersk_28_09_13_396.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Klov_Palace" title="Klov Palace">Klovsky Palace</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ukraine" title="Supreme Court of Ukraine">Supreme Court of Ukraine</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Ukraine" title="Martial law in Ukraine">Martial law</a> was declared when Russia invaded in February 2022,<a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a> and continues.<a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a> The courts enjoy legal, financial and constitutional freedom guaranteed by Ukrainian law since 2002. Judges are largely well protected from dismissal (except for gross misconduct). Court justices are appointed by presidential decree for an initial period of five years, after which Ukraine's Supreme Council confirms their positions for life. Although there are still problems, the system is considered to have been much improved since Ukraine's independence in 1991. The Supreme Court is regarded as an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions ruled against the Ukrainian government. The <a href="/wiki/World_Justice_Project" title="World Justice Project">World Justice Project</a> ranks Ukraine 66 out of 99 countries surveyed in its annual Rule of Law Index.<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutors</a> in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries, and according to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_Democracy_through_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commission for Democracy through Law">European Commission for Democracy through Law</a> "the role and functions of the Prosecutor's Office is not in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> standards".<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conviction_rate" title="Conviction rate">conviction rate</a> is over 99%,<a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a> equal to the conviction rate of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, with suspects often being incarcerated for long periods before trial.<a href="#cite_note-:7-220">[213]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2.JPG/220px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2.JPG/330px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2.JPG/440px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%2C_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Cabinet of Ministers</a> building</figcaption></figure> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">President Yanukovych</a> formed an expert group to make recommendations on how to "clean up the current mess and adopt a law on court organization".<a href="#cite_note-:7-220">[213]</a> One day later, he stated "We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system."<a href="#cite_note-:7-220">[213]</a> The criminal judicial system and the prison system of Ukraine remain quite punitive.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State_2021-221">[214]</a> Since 2010 court proceedings can be held in Russian by mutual consent of the parties. Citizens unable to speak <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> or Russian may use their native language or the services of a translator.<a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a> Previously all court proceedings had to be held in Ukrainian.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State_2021-221">[214]</a> Law enforcement agencies are controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a>. They consist primarily of the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Ukraine" title="National Police of Ukraine">national police force</a> and various specialised units and agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/State_Border_Guard_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Border Guard Service of Ukraine">State Border Guard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sea_Guard" title="Ukrainian Sea Guard">Coast Guard</a> services. Law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, faced criticism for their heavy handling of the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a>. Many thousands of police officers were stationed throughout the capital, primarily to dissuade protesters from challenging the state's authority but also to provide a quick reaction force in case of need; most officers were armed.<a href="#cite_note-NYTSBU-224">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Foreign relations of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_membership_of_Ukraine" title="International membership of Ukraine">International membership of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Accession of Ukraine to the European Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_the_World_Bank" title="Ukraine and the World Bank">Ukraine and the World Bank</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batumi_International_Conference,_on_19_July_2021_03_(cropped).jpg" title="File:Batumi International Conference, on 19 July 2021 03 (cropped).jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Batumi_International_Conference,_on_19_July_2021_03_(cropped).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_03_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_03_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Batumi_International_Conference%2C_on_19_July_2021_03_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1931" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zurabishvili</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">President of Moldova</a> <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">Ukrainian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">European Council President</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a> during the 2021 International Conference in <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>. In 2014, the EU signed association agreements with all three countries.</figcaption></figure> From 1999 to 2001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Department_of_State,_Bureau_of_Public_Affairs,_Office_of_Public_Communication,_Editorial_Division.2000-225">[218]</a> Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes. It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova and promoted a peaceful resolution to the conflict in the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet state</a> of Georgia. Ukraine also has made contributions to UN <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> operations since 1992.<a href="#cite_note-NATO_Information_Service.-226">[219]</a> Ukraine considers Euro-Atlantic integration its primary foreign policy objective,<a href="#cite_note-result_of_Russia-227">[220]</a> but in practice it has always balanced its relationship with the European Union and the United States with strong ties to Russia. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Partnership_and_Cooperation_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Partnership and Cooperation Agreement">Partnership and Cooperation Agreement</a> (PCA) with Ukraine went into force in 1998. The European Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions begin on an association agreement, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999 in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, recognizes Ukraine's long-term aspirations but does not discuss association.<a href="#cite_note-result_of_Russia-227">[220]</a> In 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> (OSCE)), and also became a member of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Cooperation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Cooperation Council">North Atlantic Cooperation Council</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO relations</a> are close and the country has declared interest in eventual membership.<a href="#cite_note-result_of_Russia-227">[220]</a> Ukraine is the most active member of the <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> (PfP). All major political parties in Ukraine support full eventual integration into the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a> The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union was signed in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-229">[222]</a> Ukraine long had close ties with all its neighbours, but <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Russia–Ukraine relations</a> rapidly deteriorated in 2014 due to the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a>, energy dependence and payment disputes.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_DCFTA_EFTA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/EU_DCFTA_EFTA.svg/220px-EU_DCFTA_EFTA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/EU_DCFTA_EFTA.svg/330px-EU_DCFTA_EFTA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/EU_DCFTA_EFTA.svg/440px-EU_DCFTA_EFTA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>In January 2016, Ukraine joined <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  the <a href="/wiki/Deep_and_Comprehensive_Free_Trade_Area" title="Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area">Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area</a> with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  the EU, established by the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_Association_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement">Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement</a>, opening its path towards <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>.</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Deep_and_Comprehensive_Free_Trade_Area" title="Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area">Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area</a> (DCFTA), which entered into force in January 2016 following the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_Association_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement">Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement</a>, formally integrates Ukraine into the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a> Ukraine receives further support and assistance for its <a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">EU-accession</a> aspirations from the International Visegrád Fund of the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a> that consists of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU members</a> the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and Slovakia.<a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a> In 2020, in <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine created the <a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a> initiative, which aims to create further cooperation between the three historical countries of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and further Ukraine's integration and accession to the <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Association_Trio" title="Association Trio">Association Trio</a> was formed by signing a joint memorandum between the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Georgia" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia">Foreign Ministers of Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_European_Integration_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova">Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine)">Ukraine</a>. The Association Trio is a tripartite format for enhanced cooperation, coordination, and dialogue between the three countries (that have signed the Association Agreement with the EU) with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> on issues of common interest related to <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, enhancing cooperation within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a>, and committing to the prospect of joining the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a> As of 2021, Ukraine was preparing to formally apply for <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> membership in 2024, in order to join the European Union in the 2030s,<a href="#cite_note-:1-235">[228]</a> however, with the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy requested that the country be admitted to the EU immediately.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-236">[229]</a> Candidate status was granted in June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-174">[167]</a> In recent years, Ukraine has dramatically strengthened its ties with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Armed Forces of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UA_25th_brigade_BMP-1TS_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/UA_25th_brigade_BMP-1TS_02.jpg/290px-UA_25th_brigade_BMP-1TS_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/UA_25th_brigade_BMP-1TS_02.jpg/435px-UA_25th_brigade_BMP-1TS_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/UA_25th_brigade_BMP-1TS_02.jpg/580px-UA_25th_brigade_BMP-1TS_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian troops on the move during the <a href="/wiki/2022_Ukrainian_eastern_counteroffensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Ukrainian eastern counteroffensive">2022 Ukrainian eastern counteroffensive</a></figcaption></figure> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine inherited a 780,000-man military force on its territory, equipped with the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and Ukraine">nuclear weapons arsenal</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-milgov-237">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a> In 1992, Ukraine signed the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Protocol" title="Lisbon Protocol">Lisbon Protocol</a> in which the country agreed to give up all nuclear weapons to Russia for disposal and to join the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> as a non-nuclear weapon state. By 1996 the country had become free of nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-milgov-237">[230]</a> Ukraine took consistent steps toward reduction of conventional weapons. It signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a>, which called for reduction of tanks, artillery, and armoured vehicles (army forces were reduced to 300,000). The country planned to convert the current <a href="/wiki/Conscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscript">conscript</a>-based military into a professional <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">volunteer military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wbook06-239">[232]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Ukraine's current military consist of 196,600 active personnel and around 900,000 reservists.<a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_HIMARS_in_Zaporizhya_oblast,_early_June_2022_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ukrainian_HIMARS_in_Zaporizhya_oblast%2C_early_June_2022_%283%29.jpg/290px-Ukrainian_HIMARS_in_Zaporizhya_oblast%2C_early_June_2022_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ukrainian_HIMARS_in_Zaporizhya_oblast%2C_early_June_2022_%283%29.jpg/435px-Ukrainian_HIMARS_in_Zaporizhya_oblast%2C_early_June_2022_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ukrainian_HIMARS_in_Zaporizhya_oblast%2C_early_June_2022_%283%29.jpg/580px-Ukrainian_HIMARS_in_Zaporizhya_oblast%2C_early_June_2022_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/M142_HIMARS" title="M142 HIMARS">M142 HIMARS</a> rocket launchers in Ukrainian service, an example of <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">foreign military equipment received</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></figcaption></figure> Ukraine played an increasing role in peacekeeping operations. In 2014, the Ukrainian frigate Hetman Sagaidachniy joined the European Union's counter piracy <a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a> and was part of the EU Naval Force off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> for two months.<a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a> Ukrainian troops were deployed in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Ukrainian_Peace_Force_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion">Ukrainian-Polish Battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a> In 2003–2005, a Ukrainian unit was deployed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Multinational_force_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational force in Iraq">multinational force in Iraq</a> under Polish command.<a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a> Military units of other states participated in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian forces in Ukraine regularly, including <a href="/wiki/U.S._military" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. military">U.S. military</a> forces.<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> Following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state.<a href="#cite_note-gska2.rada.gov.ua-16">[11]</a> The country had a limited military partnership with Russian Federation and other CIS countries and has had a <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">partnership with NATO</a> since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards NATO, and deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future.<a href="#cite_note-wbook06-239">[232]</a> Deposed <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian President">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> considered the then level of co-operation between <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine and NATO</a> sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining NATO. During the <a href="/wiki/2008_Bucharest_summit" title="2008 Bucharest summit">2008 Bucharest summit</a>, NATO declared that Ukraine would eventually become a member of NATO when it meets the criteria for accession. As part of modernization after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> in 2014, junior officers were allowed to take more initiative and a <a href="/wiki/Territorial_defence_battalions_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial defence battalions (Ukraine)">territorial defense force</a> of volunteers was established.<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a> Various defensive weapons including <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">drones</a> were supplied by many countries, but not fighter jets.<a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a> During the first few weeks of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a> the military found it difficult to defend against shelling, missiles and high level bombing; but light infantry used shoulder-mounted weapons effectively to destroy tanks, armoured vehicles and low-flying aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a> In August 2023, the U.S. officials estimated that up to 70,000 Ukrainian soldiers were killed and 100,000 to 120,000 wounded during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_historical_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian historical regions">Ukrainian historical regions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">List of cities in Ukraine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">Political status of Crimea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories" title="Russian-occupied territories">Russian-occupied territories</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png/350px-Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png/525px-Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png/700px-Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png 2x" data-file-width="4844" data-file-height="3255" /></a><figcaption>Ukraine (2021) — major cities and adjacent countries</figcaption></figure> The system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country's status as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> (as stated in the country's constitution) with unified legal and <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">administrative</a> regimes for each unit. Including <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a> that were annexed by the Russian Federation in 2014, Ukraine consists of 27 regions: twenty-four <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblasts</a> (provinces), one <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">autonomous republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a>), and two cities of special status—<a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, the capital, and <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>. The 24 oblasts and Crimea are subdivided into 136<a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raions</a> (districts) and city municipalities of regional significance, or second-level administrative units. <a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Populated places in Ukraine</a> are split into two categories: urban and rural. Urban populated places are split further into cities and <a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">urban-type settlements</a> (a Soviet administrative invention), while rural populated places consist of villages and settlements (a generally used term). All cities have a certain degree of self-rule depending on their significance such as national significance (as in the case of Kyiv and Sevastopol), regional significance (within each oblast or autonomous republic) or district significance (all the rest of cities). A city's significance depends on several factors such as its population, socio-economic and historical importance and infrastructure. <table class="wikitable" style="min-width:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><div style="text-shadow:white 0em 0em 0.4em; font-family:Cambria, Georgia, Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 525px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Map_of_Ukraine_political_simple_blank.svg/525px-Map_of_Ukraine_political_simple_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="525" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Map_of_Ukraine_political_simple_blank.svg/788px-Map_of_Ukraine_political_simple_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Map_of_Ukraine_political_simple_blank.svg/1050px-Map_of_Ukraine_political_simple_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="480" /> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:89px; top:52px"><a href="/wiki/Volyn_Oblast" title="Volyn Oblast"><img alt="Volyn Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Volyn_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Volyn_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Volyn_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Volyn_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Volyn_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Volyn_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="300" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Volyn_Oblast" title="Volyn Oblast">Volyn</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:132px; top:62px"><a href="/wiki/Rivne_Oblast" title="Rivne Oblast"><img alt="Rivne Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rivne_Oblast_coat_of_arms.svg/20px-Rivne_Oblast_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rivne_Oblast_coat_of_arms.svg/30px-Rivne_Oblast_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rivne_Oblast_coat_of_arms.svg/40px-Rivne_Oblast_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="300" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Rivne_Oblast" title="Rivne Oblast">Rivne</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:171px; top:82px"><a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast" title="Zhytomyr Oblast"><img alt="Zhytomyr Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_Arms_of_Zhytomyr_Oblast.png/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Zhytomyr_Oblast.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_Arms_of_Zhytomyr_Oblast.png/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Zhytomyr_Oblast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_Arms_of_Zhytomyr_Oblast.png/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Zhytomyr_Oblast.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="589" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast" title="Zhytomyr Oblast">Zhytomyr</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:229px; top:112px"><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast"><img alt="Kyiv Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Herb_Kyivskoi_oblasti_1.svg/20px-Herb_Kyivskoi_oblasti_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Herb_Kyivskoi_oblasti_1.svg/30px-Herb_Kyivskoi_oblasti_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Herb_Kyivskoi_oblasti_1.svg/40px-Herb_Kyivskoi_oblasti_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="470" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:134px; top:127px"><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_Oblast" title="Khmelnytskyi Oblast"><img alt="Khmelnytskyi Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnytskyi_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnytskyi_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnytskyi_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnytskyi_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnytskyi_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnytskyi_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1114" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_Oblast" title="Khmelnytskyi Oblast">Khmeln- ytsky</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:64px; top:102px"><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast"><img alt="Lviv Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Lviv_Oblast.png/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Lviv_Oblast.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Lviv_Oblast.png/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Lviv_Oblast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Lviv_Oblast.png/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Lviv_Oblast.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="271" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:99px; top:122px"><a href="/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast" title="Ternopil Oblast"><img alt="Ternopil Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ternopil_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ternopil_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ternopil_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ternopil_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ternopil_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ternopil_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="500" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast" title="Ternopil Oblast">Ternopil</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:59px; top:144px"><a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast" title="Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast"><img alt="Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="450" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast" title="Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast">Ivano- Frankivsk</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:22px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast"><img alt="Zakarpattia Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Karpatska_Ukraina-2_COA.svg/20px-Karpatska_Ukraina-2_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Karpatska_Ukraina-2_COA.svg/30px-Karpatska_Ukraina-2_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Karpatska_Ukraina-2_COA.svg/40px-Karpatska_Ukraina-2_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="594" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:99px; top:180px"><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast"><img alt="Chernivtsi Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernivtsi_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernivtsi_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernivtsi_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernivtsi_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernivtsi_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernivtsi_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="450" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:174px; top:147px"><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_Oblast" title="Vinnytsia Oblast"><img alt="Vinnytsia Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Coat_of_Arms_of_Vinnytsa_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Vinnytsa_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Coat_of_Arms_of_Vinnytsa_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Vinnytsa_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Coat_of_Arms_of_Vinnytsa_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Vinnytsa_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1109" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_Oblast" title="Vinnytsia Oblast">Vinnytsia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:251px; top:130px"><a href="/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast" title="Cherkasy Oblast"><img alt="Cherkasy Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_Arms_of_Cherkasy_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Cherkasy_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_Arms_of_Cherkasy_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Cherkasy_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_Arms_of_Cherkasy_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Cherkasy_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="500" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast" title="Cherkasy Oblast">Cherkasy</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:266px; top:168px"><a href="/wiki/Kirovohrad_Oblast" title="Kirovohrad Oblast"><img alt="Kirovohrad Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kirovohrad_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kirovohrad_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kirovohrad_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kirovohrad_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kirovohrad_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kirovohrad_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="567" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Kirovohrad_Oblast" title="Kirovohrad Oblast">Kirovohrad</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:264px; top:212px"><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Mykolaiv Oblast"><img alt="Mykolaiv Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mykolaiv_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Mykolaiv_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mykolaiv_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Mykolaiv_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Mykolaiv_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Mykolaiv_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="600" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Mykolaiv Oblast">Mykolaiv</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:319px; top:117px"><a href="/wiki/Poltava_Oblast" title="Poltava Oblast"><img alt="Poltava Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Poltava_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Poltava_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Poltava_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Poltava_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Poltava_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Poltava_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="450" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Poltava_Oblast" title="Poltava Oblast">Poltava</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:256px; top:54px"><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Chernihiv Oblast"><img alt="Chernihiv Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernihiv_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernihiv_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernihiv_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernihiv_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernihiv_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernihiv_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="317" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:314px; top:62px"><a href="/wiki/Sumy_Oblast" title="Sumy Oblast"><img alt="Sumy Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_Arms_of_Sumy_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Sumy_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_Arms_of_Sumy_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Sumy_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_Arms_of_Sumy_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Sumy_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="268" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Sumy_Oblast" title="Sumy Oblast">Sumy</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:387px; top:117px"><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast"><img alt="Kharkiv Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coat_of_arms_of_Kharkiv.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kharkiv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coat_of_arms_of_Kharkiv.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kharkiv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coat_of_arms_of_Kharkiv.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kharkiv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="612" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:329px; top:160px"><a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast" title="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast"><img alt="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Smaller_Coat_of_arms_of_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast.svg/20px-Smaller_Coat_of_arms_of_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Smaller_Coat_of_arms_of_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast.svg/30px-Smaller_Coat_of_arms_of_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Smaller_Coat_of_arms_of_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast.svg/40px-Smaller_Coat_of_arms_of_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="360" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast" title="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast">Dnipropetrovsk</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:229px; top:257px"><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast"><img alt="Odesa Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="450" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:319px; top:237px"><a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast"><img alt="Kherson Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kherson_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kherson_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kherson_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kherson_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kherson_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kherson_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="450" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast">Kherson</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:359px; top:208px"><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast"><img alt="Zaporizhzhia Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Zaporizhzhya_Oblast.png/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Zaporizhzhya_Oblast.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Zaporizhzhya_Oblast.png/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Zaporizhzhya_Oblast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Zaporizhzhya_Oblast.png/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Zaporizhzhya_Oblast.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="346" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:419px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast"><img alt="Donetsk Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_CoA_of_the_Donets_Basin_%28Spanish_Shield%29.svg/20px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_Donets_Basin_%28Spanish_Shield%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_CoA_of_the_Donets_Basin_%28Spanish_Shield%29.svg/30px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_Donets_Basin_%28Spanish_Shield%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_CoA_of_the_Donets_Basin_%28Spanish_Shield%29.svg/40px-Lesser_CoA_of_the_Donets_Basin_%28Spanish_Shield%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="242" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:337px; top:294px"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea"><img alt="Autonomous Republic of Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emblem_of_Crimea.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Crimea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emblem_of_Crimea.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Crimea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emblem_of_Crimea.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Crimea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="451" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Crimea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:453px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast"><img alt="Luhansk Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_Arms_Luhansk_Oblast.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_Luhansk_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_Arms_Luhansk_Oblast.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_Luhansk_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_Arms_Luhansk_Oblast.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_Luhansk_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a>  <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast">Luhansk</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:251px; top:98px"><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:274px; top:332px"><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:88px"><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">•</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:327px; top:329px"><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">•</a></div> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Ukraine" title="Oblasts of Ukraine">Oblasts</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast" title="Cherkasy Oblast">Cherkasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast" title="Chernihiv Oblast">Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast" title="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast">Dnipropetrovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast" title="Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast">Ivano-Frankivsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast">Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_Oblast" title="Khmelnytskyi Oblast">Khmelnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovohrad_Oblast" title="Kirovohrad Oblast">Kirovohrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Mykolaiv Oblast">Mykolaiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltava_Oblast" title="Poltava Oblast">Poltava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivne_Oblast" title="Rivne Oblast">Rivne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumy_Oblast" title="Sumy Oblast">Sumy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast" title="Ternopil Oblast">Ternopil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_Oblast" title="Vinnytsia Oblast">Vinnytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volyn_Oblast" title="Volyn Oblast">Volyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast" title="Zhytomyr Oblast">Zhytomyr</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cities_with_special_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities with special status">Cities with special status</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">City of Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">City of Sevastopol</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4769" data-file-height="3159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> of Ukraine</figcaption></figure> In 2021, agriculture was the biggest sector of the economy. Ukraine is one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">largest wheat exporters</a>. It remains among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">poorest countries in Europe</a> with the lowest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">nominal GDP per capita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-poor-250">[243]</a> Despite improvements, as in Moldova <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">corruption in Ukraine</a> remains an obstacle to <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">joining the EU</a>; the country was rated 104th out of 180 in the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> for 2023.<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> In 2021, Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> per capita by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> was just over $14,000.<a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a> Despite supplying <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">emergency financial support</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> expected the economy to shrink considerably by 35% in 2022 due to <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-253">[246]</a> One 2022 estimate was that post-war reconstruction costs might reach half a trillion dollars.<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a> In 2021, the average salary in Ukraine reached its highest level at almost <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">₴</a>14,300 (US$525) per month.<a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a> About 1% of Ukrainians lived <a href="/wiki/Poverty_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty by country">below the national poverty line</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-256">[249]</a> Unemployment in Ukraine was 4.5% in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-257">[250]</a> In 2019 5–15% of the Ukrainian population were categorized as middle class.<a href="#cite_note-258">[251]</a> In 2020 Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">government debt</a> was roughly 50% of its nominal GDP.<a href="#cite_note-259">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-260">[253]</a> In 2021 mineral commodities and light industry were important sectors.<a href="#cite_note-:4-260">[253]</a> Ukraine produces nearly all types of transportation vehicles and <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">spacecraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[256]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is the country's main trade partner, and remittances from Ukrainians working abroad are important.<a href="#cite_note-:4-260">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spasiv_Rivne_Oblast_Ukraine_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Spasiv_Rivne_Oblast_Ukraine_4.jpg/220px-Spasiv_Rivne_Oblast_Ukraine_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Spasiv_Rivne_Oblast_Ukraine_4.jpg/330px-Spasiv_Rivne_Oblast_Ukraine_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Spasiv_Rivne_Oblast_Ukraine_4.jpg/440px-Spasiv_Rivne_Oblast_Ukraine_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Wheat crop in Spasov village, Rivne Oblast, Ukraine.</figcaption></figure> Ukraine is among the world's top agricultural producers and exporters and is often described as the "bread basket of Europe". During the 2020/21 international wheat marketing season (July–June), it ranked as the sixth largest wheat exporter, accounting for nine percent of world wheat trade.<a href="#cite_note-:02-264">[257]</a> The country is also a major global exporter of maize, barley and rapeseed. In 2020/21, it accounted for 12 percent of global trade in <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and for 14 percent of world <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> exports. Its trade share is even greater in the sunflower oil sector, with the country accounting for about 50 percent of world exports in 2020/2021.<a href="#cite_note-:02-264">[257]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a> (FAO), further to causing the loss of lives and increasing humanitarian needs, the likely disruptions caused by the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> to Ukraine's grain and oilseed sectors, could jeopardize the food security of many countries, especially those that are highly dependent on Ukraine and Russia for their food and fertilizer imports.<a href="#cite_note-265">[258]</a> Several of these countries fall into the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">Least Developed Country</a> (LDC) group, while many others belong to the group of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Low-Income_Food-Deficit_Countries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries (page does not exist)">Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries</a> (LIFDCs).<a href="#cite_note-266">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[260]</a> For example <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> sourced 47 percent of its wheat imports in 2021 from Ukraine. Overall, more than 30 nations depend on Ukraine and the Russian Federation for over 30 percent of their wheat import needs, many of them in North Africa and Western and Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-:02-264">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">Tourism in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3755" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_Castle" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle">Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Ukraine" title="Seven Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Wonders of Ukraine</a></figcaption></figure> Before the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian war</a> the number of tourists visiting Ukraine was eighth in Europe, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">rankings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[261]</a> Ukraine has numerous tourist attractions: mountain ranges suitable for <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, hiking and fishing; the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coastline as a popular summer destination; <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a> of different <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>; and churches, <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> ruins and other architectural and park landmarks. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a> were Ukraine's principal tourist centres, each offering many historical landmarks and extensive <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a> infrastructure. The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Ukraine" title="Seven Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Wonders of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine</a> are selections of the most important landmarks of Ukraine, chosen by Ukrainian experts and an Internet-based public vote. Tourism was the mainstay of Crimea's economy before a major fall in visitor numbers following the Russian annexation in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-269">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Transport in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%22%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="HRCS2 unit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%22%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%22.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%22%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%22%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%22.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%22%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%22%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%22.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4_%22%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="1611" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HRCS2_multiple_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="HRCS2 multiple unit">HRCS2 multiple unit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Railways" title="Ukrainian Railways">Rail transport</a> is heavily utilised in Ukraine.</figcaption></figure> Many roads and bridges were destroyed, and international maritime travel was blocked by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-253">[246]</a> Before that it was mainly through the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Odesa" title="Port of Odesa">Port of Odesa</a>, from where ferries sailed regularly to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>. The largest ferry company operating these routes was <a href="/wiki/UkrFerry" title="UkrFerry">Ukrferry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[263]</a> There are over 1,600 km (1,000 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">navigable</a> waterways on 7 rivers, mostly on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pripyat_(river)" title="Pripyat (river)">Pripyat</a>. All Ukraine's rivers freeze over in winter, limiting navigation.<a href="#cite_note-271">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ukraine" title="Rail transport in Ukraine">Ukraine's rail network</a> connects all major urban areas, port facilities and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">industrial centres</a>. The heaviest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">railway track</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-272">[265]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Rail_freight_transport" title="Rail freight transport">rail freight transport</a> fell in the 1990s, Ukraine is still one of the <a href="/wiki/Rail_usage_statistics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail usage statistics by country">world's highest rail users</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines" title="Ukraine International Airlines">Ukraine International Airlines</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> and the largest <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airline</a>, with its head office in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[267]</a> and its main hub at Kyiv's <a href="/wiki/Boryspil_International_Airport" title="Boryspil International Airport">Boryspil International Airport</a>. It operated domestic and international passenger flights and cargo services to Europe, the Middle East, the United States,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-236">[229]</a> Canada,<a href="#cite_note-275">[268]</a> and Asia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Energy in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electricity-prod-source-stacked.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Electricity-prod-source-stacked.svg/260px-Electricity-prod-source-stacked.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Electricity-prod-source-stacked.svg/390px-Electricity-prod-source-stacked.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Electricity-prod-source-stacked.svg/520px-Electricity-prod-source-stacked.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Electricity production by source in Ukraine</figcaption></figure> Energy in Ukraine is mainly from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Ukraine" title="Natural gas in Ukraine">gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Ukraine" title="Coal in Ukraine">coal</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Ukraine" title="Nuclear power in Ukraine">nuclear</a> then oil.<a href="#cite_note-:0-178">[171]</a> The coal industry has been disrupted by conflict.<a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a> Most gas and oil is imported, but since 2015 <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy policy</a> has prioritised diversifying energy supply.<a href="#cite_note-277">[270]</a> About half of <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> is nuclear and a quarter coal.<a href="#cite_note-:0-178">[171]</a> The largest <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a> in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant">Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant</a>, is in Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_subsidies" title="Fossil fuel subsidies">Fossil fuel subsidies</a> were US$2.2 billion in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> Until the 2010s all of Ukraine's nuclear fuel came from Russia, but now most does not.<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a> Some energy infrastructure was destroyed in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-280">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a> The contract to transit <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia" title="Natural gas in Russia">Russian gas</a> expires at the end of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-282">[275]</a> In early 2022 Ukraine and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Moldova" title="Energy in Moldova">Moldova</a> decoupled their electricity grids from the <a href="/wiki/IPS/UPS#IPS" title="IPS/UPS">Integrated Power System</a> of Russia and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belarus" title="Energy in Belarus">Belarus</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Transmission_System_Operators_for_Electricity" title="European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity">European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity</a> synchronized them with <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_grid_of_Continental_Europe" title="Synchronous grid of Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cbsnews-ukraine-grid-283">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_technology">Information technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine#Information_technology" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy of Ukraine § Information technology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Ukraine" title="Internet in Ukraine">Internet in Ukraine</a></div> Key officials may use <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> as backup.<a href="#cite_note-:3-285">[278]</a> The IT industry contributed almost 5 per cent to Ukraine's GDP in 2021<a href="#cite_note-286">[279]</a> and in 2022 continued both inside and outside the country.<a href="#cite_note-287">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 687.15418461364px; border-left-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 606.67925626074px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 447.37428292116px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 379.55753557188px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 314.47802847242px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 17.776701109021px; border-left-color:cyan"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:cyan"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:cyan"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/">Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (77.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> (17.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Ukraine" title="Romanians in Ukraine">Romanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldovans_in_Ukraine" title="Moldovans in Ukraine">Moldovans</a> (0.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Ukraine" title="Belarusians in Ukraine">Belarusians</a> (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Ukraine" title="Bulgarians in Ukraine">Bulgarians</a> (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Ukraine" title="Hungarians in Ukraine">Hungarians</a> (0.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Ukraine" title="Poles in Ukraine">Poles</a> (0.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  other (2%)</div> </div> </div></div> Before the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> the country had an estimated population of over 41 million people, and was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">eighth-most populous country</a> in Europe. It is a <a href="/wiki/Urbanization_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanization by country">heavily urbanized country</a>, and its industrial regions in the east and southeast are the most densely populated—about 67% of its total population lives in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-288">[281]</a> At that time Ukraine had a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">population density</a> of 69.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (180 inhabitants/sq mi), and the overall <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">life expectancy in the country</a> at birth was 73 years (68 years for males and 77.8 years for females).<a href="#cite_note-289">[282]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, Ukraine's population hit a peak of roughly 52 million in 1993. However, due to its <a href="/wiki/Death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rate">death rate</a> exceeding its <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a>, mass emigration, poor living conditions, and low-quality health care,<a href="#cite_note-nw-20260217-290">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-ukrstat-population-291">[284]</a> the total population decreased by 6.6 million, or 12.8% from the same year to 2014. According to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">2001 census</a>, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> made up roughly 78% of the population, while <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Ukraine" title="Russians in Ukraine">Russians</a> were the largest minority, at some 17.3% of the population. Small minority populations included: <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> (0.6%), <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a> (0.5%), <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (0.5%), <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> (0.4%), <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> (0.3%), <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> (0.3%), <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> (0.3%), <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> (0.3%), <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> (0.2%), <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> (0.2%) and <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> (0.2%).<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_composition_of_the_population_of_Ukraine,_2001_Census-2">[2]</a> It was also estimated that there were about 10–40,000 <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> in Ukraine, who lived mostly in the south of the country, belonging to the historical <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koryo-saram</a> group,<a href="#cite_note-292">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[286]</a> as well as about 47,600 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> (though the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> estimates a higher number of about 260,000).<a href="#cite_note-294">[287]</a> Outside the former Soviet Union, the largest source of incoming immigrants in Ukraine's post-independence period was from four Asian countries, namely China, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-mp-295">[288]</a> In the late 2010s 1.4 million Ukrainians were <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced">internally displaced</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">war in Donbas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-296">[289]</a> and in early 2022, over 4.1 million fled the country in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, causing the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis">Ukrainian refugee crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a> Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-298">[291]</a> The Ukrainian government estimates that the population in the regions controlled by Ukraine was 25 to 27 million in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-299">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages of Ukraine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian language in Ukraine</a></div> According to Ukraine's constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">state language</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SerhyYUBoaMN-300">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> is widely spoken in the country, especially in eastern and southern Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-SerhyYUBoaMN-300">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[294]</a> Most native Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language.<a href="#cite_note-SerhyYUBoaMN-300">[293]</a> Russian was the de facto dominant language of the Soviet Union but Ukrainian also held official status in the republic,<a href="#cite_note-302">[295]</a> and in the schools of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, learning Ukrainian was mandatory.<a href="#cite_note-SerhyYUBoaMN-300">[293]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UkraineNativeLanguagesCensus2001detailed-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/UkraineNativeLanguagesCensus2001detailed-en.png/290px-UkraineNativeLanguagesCensus2001detailed-en.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/UkraineNativeLanguagesCensus2001detailed-en.png/435px-UkraineNativeLanguagesCensus2001detailed-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/UkraineNativeLanguagesCensus2001detailed-en.png/580px-UkraineNativeLanguagesCensus2001detailed-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic map of Ukraine showing most common native language by city, town, or village council, according to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Census (2001)">2001 census</a></figcaption></figure> Effective in August 2012, <a href="/wiki/Legislation_on_languages_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislation on languages in Ukraine">a new law on regional languages</a> entitled any local language spoken by at least a 10 percent minority be declared official within that area.<a href="#cite_note-303">[296]</a> Within weeks, Russian was declared a regional language of several southern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Ukraine" title="Oblasts of Ukraine">oblasts</a> (provinces) and cities.<a href="#cite_note-304">[297]</a> Russian could then be used in the administrative office work and documents of those places.<a href="#cite_note-NewUklang2892012-305">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[299]</a> In 2014, following the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Parliament">Ukrainian Parliament</a> voted to repeal the law on regional languages, making Ukrainian the sole state language at all levels; however, the repeal was not signed by acting <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Turchynov" title="Oleksandr Turchynov">President Turchynov</a> or by President Poroshenko.<a href="#cite_note-307">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[302]</a> In 2019, the law allowing for official use of regional languages was found unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-310">[303]</a> According to the Council of Europe, this act fails to achieve fair protection of the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">linguistic rights</a> of <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[304]</a> Ukrainian is the primary language used in the vast majority of Ukraine. 67% of Ukrainians speak Ukrainian as their primary language, while 30% speak Russian as their primary language.<a href="#cite_note-312">[305]</a> In eastern and southern Ukraine, Russian is the primary language in some cities, while Ukrainian is used in rural areas. <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unian.info-313">[306]</a> There is no consensus among scholars whether <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>, also spoken in Zakarpattia, is a distinct language or a dialect of Ukrainian.<a href="#cite_note-314">[307]</a> The Ukrainian government does not recognise Rusyn and <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> as a distinct language and people.<a href="#cite_note-315">[308]</a> For a large part of the Soviet era, the number of Ukrainian speakers declined from generation to generation, and by the mid-1980s, the usage of the Ukrainian language in public life had decreased significantly.<a href="#cite_note-Shamshur-316">[309]</a> Following independence, the government of Ukraine began restoring the use of the Ukrainian language in schools and government through a policy of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainisation">Ukrainisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[311]</a> Today, most foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subtitled or dubbed in Ukrainian.<a href="#cite_note-319">[312]</a> Ukraine's 2017 <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">education law</a> bars primary education in public schools in grade five and up in any language but Ukrainian.<a href="#cite_note-320">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainian diaspora</a></div> The Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> comprises <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and their descendants who live outside Ukraine around the world, especially those who maintain some kind of connection to the land of their ancestors and maintain their feeling of Ukrainian national identity within their own local community.<a href="#cite_note-322">[315]</a> The Ukrainian diaspora is found throughout numerous regions worldwide including other <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cecco_2022_u131-323">[316]</a> and other countries such as <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Poland" title="Ukrainians in Poland">Poland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-324">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">the United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-325">[318]</a> the UK<a href="#cite_note-326">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[320]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[321]</a> The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis">Ukrainian refugee crisis</a> in which millions of Ukrainian civilians moved to neighbouring countries. Most crossed into Poland, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, and others proceeded to at least temporarily settle in Hungary, Moldova, Germany, Austria, Romania and other European countries.<a href="#cite_note-329">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-80-391-0151_Kyiv_St.Sophia%27s_Cathedral_RB_18_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3603" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia%27s_Cathedral,_Kyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv">Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>,<a href="#cite_note-330">[323]</a> is one of the main Christian cathedrals in Ukraine.</figcaption></figure> Ukraine has the world's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">second-largest Eastern Orthodox population</a>, after Russia.<a href="#cite_note-331">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[325]</a> A 2021 survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_International_Institute_of_Sociology" title="Kyiv International Institute of Sociology">Kyiv International Institute of Sociology</a> (KIIS) found that 82% of Ukrainians declared themselves to be religious, while 7% were <a href="/wiki/Atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">atheists</a>, and a further 11% found it difficult to answer the question.<a href="#cite_note-333">[326]</a> The level of religiosity in Ukraine was reported to be the highest in <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a> (91%), and the lowest in the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> (57%) and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">Eastern Ukraine</a> (56%).<a href="#cite_note-Razumkov2016Page27-334">[327]</a> In 2019, 82% of Ukrainians were Christians; out of which 72.7% declared themselves to be <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, 8.8% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholics</a>, 2.3% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> and 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church Catholics</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christians</a> comprised 2.3%. <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> were the religions of 0.2% of the population each. According to the KIIS study, roughly 58.3% of the Ukrainian Orthodox population were members of the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a>, and 25.4% were members of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestants_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants in Ukraine">Protestants</a> are a growing community in Ukraine, who made up 1.9% of the population in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-Razumkov2016Page29-336">[329]</a> but rose to 2.2% of the population in 2018. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Health in Ukraine</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ukraine's healthcare system is state subsidised and freely available to all Ukrainian citizens and registered residents. However, it is not compulsory to be treated in a state-run hospital as a number of private medical complexes do exist nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-337">[330]</a> The public sector employs most healthcare professionals, with those working for private medical centres typically also retaining their state employment as they are mandated to provide care at public health facilities on a regular basis.<a href="#cite_note-338">[331]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F_(%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA)_-_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%29_-_04.JPG/200px-%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%29_-_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%29_-_04.JPG/300px-%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%29_-_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%29_-_04.JPG/400px-%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8F_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%29_-_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The municipal children's hospital in <a href="/wiki/Kremenchuk" title="Kremenchuk">Kremenchuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poltava_Oblast" title="Poltava Oblast">Poltava Oblast</a></figcaption></figure> All of Ukraine's medical service providers and hospitals are subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Healthcare_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)">Ministry of Healthcare</a>, which provides oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice as well as being responsible for the day-to-day administration of the healthcare system. Despite this, standards of hygiene and patient-care have fallen.<a href="#cite_note-339">[332]</a> Ukraine faces a number of major public health issues[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and is considered to be in a demographic crisis because of its high death rate, low birth rate, and high emigration.<a href="#cite_note-340">[333]</a> A factor contributing to the high death rate is a high <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> among working-age males from preventable causes such as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol poisoning">alcohol poisoning</a> and smoking.<a href="#cite_note-worldbank1-341">[334]</a> Active reformation of Ukraine's healthcare system was initiated right after the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Ulana_Suprun" title="Ulana Suprun">Ulana Suprun</a> as a head of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Healthcare_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)">Ministry of Healthcare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rada_Reform-342">[335]</a> Assisted by deputy Pavlo Kovtoniuk, Suprun first changed the distribution of finances in healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-Kovtoniuk-343">[336]</a> Funds must follow the patient. General practitioners will provide basic care for patients. The patient will have the right to choose one. Emergency medical service is considered to be fully funded by the state. <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Medicine_Reform_in_Ukraine_since_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Medicine Reform in Ukraine since 2016">Emergency Medicine Reform</a> is also an important part of the healthcare reform. In addition, patients who suffer from chronic diseases, which cause a high toll of disability and mortality, are provided with free or low-price medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs-344">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Education in Ukraine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Universidad_Roja_de_Kiev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Universidad_Roja_de_Kiev.jpg/200px-Universidad_Roja_de_Kiev.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Universidad_Roja_de_Kiev.jpg/300px-Universidad_Roja_de_Kiev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Universidad_Roja_de_Kiev.jpg/400px-Universidad_Roja_de_Kiev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv" title="Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv">University of Kyiv</a> is one of Ukraine's most important educational institutions.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_5.jpg/200px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_5.jpg/300px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_5.jpg/400px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3439" data-file-height="2079" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Residence_of_Bukovinian_and_Dalmatian_Metropolitans" title="Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans">Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans</a> by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hl%C3%A1vka" title="Josef Hlávka">Josef Hlávka</a>, 1882, now <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_University" title="Chernivtsi University">Chernivtsi University</a></div></div></div></div></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Ukrainian constitution</a>, access to free education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority. Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis.<a href="#cite_note-345">[338]</a> Because of the Soviet Union's emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues today, the <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> is an estimated 99.4%.<a href="#cite_note-cia-54">[49]</a> Since 2005, an eleven-year school programme has been replaced with a twelve-year one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six), middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary then takes three years.<a href="#cite_note-346">[339]</a> Students in the 12th grade take Government tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving exams. These tests are later used for university admissions. Among the oldest is also the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv University">Lviv University</a>, founded in 1661. More higher education institutions were set up in the 19th century, beginning with universities in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkiv University">Kharkiv</a> (1805), <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv" title="Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv">Kyiv</a> (1834), <a href="/wiki/Odesa_University" title="Odesa University">Odesa</a> (1865) and <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_University" title="Chernivtsi University">Chernivtsi</a> (1875) and a number of professional higher education institutions, e.g.: <a href="/wiki/Nizhyn_Pedagogical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizhyn Pedagogical University">Nizhyn Historical and Philological Institute</a> (originally established as the Gymnasium of Higher Sciences in 1805), a Veterinary Institute (1873) and a <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Polytechnical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute">Technological Institute</a> (1885) in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky_Kyiv_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute">Polytechnic Institute</a> in Kyiv (1898) and a Higher Mining School (1899) in <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Katerynoslav</a>. Rapid growth followed in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet</a> period. By 1988 the number of higher education institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-347">[340]</a> The Ukrainian higher education system comprises higher educational establishments, <a href="/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">scientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodological" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodological">methodological</a> facilities under national, <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government">municipal</a> and self-governing bodies in charge of education.<a href="#cite_note-348">[341]</a> The organisation of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure of education of the world's higher <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>, as is defined by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and the UN.<a href="#cite_note-349">[342]</a> Ukraine produces the fourth largest number of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">post-secondary graduates</a> in Europe, while being ranked seventh in population.<a href="#cite_note-350">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Ukraine" title="Higher education in Ukraine">Higher education</a> is either state funded or private. Most universities provide subsidised housing for out-of-city students. It is common for libraries to supply required books for all registered students. Ukrainian universities confer two degrees: the bachelor's degree (4 years) and the master's degree (5–6th year), in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a>. Historically, <a href="/wiki/Specialist_degree" title="Specialist degree">Specialist degree</a> (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by universities in Soviet times.<a href="#cite_note-351">[344]</a> Ukraine was ranked 60th in 2024 in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine#Regional_differences" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics of Ukraine § Regional differences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Ukraine" title="Central Ukraine">Central Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">Eastern Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine" title="Southern Ukraine">Southern Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukr_elections_2014_multimandate_okruhs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ukr_elections_2014_multimandate_okruhs.png/290px-Ukr_elections_2014_multimandate_okruhs.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ukr_elections_2014_multimandate_okruhs.png/435px-Ukr_elections_2014_multimandate_okruhs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ukr_elections_2014_multimandate_okruhs.png/580px-Ukr_elections_2014_multimandate_okruhs.png 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>The results of the <a href="/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election">2014 parliamentary election</a> with <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Front_(Ukraine)" title="People's Front (Ukraine)">People's Front</a> in yellow, <a href="/wiki/Opposition_Bloc" title="Opposition Bloc">Opposition Bloc</a> in blue and <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Petro Poroshenko Bloc">Petro Poroshenko Bloc</a> in red</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> is the dominant language in <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Central_Ukraine" title="Central Ukraine">Central Ukraine</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> is the dominant language in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">Eastern Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine" title="Southern Ukraine">Southern Ukraine</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> schools, learning <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> was mandatory; in modern Ukraine, schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction offer classes in Russian and in the other minority languages.<a href="#cite_note-SerhyYUBoaMN-300">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-RatingJuly12-354">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[348]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian language</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalism</a>, opinion in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine tends to be the exact opposite of those in Western Ukraine; while opinions in Central Ukraine on these topics tend be less extreme.<a href="#cite_note-RatingJuly12-354">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-KIISS1313-358">[351]</a> Similar historical divisions also remain evident at the level of individual social identification. Attitudes toward the most important political issue, relations with Russia, differed strongly between <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, identifying more with <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>, predominantly Russian orientated and favourable to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet era">Soviet era</a>, while in central and southern Ukraine, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, such divisions were less important and there was less antipathy toward people from other regions.<a href="#cite_note-antipathy-359">[352]</a> However, all were united by an overarching Ukrainian identity based on shared economic difficulties, showing that other attitudes are determined more by culture and politics than by demographic differences.<a href="#cite_note-antipathy-359">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[353]</a> Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that the feeling of belonging to a "Soviet identity" is strongest in the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> (about 40%) and the Crimea (about 30%).<a href="#cite_note-361">[354]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">elections</a> voters of Western and Central Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Ukraine" title="Oblasts of Ukraine">oblasts</a> (provinces) vote mostly for parties (<a href="/wiki/Our_Ukraine%E2%80%93People%27s_Self-Defense_Bloc" title="Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc">Our Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/All-Ukrainian_Union_%22Fatherland%22" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland"">Batkivshchyna</a>)<a href="#cite_note-362">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[356]</a> and presidential candidates (<a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yuschenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Yuschenko">Viktor Yuschenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yulia_Tymoshenko" title="Yulia Tymoshenko">Yulia Tymoshenko</a>) with a <a href="/wiki/Pro-Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Western">pro-Western</a> and state reform <a href="/wiki/Political_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Political platform">platform</a>, while voters in Southern and Eastern oblasts vote for parties (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Communist Party of Ukraine">CPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Regions" title="Party of Regions">Party of Regions</a>) and presidential candidates (<a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a>) with a <a href="/wiki/Pro-Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Russian">pro-Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> platform.<a href="#cite_note-EWparties-364">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Umland-365">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[360]</a> However, this geographical division is decreasing.<a href="#cite_note-368">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[363]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian culture">Ukrainian culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pysanky2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pysanky2011.JPG/220px-Pysanky2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pysanky2011.JPG/330px-Pysanky2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pysanky2011.JPG/440px-Pysanky2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption>A collection of traditional Ukrainian Easter eggs—<a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating_in_Slavic_culture" title="Egg decorating in Slavic culture">pysanky</a>. The design motifs on pysanky date back to early Slavic cultures.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_Vertep_in_Lviv._Photo_256.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christmas_Vertep_in_Lviv._Photo_256.jpg/220px-Christmas_Vertep_in_Lviv._Photo_256.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christmas_Vertep_in_Lviv._Photo_256.jpg/330px-Christmas_Vertep_in_Lviv._Photo_256.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christmas_Vertep_in_Lviv._Photo_256.jpg/440px-Christmas_Vertep_in_Lviv._Photo_256.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Orthodox Christmas celebration in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ukrainian customs are heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a>, the dominant religion in the country.<a href="#cite_note-371">[364]</a> Gender roles also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in bringing up children, than in the West.<a href="#cite_note-372">[365]</a> The culture of Ukraine has also been influenced by its eastern and western neighbours, reflected in its <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">architecture</a>, music and art.<a href="#cite_note-373">[366]</a> The Communist era had quite a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-374">[367]</a> In 1932, Stalin made <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a> state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated the decree "On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations". This greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> (openness) was introduced and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as they wanted.<a href="#cite_note-375">[368]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&action=edit">[update]</a>, UNESCO inscribed 8 properties in Ukraine on the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a>. Ukraine is also known for its decorative and folk traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Petrykivka_painting" title="Petrykivka painting">Petrykivka painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosiv_painted_ceramics" title="Kosiv painted ceramics">Kosiv ceramics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cossack_songs" title="Cossack songs">Cossack songs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-376">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[372]</a> Between February 2022 and March 2023, UNESCO verified the damage to 247 sites, including 107 <a href="/wiki/Religious_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious site">religious sites</a>, 89 buildings of artistic or historical interest, 19 monuments and 12 libraries.<a href="#cite_note-380">[373]</a> Since January 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Odesa" title="Historic Centre of Odesa">historic centre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> has been inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">List of World Heritage in Danger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[374]</a> The tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg" title="Easter egg">Easter eggs</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating_in_Slavic_culture" title="Egg decorating in Slavic culture">pysanky</a>, has long roots in Ukraine. These eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old, and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-382">[375]</a> In the city of <a href="/wiki/Kolomyia" title="Kolomyia">Kolomyia</a> near the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pysanka_Museum" title="Pysanka Museum">museum of Pysanka</a> was built in 2000 and won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Ukraine" title="Seven Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Wonders of Ukraine</a> action. Since 2012, the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine has formed the <a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Ukraine#National_Inventory_of_Elements_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Ukraine" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine">National Inventory of Elements of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-383">[376]</a> which consists of 103 items as of July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-mcip.gov.ua-33">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Vernadsky_National_Library_of_Ukraine" title="Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine">Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine</a>, is the main academic library and main scientific information centre in Ukraine. During the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> the Russians bombed the Maksymovych Scientific Library of the Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine, the National Scientific Medical Library of Ukraine and the Kyiv city youth library.<a href="#cite_note-384">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Ukrainian literature</a></div> Ukrainian literature has origins in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> writings, which was used as a <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> following <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization</a> in the 10th and 11th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-ualit-385">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-ualitmsn-386">[379]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-387">[h]</a> Other writings from the time include <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a>, the most significant of which was the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Literary activity faced a sudden decline after the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a>, before seeing a revival beginning in the 14th century, and was advanced in the 16th century with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ualit-385">[378]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2._%D0%93._%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%A2._%D0%93._%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_1859.jpg/147px-%D0%A2._%D0%93._%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%A2._%D0%93._%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_1859.jpg/221px-%D0%A2._%D0%93._%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%A2._%D0%93._%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_1859.jpg/294px-%D0%A2._%D0%93._%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1114" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesya_Ukrainka_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lesya_Ukrainka_portrait.jpg/137px-Lesya_Ukrainka_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lesya_Ukrainka_portrait.jpg/206px-Lesya_Ukrainka_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lesya_Ukrainka_portrait.jpg/274px-Lesya_Ukrainka_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="2061" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lesya_Ukrainka" title="Lesya Ukrainka">Lesya Ukrainka</a>, one of the foremost Ukrainian women writers</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> established an independent society and popularized a <a href="/wiki/Duma_(epic)" title="Duma (epic)">new kind</a> of <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a>, which marked a high point of Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ualitmsn-386">[379]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] These advances were then set back in the 17th and early 18th centuries, as many Ukrainian authors wrote in Russian or Polish. Nonetheless, by the late 18th century, the modern literary Ukrainian language finally emerged.<a href="#cite_note-ualit-385">[378]</a> In 1798, the modern era of the Ukrainian literary tradition began with <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kotliarevsky" title="Ivan Kotliarevsky">Ivan Kotliarevsky</a>'s publication of <a href="/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida">Eneida</a> in the Ukrainian vernacular.<a href="#cite_note-388">[380]</a> By the 1830s, a Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic literature</a> began to develop, and the nation's most renowned cultural figure, romanticist poet-painter <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a> emerged. Whereas Ivan Kotliarevsky is considered to be the father of literature in the Ukrainian vernacular; Shevchenko is the father of a national revival.<a href="#cite_note-389">[381]</a> Then, in 1863, the use of the Ukrainian language in print was effectively <a href="/wiki/Ems_Ukaz" title="Ems Ukaz">prohibited</a> by the Russian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-censor-76">[71]</a> This severely curtailed literary activity in the area, and Ukrainian writers were forced to either publish their works in Russian or release them in Austrian controlled <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a>. The ban was never officially lifted, but it became obsolete after the revolution and the Bolsheviks' coming to power.<a href="#cite_note-ualitmsn-386">[379]</a> Ukrainian literature continued to flourish in the early Soviet years when nearly all literary trends were approved. These policies faced a steep decline in the 1930s, when prominent representatives as well as many others were killed by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>. In general around 223 writers were repressed by what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-390">[382]</a> These repressions were part of Stalin's implemented policy of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a>. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the use of the Ukrainian language, but it required that writers follow a certain style in their works. Literary freedom grew in the late 1980s and early 1990s alongside the decline and collapse of the USSR and the reestablishment of Ukrainian independence in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-ualit-385">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Ukrainian architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80-391-9007_Kyiv_St.Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery_RB_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/80-391-9007_Kyiv_St.Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery_RB_18.jpg/220px-80-391-9007_Kyiv_St.Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery_RB_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/80-391-9007_Kyiv_St.Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery_RB_18.jpg/330px-80-391-9007_Kyiv_St.Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery_RB_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/80-391-9007_Kyiv_St.Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery_RB_18.jpg/440px-80-391-9007_Kyiv_St.Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery_RB_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery" title="St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery">St Michael's Golden-domed Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, the foremost example of <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack Baroque">Cossack Baroque</a> and one of Ukraine's most recognizable landmarks</figcaption></figure> Ukrainian architecture includes the motifs and styles that are found in structures built in modern Ukraine, and by <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> worldwide. These include initial roots which were established in the state of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a>, Ukrainian architecture has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a>, it continued to develop in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia-Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KatchanovskiKohutNebesio2013-391">[383]</a> After the union with the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>, architecture in Ukraine began to develop in different directions, with many structures in the larger eastern, Russian-ruled area built in the styles of <a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian architecture</a> of that period, whilst the western region of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a> developed under <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Austria">Austro-Hungarian architectural influences</a>. Ukrainian national motifs would eventually be used during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and in modern independent Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-KatchanovskiKohutNebesio2013-391">[383]</a> However, much of the contemporary architectural skyline of Ukraine is dominated by Soviet-style <a href="/wiki/Khrushchyovka" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchyovka">Khrushchyovkas</a>, or low-cost apartment buildings.<a href="#cite_note-392">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaving_and_embroidery">Weaving and embroidery</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rushnyk_Ukraine_embroidered_decorative_towels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rushnyk_Ukraine_embroidered_decorative_towels.jpg/170px-Rushnyk_Ukraine_embroidered_decorative_towels.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rushnyk_Ukraine_embroidered_decorative_towels.jpg/255px-Rushnyk_Ukraine_embroidered_decorative_towels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rushnyk_Ukraine_embroidered_decorative_towels.jpg/340px-Rushnyk_Ukraine_embroidered_decorative_towels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rushnyk" title="Rushnyk">Rushnyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_embroidery" title="Ukrainian embroidery">Ukrainian embroidery</a></figcaption></figure> Artisan <a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">textile arts</a> play an important role in Ukrainian culture,<a href="#cite_note-393">[385]</a> especially in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wedding_traditions" title="Ukrainian wedding traditions">Ukrainian wedding traditions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_embroidery" title="Ukrainian embroidery">Ukrainian embroidery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> and lace-making are used in traditional <a href="/wiki/Folk_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk dress">folk dress</a> and in traditional celebrations. Ukrainian embroidery varies depending on the region of origin<a href="#cite_note-394">[386]</a> and the designs have a long history of motifs, compositions, choice of colours and types of stitches.<a href="#cite_note-museum-395">[387]</a> Use of colour is very important and has roots in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Ukrainian folklore</a>. Embroidery motifs found in different parts of Ukraine are preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Rushnyk" title="Rushnyk">Rushnyk</a> Museum in <a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav" title="Pereiaslav">Pereiaslav</a>. National dress is woven and highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still practised in the village of Krupove, situated in <a href="/wiki/Rivne_Oblast" title="Rivne Oblast">Rivne Oblast</a>. The village is the birthplace of two internationally recognized personalities in the scene of national crafts fabrication: Nina Myhailivna<a href="#cite_note-396">[388]</a> and Uliana Petrivna.<a href="#cite_note-397">[389]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fedir_Stovbynenko_-_Kozak-bandyryst_(1890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Fedir_Stovbynenko_-_Kozak-bandyryst_%281890%29.jpg/170px-Fedir_Stovbynenko_-_Kozak-bandyryst_%281890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Fedir_Stovbynenko_-_Kozak-bandyryst_%281890%29.jpg/255px-Fedir_Stovbynenko_-_Kozak-bandyryst_%281890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Fedir_Stovbynenko_-_Kozak-bandyryst_%281890%29.jpg/340px-Fedir_Stovbynenko_-_Kozak-bandyryst_%281890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Mamay" title="Cossack Mamay">Cossack Mamay</a> playing a <a href="/wiki/Kobza" title="Kobza">kobza</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Mykola Lysenko</a> is widely considered to be the father of Ukrainian classical music.<a href="#cite_note-Risch_2011_p._44-398">[390]</a></figcaption></figure> Music is a major part of Ukrainian culture, with a long history and many influences. From traditional <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">modern rock</a>, Ukraine has produced several internationally recognised musicians including <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Karabits" title="Kirill Karabits">Kirill Karabits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okean_Elzy" title="Okean Elzy">Okean Elzy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruslana" title="Ruslana">Ruslana</a>. Elements from traditional Ukrainian folk music made their way into Western music and even into modern <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. Ukrainian music sometimes presents a perplexing mix of exotic melismatic singing with chordal harmony. The most striking general characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented second intervals.<a href="#cite_note-Sonevytsky_2019_p.-399">[391]</a> During the Baroque period, music had a place of considerable importance in the curriculum of the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv-Mohyla_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv-Mohyla Academy">Kyiv-Mohyla Academy</a>. Much of the nobility was well versed in music with many Ukrainian Cossack leaders such as (<a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mazepa" title="Ivan Mazepa">Mazepa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semen_Paliy" title="Semen Paliy">Paliy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antin_Holovaty" title="Antin Holovaty">Holovatyj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sirko" title="Ivan Sirko">Sirko</a>) being accomplished players of the <a href="/wiki/Kobza" title="Kobza">kobza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">bandura</a> or <a href="/wiki/Torban" title="Torban">torban</a>. The first dedicated musical academy was set up in <a href="/wiki/Hlukhiv" title="Hlukhiv">Hlukhiv</a> in 1738 and students were taught to sing and play violin and bandura from manuscripts. As a result, many of the earliest composers and performers within the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated in Hlukhiv or having been closely associated with this music school.<a href="#cite_note-Struk_1993_p._1461-400">[392]</a> Ukrainian classical music differs considerably depending on whether the composer was of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine, a composer of non-Ukrainian ethnicity who was a citizen of Ukraine, or part of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainian diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ukrainian_people_2017-401">[393]</a> Since the mid-1960s, Western-influenced pop music has been growing in popularity in Ukraine. Folk singer and harmonium player <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Sadovska" title="Mariana Sadovska">Mariana Sadovska</a> is prominent. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the international popularity of groups and performers like <a href="/wiki/Vopli_Vidoplyasova" class="mw-redirect" title="Vopli Vidoplyasova">Vopli Vidoplyasova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakh_Daughters" title="Dakh Daughters">Dakh Daughters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakha_Brakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakha Brakha">Dakha Brakha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Dorn" title="Ivan Dorn">Ivan Dorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okean_Elzy" title="Okean Elzy">Okean Elzy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Ukraine">Media of Ukraine</a></div> The Ukrainian legal framework on media freedom is deemed "among the most progressive in eastern Europe", although implementation has been uneven.<a href="#cite_note-FH-402">[394]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] The constitution and laws provide for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[395]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">press</a>. The main regulatory authority for the broadcast media is the <a href="/wiki/National_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Television and Radio Broadcasting Council of Ukraine">National Television and Radio Broadcasting Council of Ukraine</a> (NTRBCU), tasked with licensing media outlets and ensure their compliance with the law.<a href="#cite_note-404">[396]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> dominates the media sector in Ukraine: National <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Ukraine" title="List of newspapers in Ukraine">newspapers</a> <a href="/wiki/Den_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Den (newspaper)">Den</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzerkalo_Tyzhnia" title="Dzerkalo Tyzhnia">Dzerkalo Tyzhnia</a>, tabloids, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Week" title="The Ukrainian Week">The Ukrainian Week</a> or <a href="/wiki/Focus_(Ukrainian_magazine)" title="Focus (Ukrainian magazine)">Focus</a>, and television and radio are largely based there,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] although <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> is also a significant national media centre. The National News Agency of Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a> was founded here in 1918. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Ukrainian" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Ukrainian">BBC Ukrainian</a> started its broadcasts in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-405">[397]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&action=edit">[update]</a> 75% of the population use the internet, and social media is widely used by government and people.<a href="#cite_note-406">[398]</a> On 10 March 2024, creators of a documentary film <a href="/wiki/20_Days_in_Mariupol" title="20 Days in Mariupol">20 Days in Mariupol</a> were awarded with the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a> in the category "Best Documentary Feature Film", the first Oscar in Ukraine's history.<a href="#cite_note-407">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Sport in Ukraine</a></div> Ukraine greatly benefited from the Soviet emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a>. These policies left Ukraine with hundreds of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia and many other athletic facilities.<a href="#cite_note-408">[400]</a> The most popular sport is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. The top professional league is the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League" title="Ukrainian Premier League">Vyscha Liha</a> ("premier league"). Many Ukrainians also played for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet national football team">Soviet national football team</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Ballon_d%27Or" title="Ballon d'Or">Ballon d'Or</a> winners <a href="/wiki/Ihor_Belanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ihor Belanov">Ihor Belanov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oleh_Blokhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleh Blokhin">Oleh Blokhin</a>. This award was only presented to one Ukrainian after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Andriy_Shevchenko" title="Andriy Shevchenko">Andriy Shevchenko</a>. The national team made its debut in the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a>, and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">Italy</a>. Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxers</a> are amongst the best in the world.<a href="#cite_note-409">[401]</a> Since becoming the undisputed cruiserweight champion in 2018, <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Usyk" title="Oleksandr Usyk">Oleksandr Usyk</a> has also gone on to win the unified WBA (Super), IBF, WBO and IBO heavyweight titles. This feat made him one of only three boxers to have unified the cruiserweight world titles and become a world heavyweight champion.<a href="#cite_note-410">[402]</a> The brothers <a href="/wiki/Vitali_Klitschko" title="Vitali Klitschko">Vitali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Klitschko" title="Wladimir Klitschko">Wladimir Klitschko</a> are former <a href="/wiki/Heavyweight" title="Heavyweight">heavyweight</a> world champions who held multiple world titles throughout their careers. Also hailing from Ukraine is <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Lomachenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasyl Lomachenko">Vasyl Lomachenko</a>, a <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Olympic_games" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Olympic games">2012 Olympic</a> gold medalist. He is the <a href="/wiki/Unified_champion" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified champion">unified</a> <a href="/wiki/Lightweight" title="Lightweight">lightweight</a> world champion who ties the record for winning a world title in the fewest professional fights; three. As of September 2018, he is ranked as the world's best active boxer, <a href="/wiki/Pound_for_pound" title="Pound for pound">pound for pound</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Boxing_pound_for_pound_rankings#ESPN" title="Boxing pound for pound rankings">ESPN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-411">[403]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Bubka" title="Sergey Bubka">Sergey Bubka</a> held the record in the <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">Pole vault</a> from 1993 to 2014; with great strength, speed and gymnastic abilities, he was voted the world's best athlete on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-412">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[405]</a> <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> has gained popularity in Ukraine. In 2011, Ukraine was granted a right to organize <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2015" title="EuroBasket 2015">EuroBasket 2015</a>. Two years later the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine national basketball team">Ukraine national basketball team</a> finished sixth in <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2013" title="EuroBasket 2013">EuroBasket 2013</a> and qualified to <a href="/wiki/2014_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup" title="2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup">FIBA World Cup</a> for the first time in its history. <a href="/wiki/Euroleague" class="mw-redirect" title="Euroleague">Euroleague</a> participant <a href="/wiki/BC_Budivelnyk" title="BC Budivelnyk">Budivelnyk Kyiv</a> is the strongest professional basketball club in Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is a popular sport in Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Ponomariov" title="Ruslan Ponomariov">Ruslan Ponomariov</a> is the former world champion. There are about 85 <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmasters</a> and 198 <a href="/wiki/International_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="International Masters">International Masters</a> in Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> is played throughout Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-414">[406]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borscht_served.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Borscht_served.jpg/220px-Borscht_served.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Borscht_served.jpg/330px-Borscht_served.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Borscht_served.jpg/440px-Borscht_served.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3636" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">borscht</a> with <a href="/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product)" title="Smetana (dairy product)">smetana</a> sour cream</figcaption></figure> The traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef, fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes; grains; and fresh, boiled or pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes <a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">varenyky</a> (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quark_(dairy_product)" title="Quark (dairy product)">quark</a>, cherries or berries), <a href="/wiki/Nalysnyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalysnyky">nalysnyky</a> (pancakes with quark, poppy seeds, mushrooms, <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a> or meat), <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_soup" title="Cabbage soup">kapusnyak</a> (cabbage soup that usually consists of meat, potatoes, carrots, onions, millet, tomato paste, spices and fresh herbs), red <a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">borscht</a> (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat) and <a href="/wiki/Go%C5%82%C4%85bki" title="Gołąbki">holubtsi</a> (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots, onion and minced meat).<a href="#cite_note-415">[407]</a> Among traditional baked goods are decorated <a href="/wiki/Korovai" title="Korovai">korovais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paska_(bread)" title="Paska (bread)">paska Easter bread</a>.<a href="#cite_note-416">[408]</a> Ukrainian specialties also include <a href="/wiki/Chicken_Kiev" title="Chicken Kiev">Chicken Kiev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_cake" title="Kyiv cake">Kyiv cake</a>. Ukrainians drink <a href="/wiki/Kompot" title="Kompot">stewed fruit compote</a>, juices, milk, <a href="/wiki/Ryazhenka" title="Ryazhenka">ryazhanka</a>, mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and <a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">horilka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-417">[409]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ukraine" title="Outline of Ukraine">Outline of Ukraine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/juːˈkreɪn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a8\/En-us-Ukraine.ogg\/En-us-Ukraine.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Ukraine.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/En-us-Ukraine.ogg/En-us-Ukraine.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Ukraine.ogg" title="File:En-us-Ukraine.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">yoo-KRAYN</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Україна, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Ukraina, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/be\/Uk-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0_%282%29.oga\/Uk-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0_%282%29.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Uk-\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 (2).oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Uk-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0_%282%29.oga/Uk-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0_%282%29.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Uk-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0_(2).oga" title="File:Uk-Україна (2).oga">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Considering only territories located within geographic Europe. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Ukraine also has a <a href="/wiki/Front_(military)" title="Front (military)">battlefront</a> to its southeast with <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">territory illegally occupied and annexed from it by Russia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Which also has the unrecognised breakaway state <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> The Ukrainian territories on the Sea of Azov have been occupied and annexed by Russia in 2022, but the annexation has been condemned by the international community. </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_118-1">b</a> These figures are likely to be much higher, as they do not include Ukrainians of other nationalities or Ukrainian Jews, but only <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> Ukrainians, from the Ukrainian SSR. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> This figure excludes <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POW</a> deaths. </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> Such writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukrainian-studies.ca/2020/10/20/the-official-act-on-the-state-language-entered-into-force-on-16-july-2019-the-status-of-ukrainian-and-minority-languages/">"Law of Ukraine "On ensuring the functioning of Ukrainian as the state language": The status of Ukrainian and minority languages"</a>. 20 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+of+Ukraine+%22On+ensuring+the+functioning+of+Ukrainian+as+the+state+language%22%3A+The+status+of+Ukrainian+and+minority+languages&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukrainian-studies.ca%2F2020%2F10%2F20%2Fthe-official-act-on-the-state-language-entered-into-force-on-16-july-2019-the-status-of-ukrainian-and-minority-languages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnic_composition_of_the_population_of_Ukraine,_2001_Census-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnic_composition_of_the_population_of_Ukraine,_2001_Census_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnic_composition_of_the_population_of_Ukraine,_2001_Census_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217151026/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/">"Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year"</a>. ukrcensus.gov.ua. Ukrainian Office of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/">the original</a> on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ukrcensus.gov.ua&rft.atitle=Population+by+ethnic+nationality%2C+1+January%2C+year&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Fnationality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/article/2018_Religiya.pdf"><bdi lang="uk">Особливості Релігійного І Церковно-Релігійного Самовизначення Українських Громадян: Тенденції 2010–2018</bdi></a> [Features of Religious and Church – Religious Self-Determination of Ukrainian Citizens: Trends 2010–2018] (PDF) (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: <a href="/wiki/Razumkov_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Razumkov Center">Razumkov Center</a> in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches, 22 April 2018, pp. 12, 13, 16, 31, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426194313/http://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/article/2018_Religiya.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%86+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%3A+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97+2010%E2%80%932018&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=12%2C+13%2C+16%2C+31&rft.pub=Razumkov+Center+in+collaboration+with+the+All-Ukrainian+Council+of+Churches&rft.date=2018-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frazumkov.org.ua%2Fuploads%2Farticle%2F2018_Religiya.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> Sample of 2,018 respondents aged 18 years and over, interviewed 23–28 March 2018 in all regions of Ukraine except Crimea and the occupied territories of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/#geography">"Ukraine"</a>. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 23 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fukraine%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jhariya_Meena_Banerjee_2021_p._40-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Jhariya_Meena_Banerjee_2021_p._40_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhariyaMeenaBanerjee2021" class="citation book cs1">Jhariya, M.K.; Meena, R.S.; Banerjee, A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bf4hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">Ecological Intensification of Natural Resources for Sustainable Agriculture</a>. Springer Singapore. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-334-203-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-334-203-3"><bdi>978-981-334-203-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecological+Intensification+of+Natural+Resources+for+Sustainable+Agriculture&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-981-334-203-3&rft.aulast=Jhariya&rft.aufirst=M.K.&rft.au=Meena%2C+R.S.&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBf4hEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.UA-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UA_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UA_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UA_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UA_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.UA_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=926,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LP,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Ukraine)"</a>. www.imf.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28Ukraine%29&rft.date=2024-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D926%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CLP%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI">"GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Ukraine"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. Retrieved 12 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GINI+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29+%E2%80%93+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-8"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-timechange-9"><a href="#cite_ref-timechange_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNet2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Net, Korrespondent (18 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas"><bdi lang="uk">Рішення Ради: Україна 30 жовтня перейде на зимовий час</bdi></a> [Rada Decision: Ukraine will change to winter time on 30 October] (in Ukrainian). korrespondent.net. Retrieved 31 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%3A+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0+30+%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft.aulast=Net&rft.aufirst=Korrespondent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fua.korrespondent.net%2Fukraine%2Fevents%2F1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18018002">"Ukraine country profile"</a>. BBC News. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+country+profile&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-18018002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gska2.rada.gov.ua-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gska2.rada.gov.ua_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gska2.rada.gov.ua_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm">"Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> of Ukraine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verkhovna+Rada+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Declaration+of+State+Sovereignty+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgska2.rada.gov.ua%3A7777%2Fsite%2Fpostanova_eng%2FDeclaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeliakovaTecott_Metz2023" class="citation news cs1">Beliakova, Polina; Tecott Metz, Rachel (17 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/war-security-assistance-lessons">"The Surprising Success of U.S. Military Aid to Ukraine"</a>. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Surprising+Success+of+U.S.+Military+Aid+to+Ukraine&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft.aulast=Beliakova&rft.aufirst=Polina&rft.au=Tecott+Metz%2C+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Fukraine%2Fwar-security-assistance-lessons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorfman2022" class="citation web cs1">Dorfman, Zach (28 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/in-closer-ties-to-ukraine-us-officials-long-saw-promise-and-peril-090006105.html">"In closer ties to Ukraine, U.S. officials long saw promise and peril"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_News" title="Yahoo News">Yahoo News</a>. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=In+closer+ties+to+Ukraine%2C+U.S.+officials+long+saw+promise+and+peril&rft.date=2022-04-28&rft.aulast=Dorfman&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fin-closer-ties-to-ukraine-us-officials-long-saw-promise-and-peril-090006105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-European_Commission_Trade_Ukraine-19"><a href="#cite_ref-European_Commission_Trade_Ukraine_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/ukraine/">"Ukraine – Trade – European Commission"</a>. ec.europa.eu. 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+Trade+%E2%80%93+European+Commission&rft.date=2023-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftrade%2Fpolicy%2Fcountries-and-regions%2Fcountries%2Fukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/what-is-wrong-with-the-ukrainian-economy/">"What is wrong with the Ukrainian economy?"</a>. Atlantic Council. 26 April 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=What+is+wrong+with+the+Ukrainian+economy%3F&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fukrainealert%2Fwhat-is-wrong-with-the-ukrainian-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDlugy2022" class="citation web cs1">Dlugy, Yana (1 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/01/briefing/russia-ukraine-war-corruption-yovanovitch-odessa.html">"Corruption in Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Corruption+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.aulast=Dlugy&rft.aufirst=Yana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F07%2F01%2Fbriefing%2Frussia-ukraine-war-corruption-yovanovitch-odessa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-grain1-22"><a href="#cite_ref-grain1_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231235707/http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister">"Ukraine becomes world's third biggest grain exporter in 2011 – minister"</a> (Press release). Black Sea Grain. 20 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackseagrain.net/data/news/ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister">the original</a> on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+becomes+world%27s+third+biggest+grain+exporter+in+2011+%E2%80%93+minister&rft.pub=Black+Sea+Grain&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackseagrain.net%2Fdata%2Fnews%2Fukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-grain2-23"><a href="#cite_ref-grain2_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/wtr13_e.htm">"World Trade Report 2013"</a>. World Trade Organization. 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Trade+Report+2013&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fres_e%2Fpublications_e%2Fwtr13_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramerBilefsky2022" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Andrew E.; Bilefsky, Dan (30 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/30/world/europe/ukraine-nato-zelensky.html">"Ukraine submits an application to join NATO, with big hurdles ahead"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ukraine+submits+an+application+to+join+NATO%2C+with+big+hurdles+ahead.&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft.au=Bilefsky%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F09%2F30%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-nato-zelensky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2014/02/linguistic-divides">"Linguistic divides: Johnson: Is there a single Ukraine?"</a>. The Economist. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Linguistic+divides%3A+Johnson%3A+Is+there+a+single+Ukraine%3F&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fprospero%2F2014%2F02%2Flinguistic-divides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-merriam-webster-26"><a href="#cite_ref-merriam-webster_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukraine">"Ukraine – Definition"</a>. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 4 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+Definition&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/32098/why-did-ukraine-become-just-ukraine">"Why Did "The Ukraine" Become Just "Ukraine"?"</a>. www.mentalfloss.com. 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mentalfloss.com&rft.atitle=Why+Did+%22The+Ukraine%22+Become+Just+%22Ukraine%22%3F&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F32098%2Fwhy-did-ukraine-become-just-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18233844">"Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'?"</a>. BBC News. 7 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+or+the+Ukraine%3A+Why+do+some+country+names+have+%27the%27%3F&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18233844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKrW812991TU-29"><a href="#cite_ref-UKrW812991TU_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014083357/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml">"The "the" is gone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Weekly" title="The Ukrainian Weekly">The Ukrainian Weekly</a>. 8 December 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1991/499102.shtml">the original</a> on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22the%22+is+gone&rft.pub=The+Ukrainian+Weekly&rft.date=1991-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrweekly.com%2Fold%2Farchive%2F1991%2F499102.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Taylor2013" class="citation web cs1">Adam Taylor (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/why-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12">"Why Ukraine Isn't 'The Ukraine,' And Why That Matters Now"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. Retrieved 21 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Why+Ukraine+Isn%27t+%27The+Ukraine%2C%27+And+Why+That+Matters+Now&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.au=Adam+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fwhy-ukraine-isnt-the-ukraine-and-why-that-matters-now-2013-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/03/25/ukraine-or-the-ukraine-its-more-controversial-than-you-think/">"'Ukraine' or 'the Ukraine'? It's more controversial than you think"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Ukraine%27+or+%27the+Ukraine%27%3F+It%27s+more+controversial+than+you+think.&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2014%2F03%2F25%2Fukraine-or-the-ukraine-its-more-controversial-than-you-think%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_Magazine-32"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_Magazine_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoghegan2012" class="citation news cs1">Geoghegan, Tom (7 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18233844">"Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> Magazine. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ukraine+or+the+Ukraine%3A+Why+do+some+country+names+have+%27the%27%3F&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.aulast=Geoghegan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18233844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcip.gov.ua-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcip.gov.ua_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcip.gov.ua_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcip.gov.ua/kulturna-spadshchyna/natsionalnyy-perelik-elementiv-nematerialnoi-kulturnoi-spadshchyny-ukrainy/">"Національний перелік елементів нематеріальної культурної спадщини України"</a>. mcip.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 24 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mcip.gov.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA+%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2024-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcip.gov.ua%2Fkulturna-spadshchyna%2Fnatsionalnyy-perelik-elementiv-nematerialnoi-kulturnoi-spadshchyny-ukrainy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, Ann (10 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians">"Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians"</a>. Science. AAAS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Nomadic+herders+left+a+strong+genetic+mark+on+Europeans+and+Asians&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fnomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garba2024-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Garba2024_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Garba,_V._Usyk,_L._Ylä-Mella,_J._Kameník,_K._Stübner,_J._Lachner,_G._Rugel,_F._Veselovský,_N._Gerasimenko,_A._I._R._Herries,_J._Kučera,_M._F._Knudsen,_J._D._Jansen2024" class="citation journal cs1">R. Garba, V. Usyk, L. Ylä-Mella, J. Kameník, K. Stübner, J. Lachner, G. Rugel, F. Veselovský, N. Gerasimenko, A. I. R. Herries, J. Kučera, M. F. Knudsen, J. D. Jansen (6 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378769849">"East-to-west human dispersal into Europe 1.4 million years ago"</a>. Nature. 627 (8005): 805–810. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Natur.627..805G">2024Natur.627..805G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07151-3">10.1038/s41586-024-07151-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38448591">38448591</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:268262450">268262450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=East-to-west+human+dispersal+into+Europe+1.4+million+years+ago&rft.volume=627&rft.issue=8005&rft.pages=805-810&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A268262450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024Natur.627..805G&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07151-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38448591&rft.au=R.+Garba%2C+V.+Usyk%2C+L.+Yl%C3%A4-Mella%2C+J.+Kamen%C3%ADk%2C+K.+St%C3%BCbner%2C+J.+Lachner%2C+G.+Rugel%2C+F.+Veselovsk%C3%BD%2C+N.+Gerasimenko%2C+A.+I.+R.+Herries%2C+J.+Ku%C4%8Dera%2C+M.+F.+Knudsen%2C+J.+D.+Jansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F378769849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-orig-36"><a href="#cite_ref-orig_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratPéanCrépinDrucker2011" class="citation journal cs1">Prat, Sandrine; Péan, Stéphane C.; Crépin, Laurent; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Puaud, Simon J.; Valladas, Hélène; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; Plicht, Johannes van der; Yanevich, Alexander (17 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117838">"The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a>. 6 (6): e20834. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...620834P">2011PLoSO...620834P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020834">10.1371/journal.pone.0020834</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117838">3117838</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21698105">21698105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Oldest+Anatomically+Modern+Humans+from+Far+Southeast+Europe%3A+Direct+Dating%2C+Culture+and+Behavior&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e20834&rft.date=2011-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3117838%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21698105&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020834&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...620834P&rft.aulast=Prat&rft.aufirst=Sandrine&rft.au=P%C3%A9an%2C+St%C3%A9phane+C.&rft.au=Cr%C3%A9pin%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Drucker%2C+Doroth%C3%A9e+G.&rft.au=Puaud%2C+Simon+J.&rft.au=Valladas%2C+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft.au=L%C3%A1zni%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1-Galetov%C3%A1%2C+Martina&rft.au=Plicht%2C+Johannes+van+der&rft.au=Yanevich%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3117838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-37"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Carpenter2011" class="citation news cs1">Jennifer Carpenter (20 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262">"Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Early+human+fossils+unearthed+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2011-06-20&rft.au=Jennifer+Carpenter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-13846262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120507154107.htm">"Mystery of the domestication of the horse solved: Competing theories reconciled"</a>. sciencedaily (sourced from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>). 7 May 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mystery+of+the+domestication+of+the+horse+solved%3A+Competing+theories+reconciled&rft.pub=sciencedaily+%28sourced+from+the+University+of+Cambridge%29&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2012%2F05%2F120507154107.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatossian1997" class="citation book cs1">Matossian, Mary Kilbourne (8 May 1997). Shaping World History. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765600622" title="Special:BookSources/9780765600622"><bdi>9780765600622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+World+History&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997-05-08&rft.isbn=9780765600622&rft.aulast=Matossian&rft.aufirst=Mary+Kilbourne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723111211/http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur">"What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur"</a>. International Museum of the Horse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur">the original</a> on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Museum+of+the+Horse&rft.atitle=What+We+Theorize+%E2%80%93+When+and+Where+Did+Domestication+Occur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimh.org%2Findex.php%2Flegacy-of-the-horse-full-story%2Fthe-domestication-of-the-horse%2Fwhat-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc.ca-41"><a href="#cite_ref-cbc.ca_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007100308/http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/">"Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction"</a>. Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald. CBC Radio. 7 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/">the original</a> on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quirks+and+Quarks+Podcast+with+Bob+Macdonald&rft.atitle=Horsey-aeology%2C+Binary+Black+Holes%2C+Tracking+Red+Tides%2C+Fish+Re-evolution%2C+Walk+Like+a+Man%2C+Fact+or+Fiction&rft.date=2009-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fquirks%2Fepisode%2F2009%2F03%2F07%2Fhorsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalter2015" class="citation journal cs1">Balter, Michael (13 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/mysterious-indo-european-homeland-may-have-been-steppes-ukraine-and-russia">"Mysterious Indo-European homeland may have been in the steppes of Ukraine and Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Mysterious+Indo-European+homeland+may+have+been+in+the+steppes+of+Ukraine+and+Russia&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.aulast=Balter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fmysterious-indo-european-homeland-may-have-been-steppes-ukraine-and-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015" class="citation journal cs1">Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219">"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 522 (7555): 207–211. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02783">1502.02783</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..207H">2015Natur.522..207H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14317">10.1038/nature14317</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219">5048219</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25731166">25731166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Massive+migration+from+the+steppe+was+a+source+for+Indo-European+languages+in+Europe&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7555&rft.pages=207-211&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5048219%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..207H&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1502.02783&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14317&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25731166&rft.aulast=Haak&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+Iosif&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Llamas%2C+Bastien&rft.au=Brandt%2C+Guido&rft.au=Nordenfelt%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Harney%2C+Eadaoin&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Fu%2C+Qiaomei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5048219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Scythian">"Scythian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 21 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Scythian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FScythian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327013119/https://global.britannica.com/topic/Scythian">"Scythian: Ancient People"</a>. Online Britannica. 20 July 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.britannica.com/topic/Scythian">the original</a> on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scythian%3A+Ancient+People&rft.btitle=Online+Britannica&rft.date=1998-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FScythian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khazar">"Khazar | Origin, History, Religion, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Khazar+%26%23124%3B+Origin%2C+History%2C+Religion%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FKhazar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1996" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (16 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t124cP06gg0C&q=antes+avar&pg=PA42">A History of Ukraine</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802078209" title="Special:BookSources/9780802078209"><bdi>9780802078209</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 July 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996-07-16&rft.isbn=9780802078209&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt124cP06gg0C%26q%3Dantes%2Bavar%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelyaev2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Belyaev, A. (13 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gumilev-center.ru/rus-i-varyagi-evrazijjskijj-istoricheskijj-vzglyad/">"Русь и варяги. Евразийский исторический взгляд"</a>. Центр Льва Гумилёва (in Russian). Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8.+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4&rft.date=2012-09-13&rft.aulast=Belyaev&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gumilev-center.ru%2Frus-i-varyagi-evrazijjskijj-istoricheskijj-vzglyad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Kievan Rus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000819153626/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html">The Columbia Encyclopedia</a> (6 ed.). 2001–2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/ki/KievanRu.html">the original</a> on 19 August 2000. Retrieved 8 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kievan+Rus&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=6&rft.date=2001%2F2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Fki%2FKievanRu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-606-23920-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-606-23920-9">978-1-606-23920-9</a> p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubicek2008" class="citation book cs1">Kubicek, Paul (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IpJxDwAAQBAJ&dq=kievan+rus+dir+882&pg=PA21">The History of Ukraine</a>. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 20–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313349201" title="Special:BookSources/9780313349201"><bdi>9780313349201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ukraine&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=20-22&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780313349201&rft.aulast=Kubicek&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIpJxDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkievan%2Brus%2Bdir%2B882%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin-52"><a href="#cite_ref-martin_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2009" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Janet (6 April 2009). Gleason, Abbott (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&pg=PA37">A Companion to Russian History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons</a>. pp. 37–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0842-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-0842-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Russian+History&rft.pages=37-40&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-04-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-0842-6&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyN0hlKcfTcC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82442-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82442-2">978-0-521-82442-2</a> pp. 117–118 </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/">"Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>. 13 December 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Ukraine&rft.date=2007-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Power Politics in Kievan Rus': Vladimir Monomakh and His Dynasty, 1054–1246 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-888-44202-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-888-44202-5">0-888-44202-5</a> pp. 195–196 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Carter V. Findley, The Turks in World History (Oxford University Press, October 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517726-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517726-6">0-19-517726-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/6473/20160819150506/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html">"The Destruction of Kiev"</a>. University of Toronto's Research Repository. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html">the original</a> on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Toronto%27s+Research+Repository&rft.atitle=The+Destruction+of+Kiev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fcitd%2FRussianHeritage%2F4.PEAS%2F4.L%2F12.III.5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CR%5CO%5CRomanMstyslavych.htm">"Roman Mstyslavych"</a>. encyclopediaofukraine.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft.atitle=Roman+Mstyslavych&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CR%255CO%255CRomanMstyslavych.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOugrinOugrin2020" class="citation book cs1">Ougrin, Dennis; Ougrin, Anastasia (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGgDEAAAQBAJ&dq=1253+daniel+ruthenia&pg=PR11">One Hundred Years in Galicia: Events That Shaped Ukraine and Eastern Europe</a>. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527558816" title="Special:BookSources/9781527558816"><bdi>9781527558816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Years+in+Galicia%3A+Events+That+Shaped+Ukraine+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781527558816&rft.aulast=Ougrin&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Ougrin%2C+Anastasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGgDEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D1253%2Bdaniel%2Bruthenia%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rowell266-60"><a href="#cite_ref-rowell266_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowell1994" class="citation book cs1">Rowell, C. S. (1994). Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521450119" title="Special:BookSources/9780521450119"><bdi>9780521450119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lithuania+Ascending%3A+A+Pagan+Empire+Within+East-Central+Europe%2C+1295%E2%80%931345&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Medieval+Life+and+Thought%3A+Fourth+Series&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780521450119&rft.aulast=Rowell&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001115/http://izm-biz.info/genuezskie-kolonii-v-odesskoj-oblasti/">"Genuezskiye kolonii v Odesskoy oblasti – Biznes-portal Izmaila" <bdi lang="ru">Генуэзские колонии в Одесской области – Бизнес-портал Измаила</bdi></a> [Genoese colonies in the Odesa region – Izmail's business portal] (in Russian). 5 February 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izm-biz.info/genuezskie-kolonii-v-odesskoj-oblasti/">the original</a> on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genuezskiye+kolonii+v+Odesskoy+oblasti+%E2%80%93+Biznes-portal+Izmaila+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fizm-biz.info%2Fgenuezskie-kolonii-v-odesskoj-oblasti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2017" class="citation book cs1">Plokhy, Serhii (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pm-QDQAAQBAJ&dq=podolia+1430&pg=PT87">The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465050918" title="Special:BookSources/9780465050918"><bdi>9780465050918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gates+of+Europe%3A+A+History+of+Ukraine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780465050918&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpm-QDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpodolia%2B1430%26pg%3DPT87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadio_Lemberg" class="citation web cs1">Radio Lemberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200512145419/http://radiolemberg.com/ua-articles/ua-allarticles/a-history-of-ukraine-episode-33-the-crimean-khanate-and-its-permanent-invasions-of-ukraine">"A History of Ukraine. Episode 33. The Crimean Khanate and Its Permanent Invasions of Ukraine"</a>. radiolemberg.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiolemberg.com/ua-articles/ua-allarticles/a-history-of-ukraine-episode-33-the-crimean-khanate-and-its-permanent-invasions-of-ukraine">the original</a> on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radiolemberg.com&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Ukraine.+Episode+33.+The+Crimean+Khanate+and+Its+Permanent+Invasions+of+Ukraine&rft.au=Radio+Lemberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiolemberg.com%2Fua-articles%2Fua-allarticles%2Fa-history-of-ukraine-episode-33-the-crimean-khanate-and-its-permanent-invasions-of-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKizilov2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kizilov, Mikhail (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3706285">"Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Crimean Khanate"</a>. Journal of Jewish Studies. 58 (2): 189–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647%2F2730%2FJJS-2007">10.18647/2730/JJS-2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2097">0022-2097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Slaves%2C+Money+Lenders%2C+and+Prisoner+Guards%3A+The+Jews+and+the+Trade+in+Slaves+and+Captives+in+the+Crimean+Khanate&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-210&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18647%2F2730%2FJJS-2007&rft.issn=0022-2097&rft.aulast=Kizilov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3706285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnalcik1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k" title="Halil İnalcık">İnalcik, Halil</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504102244/http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html">"Servile Labour in the Ottoman Empire"</a>. In Ascher, Abraham; Király, Béla K.; Halasi-Kun, Tibor (eds.). The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern. New York, NY: Brooklyn College Press. pp. 25–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-93088800-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-93088800-8"><bdi>978-0-93088800-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html">the original</a> on 4 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Servile+Labour+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Mutual+Effects+of+the+Islamic+and+Judeo-Christian+Worlds%3A+The+East+European+Pattern&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=25-43&rft.pub=Brooklyn+College+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-93088800-8&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nalcik&rft.aufirst=Halil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoursesa.matrix.msu.edu%2F~fisher%2Fhst373%2Freadings%2Finalcik6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Subtelny, pp. 92–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-zaporizhia-67"><a href="#cite_ref-zaporizhia_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrupnytsky_B._and_Zhukovsky_A." class="citation web cs1">Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\Z\A\ZaporizhiaThe.htm">"Zaporizhia, The"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a>. Retrieved 16 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Zaporizhia%2C+The&rft.au=Krupnytsky+B.+and+Zhukovsky+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FlinkPath%3Dpages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporizhiaThe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britcos-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britcos_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britcos_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History#toc30066">"Ukraine – The Cossacks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 21 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+The+Cossacks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUkraine%2FHistory%23toc30066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsuki2009" class="citation web cs1">Matsuki, Eizo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605131551/http://www.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf">"The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves"</a> (PDF). econ.hit-u.ac.jp. <a href="/wiki/Hitotsubashi_University" title="Hitotsubashi University">Hitotsubashi University</a> (Mediterranean Studies Group). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=econ.hit-u.ac.jp&rft.atitle=The+Crimean+Tatars+and+their+Russian-Captive+Slaves&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Matsuki&rft.aufirst=Eizo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp%2F~areastd%2Fmediterranean%2Fmw%2Fpdf%2F18%2F10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213405/http://britannica.com/eb/article-28237">"Poland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (fee required). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-28237">the original</a> on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%28fee+required%29&rft.atitle=Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-28237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Subtelny, pp. 123–124 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkinshevychArkadii_Zhukovsky1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Okinshevych, Lev; Arkadii Zhukovsky (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetmanstate.htm">"Hetman state"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a>. Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hetman+state&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Okinshevych&rft.aufirst=Lev&rft.au=Arkadii+Zhukovsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CH%255CE%255CHetmanstate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magocsi-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magocsi_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magocsi_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2010" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC&dq=mazepa+poltava&pg=PA262">A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition</a>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. 255–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442640856" title="Special:BookSources/9781442640856"><bdi>9781442640856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine%3A+The+Land+and+Its+Peoples%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=255-263&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781442640856&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0mKRsElYNkC%26dq%3Dmazepa%2Bpoltava%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardaway2011" class="citation book cs1">Hardaway, Ashley (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gOSwvfCKYVkC&dq=massacre+uman+1768&pg=PA98">Ukraine</a>. US: Other Places Publishing. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935850045" title="Special:BookSources/9781935850045"><bdi>9781935850045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine&rft.place=US&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Other+Places+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781935850045&rft.aulast=Hardaway&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgOSwvfCKYVkC%26dq%3Dmassacre%2Buman%2B1768%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakuchZasenkoYerofeyevHajda2023" class="citation web cs1">Makuch, Andrij; Zasenko, Oleksa Eliseyovich; Yerofeyev, Ivan Alekseyevich; Hajda, Lubomyr A.; Stebelsky, Ihor; Kryzhanivsky, Stepan Andriyovich (13 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule">"Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. Retrieved 11 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Ukraine+under+direct+imperial+Russian+rule&rft.date=2023-12-13&rft.aulast=Makuch&rft.aufirst=Andrij&rft.au=Zasenko%2C+Oleksa+Eliseyovich&rft.au=Yerofeyev%2C+Ivan+Alekseyevich&rft.au=Hajda%2C+Lubomyr+A.&rft.au=Stebelsky%2C+Ihor&rft.au=Kryzhanivsky%2C+Stepan+Andriyovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUkraine%2FUkraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-censor-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-censor_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-censor_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemy2007" class="citation journal cs1">Remy, Johannes (March–June 2007). "The Valuev Circular and Censorship of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863–1876): Intention and Practice". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 47 (1/2): 87–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.2007.11092432">10.1080/00085006.2007.11092432</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40871165">40871165</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128680044">128680044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Valuev+Circular+and+Censorship+of+Ukrainian+Publications+in+the+Russian+Empire+%281863%E2%80%931876%29%3A+Intention+and+Practice&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=87-110&rft.date=2007-03%2F2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128680044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40871165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00085006.2007.11092432&rft.aulast=Remy&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/rudnytsky/history/first.html">"The First Ukrainian Political Program: Mykhailo Drahomanov's Introduction to Hromadaurl"</a>. www.ditext.com. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ditext.com&rft.atitle=The+First+Ukrainian+Political+Program%3A+Mykhailo+Drahomanov%27s+Introduction+to+Hromadaurl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Frudnytsky%2Fhistory%2Ffirst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CH%5CShevchenkoTaras.htm">"Shevchenko, Taras"</a>. encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 1 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft.atitle=Shevchenko%2C+Taras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CS%255CH%255CShevchenkoTaras.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2018" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (16 July 2018). The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442682252">10.3138/9781442682252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442682252" title="Special:BookSources/9781442682252"><bdi>9781442682252</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128063569">128063569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Ukrainian+Nationalism%3A+Galicia+as+Ukraine%27s+Piedmont&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2018-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128063569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442682252&rft.isbn=9781442682252&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKravčenko2022" class="citation book cs1">Kravčenko, Volodymyr Vasylʹovyč (2022). The Ukrainian-Russian borderland: history versus geography. Montreal & Kingston London Chicago: McGill-Queen’s University Press. pp. 26–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2280-1199-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2280-1199-6"><bdi>978-0-2280-1199-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ukrainian-Russian+borderland%3A+history+versus+geography&rft.place=Montreal+%26+Kingston+London+Chicago&rft.pages=26-35&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%E2%80%99s+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-2280-1199-6&rft.aulast=Krav%C4%8Denko&rft.aufirst=Volodymyr+Vasyl%CA%B9ovy%C4%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/summary/Industrial-Revolution-Key-Facts">"Industrial Revolution | Key Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Industrial+Revolution+%7C+Key+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsummary%2FIndustrial-Revolution-Key-Facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erih.net/how-it-started/industrial-history-of-european-countries/ukraine">"On the industrial history of Ukraine"</a>. European Route of Industrial Heritage. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Route+of+Industrial+Heritage&rft.atitle=On+the+industrial+history+of+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erih.net%2Fhow-it-started%2Findustrial-history-of-european-countries%2Fukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatzewich2002" class="citation book cs1">Satzewich, Vic (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252946784">The Ukrainian diaspora</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 26–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-29658-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-29658-7"><bdi>0-415-29658-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/252946784">252946784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ukrainian+diaspora&rft.place=London&rft.pages=26-48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252946784&rft.isbn=0-415-29658-7&rft.aulast=Satzewich&rft.aufirst=Vic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F252946784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMünzOhliger2003" class="citation book cs1">Münz, Rainer; Ohliger, Rainer (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGV6gb0w914C">Diasporas and Ethnic Migrants: German, Israel, and Post-Soviet Successor States in Comparative Perspective</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5232-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5232-6"><bdi>0-7146-5232-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diasporas+and+Ethnic+Migrants%3A+German%2C+Israel%2C+and+Post-Soviet+Successor+States+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7146-5232-6&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCnz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft.au=Ohliger%2C+Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGV6gb0w914C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Subtelny, Orest</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC">Ukraine: a history</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8390-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-8390-0"><bdi>0-8020-8390-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+a+history&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8020-8390-0&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Orest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHNIs9O3EmtQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmele2015" class="citation book cs1">Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwquCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA476">Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5281-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5281-3"><bdi>978-1-4422-5281-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+Civil+Wars%2C+1916%E2%80%931926&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5281-3&rft.aulast=Smele&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwquCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Subtelny, Orest</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/340">Ukraine: A History</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/340">340–344</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8390-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8390-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-8390-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&rft.pages=340-344&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8390-6&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Orest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fukrainehistory00subt_0%2Fpage%2F340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahylo1999" class="citation book cs1">Nahylo, Bohdan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPCPxwubpYUC&dq=West+Ukrainian+People%27s+Republic++austria+hungary+territories&pg=PA8">The Ukrainian Resurgence</a>. London: Hurst. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850651680" title="Special:BookSources/9781850651680"><bdi>9781850651680</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902410832">902410832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ukrainian+Resurgence&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F902410832&rft.isbn=9781850651680&rft.aulast=Nahylo&rft.aufirst=Bohdan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPCPxwubpYUC%26dq%3DWest%2BUkrainian%2BPeople%2527s%2BRepublic%2B%2Baustria%2Bhungary%2Bterritories%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine">"Ukraine – World War I and the struggle for independence"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+World+War+I+and+the+struggle+for+independence&rft.date=2023-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113021645/http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html">"The Famine of 1920–1924"</a>. The Norka – a German Colony in Russia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/famine_1920s.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Norka+%E2%80%93+a+German+Colony+in+Russia&rft.atitle=The+Famine+of+1920%E2%80%931924&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volgagermans.net%2Fnorka%2Ffamine_1920s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CF%5CA%5CFamineof1921hD73.htm">"Famine of 1921–3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a>. Retrieved 3 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famine+of+1921%E2%80%933&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CF%255CA%255CFamineof1921hD73.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Timothy Snyder. (2003)The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943, The Past and Present Society: Oxford University Press. p. 202 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Timothy Snyder. (2005). Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 32–33, 152–162 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-94"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevyuk1931" class="citation web cs1">Revyuk, Emil (8 July 1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=imswAAAAIAAJ&q=ukrainophobia+poland">"Polish Atrocities in Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svoboda_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svoboda Press (page does not exist)">Svoboda Press</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+Atrocities+in+Ukraine&rft.pub=Svoboda+Press&rft.date=1931-07-08&rft.aulast=Revyuk&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DimswAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dukrainophobia%2Bpoland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-95"><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkalmowski2003" class="citation book cs1">Skalmowski, Wojciech (8 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp1R2srxDGEC&q=ukrainophobia+poland&pg=PA54">For East is East: Liber Amicorum Wojciech Skalmowski</a>. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042912984" title="Special:BookSources/9789042912984"><bdi>9789042912984</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+East+is+East%3A+Liber+Amicorum+Wojciech+Skalmowski&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2003-07-08&rft.isbn=9789042912984&rft.aulast=Skalmowski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWp1R2srxDGEC%26q%3Dukrainophobia%2Bpoland%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Subtelny, p. 380 </li> <li id="cite_note-Service-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Service_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService1997" class="citation book cs1">Service, Robert (1997). A History of Twentieth-Century Russia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 124–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674403487" title="Special:BookSources/0674403487"><bdi>0674403487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Twentieth-Century+Russia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=124-125&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0674403487&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Christopher Gilley, 'The "Change of Signposts" in the Ukrainian emigration: Mykhailo Hrushevskyi and the Foreign Delegation of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries', Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Vol. 54, 2006, No. 3, pp. 345–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm">"Ukraine remembers famine horror"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 24 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+remembers+famine+horror&rft.date=2007-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7111296.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatcroft2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Wheatcroft, Stephen G.</a> (2007). "Agency and Terror: Yevdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin's Great Terror". <a href="/wiki/Australian_Journal_of_Politics_and_History" title="Australian Journal of Politics and History">Australian Journal of Politics and History</a>. 53 (1): 20–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8497.2007.00440.x">10.1111/j.1467-8497.2007.00440.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-9522">0004-9522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Politics+and+History&rft.atitle=Agency+and+Terror%3A+Yevdokimov+and+Mass+Killing+in+Stalin%27s+Great+Terror&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-43&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8497.2007.00440.x&rft.issn=0004-9522&rft.aulast=Wheatcroft&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> Full text in <a href="/wiki/Ebsco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebsco">Ebsco</a>. See also Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine (1986). Mark B. Tauger, "The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933" Slavic Review, Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70–89, notes the harvest was unusually poor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2500600">online in JSTOR</a>; <a href="/wiki/R._W._Davies" title="R. W. Davies">R. W. Davies</a>, Mark B. Tauger, <a href="/wiki/S._G._Wheatcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="S. G. Wheatcroft">S. G. Wheatcroft</a>, "Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine of 1932–1933", Slavic Review, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995), pp. 642–657 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2501740">online in JSTOR</a>; Michael Ellman. "Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932–33 Revisited", Europe-Asia Studies, Volume 59, Issue 4 June 2007, pages 663–693. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Wilson, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Subtelny, p. 487 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/usmu011.asp">"Treaty of Peace with Romania : February 10, 1947"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Project" title="Avalon Project">Avalon Project</a>. Retrieved 25 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Peace+with+Romania+%3A+February+10%2C+1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fusmu011.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Roberts, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Boshyk, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-ww2-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ww2_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ww2_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100227142736/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule">"Ukraine – World War II and its aftermath"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30080/Bukovina-under-Romanian-rule">the original</a> on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+World+War+II+and+its+aftermath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F612921%2FUkraine%2F30080%2FBukovina-under-Romanian-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkhoff2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karel_C._Berkhoff" title="Karel C. Berkhoff">Berkhoff, Karel Cornelis</a> (April 2004). Harvest of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvest+of+despair%3A+life+and+death+in+Ukraine+under+Nazi+rule&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004-04&rft.aulast=Berkhoff&rft.aufirst=Karel+Cornelis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldwars-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worldwars_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldwars_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\W\O\Worldwars.htm">"World wars"</a>. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 20 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=World+wars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%5CW%5CO%5CWorldwars.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny1988" class="citation book cs1">Subtelny, Orest (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC&pg=PA106">Ukraine: A History</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442609914" title="Special:BookSources/9781442609914"><bdi>9781442609914</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9781442609914&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Orest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHNIs9O3EmtQC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vedeneyev-110"><a href="#cite_ref-vedeneyev_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVedeneev2015" class="citation web cs1">Vedeneev, Dmitry (7 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150307183958/http://warhistory.ukrlife.org/5_6_02_4.htm">"Військово-польова жандармерія - спеціальний орган Української повстанської армії"</a> [Military Field Gendarmerie - special body of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warhistory.ukrlife.org/5_6_02_4.htm">the original</a> on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F+-+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%97&rft.date=2015-03-07&rft.aulast=Vedeneev&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarhistory.ukrlife.org%2F5_6_02_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2010" class="citation web cs1">Snyder, Timothy (24 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/online/2010/02/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev/">"A Fascist Hero in Democratic Kiev"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=A+Fascist+Hero+in+Democratic+Kiev&rft.date=2010-02-24&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fonline%2F2010%2F02%2F24%2Fa-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPNconf-112"><a href="#cite_ref-IPNconf_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotyka2002" class="citation conference cs1">Motyka, Grzegorz (2002). "Polska reakcja na działania UPA – skala i przebieg akcji odwetowych" [Polish reaction to the actions of the UPA – the scale and course of retaliation]. In <a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Motyka" title="Grzegorz Motyka">Motyka, Grzegorz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Libionka" title="Dariusz Libionka">Libionka, Dariusz</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090728/http://www.zbrodniawolynska.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/5221/Antypolska_Akcja_OUN_UPA.pdf">Antypolska Akcja OUN-UPA, 1943–1944, Fakty i Interpretacje</a> [Anti-Polish Action OUN-UPA, 1943–1944, Facts and Interpretations] (PDF). Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Instytut Pamięci Narodowej</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zbrodniawolynska.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/5221/Antypolska_Akcja_OUN_UPA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Polska+reakcja+na+dzia%C5%82ania+UPA+%E2%80%93+skala+i+przebieg+akcji+odwetowych&rft.btitle=Antypolska+Akcja+OUN-UPA%2C+1943%E2%80%931944%2C+Fakty+i+Interpretacje&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Motyka&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zbrodniawolynska.pl%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0010%2F5221%2FAntypolska_Akcja_OUN_UPA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2003" class="citation journal cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600827">"The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943"</a>. Past & Present (179): 197–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F179.1.197">10.1093/past/179.1.197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600827">3600827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+Causes+of+Ukrainian-Polish+Ethnic+Cleansing+1943&rft.issue=179&rft.pages=197-234&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3600827%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F179.1.197&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3600827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Piotrowski pp. 352–354 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Weiner pp. 127–237 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalb2015-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalb2015_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalb2015" class="citation book cs1">Kalb, Marvin (21 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wLe6CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT105">Imperial Gamble: Putin, Ukraine, and the New Cold War</a>. Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2665-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2665-4"><bdi>978-0-8157-2665-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058866168">1058866168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Gamble%3A+Putin%2C+Ukraine%2C+and+the+New+Cold+War&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1058866168&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2665-4&rft.aulast=Kalb&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwLe6CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050515091804/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020">"Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 2"</a>. Peremoga.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000020">the original</a> on 15 May 2005. Retrieved 16 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peremoga.gov.ua&rft.atitle=Losses+of+the+Ukrainian+Nation%2C+p.+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peremoga.gov.ua%2Findex.php%3F2150005000000000020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Subtelny, p. 476 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Magocsi, p. 635 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\U\K\UkrainianInsurgentArmy.htm">"Ukrainian Insurgent Army"</a>. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 20 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Insurgent+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FlinkPath%3Dpages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianInsurgentArmy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Weinberg, p. 264 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025001902/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010">"Losses of the Ukrainian Nation"</a>. Peremoga.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?3450000000000000010">the original</a> on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peremoga.gov.ua&rft.atitle=Losses+of+the+Ukrainian+Nation&rft.pages=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peremoga.gov.ua%2Findex.php%3F3450000000000000010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dt-kul-dem-los-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dt-kul-dem-los_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dt-kul-dem-los_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanislav_Kulchytskyi2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stanislav Kulchytskyi (1 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/demografichni_vtrati_ukrayini_v_hh_stolitti.html">"Demohrafichni vtraty Ukrayiny v khkh stolitti" <bdi lang="uk">Демографічні втрати України в хх столітті</bdi></a> [Demographic losses of Ukraine in the 20 century] (in Ukrainian). <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Dzerkalo_Tyzhnia" title="Dzerkalo Tyzhnia">Dzerkalo Tyzhnia</a>. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demohrafichni+vtraty+Ukrayiny+v+khkh+stolitti+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%85%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96&rft.place=Kyiv%2C+Ukraine&rft.pub=Dzerkalo+Tyzhnia&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft.au=Stanislav+Kulchytskyi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdt.ua%2FSOCIUM%2Fdemografichni_vtrati_ukrayini_v_hh_stolitti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmale2014" class="citation news cs1">Smale, Alison (27 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/europe/a-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html">"Shedding Light on a Vast Toll of Jews Killed Away From the Death Camps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Shedding+Light+on+a+Vast+Toll+of+Jews+Killed+Away+From+the+Death+Camps&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft.aulast=Smale&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F01%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fa-light-on-a-vast-toll-of-jews-killed-away-from-the-death-camps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peremoga7-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peremoga7_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peremoga7_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050515100506/http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070">"Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 7"</a>. Peremoga.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peremoga.gov.ua/index.php?2150005000000000070">the original</a> on 15 May 2005. Retrieved 16 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peremoga.gov.ua&rft.atitle=Losses+of+the+Ukrainian+Nation%2C+p.+7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peremoga.gov.ua%2Findex.php%3F2150005000000000070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Overy, p. 518 </li> <li id="cite_note-Krivosheev-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krivosheev_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krivosheev_128-1">b</a> Кривошеев Г. Ф., Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование (Krivosheev G. F., Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study) (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804060355/https://ny.mfa.gov.ua/posolstvo/5259-vihidni-ta-svyatkovi-dni">"Вихідні та святкові дні 2022 року в Україні/Holidays 2022 in Ukraine"</a>. Consulate General of Ukraine in New York (in Ukrainian). 29 December 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ny.mfa.gov.ua/posolstvo/5259-vihidni-ta-svyatkovi-dni">the original</a> on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consulate+General+of+Ukraine+in+New+York&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96+%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96+2022+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96%2FHolidays+2022+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2021-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fny.mfa.gov.ua%2Fposolstvo%2F5259-vihidni-ta-svyatkovi-dni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133150/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine">"Ukraine: World War II and its aftermath"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (fee required). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30082/Ukraine">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%28fee+required%29&rft.atitle=Ukraine%3A+World+War+II+and+its+aftermath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-30082%2FUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-un_ukssr-132"><a href="#cite_ref-un_ukssr_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/ukraine.shtml">"Activities of the Member States – Ukraine"</a>. United Nations. Retrieved 17 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Activities+of+the+Member+States+%E2%80%93+Ukraine&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdepts%2Fdhl%2Funms%2Fukraine.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm">"United Nations"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 22 September 2014. <q>Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security Council were finalized at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> in 1945 when Roosevelt and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security Council. Roosevelt agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes for the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ftime%2Fwwii%2F17604.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/17604.htm">"United Nations"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 22 September 2014. <q>Voting procedures and the veto power of permanent members of the Security Council were finalized at the Yalta Conference in 1945 when Roosevelt and Stalin agreed that the veto would not prevent discussions by the Security Council. In April 1945, new U.S. President Truman agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more votes for the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ftime%2Fwwii%2F17604.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malynovska-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Malynovska_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalynovska2006" class="citation web cs1">Malynovska, Olena (14 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923061703/http://niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php">"Migration and migration policy in Ukraine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niisp.org.ua/defa~177.php">the original</a> on 23 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Migration+and+migration+policy+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2006-06-14&rft.aulast=Malynovska&rft.aufirst=Olena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niisp.org.ua%2Fdefa~177.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeatransfer.html">"The Transfer of Crimea to Ukraine"</a>. International Committee for Crimea. July 2005. Retrieved 25 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Transfer+of+Crimea+to+Ukraine&rft.pub=International+Committee+for+Crimea&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iccrimea.org%2Fhistorical%2Fcrimeatransfer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookCook2001" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Bernard A.; Cook, Bernard Anthony (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hafLHZgZtt4C&q=shcherbytsky+russification&pg=PA1280">Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4058-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4058-4"><bdi>978-0-8153-4058-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Since+1945%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-4058-4&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Bernard+A.&rft.au=Cook%2C+Bernard+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhafLHZgZtt4C%26q%3Dshcherbytsky%2Brussification%26pg%3DPA1280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052626/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine">"Ukraine – The last years of Stalin's rule"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30084/Ukraine">the original</a> on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%28fee+required%29&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+The+last+years+of+Stalin%27s+rule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-30084%2FUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Magocsi, p. 644 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Magocsi, 1996, p. 704 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemy,_Johannes1996" class="citation news cs1">Remy, Johannes (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120628220746/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971/">"'Sombre anniversary' of worst nuclear disaster in history – Chernobyl: 10th anniversary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UN_Chronicle" title="UN Chronicle">UN Chronicle</a>. Find articles. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1309/is_n2_v33/ai_18795971">the original</a> on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UN+Chronicle&rft.atitle=%27Sombre+anniversary%27+of+worst+nuclear+disaster+in+history+%E2%80%93+Chernobyl%3A+10th+anniversary&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Remy%2C+Johannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1309%2Fis_n2_v33%2Fai_18795971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeller1991" class="citation book cs1">Geller, Mikhail (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24243579">Седьмой секретарь: Блеск и нищета Михаила Горбачева</a> (1st Russian ed.). London. p. 352=356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870128-72-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-870128-72-9"><bdi>1-870128-72-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24243579">24243579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%3A+%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.place=London&rft.pages=352%3D356&rft.edition=1st+Russian&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24243579&rft.isbn=1-870128-72-9&rft.aulast=Geller&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F24243579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm">"Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> of Ukraine. 16 July 1990. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verkhovna+Rada+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Declaration+of+State+Sovereignty+of+Ukraine&rft.date=1990-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgska2.rada.gov.ua%3A7777%2Fsite%2Fpostanova_eng%2FDeclaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203430/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm">"Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Resolution On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> of Ukraine. 24 August 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verkhovna+Rada+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Verkhovna+Rada+of+Ukraine+Resolution+On+Declaration+of+Independence+of+Ukraine&rft.date=1991-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgska2.rada.gov.ua%3A7777%2Fsite%2Fpostanova_eng%2FRres_Declaration_Independence_rev12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nohlen_Stöver-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Nohlen_Stöver_145-0">^</a> Nohlen & Stöver, p1985 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1073305.html">"Soviet Leaders Recall 'Inevitable' Breakup Of Soviet Union"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RadioFreeEurope" class="mw-redirect" title="RadioFreeEurope">RadioFreeEurope</a>. 8 December 2006. Retrieved 12 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope&rft.atitle=Soviet+Leaders+Recall+%27Inevitable%27+Breakup+Of+Soviet+Union&rft.date=2006-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F1073305.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-147"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛащенко2020" class="citation news cs1">Лащенко, Олександр (26 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/ukrayina-dosi-v-snd-chy-ni/30969197.html">""Україні не потрібно виходити із СНД – вона ніколи не була і не є зараз членом цієї структури""</a>. Радіо Свобода.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%22%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%96%D0%B7+%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%94+%E2%80%93+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%96+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%94+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%86%D1%96%D1%94%D1%97+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%22&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft.aulast=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.aufirst=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiosvoboda.org%2Fa%2Fukrayina-dosi-v-snd-chy-ni%2F30969197.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolodkov2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Solodkov, Artem (27 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbc.ru/politics/27/12/2021/585bea709a794761ac0b5c55">"Период распада: последний декабрь Союза. 26 декабря 1991 года"</a>. РБК (in Russian). Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%91%D0%9A&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0.+26+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1991+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.date=2021-12-27&rft.aulast=Solodkov&rft.aufirst=Artem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbc.ru%2Fpolitics%2F27%2F12%2F2021%2F585bea709a794761ac0b5c55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Shen, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-Notstronk-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Notstronk_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Notstronk_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Notstronk_150-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutela" class="citation web cs1">Sutela, Pekka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/09/underachiever-ukraine-s-economy-since-1991-pub-47451">"The Underachiever: Ukraine's Economy Since 1991"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 3 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=The+Underachiever%3A+Ukraine%27s+Economy+Since+1991&rft.aulast=Sutela&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2F2012%2F03%2F09%2Funderachiever-ukraine-s-economy-since-1991-pub-47451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF-151"><a href="#cite_ref-IMF_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1992&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=926&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=41&pr1.y=2">"Ukrainian GDP (PPP)"</a>. World Economic Outlook Database, October 2007. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF). Retrieved 10 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2007&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+GDP+%28PPP%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2007%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fsy%3D1992%26ey%3D2008%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D926%26s%3DPPPGDP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D%26pr1.x%3D41%26pr1.y%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000712025953/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm">"Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. June 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/june1998/ukraine.htm">the original</a> on 12 July 2000. Retrieved 16 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Can+Ukraine+Avert+a+Financial+Meltdown%3F&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fhtml%2Fprddr%2Ftrans%2Fjune1998%2Fukraine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigliuoliLissovolik2002" class="citation web cs1">Figliuoli, Lorenzo; Lissovolik, Bogdan (31 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021017151905/http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm">"The IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2002/083102.htm">the original</a> on 17 October 2002. Retrieved 16 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=The+IMF+and+Ukraine%3A+What+Really+Happened&rft.date=2002-08-31&rft.aulast=Figliuoli&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft.au=Lissovolik%2C+Bogdan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fvc%2F2002%2F083102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukraine.segodnya.ua/ukraine/defolt-1998-hoda-10-let-cpuctja-122939.html">"Дефолт 1998 года: 10 лет спустя"</a>. ukraine.segodnya.ua (in Russian). 11 July 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ukraine.segodnya.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82+1998+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A+10+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F&rft.date=2022-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukraine.segodnya.ua%2Fukraine%2Fdefolt-1998-hoda-10-let-cpuctja-122939.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2017-04-05/stable-crisis-ukraines-economy-three-years-after-euromaidan">"The stable crisis. Ukraine's economy three years after the Euromaidan"</a>. OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OSW+Centre+for+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+stable+crisis.+Ukraine%27s+economy+three+years+after+the+Euromaidan&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osw.waw.pl%2Fen%2Fpublikacje%2Fosw-commentary%2F2017-04-05%2Fstable-crisis-ukraines-economy-three-years-after-euromaidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/war-cause-ukraine-economy-shrink-nearly-third-year-ebrd-report">"War to cause Ukraine economy to shrink nearly a third this year – EBRD report – Ukraine"</a>. ReliefWeb. 10 May 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=War+to+cause+Ukraine+economy+to+shrink+nearly+a+third+this+year+%E2%80%93+EBRD+report+%E2%80%93+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fukraine%2Fwar-cause-ukraine-economy-shrink-nearly-third-year-ebrd-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2021" class="citation web cs1">Dickinson, Peter (19 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/ukraines-choice-corruption-or-growth/">"Ukraine's choice: corruption or growth"</a>. Atlantic Council. Retrieved 3 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+choice%3A+corruption+or+growth&rft.date=2021-06-19&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fukrainealert%2Fukraines-choice-corruption-or-growth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslundAslund1995" class="citation journal cs1">Aslund, Anders; Aslund, Anders (Autumn 1995). "Eurasia Letter: Ukraine's Turnaround". <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. 100 (100): 125–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1149308">10.2307/1149308</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1149308">1149308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Eurasia+Letter%3A+Ukraine%27s+Turnaround&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=100&rft.pages=125-143&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1149308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1149308%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Aslund&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Aslund%2C+Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMykhnenko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mykhnenko, Vlad (15 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2019.1684447">"Causes and Consequences of the War in Eastern Ukraine: An Economic Geography Perspective"</a>. Europe-Asia Studies. 72 (3): 528–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2019.1684447">10.1080/09668136.2019.1684447</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-8136">0966-8136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214438848">214438848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Causes+and+Consequences+of+the+War+in+Eastern+Ukraine%3A+An+Economic+Geography+Perspective&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=528-560&rft.date=2020-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214438848%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0966-8136&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2019.1684447&rft.aulast=Mykhnenko&rft.aufirst=Vlad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09668136.2019.1684447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudvigssonLoboda2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ludvigsson, Jonas F.; Loboda, Andrii (July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9324783">"Systematic review of health and disease in Ukrainian children highlights poor child health and challenges for those treating refugees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Acta_Paediatrica" title="Acta Paediatrica">Acta Paediatrica</a>. 111 (7): 1341–1353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fapa.16370">10.1111/apa.16370</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0803-5253">0803-5253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9324783">9324783</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35466444">35466444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Paediatrica&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+of+health+and+disease+in+Ukrainian+children+highlights+poor+child+health+and+challenges+for+those+treating+refugees&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1341-1353&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9324783%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0803-5253&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35466444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fapa.16370&rft.aulast=Ludvigsson&rft.aufirst=Jonas+F.&rft.au=Loboda%2C+Andrii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9324783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/impact-war-dynamics-covid-19-ukraine">"Impact of war on the dynamics of COVID-19 in Ukraine - Ukraine"</a>. reliefweb.int. 17 April 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reliefweb.int&rft.atitle=Impact+of+war+on+the+dynamics+of+COVID-19+in+Ukraine+-+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fukraine%2Fimpact-war-dynamics-covid-19-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Shevel, Oxana (1 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379415000608">"The parliamentary elections in Ukraine, October 2014"</a>. Electoral Studies. 39: 159–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2015.03.015">10.1016/j.electstud.2015.03.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3794">0261-3794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electoral+Studies&rft.atitle=The+parliamentary+elections+in+Ukraine%2C+October+2014&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=159-163&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.electstud.2015.03.015&rft.issn=0261-3794&rft.aulast=Shevel&rft.aufirst=Oxana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0261379415000608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzio2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kuzio, Taras (1 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2005.11052215">"Neither East Nor West: Ukraine's Security Policy Under Kuchma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Problems_of_Post-Communism" title="Problems of Post-Communism">Problems of Post-Communism</a>. 52 (5): 59–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10758216.2005.11052215">10.1080/10758216.2005.11052215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1075-8216">1075-8216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157151441">157151441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Problems+of+Post-Communism&rft.atitle=Neither+East+Nor+West%3A+Ukraine%27s+Security+Policy+Under+Kuchma&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=59-68&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157151441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1075-8216&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10758216.2005.11052215&rft.aulast=Kuzio&rft.aufirst=Taras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F10758216.2005.11052215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/russian/blogs/2014/04/140425_blog_krechetnikov_harsh_speech">""Хунта" и "террористы": война слов Москвы и Киева"</a>. BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). 25 April 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%22%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%22+%D0%B8+%22%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%22%3A+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Frussian%2Fblogs%2F2014%2F04%2F140425_blog_krechetnikov_harsh_speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/22/russias-putin-accuses-us-of-orchestrating-2014-coup-in-ukraine">"Putin accuses US of orchestrating 2014 'coup' in Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Putin+accuses+US+of+orchestrating+2014+%27coup%27+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F6%2F22%2Frussias-putin-accuses-us-of-orchestrating-2014-coup-in-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Partido_da_imprensa_Golpista-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Partido_da_imprensa_Golpista_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voxukraine.org/en/the-maidan-in-2014-is-a-coup-d-etat-a-review-of-italian-and-german-pro-russian-media">"The Maidan in 2014 is a coup d'etat: a review of Italian and German pro-Russian media"</a>. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Maidan+in+2014+is+a+coup+d%27etat%3A+a+review+of+Italian+and+German+pro-Russian+media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoxukraine.org%2Fen%2Fthe-maidan-in-2014-is-a-coup-d-etat-a-review-of-italian-and-german-pro-russian-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzio2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kuzio, Taras (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2019.1571428">"Euromaidan revolution, Crimea and Russia–Ukraine war: why it is time for a review of Ukrainian–Russian studies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Geography_and_Economics" title="Eurasian Geography and Economics">Eurasian Geography and Economics</a>. 59 (3–4): 529–553. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15387216.2019.1571428">10.1080/15387216.2019.1571428</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-7216">1538-7216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159414642">159414642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasian+Geography+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Euromaidan+revolution%2C+Crimea+and+Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine+war%3A+why+it+is+time+for+a+review+of+Ukrainian%E2%80%93Russian+studies&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=529-553&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159414642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1538-7216&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15387216.2019.1571428&rft.aulast=Kuzio&rft.aufirst=Taras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F15387216.2019.1571428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosaka2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hosaka, Sanshiro (3 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13518046.2019.1646950">"Putin the 'Peacemaker'?—Russian Reflexive Control During the 2014 August Invasion of Ukraine"</a>. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 32 (3): 324–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518046.2019.1646950">10.1080/13518046.2019.1646950</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-8046">1351-8046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210591255">210591255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=Putin+the+%27Peacemaker%27%3F%E2%80%94Russian+Reflexive+Control+During+the+2014+August+Invasion+of+Ukraine&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=324-346&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210591255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1351-8046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518046.2019.1646950&rft.aulast=Hosaka&rft.aufirst=Sanshiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13518046.2019.1646950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotočňákMares2022" class="citation journal cs1">Potočňák, Adam; Mares, Miroslav (16 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10758216.2022.2066005">"Donbas Conflict: How Russia's Trojan Horse Failed and Forced Moscow to Alter Its Strategy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Problems_of_Post-Communism" title="Problems of Post-Communism">Problems of Post-Communism</a>. 70 (4): 341–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10758216.2022.2066005">10.1080/10758216.2022.2066005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1075-8216">1075-8216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248838806">248838806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Problems+of+Post-Communism&rft.atitle=Donbas+Conflict%3A+How+Russia%27s+Trojan+Horse+Failed+and+Forced+Moscow+to+Alter+Its+Strategy&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=341-351&rft.date=2022-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248838806%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1075-8216&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10758216.2022.2066005&rft.aulast=Poto%C4%8D%C5%88%C3%A1k&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Mares%2C+Miroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10758216.2022.2066005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockSinghOladipoMichael2022" class="citation news cs1">Lock, Samantha; Singh, Maanvi; Oladipo, Gloria; Michael, Chris; Jones, Sam (24 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/feb/23/ukraine-russia-news-crisis-latest-live-updates-putin-biden-europe-sanctions-russian-invasion-border-troops">"Ukraine-Russia crisis live news: Putin declares operation to 'demilitarise' Ukraine – latest updates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 24 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ukraine-Russia+crisis+live+news%3A+Putin+declares+operation+to+%27demilitarise%27+Ukraine+%E2%80%93+latest+updates&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft.au=Singh%2C+Maanvi&rft.au=Oladipo%2C+Gloria&rft.au=Michael%2C+Chris&rft.au=Jones%2C+Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Flive%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F23%2Fukraine-russia-news-crisis-latest-live-updates-putin-biden-europe-sanctions-russian-invasion-border-troops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutiérrezKirk2023" class="citation news cs1">Gutiérrez, Pablo; Kirk, Ashley (21 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2023/feb/21/a-year-of-war-how-russian-forces-have-been-pushed-back-in-ukraine">"A year of war: how Russian forces have been pushed back in Ukraine"</a>. the Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+year+of+war%3A+how+Russian+forces+have+been+pushed+back+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft.aulast=Guti%C3%A9rrez&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Fng-interactive%2F2023%2Ffeb%2F21%2Fa-year-of-war-how-russian-forces-have-been-pushed-back-in-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLonas2022" class="citation web cs1">Lonas, Lexi (12 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/international/3486213-5-ways-russia-has-failed-in-its-invasion/">"5 ways Russia has failed in its invasion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=5+ways+Russia+has+failed+in+its+invasion&rft.date=2022-05-12&rft.aulast=Lonas&rft.aufirst=Lexi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Finternational%2F3486213-5-ways-russia-has-failed-in-its-invasion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eu-listco.net/publications/ukraine-country-report">"Ukraine Country Report"</a>. EU-LISTCO. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EU-LISTCO&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Country+Report&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eu-listco.net%2Fpublications%2Fukraine-country-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61891467">"EU awards Ukraine and Moldova candidate status"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 23 June 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=EU+awards+Ukraine+and+Moldova+candidate+status&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-61891467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64383388">"Top Ukrainian officials quit in anti-corruption drive"</a>. BBC News. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Top+Ukrainian+officials+quit+in+anti-corruption+drive&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-64383388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115052701/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine">"Ukraine – Relief"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30093/Ukraine">the original</a> on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%28fee+required%29&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+Relief&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-30093%2FUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabuchi2022" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hiroko_Tabuchi" title="Hiroko Tabuchi">Tabuchi, Hiroko</a> (2 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/climate/ukraine-lithium.html">"Before Invasion, Ukraine's Lithium Wealth Was Drawing Global Attention"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Before+Invasion%2C+Ukraine%27s+Lithium+Wealth+Was+Drawing+Global+Attention&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Tabuchi&rft.aufirst=Hiroko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F03%2F02%2Fclimate%2Fukraine-lithium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_178-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_178-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukraineinvest.gov.ua/industries/mining/">"Mining – UkraineInvest"</a>. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mining+%E2%80%93+UkraineInvest&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukraineinvest.gov.ua%2Findustries%2Fmining%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNature" class="citation web cs1">Nature, Preferred by. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126092543/https://preferredbynature.org/sourcinghub/timber/ukraine-timber-risk-profile">"Ukraine Timber Risk Profile"</a>. NEPCon – Preferred by Nature. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://preferredbynature.org/sourcinghub/timber/ukraine-timber-risk-profile">the original</a> on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NEPCon+%E2%80%93+Preferred+by+Nature&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Timber+Risk+Profile&rft.aulast=Nature&rft.aufirst=Preferred+by&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpreferredbynature.org%2Fsourcinghub%2Ftimber%2Fukraine-timber-risk-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca7761en/">Overview of soil conditions of arable land in Ukraine – Study case for steppe and forest-steppe zones</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a>. 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fca7761en">10.4060/ca7761en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132215-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132215-4"><bdi>978-92-5-132215-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242588829">242588829</a>. Retrieved 7 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overview+of+soil+conditions+of+arable+land+in+Ukraine+%E2%80%93+Study+case+for+steppe+and+forest-steppe+zones.&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242588829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fca7761en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-132215-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcard%2Fen%2Fc%2Fca7761en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceobs.org/ukraine-invasion-rapid-overview-of-environmental-issues/">"Ukraine invasion: rapid overview of environmental issues"</a>. CEOBS. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CEOBS&rft.atitle=Ukraine+invasion%3A+rapid+overview+of+environmental+issues&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceobs.org%2Fukraine-invasion-rapid-overview-of-environmental-issues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bank, World (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24971">"Ukraine Country Environmental Analysis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1596%2F24971">10.1596/24971</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10986%2F24971">10986/24971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Country+Environmental+Analysis&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10986%2F24971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1596%2F24971&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fhandle%2F10986%2F24971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303120132/https://www.unicef.org/ukraine/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash">"Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)"</a>. www.unicef.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/ukraine/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash">the original</a> on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=Water%2C+sanitation+and+hygiene+%28WASH%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fukraine%2Fen%2Fwater-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306201646/https://naturvernforbundet.no/international/environmental-issues-in-ukraine/category948.html">"Environmental issues in Ukraine"</a>. Naturvernforbundet. 16 July 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naturvernforbundet.no/international/environmental-issues-in-ukraine/category948.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+issues+in+Ukraine&rft.pub=Naturvernforbundet&rft.date=2017-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaturvernforbundet.no%2Finternational%2Fenvironmental-issues-in-ukraine%2Fcategory948.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pax-185"><a href="#cite_ref-pax_185-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paxforpeace.nl/news/overview/ten-step-plan-to-address-environmental-impact-of-war-in-ukraine">"Ten-Step plan to address environmental impact of war in Ukraine"</a> PAX for Peace. 24 February 2023. Accessed 30 April 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-enviroyale-186"><a href="#cite_ref-enviroyale_186-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e360.yale.edu/digest/russia-ukraine-war-environmental-cost-one-year">"One Year In, Russia's War on Ukraine Has Inflicted $51 Billion in Environmental Damage"</a> e360.yale.edu. 22 February 2023. Accessed 30 April 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/ukraine-green-ecocide-russia-war-b2038825.html">"Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war causes 'ecocide'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. 19 March 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Ukrainians+hope+to+rebuild+greener+country+after+Russia%27s+war+causes+%27ecocide%27&rft.date=2022-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fclimate-change%2Fnews%2Fukraine-green-ecocide-russia-war-b2038825.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irreview.org/articles/the-environmental-cost-of-the-war-in-ukraine">"The Environmental Cost of the War in Ukraine"</a>. International Relations Review. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Relations+Review&rft.atitle=The+Environmental+Cost+of+the+War+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2023-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irreview.org%2Farticles%2Fthe-environmental-cost-of-the-war-in-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Harrison2022" class="citation news cs1">Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/27/destroyed-nature-ukrainians-race-to-gather-evidence-of-putins-ecocide">"Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide'"</a>. The Observer. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Toxins+in+soil%2C+blasted+forests+%E2%80%93+Ukraine+counts+cost+of+Putin%27s+%27ecocide%27&rft.date=2022-08-27&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Graham-Harrison&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Faug%2F27%2Fdestroyed-nature-ukrainians-race-to-gather-evidence-of-putins-ecocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e360.yale.edu/digest/russia-ukraine-war-environmental-cost-one-year">"One Year In, Russia's War on Ukraine Has Inflicted $51 Billion in Environmental Damage"</a>. Yale E360. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+E360&rft.atitle=One+Year+In%2C+Russia%27s+War+on+Ukraine+Has+Inflicted+%2451+Billion+in+Environmental+Damage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe360.yale.edu%2Fdigest%2Frussia-ukraine-war-environmental-cost-one-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-faoclimate-191"><a href="#cite_ref-faoclimate_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014817/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Ukraine/ukraine.htm">"Ukraine"</a>. Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Ukraine/ukraine.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Pasture%2FForage+Resource+Profiles&rft.atitle=Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fag%2Fagp%2FAGPC%2Fdoc%2FCounprof%2FUkraine%2Fukraine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebclimate-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebclimate_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebclimate_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebclimate_192-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine">"Ukraine – Climate"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+Climate&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDidovetsKrysanovaHattermanndel_Rocío_Rivas_López2020" class="citation journal cs1">Didovets, Iulii; Krysanova, Valentina; Hattermann, Fred Fokko; del Rocío Rivas López, María; Snizhko, Sergiy; Müller Schmied, Hannes (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrh.2020.100761">"Climate change impact on water availability of main river basins in Ukraine"</a>. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 32: 100761. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JHyRS..3200761D">2020JHyRS..3200761D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrh.2020.100761">10.1016/j.ejrh.2020.100761</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2214-5818">2214-5818</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230613418">230613418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hydrology%3A+Regional+Studies&rft.atitle=Climate+change+impact+on+water+availability+of+main+river+basins+in+Ukraine&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=100761&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejrh.2020.100761&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230613418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2214-5818&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JHyRS..3200761D&rft.aulast=Didovets&rft.aufirst=Iulii&rft.au=Krysanova%2C+Valentina&rft.au=Hattermann%2C+Fred+Fokko&rft.au=del+Roc%C3%ADo+Rivas+L%C3%B3pez%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Snizhko%2C+Sergiy&rft.au=M%C3%BCller+Schmied%2C+Hannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ejrh.2020.100761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkrypnykZhemoydaKlymenkoGalaieva2021" class="citation journal cs1">Skrypnyk, Andriy; Zhemoyda, Oleksandr; Klymenko, Nataliia; Galaieva, Liudmyla; Koval, Tatiana (1 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeeng.net/Econometric-Analysis-of-the-Impact-of-Climate-Change-on-the-Sustainability-of-Agricultural,132945,0,2.html">"Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on the Sustainability of Agricultural Production in Ukraine"</a>. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 22 (3): 275–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12911%2F22998993%2F132945">10.12911/22998993/132945</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2299-8993">2299-8993</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233801987">233801987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecological+Engineering&rft.atitle=Econometric+Analysis+of+the+Impact+of+Climate+Change+on+the+Sustainability+of+Agricultural+Production+in+Ukraine&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=275-288&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233801987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2299-8993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12911%2F22998993%2F132945&rft.aulast=Skrypnyk&rft.aufirst=Andriy&rft.au=Zhemoyda%2C+Oleksandr&rft.au=Klymenko%2C+Nataliia&rft.au=Galaieva%2C+Liudmyla&rft.au=Koval%2C+Tatiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeeng.net%2FEconometric-Analysis-of-the-Impact-of-Climate-Change-on-the-Sustainability-of-Agricultural%2C132945%2C0%2C2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/ukraine">"World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal"</a>. climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Climate+Change+Knowledge+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org%2Fcountry%2Fukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-196"><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a>. 67 (6): 534–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShvidenkoBukshaKrakovska2017-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShvidenkoBukshaKrakovska2017_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShvidenkoBukshaKrakovska2017_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShvidenkoBukshaKrakovskaLakyda2017" class="citation journal cs1">Shvidenko, Anatoly; Buksha, Igor; Krakovska, Svitlana; Lakyda, Petro (30 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu9071152">"Vulnerability of Ukrainian Forests to Climate Change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_(journal)" title="Sustainability (journal)">Sustainability</a>. 9 (7): 1152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu9071152">10.3390/su9071152</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050">2071-1050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Vulnerability+of+Ukrainian+Forests+to+Climate+Change&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1152&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft.eissn=2071-1050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu9071152&rft.aulast=Shvidenko&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft.au=Buksha%2C+Igor&rft.au=Krakovska%2C+Svitlana&rft.au=Lakyda%2C+Petro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu9071152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conference2001-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Conference2001_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Europe._Conference2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Council of Europe. Conference (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OuALwoUqnU8C&pg=PA78">Conference Sur la Conservation Et Le Suivi de la Diversite Biologique Et Paysagere en Ukraine</a> [Conference on the Conservation and Monitoring of Biological and Landscape Diversity in Ukraine] (in French). <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. pp. 78–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789287146458" title="Special:BookSources/9789287146458"><bdi>9789287146458</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1056440382">1056440382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conference+Sur+la+Conservation+Et+Le+Suivi+de+la+Diversite+Biologique+Et+Paysagere+en+Ukraine&rft.pages=78-&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1056440382&rft.isbn=9789287146458&rft.au=Council+of+Europe.+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOuALwoUqnU8C%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-State-199"><a href="#cite_ref-State_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707031611/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/ukraina/soe98/pressure/fauna/index.htm">"Welcome to State of The Environment in Ukraine"</a>. The Ministry for Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety of Ukraine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/ukraina/soe98/pressure%5Cfauna%5Cindex.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+State+of+The+Environment+in+Ukraine&rft.pub=The+Ministry+for+Environmental+Protection+and+Nuclear+Safety+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenrin.grida.no%2Fhtmls%2Fukraina%2Fsoe98%2Fpressure%255Cfauna%255Cindex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wetland-200"><a href="#cite_ref-wetland_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist.pdf">"The List of Wetlands of International Importance"</a> (PDF). Ukraine. Ramsar Organization. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukraine&rft.atitle=The+List+of+Wetlands+of+International+Importance&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramsar.org%2Fpdf%2Fsitelist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramsar-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramsar_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/cop8/cop8_nrs_ukraine1.pdf">"National planning tool for the implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands"</a> (PDF). Ramsar organization. 2002. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+planning+tool+for+the+implementation+of+the+Ramsar+Convention+on+Wetlands&rft.pub=Ramsar+organization&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramsar.org%2Fpdf%2Fcop8%2Fcop8_nrs_ukraine1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oblasts-202"><a href="#cite_ref-oblasts_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231154652/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002">"Regions of Ukraine and their divisions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> of Ukraine Official Web-site (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/pls/z7502/a002">the original</a> on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verkhovna+Rada+of+Ukraine+Official+Web-site&rft.atitle=Regions+of+Ukraine+and+their+divisions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgska2.rada.gov.ua%3A7777%2Fpls%2Fz7502%2Fa002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164521/https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf">"Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1"</a> (PDF). ukrstat.gov.ua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ukrstat.gov.ua&rft.atitle=Number+of+Present+Population+of+Ukraine%2C+as+of+January+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukrstat.gov.ua%2Fdruk%2Fpublicat%2Fkat_u%2F2022%2Fzb%2F05%2Fzb_%25D0%25A1huselnist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choudhry_2018_p16.-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Choudhry_2018_p16._204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhry2018" class="citation book cs1">Choudhry, Sujit (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/semi-presidentialism-and-inclusive-governance-in-ukraine.pdf">Semi-presidentialism and Inclusive Governance in Ukraine Reflections for Constitutional Reform</a> (PDF). Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7671-154-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7671-154-5"><bdi>978-91-7671-154-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038616889">1038616889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semi-presidentialism+and+Inclusive+Governance+in+Ukraine+Reflections+for+Constitutional+Reform&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Democracy+and+Electoral+Assistance&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038616889&rft.isbn=978-91-7671-154-5&rft.aulast=Choudhry&rft.aufirst=Sujit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fsemi-presidentialism-and-inclusive-governance-in-ukraine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNIANCD28616-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNIANCD28616_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNIANCD28616_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/society/1389415-ukraine-celebrating-20th-anniversary-of-constitution.html">"Ukraine celebrating 20th anniversary of Constitution"</a>. www.unian.info. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unian.info&rft.atitle=Ukraine+celebrating+20th+anniversary+of+Constitution&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fsociety%2F1389415-ukraine-celebrating-20th-anniversary-of-constitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=38117">Yulia Tymoshenko Goes On Trial A Day Before Constitution Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Daily_Monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Daily Monitor">Eurasia Daily Monitor</a> (30 July 2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-UW29121996-207"><a href="#cite_ref-UW29121996_207-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1996/529606.shtml">1996: the year in review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190426/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1996/529606.shtml">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Weekly" title="The Ukrainian Weekly">The Ukrainian Weekly</a> (29 December 1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/politics/10437570-ukraine-s-parliament-backs-changes-to-constitution-confirming-ukraine-s-path-toward-eu-nato.html">"Ukraine's parliament backs changes to Constitution confirming Ukraine's path toward EU, NATO"</a>. www.unian.info. Retrieved 7 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unian.info&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+parliament+backs+changes+to+Constitution+confirming+Ukraine%27s+path+toward+EU%2C+NATO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fpolitics%2F10437570-ukraine-s-parliament-backs-changes-to-constitution-confirming-ukraine-s-path-toward-eu-nato.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080120232454/http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3Fart_id%3D235995%26cat_id%3D32672">"General Articles about Ukraine"</a>. Government Portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3fart_id=235995&cat_id=32672">the original</a> on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+Portal&rft.atitle=General+Articles+about+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmu.gov.ua%2Fcontrol%2Fen%2Fpublish%2Farticle%253fart_id%3D235995%26cat_id%3D32672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223190549/http://portal.rada.gov.ua/">"Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> of Ukraine Official Web-site. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.rada.gov.ua/">the original</a> on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verkhovna+Rada+of+Ukraine+Official+Web-site&rft.atitle=Verkhovna+Rada+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.rada.gov.ua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine,_2004">"Constitution of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. Retrieved 24 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikisource&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_Ukraine%2C_2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЧерноватий_Л._М." class="citation book cs1">Черноватий Л. М. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8wbcCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">Практичний курс англійської мови. 4-й курс.: Підручник для ВНЗ</a>. Нова Книга. pp. 24–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789663821757" title="Special:BookSources/9789663821757"><bdi>9789663821757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8.+4-%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81.%3A+%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%9D%D0%97&rft.pages=24-&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft.isbn=9789663821757&rft.au=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9B.+%D0%9C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8wbcCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-House2004-213"><a href="#cite_ref-House2004_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedom_House2004" class="citation book cs1">Freedom House (13 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AsJlnVU4ipoC&pg=PA639">Nations in Transit 2004: Democratization in East Central Europe and Eurasia</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 639–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3141-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3141-2"><bdi>978-1-4617-3141-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828424860">828424860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+in+Transit+2004%3A+Democratization+in+East+Central+Europe+and+Eurasia&rft.pages=639-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2004-09-13&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828424860&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-3141-2&rft.au=Freedom+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAsJlnVU4ipoC%26pg%3DPA639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2022/02/24/martial-law-ukraine-russia-attack/6925581001/">"Ukraine's president declared martial law after Russia's attack. But what is it?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+president+declared+martial+law+after+Russia%27s+attack.+But+what+is+it%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2022%2F02%2F24%2Fmartial-law-ukraine-russia-attack%2F6925581001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/ukraines-president-volodymyr-zelenskiy-submits-bill-extending-martial-law-until-late-april-2823166">"Ukraine President Submits Bill Extending Martial Law Until Late April"</a>. NDTV.com. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=Ukraine+President+Submits+Bill+Extending+Martial+Law+Until+Late+April&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fworld-news%2Fukraines-president-volodymyr-zelenskiy-submits-bill-extending-martial-law-until-late-april-2823166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-russia-martial-law-extended/31862325.html">"Ukrainian Parliament Extends Martial Law For 90 Days"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Parliament+Extends+Martial+Law+For+90+Days&rft.date=2022-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fukraine-russia-martial-law-extended%2F31862325.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071718/http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR">"WJP Rule of Law Index® 2018–2019"</a>. data.worldjusticeproject.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/UKR">the original</a> on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldjusticeproject.org&rft.atitle=WJP+Rule+of+Law+Index%C2%AE+2018%E2%80%932019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldjusticeproject.org%2F%23%2Findex%2FUKR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2010" class="citation news cs1">Byrne, Peter (25 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/">"Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331202047/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/business/bus_focus/detail/62548/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Prosecutors+fail+to+solve+biggest+criminal+cases&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fbus_focus%2Fdetail%2F62548%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/03/8/6985181/">"Українські суди майже не виносять виправдувальних вироків"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a> (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B6%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fnews%2F2013%2F03%2F8%2F6985181%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_220-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_220-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2010" class="citation news cs1">Byrne, Peter (25 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329145022/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62564">"Jackpot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62564">the original</a> on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Jackpot&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fdetail%2F62564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State_2021-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Department_of_State_2021_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Department_of_State_2021_221-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/ukraine/">"Ukraine"</a>. United States Department of State. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Ukraine&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices%2Fukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInterfax-Ukraine2011" class="citation web cs1">Interfax-Ukraine (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/constitutional-court-rules-russian-other-languages-118997.html">"Constitutional Court rules Russian, other languages can be used in Ukrainian courts – Dec. 15, 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Court+rules+Russian%2C+other+languages+can+be+used+in+Ukrainian+courts+%E2%80%93+Dec.+15%2C+2011&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.au=Interfax-Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.kyivpost.com%2Farticle%2Fcontent%2Fukraine-politics%2Fconstitutional-court-rules-russian-other-languages-118997.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/06/23/4045262/">"З подачі "Регіонів" Рада дозволила російську у судах"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a> (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=%D0%97+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%96+%22%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%22+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83+%D1%83+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fnews%2F2009%2F06%2F23%2F4045262%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://for-ua.com/ukraine/2010/07/29/113049.html">"Російська мова стала офіційною в українських судах"</a>. for-ua.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=for-ua.com&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E+%D0%B2+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffor-ua.com%2Fukraine%2F2010%2F07%2F29%2F113049.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTSBU-224"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTSBU_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChivers2005" class="citation news cs1">Chivers, C. J. (17 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/17/world/europe/how-top-spies-in-ukraine-changed-the-nations-path.html">"How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation's Path"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Top+Spies+in+Ukraine+Changed+the+Nation%27s+Path&rft.date=2005-01-17&rft.aulast=Chivers&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F01%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fhow-top-spies-in-ukraine-changed-the-nations-path.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._Department_of_State,_Bureau_of_Public_Affairs,_Office_of_Public_Communication,_Editorial_Division.2000-225"><a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Department_of_State,_Bureau_of_Public_Affairs,_Office_of_Public_Communication,_Editorial_Division.2000_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GnEiep4NgnAC&pg=PA9">Background Notes, Ukraine</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division. 2000. pp. 9–. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40350408">40350408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Background+Notes%2C+Ukraine&rft.pages=9-&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State%2C+Bureau+of+Public+Affairs%2C+Office+of+Public+Communication%2C+Editorial+Division.&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40350408&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGnEiep4NgnAC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NATO_Information_Service.-226"><a href="#cite_ref-NATO_Information_Service._226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Al8ux_sHwsYC&pg=PA49">NATO Review</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a> – NATO Information Service. pp. 49–. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1387966">1387966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NATO+Review&rft.pages=49-&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+%E2%80%93+NATO+Information+Service.&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1387966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAl8ux_sHwsYC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-result_of_Russia-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-result_of_Russia_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-result_of_Russia_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-result_of_Russia_227-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241388.html">"Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Ukraine has no alternative to Euro-Atlantic integration – Poroshenko"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a>. 23 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interfax-Ukraine&rft.atitle=Ukraine+has+no+alternative+to+Euro-Atlantic+integration+%E2%80%93+Ukraine+has+no+alternative+to+Euro-Atlantic+integration+%E2%80%93+Poroshenko&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.interfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F241388.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/241359.html">"Ukraine abolishes its non-aligned status – law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a>. 23 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interfax-Ukraine&rft.atitle=Ukraine+abolishes+its+non-aligned+status+%E2%80%93+law&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.interfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F241359.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/2014/12/23/ukraine-s-complicated-path-to-nato-membership/">"Ukraine's complicated path to NATO membership"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>. 23 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+complicated+path+to+NATO+membership&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2014%2F12%2F23%2Fukraine-s-complicated-path-to-nato-membership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/24/world/europe/ukraine-parliament-nato-vote.html">"Ukraine Takes Step Toward Joining NATO"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 23 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Takes+Step+Toward+Joining+NATO&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F12%2F24%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-parliament-nato-vote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-ends-nonaligned-status-earning-quick-rebuke-from-russia-1419339226">"Ukraine Ends 'Nonaligned' Status, Earning Quick Rebuke From Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. 23 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Ends+%27Nonaligned%27+Status%2C+Earning+Quick+Rebuke+From+Russia&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fukraine-ends-nonaligned-status-earning-quick-rebuke-from-russia-1419339226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/116043.html">"Teixeira: Ukraine's EU integration suspended, association agreement unlikely to be signed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interfax" title="Interfax">Interfax</a>. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teixeira%3A+Ukraine%27s+EU+integration+suspended%2C+association+agreement+unlikely+to+be+signed&rft.pub=Interfax&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.interfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F116043.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/209475.html">"EU, Ukraine to sign remaining part of Association Agreement on June 27 – European Council"</a>. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU%2C+Ukraine+to+sign+remaining+part+of+Association+Agreement+on+June+27+%E2%80%93+European+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.interfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Feconomic%2F209475.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/tradoc_150981.pdf">"EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area"</a> (PDF). European Union. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU-Ukraine+Deep+and+Comprehensive+Free+Trade+Area&rft.pub=European+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feeas.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Feeas%2Ffiles%2Ftradoc_150981.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/delegations/ukraine/documents/virtual_library/vademecum_en.pdf">"The EU-Ukraine Association Agreement and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area"</a> (PDF). European Union. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+EU-Ukraine+Association+Agreement+and+Deep+and+Comprehensive+Free+Trade+Area&rft.pub=European+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feeas.europa.eu%2Farchives%2Fdelegations%2Fukraine%2Fdocuments%2Fvirtual_library%2Fvademecum_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricolo2018" class="citation web cs1">Patricolo, Claudia (29 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emerging-europe.com/news/ukraine-looks-to-revive-v4-membership-hopes-as-slovakia-takes-over-presidency/">"Ukraine looks to revive V4 membership hopes as Slovakia takes over presidency"</a>. Emerging Europe. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Europe&rft.atitle=Ukraine+looks+to+revive+V4+membership+hopes+as+Slovakia+takes+over+presidency&rft.date=2018-07-29&rft.aulast=Patricolo&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femerging-europe.com%2Fnews%2Fukraine-looks-to-revive-v4-membership-hopes-as-slovakia-takes-over-presidency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/lithuania-poland-and-ukraine-inaugurate-lublin-triangle/">"Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine Inaugurate 'Lublin Triangle'"</a>. Jamestown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=Lithuania%2C+Poland+and+Ukraine+Inaugurate+%27Lublin+Triangle%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Flithuania-poland-and-ukraine-inaugurate-lublin-triangle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/news/2021/05/17/7123240/">"Україна, Грузія та Молдова створили новий формат співпраці для спільного руху в ЄС"</a>. www.eurointegration.com.ua.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eurointegration.com.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83+%D0%B2+%D0%84%D0%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurointegration.com.ua%2Fnews%2F2021%2F05%2F17%2F7123240%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-235"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-polytics/2629440-u-2024-roci-ukraina-podast-zaavku-na-vstup-do-es.html">"У 2024 році Україна подасть заявку на вступ до ЄС"</a>. www.ukrinform.ua. 29 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ukrinform.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%A3+2024+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%84%D0%A1&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.ua%2Frubric-polytics%2F2629440-u-2024-roci-ukraina-podast-zaavku-na-vstup-do-es.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_236-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/content/business/ukraine-international-airlines-launches-direct-kyiv-new-york-city-flights-350928.html">"Ukraine International Airlines launches direct Kyiv–New York flights"</a>. KyivPost. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KyivPost&rft.atitle=Ukraine+International+Airlines+launches+direct+Kyiv%E2%80%93New+York+flights&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fbusiness%2Fukraine-international-airlines-launches-direct-kyiv-new-york-city-flights-350928.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-milgov-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-milgov_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-milgov_237-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=history&sub=history">"The history of the Armed Forces of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence of Ukraine">Ministry of Defence of Ukraine</a>. Retrieved 5 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Armed+Forces+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mil.gov.ua%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Den%26part%3Dhistory%26sub%3Dhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellyLonsdorf2022" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Mary Louise; Lonsdorf, Kat (21 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/02/21/1082124528/ukraine-russia-putin-invasion">"Why Ukraine gave up its nuclear weapons – and what that means in an invasion by Russia"</a>. NPR.org. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Why+Ukraine+gave+up+its+nuclear+weapons+%E2%80%93+and+what+that+means+in+an+invasion+by+Russia&rft.date=2022-02-21&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Mary+Louise&rft.au=Lonsdorf%2C+Kat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F02%2F21%2F1082124528%2Fukraine-russia-putin-invasion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wbook06-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wbook06_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wbook06_239-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071108143812/http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf">"White Book 2006"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Defence of Ukraine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil.gov.ua/files/white_book_eng2006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 November 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+Book+2006&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mil.gov.ua%2Ffiles%2Fwhite_book_eng2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters2022" class="citation web cs1">Walters, Alex (24 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forces.net/news/numbers-how-does-ukraines-military-stack-against-russias">"In numbers: How does Ukraine's military stack up against Russia?"</a>. Forces Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forces+Network&rft.atitle=In+numbers%3A+How+does+Ukraine%27s+military+stack+up+against+Russia%3F&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forces.net%2Fnews%2Fnumbers-how-does-ukraines-military-stack-against-russias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228164241/https://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/">"Ukrainian Navy Warship Hetman Sagaidachniy Joins EU Naval Force Counter Piracy Operation Atalanta"</a>. Eunavfor.eu. 6 January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eunavfor.eu/ukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta/">the original</a> on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+Navy+Warship+Hetman+Sagaidachniy+Joins+EU+Naval+Force+Counter+Piracy+Operation+Atalanta&rft.pub=Eunavfor.eu&rft.date=2014-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feunavfor.eu%2Fukrainian-navy-warship-hetman-sagaidachniy-joins-eu-naval-force-counter-piracy-operation-atalanta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=peacekeeping&sub=kfor_kosovo">"Multinational Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo, KFOR"</a>. Ministry of Defence of Ukraine. Retrieved 24 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multinational+Peacekeeping+Forces+in+Kosovo%2C+KFOR&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mil.gov.ua%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Den%26part%3Dpeacekeeping%26sub%3Dkfor_kosovo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?part=peacekeeping&lang=en">"Peacekeeping"</a>. Ministry of Defence of Ukraine. Retrieved 2 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peacekeeping&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mil.gov.ua%2Findex.php%3Fpart%3Dpeacekeeping%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522053812/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094">"Kyiv Post. Independence. Community. Trust – Politics – Parliament approves admission of military units of foreign states to Ukraine for exercises"</a>. 22 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/67094">the original</a> on 22 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kyiv+Post.+Independence.+Community.+Trust+%E2%80%93+Politics+%E2%80%93+Parliament+approves+admission+of+military+units+of+foreign+states+to+Ukraine+for+exercises&rft.date=2010-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fdetail%2F67094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2022" class="citation web cs1">Collins, Liam (8 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/in-2014-the-decrepit-ukrainian-army-hit-the-refresh-button-eight-years-later-its-paying-off-177881">"In 2014, the 'decrepit' Ukrainian army hit the refresh button. Eight years later, it's paying off"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=In+2014%2C+the+%27decrepit%27+Ukrainian+army+hit+the+refresh+button.+Eight+years+later%2C+it%27s+paying+off&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fin-2014-the-decrepit-ukrainian-army-hit-the-refresh-button-eight-years-later-its-paying-off-177881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Jazeera_Staff" class="citation web cs1">Al Jazeera Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/17/whats-in-the-new-us-military-aid-package-to-ukraine">"What's in the new US military aid package to Ukraine?"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+the+new+US+military+aid+package+to+Ukraine%3F&rft.au=Al+Jazeera+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F3%2F17%2Fwhats-in-the-new-us-military-aid-package-to-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/is-an-outright-russian-military-victory-in-ukraine-possible">"Is an outright Russian military victory in Ukraine possible?"</a>. The Guardian. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+an+outright+Russian+military+victory+in+Ukraine+possible%3F&rft.date=2022-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmar%2F17%2Fis-an-outright-russian-military-victory-in-ukraine-possible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/18/us/politics/ukraine-russia-war-casualties.html">"Troop Deaths and Injuries in Ukraine War Near 500,000, U.S. Officials Say"</a>. The New York Times. 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Troop+Deaths+and+Injuries+in+Ukraine+War+Near+500%2C000%2C+U.S.+Officials+Say&rft.date=2023-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F08%2F18%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fukraine-russia-war-casualties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2020/07/17/7259715/">"The council reduced the number of districts in Ukraine: 136 instead of 490"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a> (in Ukrainian). 17 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=The+council+reduced+the+number+of+districts+in+Ukraine%3A+136+instead+of+490&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fnews%2F2020%2F07%2F17%2F7259715%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-poor-250"><a href="#cite_ref-poor_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohdan_Ben2020" class="citation web cs1">Bohdan Ben (25 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voxukraine.org/en/why-is-ukraine-poor-look-to-the-culture-of-poverty/">"Why Is Ukraine Poor? Look To The Culture Of Poverty"</a>. VoxUkraine. Retrieved 4 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VoxUkraine&rft.atitle=Why+Is+Ukraine+Poor%3F+Look+To+The+Culture+Of+Poverty&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft.au=Bohdan+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoxukraine.org%2Fen%2Fwhy-is-ukraine-poor-look-to-the-culture-of-poverty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2023-eastern-europe-central-asia-autocracy-weak-justice-systems-widespread-enabling-corruption">"CPI 2023 for Eastern Europe & Central Asia: Autocracy & weak justice…"</a>. Transparency.org. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transparency.org&rft.atitle=CPI+2023+for+Eastern+Europe+%26+Central+Asia%3A+Autocracy+%26+weak+justice%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2024-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fcpi-2023-eastern-europe-central-asia-autocracy-weak-justice-systems-widespread-enabling-corruption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report?c=926,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2021"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2021%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D926%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2019%26ey%3D2026%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_253-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/mar/14/ukraine-economy-shrink-2022-imf-russia-war">"Ukraine economy could shrink by up to 35% in 2022, says IMF"</a>. The Guardian. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ukraine+economy+could+shrink+by+up+to+35%25+in+2022%2C+says+IMF&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2022%2Fmar%2F14%2Fukraine-economy-shrink-2022-imf-russia-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2022/04/16/what-will-it-cost-to-rebuild-ukraine">"What will it cost to rebuild Ukraine?"</a>. The Economist. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Retrieved 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=What+will+it+cost+to+rebuild+Ukraine%3F&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbriefing%2F2022%2F04%2F16%2Fwhat-will-it-cost-to-rebuild-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaroslav_Romanchuk2021" class="citation news cs1">Jaroslav Romanchuk (29 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/ukrainian-economy-in-2021-procrastination-without-innovation.html">"Ukrainian Economy in 2021: Procrastination Without Innovation"</a>. Get the Latest Ukraine News Today – Kyivpost. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Get+the+Latest+Ukraine+News+Today+%E2%80%93+Kyivpost&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Economy+in+2021%3A+Procrastination+Without+Innovation&rft.date=2021-12-29&rft.au=Jaroslav+Romanchuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fukraine-politics%2Fukrainian-economy-in-2021-procrastination-without-innovation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=UA">"Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – Ukraine | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Poverty+headcount+ratio+at+national+poverty+lines+%28%25+of+population%29+%E2%80%93+Ukraine+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.NAHC%3Flocations%3DUA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.NE.ZS?locations=UA">"Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national estimate) – Ukraine | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Unemployment%2C+total+%28%25+of+total+labor+force%29+%28national+estimate%29+%E2%80%93+Ukraine+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSL.UEM.TOTL.NE.ZS%3Flocations%3DUA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyubomyr_Shavalyuk2019" class="citation news cs1">Lyubomyr Shavalyuk (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukrainianweek.com/Economics/236449">"Where Ukraine's middle class is and how it can develop"</a>. The Ukrainian Week. Retrieved 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Week&rft.atitle=Where+Ukraine%27s+middle+class+is+and+how+it+can+develop&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.au=Lyubomyr+Shavalyuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukrainianweek.com%2FEconomics%2F236449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ukraine/government-debt--of-nominal-gdp#:~:text=In%20the%20latest%20reports%2C%20Ukraine,USD%20bn%20in%20Sep%202020.">"Ukraine Government Debt: % of GDP"</a>. CEIC. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CEIC&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Government+Debt%3A+%25+of+GDP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceicdata.com%2Fen%2Findicator%2Fukraine%2Fgovernment-debt--of-nominal-gdp%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520the%2520latest%2520reports%252C%2520Ukraine%2CUSD%2520bn%2520in%2520Sep%25202020.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_260-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_260-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-economy-is-more-than-just-wheat-and-commodities/a-61124847">"Ukraine's economy is more than just wheat and commodities | DW | 15 March 2022"</a>. DW.COM. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+economy+is+more+than+just+wheat+and+commodities+%7C+DW+%7C+15+March+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fukraines-economy-is-more-than-just-wheat-and-commodities%2Fa-61124847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210200631/http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/mainE/731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78?OpenDocument&Lang=E">"Statistics of Launches of Ukrainian LV"</a>. www.nkau.gov.ua. <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">State Space Agency of Ukraine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/mainE/731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78?OpenDocument&Lang=E">the original</a> on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nkau.gov.ua&rft.atitle=Statistics+of+Launches+of+Ukrainian+LV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nkau.gov.ua%2Fnsau%2FcatalogNEW.nsf%2FmainE%2F731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78%3FOpenDocument%26Lang%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121232043/http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s">"Missile defence, NATO: Ukraine's tough call"</a>. Business Ukraine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessukraine.com.ua/missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s">the original</a> on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missile+defence%2C+NATO%3A+Ukraine%27s+tough+call&rft.pub=Business+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessukraine.com.ua%2Fmissile-defence-nato-ukraine-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/ukraine/">"Ukraine Special Weapons"</a>. The Nuclear Information Project. Retrieved 5 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nuclear+Information+Project&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Special+Weapons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnuke%2Fguide%2Fukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_264-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_264-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFOOD_AND_AGRICULTURE_ORGANIZATION_OF_THE_UNITED_NATIONS2022" class="citation book cs1">FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1291390883">FOOD OUTLOOK – BIANNUAL REPORT ON GLOBAL FOOD MARKETS : november 2021</a>. [S.l.]: FOOD & AGRICULTURE ORG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-135248-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-135248-9"><bdi>978-92-5-135248-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1291390883">1291390883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FOOD+OUTLOOK+%E2%80%93+BIANNUAL+REPORT+ON+GLOBAL+FOOD+MARKETS+%3A+november+2021.&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pub=FOOD+%26+AGRICULTURE+ORG&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1291390883&rft.isbn=978-92-5-135248-9&rft.au=FOOD+AND+AGRICULTURE+ORGANIZATION+OF+THE+UNITED+NATIONS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1291390883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf">"FAO Information Note: The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict, 25 March 2022 Update"</a> (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.atitle=FAO+Information+Note%3A+The+importance+of+Ukraine+and+the+Russian+Federation+for+global+agricultural+markets+and+the+risks+associated+with+the+current+conflict%2C+25+March+2022+Update&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fcb9236en%2Fcb9236en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html">"LDCs at a Glance | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"</a>. www.un.org. Retrieved 15 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=LDCs+at+a+Glance+%7C+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fdpad%2Fleast-developed-country-category%2Fldcs-at-a-glance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/lifdc/en/">"FAO Country Profiles"</a>. www.fao.org. Retrieved 15 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fao.org&rft.atitle=FAO+Country+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fcountryprofiles%2Flifdc%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080819191518/http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf">"UNWTO World Tourism Barometer"</a> (PDF). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. 6 (2). June 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1728-9246">1728-9246</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNWTO+World+Tourism+Barometer&rft.atitle=UNWTO+World+Tourism+Barometer&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2008-06&rft.issn=1728-9246&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourismroi.com%2FContent_Attachments%2F27670%2FFile_633513750035785076.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsh2014" class="citation news cs1">Ash, Lucy (8 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28688478">"Tourism takes a nosedive in Crimea"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tourism+takes+a+nosedive+in+Crimea&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-28688478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrferry.com/">"Судоходная компания Укрферри. Морские паромные перевозки на Черном Море между Украиной, Грузией, Турцией и Болгарией"</a>. Ukrferry.com. Retrieved 30 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8.+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C+%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.pub=Ukrferry.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrferry.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219112757/http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14338802.html">"Киевскую дамбу может разрушить только метеорит или война — Эксперт"</a>. www.segodnya.ua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14338802.html">the original</a> on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.segodnya.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+%E2%80%94+%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.segodnya.ua%2Fnews%2F14338802.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Resources-and-power">"Ukraine – Resources and power | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+Resources+and+power+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUkraine%2FResources-and-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3997/9510uktn.htm">"Transportation in Ukraine"</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 22 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.atitle=Transportation+in+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpermanent.access.gpo.gov%2Flps3997%2F9510uktn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170209163723/http://www.flyuia.com/eng/company/ukraine-international-airlines/Contacts.html">"UIA Contacts"</a>. FlyUIA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flyuia.com/ua/en/contacts">the original</a> on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FlyUIA&rft.atitle=UIA+Contacts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyuia.com%2Fua%2Fen%2Fcontacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2017" class="citation news cs1">Liu, Jim (29 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/275955/ukraine-international-plans-toronto-launch-in-june-2018/">"Ukraine International plans Toronto launch in June 2018"</a>. Routesonline. Retrieved 29 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Routesonline&rft.atitle=Ukraine+International+plans+Toronto+launch+in+June+2018&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routesonline.com%2Fnews%2F38%2Fairlineroute%2F275955%2Fukraine-international-plans-toronto-launch-in-june-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/the-paradox-threatening-ukraines-post-coal-future/">"The paradox threatening Ukraine's post-coal future"</a>. openDemocracy. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openDemocracy&rft.atitle=The+paradox+threatening+Ukraine%27s+post-coal+future&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fen%2Fodr%2Fthe-paradox-threatening-ukraines-post-coal-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/countries/ukraine">"Ukraine – Countries & Regions"</a>. IEA. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEA&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+Countries+%26+Regions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Fcountries%2Fukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/38d3a4b5-en/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/38d3a4b5-en">"Fossil-Fuel Subsidies in the EU's Eastern Partner Countries : Estimates and Recent Policy Developments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OECD&rft.atitle=Fossil-Fuel+Subsidies+in+the+EU%27s+Eastern+Partner+Countries+%3A+Estimates+and+Recent+Policy+Developments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fsites%2F38d3a4b5-en%2Findex.html%3FitemId%3D%2Fcontent%2Fpublication%2F38d3a4b5-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140411173202/http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm">"Westinghouse and Ukraine's Energoatom Extend Long-term Nuclear Fuel Contract"</a>. 11 April 2014. Westinghouse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/News_Room/PressReleases/pr20140411.shtm">the original</a> on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=11+April+2014&rft.atitle=Westinghouse+and+Ukraine%27s+Energoatom+Extend+Long-term+Nuclear+Fuel+Contract&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westinghousenuclear.com%2FNews_Room%2FPressReleases%2Fpr20140411.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock2022" class="citation news cs1">Lock, Samantha (27 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/feb/27/russia-ukraine-latest-news-missile-strikes-on-oil-facilities-reported-as-some-russian-banks-cut-off-from-swift-system-live?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with%3Ablock-621aff5f8f08db56730fd45f">"Russia-Ukraine latest news: missile strikes on oil facilities reported as some Russian banks cut off from Swift system – live"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia-Ukraine+latest+news%3A+missile+strikes+on+oil+facilities+reported+as+some+Russian+banks+cut+off+from+Swift+system+%E2%80%93+live&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Flive%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F27%2Frussia-ukraine-latest-news-missile-strikes-on-oil-facilities-reported-as-some-russian-banks-cut-off-from-swift-system-live%3FfilterKeyEvents%3Dfalse%26page%3Dwith%253Ablock-621aff5f8f08db56730fd45f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2022" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Kira (26 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/ukraines-energy-system-coping-but-risks-major-damage-as-war-continues/">"Ukraine's energy system coping but risks major damage as war continues"</a>. www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.euractiv.com&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+energy+system+coping+but+risks+major+damage+as+war+continues&rft.date=2022-02-26&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Kira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Feurope-s-east%2Fnews%2Fukraines-energy-system-coping-but-risks-major-damage-as-war-continues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naftogaz.com/en/interviews/ukraine-will-not-extend-gas-transit-contract-with-russia-interview-deutsche-welle">"Ukraine plans to end Russian gas transit contract in 2024 – interview for Deutsche Welle | Naftogaz Ukraine"</a>. www.naftogaz.com. 24 October 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.naftogaz.com&rft.atitle=Ukraine+plans+to+end+Russian+gas+transit+contract+in+2024+%E2%80%93+interview+for+Deutsche+Welle+%7C+Naftogaz+Ukraine&rft.date=2023-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naftogaz.com%2Fen%2Finterviews%2Fukraine-will-not-extend-gas-transit-contract-with-russia-interview-deutsche-welle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbsnews-ukraine-grid-283"><a href="#cite_ref-cbsnews-ukraine-grid_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316225624/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-european-power-grid-russia/">"Ukraine joins European power grid, ending its dependence on Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. No. 16 March 2022. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-european-power-grid-russia/">the original</a> on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+joins+European+power+grid%2C+ending+its+dependence+on+Russia&rft.issue=16+March+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fukraine-european-power-grid-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.entsoe.eu/news/2022/03/16/continental-europe-successful-synchronisation-with-ukraine-and-moldova-power-systems/">"Continental Europe successful synchronisation with Ukraine and Moldova power systems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ENTSO-E" class="mw-redirect" title="ENTSO-E">ENTSO-E</a>. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Continental+Europe+successful+synchronisation+with+Ukraine+and+Moldova+power+systems&rft.pub=ENTSO-E&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.entsoe.eu%2Fnews%2F2022%2F03%2F16%2Fcontinental-europe-successful-synchronisation-with-ukraine-and-moldova-power-systems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-285"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/01/could-russia-shut-down-the-internet-in-ukraine">"Could Russia shut down the internet in Ukraine?"</a>. The Guardian. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Could+Russia+shut+down+the+internet+in+Ukraine%3F&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmar%2F01%2Fcould-russia-shut-down-the-internet-in-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2022" class="citation web cs1">Davies, Pascale (11 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/03/11/from-rescue-missions-to-finding-new-jobs-ukraine-s-tech-industry-is-helping-victims-of-rus">"Ukraine's tech companies are finding ways to help those fleeing war"</a>. euronews. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+tech+companies+are+finding+ways+to+help+those+fleeing+war&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Pascale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fnext%2F2022%2F03%2F11%2Ffrom-rescue-missions-to-finding-new-jobs-ukraine-s-tech-industry-is-helping-victims-of-rus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJournal2022" class="citation news cs1">Journal, Sam Schechner | Photographs by Justyna Mielnikiewicz/MAPS for The Wall Street (2 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraines-vital-tech-industry-carries-on-amid-russian-invasion-11646247631">"Ukraine's Vital Tech Industry Carries On Amid Russian Invasion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Vital+Tech+Industry+Carries+On+Amid+Russian+Invasion&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Journal&rft.aufirst=Sam+Schechner+%7C+Photographs+by+Justyna+Mielnikiewicz%2FMAPS+for+The+Wall+Street&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fukraines-vital-tech-industry-carries-on-amid-russian-invasion-11646247631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051640/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html">"Ukraine – Statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Children%27s_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Children's Fund">United Nations Children's Fund</a> (UNICEF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ukraine_statistics.html">the original</a> on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Children%27s+Fund+%28UNICEF%29&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Finfobycountry%2Fukraine_statistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688">"Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country"</a>. World Health Organization. 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+and+Healthy+life+expectancy%2C+data+by+country&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fgho%2Fdata%2Fnode.main.688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nw-20260217-290"><a href="#cite_ref-nw-20260217_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2017" class="citation news cs1">Peterson, Nolan (26 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/nolan-peterson-why-ukraine-population-shrinking-559697">"Why Is Ukraine's Population Shrinking?"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved 9 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Why+Is+Ukraine%27s+Population+Shrinking%3F&rft.date=2017-02-26&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Nolan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fnolan-peterson-why-ukraine-population-shrinking-559697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ukrstat-population-291"><a href="#cite_ref-ukrstat-population_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2007/ds/nas_rik/nas_e/nas_rik_e.html">"Population"</a>. State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 9 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population&rft.pub=State+Statistics+Service+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrstat.gov.ua%2Foperativ%2Foperativ2007%2Fds%2Fnas_rik%2Fnas_e%2Fnas_rik_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukrainer.net/koreans-of-ukraine-who-are-they/">"Koreans of Ukraine. Who are they?"</a>. Ukrainer. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainer&rft.atitle=Koreans+of+Ukraine.+Who+are+they%3F&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukrainer.net%2Fkoreans-of-ukraine-who-are-they%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlina_Sandulyak2017" class="citation web cs1">Alina Sandulyak (18 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdinflight.com/inspiration/experience/20170718-ethnic-koreans-jung-sung-tae.html">"Phantom Syndrome: Ethnic Koreans in Ukraine"</a>. Bird In Flight. Retrieved 15 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bird+In+Flight&rft.atitle=Phantom+Syndrome%3A+Ethnic+Koreans+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft.au=Alina+Sandulyak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbirdinflight.com%2Finspiration%2Fexperience%2F20170718-ethnic-koreans-jung-sung-tae.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/country/ukraine/">"Ukraine - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples"</a>. Minority Rights Group. 19 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minority+Rights+Group&rft.atitle=Ukraine+-+World+Directory+of+Minorities+%26+Indigenous+Peoples&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fcountry%2Fukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mp-295"><a href="#cite_ref-mp_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caught-between-east-and-west-ukraine-struggles-its-migration-policy">"Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy"</a>. Migration Policy Institute. January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caught+Between+East+and+West%2C+Ukraine+Struggles+with+Its+Migration+Policy&rft.pub=Migration+Policy+Institute&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Fcaught-between-east-and-west-ukraine-struggles-its-migration-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/national-monitoring-system-report-situation-internally-displaced-persons-march-2020">"National Monitoring System Report on the Situation of Internally Displaced Persons – March 2020 – Ukraine"</a>. ReliefWeb. 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=National+Monitoring+System+Report+on+the+Situation+of+Internally+Displaced+Persons+%E2%80%93+March+2020+%E2%80%93+Ukraine&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fukraine%2Fnational-monitoring-system-report-situation-internally-displaced-persons-march-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatoumKeaten2022" class="citation news cs1">Hatoum, Bassam; Keaten, Jamey (30 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-europe-migration-united-nations-5c10d8fed0cbcc003f64b478fd217620">"Number of Ukraine refugees passes worst-case U.N. estimate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Medyka. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Number+of+Ukraine+refugees+passes+worst-case+U.N.+estimate&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft.aulast=Hatoum&rft.aufirst=Bassam&rft.au=Keaten%2C+Jamey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-ukraine-business-europe-migration-united-nations-5c10d8fed0cbcc003f64b478fd217620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2024" class="citation web cs1">Kramer, Andrew (3 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/03/world/europe/zelensky-ukraine-military-draft-age.html">"Zelensky Lowers Ukraine's Draft Age, Risking Political Backlash"</a>. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Zelensky+Lowers+Ukraine%27s+Draft+Age%2C+Risking+Political+Backlash&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F04%2F03%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fzelensky-ukraine-military-draft-age.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPancevski2024" class="citation news cs1">Pancevski, Bojan (17 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/one-million-are-now-dead-or-injured-in-the-russia-ukraine-war-b09d04e5">"One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War"</a>. The Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=One+Million+Are+Now+Dead+or+Injured+in+the+Russia-Ukraine+War&rft.date=2024-09-17&rft.aulast=Pancevski&rft.aufirst=Bojan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fworld%2Fone-million-are-now-dead-or-injured-in-the-russia-ukraine-war-b09d04e5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SerhyYUBoaMN-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SerhyYUBoaMN_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SerhyYUBoaMN_300-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SerhyYUBoaMN_300-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SerhyYUBoaMN_300-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SerhyYUBoaMN_300-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Serhy_Yekelchyk" title="Serhy Yekelchyk">Serhy Yekelchyk</a> Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530546-3">978-0-19-530546-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmitage2022" class="citation web cs1">Armitage, Susie (8 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/apr/08/ukrainian-langauge-interest-spikes-support-country-war">"'Ukrainian has become a symbol': interest in language spikes amid Russia invasion"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 18 April 2022. <q>Like most Ukrainians, Sophia Reshetniak, 20, is fluent in both Ukrainian and Russian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Ukrainian+has+become+a+symbol%27%3A+interest+in+language+spikes+amid+Russia+invasion&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft.aulast=Armitage&rft.aufirst=Susie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2022%2Fapr%2F08%2Fukrainian-langauge-interest-spikes-support-country-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL.A._Grenoble2003" class="citation book cs1">L.A. Grenoble (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1">Language Policy in the Soviet Union</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1298-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1298-3"><bdi>978-1-4020-1298-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1298-3&rft.au=L.A.+Grenoble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNn3xDTiL0PQC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-signs-language-bill-into-law-311230.html">"Yanukovych signs language bill into law"</a>. Kyivpost.com. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yanukovych+signs+language+bill+into+law&rft.pub=Kyivpost.com&rft.date=2012-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fukraine%2Fyanukovych-signs-language-bill-into-law-311230.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/russian-spreads-like-wildfires-in-dry-ukrainian-forest-311949.html">"Russian spreads like wildfires in dry Ukrainian forest"</a>. Kyivpost.com. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+spreads+like+wildfires+in+dry+Ukrainian+forest&rft.pub=Kyivpost.com&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fukraine%2Frussian-spreads-like-wildfires-in-dry-ukrainian-forest-311949.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewUklang2892012-305"><a href="#cite_ref-NewUklang2892012_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/romanian-becomes-regional-language-in-bila-tserkva-in-zakarpattia-region-313373.html">"Romanian becomes regional language in Bila Tserkva in Zakarpattia region"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. Interfax-Ukraine. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Romanian+becomes+regional+language+in+Bila+Tserkva+in+Zakarpattia+region&rft.date=2012-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fukraine%2Fromanian-becomes-regional-language-in-bila-tserkva-in-zakarpattia-region-313373.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Schwirtz2012" class="citation news cs1">Michael Schwirtz (5 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/ukraine/index.html">"Ukraine"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ukraine&rft.date=2012-07-05&rft.au=Michael+Schwirtz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftop%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fcountriesandterritories%2Fukraine%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=45291"><bdi lang="uk">Проект Закону про визнання таким, що втратив чинність, Закону України "Про засади державної мовної політики"</bdi></a> [Draft Law on the recognition of the void Law of Ukraine "On the basic principles of State Language Policy"] (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Parliament. Retrieved 12 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%2C+%D1%89%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%2C+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%22%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%22&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw1.c1.rada.gov.ua%2Fpls%2Fzweb2%2Fwebproc4_1%3Fpf3511%3D45291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Traynor2014" class="citation news cs1">Ian Traynor (24 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-western-nations-eu-russia">"Western nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Western+nations+scramble+to+contain+fallout+from+Ukraine+crisis&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft.au=Ian+Traynor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F23%2Fukraine-crisis-western-nations-eu-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Kramer2014" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Kramer (2 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html">"Ukraine Turns to Its Oligarchs for Political Help"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 2 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Turns+to+Its+Oligarchs+for+Political+Help&rft.date=2014-03-02&rft.au=Andrew+Kramer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F03%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukranews.com/en/news/550164-constitutional-court-declares-law-on-language-policy-unconstitutional">"Constitutional Court Declares Law On Language Policy Unconstitutional"</a>. ukranews.com. 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ukranews.com&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Court+Declares+Law+On+Language+Policy+Unconstitutional&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukranews.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F550164-constitutional-court-declares-law-on-language-policy-unconstitutional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/19/new-language-requirement-raises-concerns-ukraine">"New Language Requirement Raises Concerns in Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=New+Language+Requirement+Raises+Concerns+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2F01%2F19%2Fnew-language-requirement-raises-concerns-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translatorswithoutborders.org/language-data-for-ukraine/">"Language data for Ukraine"</a>. Translators without Borders. March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translators+without+Borders&rft.atitle=Language+data+for+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslatorswithoutborders.org%2Flanguage-data-for-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unian.info-313"><a href="#cite_ref-unian.info_313-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/politics/2285671-hungary-plays-ethnic-card-in-all-neighboring-countries-experts-explain-language-row-with-ukraine.html">"Hungary plays ethnic card in all neighboring countries: experts explain "language row" with Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">Unian</a>. 7 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Unian&rft.atitle=Hungary+plays+ethnic+card+in+all+neighboring+countries%3A+experts+explain+%22language+row%22+with+Ukraine&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fpolitics%2F2285671-hungary-plays-ethnic-card-in-all-neighboring-countries-experts-explain-language-row-with-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoser2016" class="citation book cs1">Moser, Michael A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-34839-5_7">"Rusyn: A New-Old Language In-between Nations and States"</a>. The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 124–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-137-34839-5_7">10.1007/978-1-137-34839-5_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-57703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-57703-3"><bdi>978-1-349-57703-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114121225/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-34839-5_7">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rusyn%3A+A+New-Old+Language+In-between+Nations+and+States&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Slavic+Languages%2C+Identities+and+Borders&rft.place=London&rft.pages=124-139&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-137-34839-5_7&rft.isbn=978-1-349-57703-3&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-1-137-34839-5_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and culture. Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802035663" title="Special:BookSources/0802035663"><bdi>0802035663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Rusyn+history+and+culture&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ont.&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0802035663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shamshur-316"><a href="#cite_ref-Shamshur_316-0">^</a> Shamshur, pp. 159–168 </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108154958/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Revolution_2004/UKL/photos.php?UKL302">"Світова преса про вибори в Україні-2004 (Ukrainian Elections-2004 as mirrored in the World Press)"</a>. Архіви України (National Archives of Ukraine). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Revolution_2004/UKL/photos.php?UKL302">the original</a> on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%28National+Archives+of+Ukraine%29&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96-2004+%28Ukrainian+Elections-2004+as+mirrored+in+the+World+Press%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov.ua%2FSections%2FRevolution_2004%2FUKL%2Fphotos.php%3FUKL302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-language/criticism-of-ukraines-language-law-justified-rights-body-idUSKBN1E227K">"Criticism of Ukraine's language law justified: rights body"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 7 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Criticism+of+Ukraine%27s+language+law+justified%3A+rights+body&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-ukraine-language%2Fcriticism-of-ukraines-language-law-justified-rights-body-idUSKBN1E227K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/new-language-law-could-kill-independent-media-ahead-of-2019-elections.html">"New language law could kill independent media ahead of 2019 elections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. 19 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=New+language+law+could+kill+independent+media+ahead+of+2019+elections&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fukraine-politics%2Fnew-language-law-could-kill-independent-media-ahead-of-2019-elections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-language-legislation-minority-languages-russia-hungary-romania/28753925.html">"Ukrainian Language Bill Facing Barrage Of Criticism From Minorities, Foreign Capitals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 24 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Language+Bill+Facing+Barrage+Of+Criticism+From+Minorities%2C+Foreign+Capitals&rft.date=2017-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fukraine-language-legislation-minority-languages-russia-hungary-romania%2F28753925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/ukraine-defends-education-reform-as-hungary-promises-pain-1.3235916">"Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain'"</a>. The Irish Times. 27 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Ukraine+defends+education+reform+as+Hungary+promises+%27pain%27&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-defends-education-reform-as-hungary-promises-pain-1.3235916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> Vic Satzewich, The Ukrainian Diaspora (Routledge, 2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-Cecco_2022_u131-323"><a href="#cite_ref-Cecco_2022_u131_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecco2022" class="citation web cs1">Cecco, Leyland (3 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/03/canada-ukraine-diaspora-relief-efforts-russia-attack">"In Canada, world's second largest Ukrainian diaspora grieves invasion"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved 3 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=In+Canada%2C+world%27s+second+largest+Ukrainian+diaspora+grieves+invasion&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft.aulast=Cecco&rft.aufirst=Leyland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmar%2F03%2Fcanada-ukraine-diaspora-relief-efforts-russia-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-60555472">"How many refugees have fled Ukraine and where are they going?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 15 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+many+refugees+have+fled+Ukraine+and+where+are+they+going%3F&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-60555472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/feb/25/ukrainian-americans-solidarity-ukraine">"'Lot of determination': Ukrainian Americans rally for their country"</a>. The Guardian. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Lot+of+determination%27%3A+Ukrainian+Americans+rally+for+their+country&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F25%2Fukrainian-americans-solidarity-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61548979">"Ukrainian refugees are now living in the UK - so how is it going?"</a>. BBC News. 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+refugees+are+now+living+in+the+UK+-+so+how+is+it+going%3F&rft.date=2022-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-61548979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2022-07-30/hosts-of-ukrainians-in-uk-to-receive-government-praise-for-generosity">"Hosts of Ukrainians in UK to receive government praise for generosity"</a>. 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hosts+of+Ukrainians+in+UK+to+receive+government+praise+for+generosity&rft.date=2022-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2F2022-07-30%2Fhosts-of-ukrainians-in-uk-to-receive-government-praise-for-generosity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/8678777/canada-ukraine-immigration-plan-russia-war/">"Canada has opened its doors for war-ravaged Ukrainians. Does it have the capacity? - National | Globalnews.ca"</a>. Global News. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Canada+has+opened+its+doors+for+war-ravaged+Ukrainians.+Does+it+have+the+capacity%3F+-+National+%7C+Globalnews.ca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F8678777%2Fcanada-ukraine-immigration-plan-russia-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNHCR2022" class="citation news cs1">UNHCR (11 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2022/3/622b257f4/unhcr-scales-displaced-war-ukraine-deploys-cash-assistance.html">"UNHCR scales up for those displaced by war in Ukraine, deploys cash assistance"</a>. Unhcr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Unhcr&rft.atitle=UNHCR+scales+up+for+those+displaced+by+war+in+Ukraine%2C+deploys+cash+assistance&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft.au=UNHCR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fnews%2Fbriefing%2F2022%2F3%2F622b257f4%2Funhcr-scales-displaced-war-ukraine-deploys-cash-assistance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527">"Kyiv Saint Sophia Cathedral"</a>. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>). UN. Retrieved 8 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization+%28UNESCO%29&rft.atitle=Kyiv+Saint+Sophia+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/">"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Religious+Belief+and+National+Belonging+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F05%2F10%2Freligious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/08/orthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century/">"Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 10 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Christianity+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2017-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Forthodox-christianity-in-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=1052&page=1">"Press releases and reports – Religious self-identification of the population and attitude to the main Churches of Ukraine: June 2021 (kiis.com.ua)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+releases+and+reports+%E2%80%93+Religious+self-identification+of+the+population+and+attitude+to+the+main+Churches+of+Ukraine%3A+June+2021+%28kiis.com.ua%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkiis.com.ua%2F%3Flang%3Dukr%26cat%3Dreports%26id%3D1052%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Razumkov2016Page27-334"><a href="#cite_ref-Razumkov2016Page27_334-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf"><bdi lang="uk">Релігія, Церква, суспільство і держава: два роки після Майдану</bdi></a> [Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan] (PDF) (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: <a href="/wiki/Razumkov_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Razumkov Center">Razumkov Center</a> in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches, 26 May 2016, pp. 22, 27, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 April 2017, retrieved 7 January 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F%2C+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D1%96+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%3A+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=22%2C+27&rft.pub=Razumkov+Center+in+collaboration+with+the+All-Ukrainian+Council+of+Churches&rft.date=2016-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.razumkov.org.ua%2Fupload%2FReligiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socis.kiev.ua/ua/2019-01/">"ПРЕС-РЕЛІЗ ЗА РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМИ СОЦІОЛОГІЧНОГО ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ «УКРАЇНА НАПЕРЕДОДНІ ПРЕЗИДЕНТСЬКИХ ВИБОРІВ 2019»"</a>. socis.kiev.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=socis.kiev.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A1-%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%86%D0%97+%D0%97%D0%90+%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%97%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%98+%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%A6%D0%86%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%86%D0%A7%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%86%D0%94%D0%96%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AF+%C2%AB%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%87%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%86+%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%97%D0%98%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%A1%D0%AC%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A5+%D0%92%D0%98%D0%91%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%86%D0%92+2019%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocis.kiev.ua%2Fua%2F2019-01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Razumkov2016Page29-336"><a href="#cite_ref-Razumkov2016Page29_336-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422181327/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf"><bdi lang="uk">Релігія, Церква, суспільство і держава: два роки після Майдану</bdi></a> [Religion, Church, Society and State: Two Years after Maidan] (PDF) (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: <a href="/wiki/Razumkov_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Razumkov Center">Razumkov Center</a> in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches (sample of 2,018 people), 26 May 2016, pp. 22, 29, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 April 2017, retrieved 7 January 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F%2C+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D1%96+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%3A+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=22%2C+29&rft.pub=Razumkov+Center+in+collaboration+with+the+All-Ukrainian+Council+of+Churches+%28sample+of+2%2C018+people%29&rft.date=2016-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.razumkov.org.ua%2Fupload%2FReligiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101209112933/http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html">"Medical Care in Ukraine. Health system, hospitals and clinics"</a>. BestOfUkraine.com. 1 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestofukraine.com/travel-essentials/medical-care.html">the original</a> on 9 December 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Care+in+Ukraine.+Health+system%2C+hospitals+and+clinics&rft.pub=BestOfUkraine.com&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestofukraine.com%2Ftravel-essentials%2Fmedical-care.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomaniukSemigina2018" class="citation journal cs1">Romaniuk, Piotr; Semigina, Tetyana (23 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6260664">"Ukrainian health care system and its chances for successful transition from Soviet legacies"</a>. Global Health. 14 (116): 116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12992-018-0439-5">10.1186/s12992-018-0439-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-8603">1744-8603</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6260664">6260664</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30470237">30470237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Health&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+health+care+system+and+its+chances+for+successful+transition+from+Soviet+legacies&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=116&rft.pages=116&rft.date=2018-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6260664%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1744-8603&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30470237&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12992-018-0439-5&rft.aulast=Romaniuk&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Semigina%2C+Tetyana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6260664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkraine" class="citation web cs1">Ukraine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016045731/http://europe-cities.com/destinations/ukraine/health/">"Health in Ukraine. Healthcare system of Ukraine"</a>. Europe-cities.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europe-cities.com/destinations/ukraine/health/">the original</a> on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+in+Ukraine.+Healthcare+system+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=Europe-cities.com&rft.au=Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurope-cities.com%2Fdestinations%2Fukraine%2Fhealth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2023-04-dying-ukrainian-voices-depopulation-crisis.html">"'We are dying out here': Study hears Ukrainian voices on depopulation crisis"</a>. Phys.org. 27 April 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=%27We+are+dying+out+here%27%3A+Study+hears+Ukrainian+voices+on+depopulation+crisis&rft.date=2023-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2023-04-dying-ukrainian-voices-depopulation-crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldbank1-341"><a href="#cite_ref-worldbank1_341-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720122016/http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm">"What Went Wrong with Foreign Advice in Ukraine?"</a>. The World Bank Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/julaug99/pgs3-4.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank+Group&rft.atitle=What+Went+Wrong+with+Foreign+Advice+in+Ukraine%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fhtml%2Fprddr%2Ftrans%2Fjulaug99%2Fpgs3-4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rada_Reform-342"><a href="#cite_ref-Rada_Reform_342-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/politics/2195911-ukraine-parliament-greenlights-healthcare-reform.html">"What do you need to know about the healthcare reform in Ukraine?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">UNIAN</a>. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+do+you+need+to+know+about+the+healthcare+reform+in+Ukraine%3F&rft.pub=UNIAN&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fpolitics%2F2195911-ukraine-parliament-greenlights-healthcare-reform.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kovtoniuk-343"><a href="#cite_ref-Kovtoniuk_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uacrisis.org/55560-medichni-zakladi-moz#prettyPhoto">"Ministry of Health: Medical institutions will receive guidance on how to convert to enterprises"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Crisis_Media_Center" title="Ukraine Crisis Media Center">Ukraine Crisis Media Center</a>. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Health%3A+Medical+institutions+will+receive+guidance+on+how+to+convert+to+enterprises&rft.pub=Ukraine+Crisis+Media+Center&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuacrisis.org%2F55560-medichni-zakladi-moz%23prettyPhoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drugs-344"><a href="#cite_ref-Drugs_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uacrisis.org/60230-need-know-healthcare-reform-ukraine">"What do you need to know about the healthcare reform in Ukraine?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Crisis_Media_Center" title="Ukraine Crisis Media Center">Ukraine Crisis Media Center</a>. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+do+you+need+to+know+about+the+healthcare+reform+in+Ukraine%3F&rft.pub=Ukraine+Crisis+Media+Center&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuacrisis.org%2F60230-need-know-healthcare-reform-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970415063610/http://rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm">"Constitution of Ukraine, Chapter 2, Article 53. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rada.kiev.ua/const/conengl.htm">the original</a> on 15 April 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Ukraine%2C+Chapter+2%2C+Article+53.+Adopted+at+the+Fifth+Session+of+the+Verkhovna+Rada+of+Ukraine+on+28+June+1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rada.kiev.ua%2Fconst%2Fconengl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016104343/http://education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html">"General secondary education"</a>. Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/secondaryeduc_eng.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+secondary+education&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education+and+Science+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.gov.ua%2Fpls%2Fedu%2Fdocs%2Fcommon%2Fsecondaryeduc_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001465/146552e.pdf">"Higher education in Ukraine; Monographs on higher education; 2006"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 30 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Higher+education+in+Ukraine%3B+Monographs+on+higher+education%3B+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0014%2F001465%2F146552e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217073746/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html">"System of Higher Education of Ukraine"</a>. Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/higher_educ_eng.html">the original</a> on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=System+of+Higher+Education+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education+and+Science+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.gov.ua%2Fpls%2Fedu%2Fdocs%2Fcommon%2Fhigher_educ_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212111804/http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html">"System of the Education of Ukraine"</a>. Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/education_eng.html">the original</a> on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=System+of+the+Education+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education+and+Science+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.gov.ua%2Fpls%2Fedu%2Fdocs%2Fcommon%2Feducation_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306140326/https://www.export.gov/apex/article2?id=Ukraine-Education">"export.gov"</a>. www.export.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.export.gov/apex/article2?id=Ukraine-Education">the original</a> on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.export.gov&rft.atitle=export.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.export.gov%2Fapex%2Farticle2%3Fid%3DUkraine-Education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229115208/http://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2016/07/11/215073/">"Міносвіти скасує "спеціалістів" і "кандидатів наук""</a>. life.pravda.com.ua. 11 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://life.pravda.com.ua/society/2016/07/11/215073/">the original</a> on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=life.pravda.com.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%94+%22%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%22+%D1%96+%22%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%22&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flife.pravda.com.ua%2Fsociety%2F2016%2F07%2F11%2F215073%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB2.pdf">"Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a> (PDF). www.wipo.int. Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024.+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fassets%2F67729%2F2000%2520Global%2520Innovation%2520Index%25202024_WEB2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712194304/https://norric.org/files/education-systems/Ukraine2009">The Educational System of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Academic_Recognition_Information_Centre" title="National Academic Recognition Information Centre">National Academic Recognition Information Centre</a>, April 2009, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://norric.org/files/education-systems/Ukraine2009">the original</a> on 12 July 2020, retrieved 7 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Educational+System+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=National+Academic+Recognition+Information+Centre&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorric.org%2Ffiles%2Feducation-systems%2FUkraine2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RatingJuly12-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RatingJuly12_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RatingJuly12_354-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/yazykovoy_vopros_rezultaty_poslednih_issledovaniy_2012.html">"The language question, the results of recent research in 2012"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sociological_group_%22RATING%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological group "RATING"">Rating</a>. 25 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+language+question%2C+the+results+of+recent+research+in+2012&rft.pub=Rating&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fratinggroup.ua%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fukraine%2Fyazykovoy_vopros_rezultaty_poslednih_issledovaniy_2012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709143952/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ukrnews/1243560-poll_ukrainian_language_prevails_at_home_229692.html">"Poll: Ukrainian language prevails at home"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a>, UA, 7 September 2011, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ukrnews/1243560-poll_ukrainian_language_prevails_at_home_229692.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2017, retrieved 7 January 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrinform&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+Ukrainian+language+prevails+at+home&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-ukrnews%2F1243560-poll_ukrainian_language_prevails_at_home_229692.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Snyder2010" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a> (21 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/sep/21/whos-afraid-ukrainian-history/">"Who's Afraid of Ukrainian History?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Afraid+of+Ukrainian+History%3F&rft.date=2010-09-21&rft.au=Timothy+Snyder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fblogs%2Fnyrblog%2F2010%2Fsep%2F21%2Fwhos-afraid-ukrainian-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-over-half-of-ukrainians-against-granting-official-status-to-russian-language-318212.html">"Poll: Over half of Ukrainians against granting official status to Russian language"</a>. Kyiv Post. 27 December 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+Over+half+of+Ukrainians+against+granting+official+status+to+Russian+language&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fukraine%2Fpoll-over-half-of-ukrainians-against-granting-official-status-to-russian-language-318212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KIISS1313-358"><a href="#cite_ref-KIISS1313_358-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=140&page=1"><bdi lang="uk">Ставлення населення України до постаті Йосипа Сталіна</bdi></a> [Attitude of the Ukrainian population to the figure of Joseph Stalin] (in Ukrainian). <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_International_Institute_of_Sociology" title="Kyiv International Institute of Sociology">Kyiv International Institute of Sociology</a>. 1 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.pub=Kyiv+International+Institute+of+Sociology&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkiis.com.ua%2F%3Flang%3Deng%26cat%3Dreports%26id%3D140%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-antipathy-359">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antipathy_359-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-antipathy_359-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108233804/http://rb.com.ua/eng/projects/omnibus/6575/">"Ukraine. West-East: Unity in Diversity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Research_%26_Branding_Group" title="Research & Branding Group">Research & Branding Group</a>. March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rb.com.ua/eng/projects/omnibus/6575/">the original</a> on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine.+West-East%3A+Unity+in+Diversity&rft.pub=Research+%26+Branding+Group&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frb.com.ua%2Feng%2Fprojects%2Fomnibus%2F6575%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalanchuk2005" class="citation cs2">Malanchuk, Oksana (2005), "Social Identification Versus Regionalism in Contemporary Ukraine", Nationalities Papers, 33 (3): 345–68, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905990500193204">10.1080/00905990500193204</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5992">0090-5992</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154250784">154250784</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Social+Identification+Versus+Regionalism+in+Contemporary+Ukraine&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=345-68&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154250784%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0090-5992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905990500193204&rft.aulast=Malanchuk&rft.aufirst=Oksana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaras_Kuzio2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taras_Kuzio" title="Taras Kuzio">Taras Kuzio</a> (23 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140516205435/http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf">"Soviet conspiracy theories and political culture in Ukraine: Understanding Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region"</a> (PDF). taraskuzio.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taraskuzio.net/Comparative%20Politics_files/SovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=taraskuzio.net&rft.atitle=Soviet+conspiracy+theories+and+political+culture+in+Ukraine%3A+Understanding+Viktor+Yanukovych+and+the+Party+of+Region&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.au=Taras+Kuzio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taraskuzio.net%2FComparative%2520Politics_files%2FSovietCulture_Conspiracy_Yanukovych.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016140034/http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/WP406?PT001F01=900&pf7171=52"><bdi lang="uk">Вибори народних депутатів України 2012</bdi></a> [The Elections of People's Deputies of Ukraine 2012] (in Ukrainian). Central Election Commission of Ukraine. 28 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2012/WP406?PT001F01=900&pf7171=52">the original</a> on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+2012&rft.pub=Central+Election+Commission+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvk.gov.ua%2Fpls%2Fvnd2012%2FWP406%3FPT001F01%3D900%26pf7171%3D52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813233711/http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html">"CEC substitutes Tymoshenko, Lutsenko in voting papers"</a>. 30 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.for-ua.com/news/2012/08/30/111349.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CEC+substitutes+Tymoshenko%2C+Lutsenko+in+voting+papers&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.for-ua.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F08%2F30%2F111349.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EWparties-364"><a href="#cite_ref-EWparties_364-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackesMoreau2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Backes" title="Uwe Backes">Backes, Uwe</a>; Moreau, Patrick (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H23Pv4Ik3vMC&pg=PA396">Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a>, p. 396, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-36912-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-36912-8"><bdi>978-3-525-36912-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communist+and+Post-Communist+Parties+in+Europe&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-525-36912-8&rft.aulast=Backes&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft.au=Moreau%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH23Pv4Ik3vMC%26pg%3DPA396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Umland-365"><a href="#cite_ref-Umland_365-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014083516/http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle">Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle?</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy.net" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDemocracy.net">openDemocracy.net</a>, 3 January 2011, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/ukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle">the original</a> on 14 October 2017, retrieved 8 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine+right-wing+politics%3A+is+the+genie+out+of+the+bottle%3F&rft.pub=openDemocracy.net&rft.date=2011-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fod-russia%2Fandreas-umland%2Fukraine-right-wing-politics-is-genie-out-of-bottle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzio2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Taras_Kuzio" title="Taras Kuzio">Kuzio, Taras</a> (17 October 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39981">"Eight Reasons Why Ukraine's Party of Regions Will Win the 2012 Elections"</a>, Jamestown, <a href="/wiki/The_Jamestown_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jamestown Foundation">The Jamestown Foundation</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=Eight+Reasons+Why+Ukraine%27s+Party+of+Regions+Will+Win+the+2012+Elections&rft.date=2012-10-17&rft.aulast=Kuzio&rft.aufirst=Taras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fsingle%2F%3Fno_cache%3D1%26tx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D39981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzio2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Taras_Kuzio" title="Taras Kuzio">Kuzio, Taras</a> (5 October 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515074305/http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf">UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Analytica" title="Oxford Analytica">Oxford Analytica</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taraskuzio.net/media20_files/8.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 May 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UKRAINE%3A+Yushchenko+needs+Tymoshenko+as+ally+again&rft.pub=Oxford+Analytica&rft.date=2007-10-05&rft.aulast=Kuzio&rft.aufirst=Taras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taraskuzio.net%2Fmedia20_files%2F8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonia2012" class="citation web cs1">Sonia, Koshkina (15 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-eu-ukraine-relatio/ukraines-party-regions-pyrrhic-v-analysis-516103">"Ukraine's Party of Regions: A pyrrhic victory"</a>. EurActiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EurActiv&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Party+of+Regions%3A+A+pyrrhic+victory&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.aulast=Sonia&rft.aufirst=Koshkina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fspecialreport-eu-ukraine-relatio%2Fukraines-party-regions-pyrrhic-v-analysis-516103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachkevych2010" class="citation news cs1">Rachkevych, Mark (11 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100217083456/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/">"Election winner lacks strong voter mandate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/59340/">the original</a> on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Election+winner+lacks+strong+voter+mandate&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft.aulast=Rachkevych&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fdetail%2F59340%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstaptschuk2012" class="citation news cs1">Ostaptschuk, Markian (30 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-vote-ushers-in-new-constellation-of-power/a-16341696">"Shake-up in Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">DW</a>. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=Shake-up+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft.aulast=Ostaptschuk&rft.aufirst=Markian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fukraine-vote-ushers-in-new-constellation-of-power%2Fa-16341696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041204115821/http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html">"State Department of Ukraine on Religious"</a>. 2003 Statistical report. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua/info_zvit_2003.html">the original</a> on 4 December 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2003+Statistical+report&rft.atitle=State+Department+of+Ukraine+on+Religious&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.derzhkomrelig.gov.ua%2Finfo_zvit_2003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLysenko2014" class="citation book cs1">Lysenko, Tatiana (2014). The Price of Freedom. Lulu Publishing Services. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483405759" title="Special:BookSources/978-1483405759"><bdi>978-1483405759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Freedom&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Lulu+Publishing+Services&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1483405759&rft.aulast=Lysenko&rft.aufirst=Tatiana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukraine.com/culture/">"Culture in Ukraine | By Ukraine Channel"</a>. ukraine.com. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ukraine.com&rft.atitle=Culture+in+Ukraine+%7C+By+Ukraine+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukraine.com%2Fculture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030322/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine">"Interwar Soviet Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30078/Ukraine">the original</a> on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2007. <q>In all, some four-fifths of the Ukrainian cultural elite was repressed or perished in the course of the 1930s</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Interwar+Soviet+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-30078%2FUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218133116/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405">"Gorbachev, Mikhail"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405">the original</a> on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2008. <q>Under his new policy of glasnost ("openness"), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism; and the country's legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely repudiated by the government</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gorbachev%2C+Mikhail&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%28fee+required%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9037405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/petrykivka-decorative-painting-as-a-phenomenon-of-the-ukrainian-ornamental-folk-art-00893">"UNESCO – Petrykivka decorative painting as a phenomenon of the Ukrainian ornamental folk art"</a>. ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+%E2%80%93+Petrykivka+decorative+painting+as+a+phenomenon+of+the+Ukrainian+ornamental+folk+art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fpetrykivka-decorative-painting-as-a-phenomenon-of-the-ukrainian-ornamental-folk-art-00893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tradition-of-kosiv-painted-ceramics-01456">"UNESCO – Tradition of Kosiv painted ceramics"</a>. ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+%E2%80%93+Tradition+of+Kosiv+painted+ceramics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Ftradition-of-kosiv-painted-ceramics-01456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/cossacks-songs-of-dnipropetrovsk-region-01194">"UNESCO – Cossack's songs of Dnipropetrovsk Region"</a>. ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+%E2%80%93+Cossack%27s+songs+of+Dnipropetrovsk+Region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FUSL%2Fcossacks-songs-of-dnipropetrovsk-region-01194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua">"Ukraine – UNESCO World Heritage Convention"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 6 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Convention&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2Fua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/damaged-cultural-sites-ukraine-verified-unesco">"Damaged cultural sites in Ukraine verified by UNESCO"</a>. UNESCO. Retrieved 6 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Damaged+cultural+sites+in+Ukraine+verified+by+UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fdamaged-cultural-sites-ukraine-verified-unesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/02/02/ukrainian-city-of-odesa-added-to-unescos-world-heritage-list">"Unesco adds Ukrainian city of Odesa to World Heritage List of endangered sites"</a>. The Art Newspaper – International art news and events. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Newspaper+%E2%80%93+International+art+news+and+events&rft.atitle=Unesco+adds+Ukrainian+city+of+Odesa+to+World+Heritage+List+of+endangered+sites&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2F2023%2F02%2F02%2Fukrainian-city-of-odesa-added-to-unescos-world-heritage-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125004425/http://www.cs.unc.edu/~yakowenk/pysanky/index.html">"Pysanky – Ukrainian Easter Eggs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.unc.edu/~yakowenk/pysanky/index.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pysanky+%E2%80%93+Ukrainian+Easter+Eggs&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.unc.edu%2F~yakowenk%2Fpysanky%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/z0020-18">"Про затвердження Порядку ведення Національного переліку елементів нематеріальної культурної спадщини України"</a>. Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 1 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzakon.rada.gov.ua%2Fgo%2Fz0020-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarche2022" class="citation news cs1">Marche, Stephen (4 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/dec/04/our-mission-is-crucial-meet-the-warrior-librarians-of-ukraine">"'Our mission is crucial': meet the warrior librarians of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=%27Our+mission+is+crucial%27%3A+meet+the+warrior+librarians+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-12-04&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Marche&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2022%2Fdec%2F04%2Four-mission-is-crucial-meet-the-warrior-librarians-of-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ualit-385">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ualit_385-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ualit_385-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ualit_385-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ualit_385-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/612921/Ukraine/30128/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc275898">"Ukraine – Cultural Life – The Arts – Literature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 8 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+Cultural+Life+%E2%80%93+The+Arts+%E2%80%93+Literature&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F612921%2FUkraine%2F30128%2FDaily-life-and-social-customs%23toc275898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ualitmsn-386">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ualitmsn_386-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ualitmsn_386-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ualitmsn_386-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406035927/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html">"Ukraine – Literature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSN_Encarta" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Encarta">MSN Encarta</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573617_4/Ukraine.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+Literature&rft.btitle=MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761573617_4%2FUkraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature">"Ukrainian literature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. 4 July 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+literature&rft.date=2023-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FUkrainian-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanylo_Husar_Sruk" class="citation web cs1">Danylo Husar Sruk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\L\I\Literature.htm">"Literature"</a>. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 17 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Literature&rft.au=Danylo+Husar+Sruk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%5CL%5CI%5CLiterature.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuriy_Lavrinenko2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yuriy Lavrinenko (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213085603/http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm"><bdi lang="uk">Розстріляне відродження: Антологія 1917–1933</bdi></a> [The Executed Renaissance: Anthology 1917–1933] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Smoloskyl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fmm51.org.ua/html_books/lavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm">the original</a> on 13 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%3A+%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F+1917%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=Smoloskyl&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Yuriy+Lavrinenko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffmm51.org.ua%2Fhtml_books%2Flavrinenko_rozstriliane_vidrodzhennia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KatchanovskiKohutNebesio2013-391">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KatchanovskiKohutNebesio2013_391-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KatchanovskiKohutNebesio2013_391-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_KatchanovskiZenon_E._KohutBohdan_Y._NebesioMyroslav_Yurkevich2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Katchanovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Katchanovski (page does not exist)">Ivan Katchanovski</a>; Zenon E. Kohut; Bohdan Y. Nebesio; Myroslav Yurkevich (11 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA29">Historical Dictionary of Ukraine</a> (2 ed.). Scarecrow Press. pp. 29–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7847-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7847-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7847-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/851157266">851157266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ukraine&rft.pages=29-&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F851157266&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7847-1&rft.au=Ivan+Katchanovski&rft.au=Zenon+E.+Kohut&rft.au=Bohdan+Y.+Nebesio&rft.au=Myroslav+Yurkevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-h6r57lDC4QC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKharchenko" class="citation web cs1">Kharchenko, Serhiy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206132350/http://www.ukraine-observer.com/articles/228/993">"The Khrushchovkas"</a>. The Ukrainian Observer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukraine-observer.com/articles/228/993">the original</a> on 6 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Observer&rft.atitle=The+Khrushchovkas&rft.aulast=Kharchenko&rft.aufirst=Serhiy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukraine-observer.com%2Farticles%2F228%2F993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725153343/http://ua-travelling.com/en/article/ukrainian-clothes">"Ukrainian folk dress. Traditional clothes of Ukraine"</a>. Ua-travelling.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ua-travelling.com/en/article/ukrainian-clothes">the original</a> on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+folk+dress.+Traditional+clothes+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=Ua-travelling.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fua-travelling.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fukrainian-clothes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> "Podvyzhnytsi narodnoho mystetstva", Kyiv 2003 and 2005, by Yevheniya Shudra, Welcome to Ukraine Magazine </li> <li id="cite_note-museum-395"><a href="#cite_ref-museum_395-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108231405/http://www.umacleveland.org/traditional-ukrainian-embroidery/">"Traditional Ukrainian Embroidery"</a>. Ukrainian Museum-Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umacleveland.org/traditional-ukrainian-embroidery/">the original</a> on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+Ukrainian+Embroidery&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Museum-Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umacleveland.org%2Ftraditional-ukrainian-embroidery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126042547/http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/main/ua/1160.htm"><bdi lang="uk">Рівненська обласна державна адміністрація – Обласний центр народної творчості</bdi></a> [Rivne Regional State Administration – The Regional Centre for Folk Art] (in Ukrainian). Rv.gov.ua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rv.gov.ua/sitenew/main/ua/1160.htm">the original</a> on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96&rft.pub=Rv.gov.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rv.gov.ua%2Fsitenew%2Fmain%2Fua%2F1160.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storinka-m.kiev.ua/article.php?id=478">"ПІСНІ ТА ВИШИВКИ УЛЯНИ КОТ – Мистецька сторінка"</a>. Storinka-m.kiev.ua. Retrieved 30 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%86%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%86+%D0%A2%D0%90+%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A8%D0%98%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%98+%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%AF%D0%9D%D0%98+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%A2+%E2%80%93+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.pub=Storinka-m.kiev.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstorinka-m.kiev.ua%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Risch_2011_p._44-398"><a href="#cite_ref-Risch_2011_p._44_398-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisch2011" class="citation book cs1">Risch, W.J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zo9t6NS-YCwC&pg=PA44">The Ukrainian West: Culture and the Fate of Empire in Soviet Lviv</a>. Harvard historical studies. Harvard University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06126-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06126-2"><bdi>978-0-674-06126-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ukrainian+West%3A+Culture+and+the+Fate+of+Empire+in+Soviet+Lviv&rft.series=Harvard+historical+studies&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06126-2&rft.aulast=Risch&rft.aufirst=W.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzo9t6NS-YCwC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sonevytsky_2019_p.-399"><a href="#cite_ref-Sonevytsky_2019_p._399-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonevytsky2019" class="citation book cs1">Sonevytsky, M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=um6rDwAAQBAJ">Wild Music: Sound and Sovereignty in Ukraine</a>. Music / Culture. Wesleyan University Press. p. intro. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-7915-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-7915-7"><bdi>978-0-8195-7915-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Music%3A+Sound+and+Sovereignty+in+Ukraine&rft.series=Music+%2F+Culture&rft.pages=intro&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-7915-7&rft.aulast=Sonevytsky&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dum6rDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Struk_1993_p._1461-400"><a href="#cite_ref-Struk_1993_p._1461_400-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruk1993" class="citation book cs1">Struk, D.H. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IkZEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1461">Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Volume III: L-Pf</a>. Heritage. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. p. 1461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-5125-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-5125-8"><bdi>978-1-4426-5125-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine%3A+Volume+III%3A+L-Pf&rft.series=Heritage&rft.pages=1461&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press%2C+Scholarly+Publishing+Division&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-5125-8&rft.aulast=Struk&rft.aufirst=D.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIkZEDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukrainian_people_2017-401"><a href="#cite_ref-Ukrainian_people_2017_401-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukrainianpeople.us/traditional-ukrainian-songs-and-music/">"Traditional Ukrainian songs and music"</a>. Ukrainian people (in Ukrainian). 16 May 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainian+people&rft.atitle=Traditional+Ukrainian+songs+and+music&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukrainianpeople.us%2Ftraditional-ukrainian-songs-and-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FH_402-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/ukraine">Ukraine 2015 Freedom of the Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116115122/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/ukraine">Archived</a> 16 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> report </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2021">"Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report"</a>. Freedom House. Retrieved 27 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Ukraine%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2021+Country+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fukraine%2Ffreedom-world%2F2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309090341/https://www.nrada.gov.ua/en/about/">"National Council"</a>. Національна рада України з питань телебачення і радіомовлення. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrada.gov.ua/en/about/">the original</a> on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B7+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%96+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft.atitle=National+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrada.gov.ua%2Fen%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/aboutus/story/2003/08/030818_london_office">"BBCUkrainian.com | Про нас | Бі-Бі-Сі – зрозуміти світ"</a>. www.bbc.com. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=BBCUkrainian.com+%7C+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81+%7C+%D0%91%D1%96-%D0%91%D1%96-%D0%A1%D1%96+%E2%80%93+%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fukrainian%2Faboutus%2Fstory%2F2003%2F08%2F030818_london_office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/26/the-invasion-of-ukraine-is-not-the-first-social-media-war-but-it-is-the-most-viral">"The invasion of Ukraine is not the first social media war, but it is the most viral"</a>. The Economist. 26 March 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Retrieved 27 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+invasion+of+Ukraine+is+not+the+first+social+media+war%2C+but+it+is+the+most+viral&rft.date=2022-03-26&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Feurope%2F2022%2F03%2F26%2Fthe-invasion-of-ukraine-is-not-the-first-social-media-war-but-it-is-the-most-viral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/best-documentary-2024-oscars-61eadff6af5bb91d53737776c1a60ff8">"'20 Days in Mariupol' wins best documentary Oscar, a first for AP and PBS' 'Frontline'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a>. 11 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=%2720+Days+in+Mariupol%27+wins+best+documentary+Oscar%2C+a+first+for+AP+and+PBS%27+%27Frontline%27&rft.date=2024-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbest-documentary-2024-oscars-61eadff6af5bb91d53737776c1a60ff8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115053121/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine">"Ukraine – Sports and recreation"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica (fee required). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30127/Ukraine">the original</a> on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%28fee+required%29&rft.atitle=Ukraine+%E2%80%93+Sports+and+recreation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-30127%2FUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivafitness.com.au/boxing-lessons-learned-dions-ukraine-visit/">"Boxing Lessons learned from Dion's Ukraine Visit"</a>. Viva Fitness. 14 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viva+Fitness&rft.atitle=Boxing+Lessons+learned+from+Dion%27s+Ukraine+Visit&rft.date=2013-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivafitness.com.au%2Fboxing-lessons-learned-dions-ukraine-visit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas2021" class="citation web cs1">Douglas, Steve (25 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/sports-boxing-anthony-joshua-wladimir-klitschko-evander-holyfield-3b9a7b202d5de124e4c2fee4298df8d4">"Usyk ends Joshua's reign as heavyweight champ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022091409/https://apnews.com/article/sports-boxing-anthony-joshua-wladimir-klitschko-evander-holyfield-3b9a7b202d5de124e4c2fee4298df8d4">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usyk+ends+Joshua%27s+reign+as+heavyweight+champ&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2021-09-25&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsports-boxing-anthony-joshua-wladimir-klitschko-evander-holyfield-3b9a7b202d5de124e4c2fee4298df8d4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/23519498/espn-boxing-pound-pound-rankings-vasiliy-lomachenko-no-1">"Pound-for-pound rankings: Vasiliy Lomachenko still No. 1"</a>. ESPN.com. Retrieved 18 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Pound-for-pound+rankings%3A+Vasiliy+Lomachenko+still+No.+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fboxing%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F23519498%2Fespn-boxing-pound-pound-rankings-vasiliy-lomachenko-no-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Olympic_Committee" class="citation web cs1">International Olympic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/mr-sergey-bubka">"Mr. Sergey BUBKA"</a>. Official website of the Olympic Movement. Retrieved 27 May 2010. <q>... voted world's best athlete on several occasions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+Olympic+Movement&rft.atitle=Mr.+Sergey+BUBKA&rft.au=International+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fmr-sergey-bubka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100602/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html">"Track and Field Athlete of the Year"</a>. Trackandfieldnews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Track+and+Field+Athlete+of+the+Year&rft.pub=Trackandfieldnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trackandfieldnews.com%2Farchive%2Faoy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201182718/http://www.rlef.eu.com/news/article/1480/legion-xiii-dominate-ukrainian-season">"Legion XIII dominate Ukrainian season"</a>. RLEF. 23 November 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rlef.eu.com/news/article/1480/legion-xiii-dominate-ukrainian-season">the original</a> on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legion+XIII+dominate+Ukrainian+season&rft.pub=RLEF&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rlef.eu.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F1480%2Flegion-xiii-dominate-ukrainian-season&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/culture/2022/03/05/ukraine-has-a-glorious-cuisine-that-is-all-its-own">"Ukraine has a glorious cuisine that is all its own"</a>. The Economist. 5 March 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Ukraine+has+a+glorious+cuisine+that+is+all+its+own&rft.date=2022-03-05&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fculture%2F2022%2F03%2F05%2Fukraine-has-a-glorious-cuisine-that-is-all-its-own&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cchm.ca/index.php/articles/breads">"CCHM – Breads"</a>. www.cchm.ca. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cchm.ca&rft.atitle=CCHM+%E2%80%93+Breads&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cchm.ca%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2Fbreads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStechishin" class="citation web cs1">Stechishin, Savella. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/T/R/Traditionalfoods.htm">"Traditional Foods"</a>. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 10 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+Foods&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.aulast=Stechishin&rft.aufirst=Savella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fpages%2FT%2FR%2FTraditionalfoods.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Print_sources">Print sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_books">Reference books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Encyclopedia of Ukraine (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, 1984–1993) 5 vol; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/">partial online version</a>, from Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/58069636/ukraine-a-concise-encyclopedia">Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia Vol.1</a> ed by Volodymyr E. KubijovyC; University of Toronto Press. 1963; 1188pp</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_(since_1991)">Recent (since 1991)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Aslund, Anders, and Michael McFaul. Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine's Democratic Breakthrough (2006)</li> <li>Birch, Sarah. Elections and Democratization in Ukraine Macmillan, 2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/98201086/elections-and-democratization-in-ukraine">online edition</a></li> <li>Edwards Mike: "Ukraine – Running on empty" <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Magazine">National Geographic Magazine</a> March 1993</li> <li>Ivan Katchanovski: Cleft Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine and Moldova, Ibidem-Verlag, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89821-558-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89821-558-9">978-3-89821-558-9</a></li> <li>Kuzio, Taras: Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation, M.E. Sharpe, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0224-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0224-5">0-7656-0224-5</a></li> <li>Kuzio, Taras. Ukraine: State and Nation Building, Routledge, 1998 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/102997170/ukraine-state-and-nation-building">online edition</a></li> <li>Shamshur O. V., Ishevskaya T. I., Multilingual education as a factor of inter-ethnic relations: the case of the Ukraine, in Language Education for Intercultural Communication, by D. E. Ager, George Muskens, Sue Wright, Multilingual Matters, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85359-204-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85359-204-8">1-85359-204-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShen1996" class="citation book cs1">Shen, Raphael (1996). Ukraine's Economic Reform: Obstacles, Errors, Lessons. Praeger/Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95240-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95240-2"><bdi>978-0-275-95240-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%27s+Economic+Reform%3A+Obstacles%2C+Errors%2C+Lessons&rft.pub=Praeger%2FGreenwood&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95240-2&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Whitmore, Sarah. State Building in Ukraine: The Ukrainian Parliament, 1990–2003 Routledge, 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/108557869/state-building-in-ukraine-the-ukrainian-parliament">online edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_(historian)" title="Andrew Wilson (historian)">Wilson, Andrew</a>, Ukraine's Orange Revolution (2005)</li> <li>Wilson, Andrew, The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation, 2nd ed. 2002;</li> <li>Wilson, Andrew, Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s: A Minority Faith, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57457-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57457-9">0-521-57457-9</a></li> <li>Zon, Hans van. The Political Economy of Independent Ukraine. 2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/98833788/the-political-economy-of-independent-ukraine">online edition</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10220788/UKRAINIAN_UPPER_PALAEOLITHIC_BETWEEN_40_10.000_BP">UKRAINIAN UPPER PALAEOLITHIC BETWEEN 40/10.000 BP</a></li> <li>Bilinsky, Yaroslav The Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II (<a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>, 1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707080141/https://www.questia.com/read/98757892/the-second-soviet-republic-the-ukraine-after-world">Archived</a> 7 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hrushevsky, Michael. A History of Ukraine (1986)</li> <li>Katchanovski Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Second Edition. Scarecrow Press, 2013. 968 pp.</li> <li>Kononenko, Konstantyn. Ukraine and Russia: A History of the Economic Relations between Ukraine and Russia, 1654–1917 (Marquette University Press 1958) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/30412054/ukraine-and-russia-a-history-of-the-economic-relations">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707131740/https://www.questia.com/read/30412054/ukraine-and-russia-a-history-of-the-economic-relations">Archived</a> 7 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Luckyj, George S. Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine: An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995. (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magocsi,_Paul_Robert" class="mw-redirect" title="Magocsi, Paul Robert">Magocsi, Paul Robert</a>, A History of Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7820-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7820-6">0-8020-7820-6</a></li> <li>Reid, Anna. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/96969196/borderland-a-journey-through-the-history-of-ukraine">online edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Subtelny, Orest</a>. Ukraine: A History, 1st edition. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8390-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-8390-0">0-8020-8390-0</a>.</li> <li>Yekelchyk, Serhy. Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation (Oxford University Press 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/117724172/ukraine-birth-of-a-modern-nation">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707135517/https://www.questia.com/read/117724172/ukraine-birth-of-a-modern-nation">Archived</a> 7 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II_2">World War II</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Boshyk, Yuri (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ukraineduringwor0000unse">Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath</a>. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920862-37-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920862-37-7"><bdi>978-0-920862-37-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine+During+World+War+II%3A+History+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pub=Canadian+Institute+of+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-920862-37-7&rft.aulast=Boshyk&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fukraineduringwor0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Berkhoff, Karel C. Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule. Harvard U. Press, 2004. 448 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cliff, Tony (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classstrugglewom0000clif">Class Struggle and Women's Liberation</a>. Bookmarks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906224-12-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906224-12-0"><bdi>978-0-906224-12-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+Struggle+and+Women%27s+Liberation&rft.pub=Bookmarks&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-906224-12-0&rft.aulast=Cliff&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassstrugglewom0000clif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUkraine" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gross, Jan T. Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia (1988).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lower" title="Wendy Lower">Lower, Wendy</a>. Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine. U. of North Carolina Press, 2005. 307 pp.</li> <li>Piotrowski Tadeusz, Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947, McFarland & Company, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3">0-7864-0371-3</a>.</li> <li>Redlich, Shimon. Together and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919–1945. Indiana U. Press, 2002. 202 pp.</li> <li>Zabarko, Boris, ed. Holocaust in the Ukraine, Mitchell Vallentine & Co, 2005. 394 pp.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Ukraine at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ukraine" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Ukraine">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="c:Україна">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Ukraine" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Ukraine">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ukraine" class="extiw" title="q:Ukraine">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ukraine" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Ukraine">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ukraine" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Ukraine">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ukraine" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Ukraine">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ukraine" class="extiw" title="voy:Ukraine">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/ukraine/">Ukraine</a> information from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UA">Key Development Forecasts for Ukraine</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofukraine.com/">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.gov.ua/en/">The President of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en">Government Portal of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rada.gov.ua/en">The Parliament of Ukraine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Economy</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/UKR">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Ukraine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/ukraine/">Ukraine Corruption Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303165622/https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/ukraine">Archived</a> 3 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Risk & Compliance Portal</li></ul> <dl><dt>Demographics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ined.fr/en/everything_about_population/graphs-maps/population_graphs/">World population in graphs (until 2100)</a> by the French <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">Institut national d'études démographiques</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ukraine_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukraine_topics" title="Template talk:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukraine topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ukraine_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukraine</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyaba" title="Kuyaba">Kuyaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Hetmanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav_Agreement" title="Pereiaslav Agreement">Pereiaslav Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Revolution and War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukrainian National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">2014 pro-Russian unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ukraine" title="Geography of Ukraine">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Ukraine" title="National parks of Ukraine">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Ukraine" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere reserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine">Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_reserves_of_Ukraine" title="List of nature reserves of Ukraine">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Populated places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Ukraine" title="List of longest rivers of Ukraine">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ukraine" title="List of mountains in Ukraine">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Ukraine" title="List of waterfalls in Ukraine">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ukraine" title="List of islands of Ukraine">Islands and sandbars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine" title="Wildlife of Ukraine">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign relations of Ukraine">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Ukraine" title="Political parties in Ukraine">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">Elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ukraine" title="Judiciary of Ukraine">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine" title="Law of Ukraine">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">Ukraine–NATO relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">Hryvnia (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ukraine" title="Banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchanges_in_Ukraine" title="Stock exchanges in Ukraine">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Ukraine" title="Electricity in Ukraine">Electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Ukraine" title="Science and technology in Ukraine">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ukraine" title="Tourism in Ukraine">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ukraine" title="Transport in Ukraine">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Society of Ukraine">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Ukraine" title="Gender inequality in Ukraine">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">Swine flu pandemic</a> (2009-10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ukraine" title="Crime in Ukraine">Crime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ukraine" title="Human rights in Ukraine">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ukraine">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ukraine" title="Human trafficking in Ukraine">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Ukraine" title="Minorities in Ukraine">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Ukraine" title="Prostitution in Ukraine">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_architecture" title="Ukrainian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian baroque">Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Ukraine" title="Arts of Ukraine">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cultural icons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandura" title="Bandura">Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Kazka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobzar" title="Kobzar">Kobzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Pysanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushnyk" title="Rushnyk">Rushnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyshyvanka" title="Vyshyvanka">Vyshyvanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ukraine" title="Public holidays in Ukraine">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Ukraine" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_literature" title="Ukrainian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Ukraine" title="Mass media in Ukraine">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Ukraine" title="Opera in Ukraine">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ukraine" title="Sport in Ukraine">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_refugee_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)">Refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Ukraine">Immigration to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censuses_in_Ukraine" title="Censuses in Ukraine">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ukraine" title="Outline of Ukraine">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukraine" title="Category:Ukraine">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Europe" title="Template talk:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (only <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty#History" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty#History" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia#History" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia#History" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"> Arsacid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia#History" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Medieval Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia#History" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1453–1829" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1453-1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)#History" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1502-1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1829–1878" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1829-1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#National_awakening:_1880s" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1880-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia#History" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Ages in Azerbaijan">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Stalinist repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">Soviet repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom#History" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria#History" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Age of Bulgaria">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">1878-1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">1989-present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#History" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia#History" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia#History" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526-1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648-1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia#History" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech resistance against German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic#History" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">1945-1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989-1992</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)#Danish_conquest" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana#History" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia#Estophile_Enlightenment_Period_(1750–1840)" title="Estophilia">Estophile Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">1920-1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German occupation of Estonia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template talk:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950 <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></li> <li>1951 <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a></li> <li>1952 <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></li> <li>1953 <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></li> <li>1954 <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></li> <li>1955</li> <li>1956 <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li>1957 <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></li> <li>1958 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></li> <li>1960 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a></li> <li>1961 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></li> <li>1962</li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></li> <li>1964 <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a></li> <li>1965</li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag" title="Jens Otto Krag">Jens Otto Krag</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a></li> <li>1968</li> <li>1969 <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></li> <li>1970 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Seydoux_de_Clausonne" title="François Seydoux de Clausonne">François Seydoux de Clausonne</a></li> <li>1971</li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></li> <li>1974</li> <li>1975</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Leo Tindemans</a></li> <li>1977 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Emilio Colombo</a></li> <li>1980</li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">King Juan Carlos I</a></li> <li>1983</li> <li>1984</li> <li>1985</li> <li>1986 <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">People of Luxembourg</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a></li> <li>1991 <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></li> <li>1992 <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Konr%C3%A1d" title="György Konrád">György Konrád</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>1</li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccardi" title="Andrea Riccardi">Andrea Riccardi</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97" title="Dalia Grybauskaitė">Dalia Grybauskaitė</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava" title="Maria Kalesnikava">Maria Kalesnikava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronika_Tsepkalo" title="Veronika Tsepkalo">Veronika Tsepkalo</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">the Ukrainian people</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Goldschmidt" title="Pinchas Goldschmidt">Pinchas Goldschmidt</a> and the Jewish communities in Europe</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Received extraordinary prize.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sakharov_Prize_recipients" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sakharov_Prize" title="Template:Sakharov Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sakharov_Prize" title="Template talk:Sakharov Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sakharov_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sakharov Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sakharov_Prize_recipients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sakharov_Prize" title="Sakharov Prize">Sakharov Prize</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Marchenko" title="Anatoly Marchenko">Marchenko</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Dubček</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adem_Dema%C3%A7i" title="Adem Demaçi">Demaçi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Plaza_de_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo">Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslobo%C4%91enje" title="Oslobođenje">Oslobođenje</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taslima_Nasrin" title="Taslima Nasrin">Nasrin</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla_Zana" title="Leyla Zana">Zana</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jingsheng" title="Wei Jingsheng">Wei Jingsheng</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salima_Ghezali" title="Salima Ghezali">Ghezali</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">Rugova</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanana_Gusm%C3%A3o" title="Xanana Gusmão">Gusmão</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C2%A1Basta_Ya!" title="¡Basta Ya!">¡Basta Ya!</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurit_Peled-Elhanan" title="Nurit Peled-Elhanan">Peled-Elhanan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ghazzawi" title="Izzat Ghazzawi">Ghazzawi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zacarias_Kamwenho" title="Zacarias Kamwenho">Kamwenho</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Pay%C3%A1" title="Oswaldo Payá">Payá</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Annan</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Association_of_Journalists" title="Belarusian Association of Journalists">Belarusian Association of Journalists</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies_in_White" title="Ladies in White">Ladies in White</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hauwa_Ibrahim" title="Hauwa Ibrahim">Ibrahim</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaksandar_Milinkievi%C4%8D" title="Alaksandar Milinkievič">Milinkievič</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Mahmoud_Osman" title="Salih Mahmoud Osman">Osman</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jia_(activist)" title="Hu Jia (activist)">Hu Jia</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Fari%C3%B1as" title="Guillermo Fariñas">Fariñas</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmaa_Mahfouz" title="Asmaa Mahfouz">Mahfouz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Senussi" title="Ahmed al-Senussi">Senussi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh"> Zaitouneh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ali_Farzat" title="Ali Farzat">Farzat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Bouazizi</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrin_Sotoudeh" title="Nasrin Sotoudeh">Sotoudeh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Panahi" title="Jafar Panahi">Panahi</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Yousafzai</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Mukwege</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Murad</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lamiya_Aji_Bashar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiya Aji Bashar">Bashar</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">Democratic Opposition in Venezuela</a>: <a href="/wiki/Julio_Borges" title="Julio Borges">Julio Borges</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Leopoldo López">Leopoldo López</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ledezma" title="Antonio Ledezma">Antonio Ledezma</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Ceballos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Ceballos (page does not exist)">Daniel Ceballos</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ceballos" class="extiw" title="es:Daniel Ceballos">es</a>] / <a href="/wiki/Yon_Goicoechea" title="Yon Goicoechea">Yon Goicoechea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lorent_Saleh" title="Lorent Saleh">Lorent Saleh</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Ramos_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Ramos (politician) (page does not exist)">Alfredo Ramos</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Ramos" class="extiw" title="es:Alfredo Ramos">es</a>] / Andrea González (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Sentsov" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg Sentsov">Sentsov</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Tohti" title="Ilham Tohti">Tohti</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">Democratic opposition in Belarus</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Coordination_Council_(Belarus)" title="Coordination Council (Belarus)">Coordination Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava" title="Maria Kalesnikava">Maria Kalesnikava</a> / <a href="/wiki/Volha_Kavalkova" class="mw-redirect" title="Volha Kavalkova">Volha Kavalkova</a> / <a href="/wiki/Veronika_Tsepkalo" title="Veronika Tsepkalo">Veronika Tsepkalo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Siarhei_Tsikhanouski" class="mw-redirect" title="Siarhei Tsikhanouski">Siarhei Tsikhanouski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Dylevsky" title="Sergei Dylevsky">Sergei Dylevsky</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stsiapan_Putsila" title="Stsiapan Putsila">Stsiapan Putsila</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mikola_Statkevich" title="Mikola Statkevich">Mikola Statkevich</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Navalny" title="Alexei Navalny">Navalny</a> (2021)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ukrainian people</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahsa Amini">Mahsa Amini</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Woman,_Life,_Freedom" title="Woman, Life, Freedom">Woman, Life, Freedom</a> movement (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Corina_Machado" title="María Corina Machado">María Corina Machado</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edmundo_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Edmundo González">Edmundo González</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123587973">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123791201">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1211738/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkMMfGYRhk8WcWRp3xJjC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061496-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81017756">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865672n">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937898x">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15325867g">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865672n">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937898x">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15325867g">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573982">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131211&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451278">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1200867">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810613095605606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548162505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/904768d0-61ca-3c40-93ac-93adc36fef4b">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/d943feef-e70e-4466-8c98-8df9b7b53437">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/gr8n5JSQ">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02640267X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/025007">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045282">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ukrayna">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&oldid=1259607670">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&oldid=1259607670</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukraine" title="Category:Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_establishments_in_Ukraine" title="Category:1991 establishments in Ukraine">1991 establishments in Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Ukrainian_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where Ukrainian is an official language">Countries and territories where Ukrainian is an official language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Europe" title="Category:Countries in Europe">Countries in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Category:Member states of the Council of Europe">Member states of the Council of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Post-Soviet_states" title="Category:Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republics" title="Category:Republics">Republics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1991" title="Category:States and territories established in 1991">States and territories established in 1991</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Ukrainian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Ukrainian IPA">Pages with Ukrainian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Ukrainian-language_script_(uk)" title="Category:CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk)">CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Ukrainian-language_sources_(uk)" title="Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)">CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2023">Articles with dead external links from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)">Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_May_2022" title="Category:EngvarB from May 2022">EngvarB from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_March_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2022">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from December 2022">Articles with failed verification from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_overkill" title="Category:Citation overkill">Citation overkill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_tagged_with_the_inline_citation_overkill_template_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from September 2023">Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_March_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2022">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2023" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_manual_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images">Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_December_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2022">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 01:54 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukraine&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-278z6","wgBackendResponseTime":217,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.888","walltime":"4.449","ppvisitednodes":{"value":62568,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1108618,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":117793,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":129,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1515391,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3713.452 1 -total"," 49.38% 1833.703 2 Template:Reflist"," 24.27% 901.143 231 Template:Cite_web"," 10.90% 404.705 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 5.96% 221.339 63 Template:Cite_news"," 5.82% 215.963 45 Template:Cite_book"," 4.03% 149.728 25 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.97% 147.255 1 Template:Oblasts_of_Ukraine"," 3.86% 143.179 1 Template:Ukraine_topics"," 3.81% 141.458 1 Template:Country_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.234","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22212989,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","360","15.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","320","13.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","240","10.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","5.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","80","3.5"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","60","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","2.6"],["[others]","640","27.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-9884d96b7-78qkv","timestamp":"20241127073559","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ukraine","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukraine","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q212","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q212","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-25T07:57:33Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T01:54:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/49\/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg","headline":"country in Eastern Europe"}</script> </body> </html>