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aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_of_sharia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_sharia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sources of sharia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_sharia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.1</span> <span>Quran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.2</span> <span>Hadith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ijmā'_(consensus)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ijmā'_(consensus)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>Ijmā' (consensus)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ijmā'_(consensus)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qiyās_(analogical_reasoning)_and_'aql_(reason)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qiyās_(analogical_reasoning)_and_'aql_(reason)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.2</span> <span>Qiyās (analogical reasoning) and 'aql (reason)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qiyās_(analogical_reasoning)_and_'aql_(reason)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ijtihād" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ijtihād"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ijtihād</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ijtihād-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decision_types_(aḥkām)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decision_types_(aḥkām)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Decision types (<i>aḥkām</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decision_types_(aḥkām)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aims_of_sharia_and_public_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aims_of_sharia_and_public_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Aims of sharia and public interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aims_of_sharia_and_public_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_of_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_of_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Schools of law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles_within_Sunni_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_within_Sunni_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Principles within Sunni Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principles_within_Sunni_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principles within Sunni Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principles_within_Sunni_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_contribution_of_al-Shafi'i" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_contribution_of_al-Shafi'i"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The contribution of al-Shafi'i</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_contribution_of_al-Shafi'i-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Evolution of methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_of_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_of_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Application of sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_of_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles_within_Shia_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_within_Shia_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Principles within Shia Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principles_within_Shia_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principles within Shia Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principles_within_Shia_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ja'fari_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ja'fari_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ja'fari principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ja'fari_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parts_of_the_Shiite_Uṣūl_al-Fiqh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts_of_the_Shiite_Uṣūl_al-Fiqh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Parts of the Shiite Uṣūl al-Fiqh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parts_of_the_Shiite_Uṣūl_al-Fiqh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ismaili_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ismaili_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ismaili principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ismaili_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_classical_Muslim_jurists_(usulis)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_classical_Muslim_jurists_(usulis)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Famous classical Muslim jurists (usulis)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_classical_Muslim_jurists_(usulis)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_contemporary_Muslim_jurists_(usoolis)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_contemporary_Muslim_jurists_(usoolis)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Famous contemporary Muslim jurists (usoolis)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_contemporary_Muslim_jurists_(usoolis)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Principles of Islamic jurisprudence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87" title="أصول الفقه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أصول الفقه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fsli_d%C9%99lill%C9%99r" title="Əsli dəlillər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əsli dəlillər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B9" title="উসুলে ফিকহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উসুলে ফিকহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D2%A1%D2%BB_%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Фиҡһ ысулы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фиҡһ ысулы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussul_al-fiqh" title="Ussul al-fiqh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ussul al-fiqh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us%C5%ABl_al-fiqh" title="Usūl al-fiqh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Usūl al-fiqh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αρχές της ισλαμικής νομολογίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχές της ισλαμικής νομολογίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principios_de_jurisprudencia_isl%C3%A1mica" title="Principios de jurisprudencia islámica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Principios de jurisprudencia islámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87" title="اصول فقه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اصول فقه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Usul al-Fiqh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Usul al-Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B4%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իսլամական իրավունքի հիմքեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսլամական իրավունքի հիմքեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="इस्लामी न्यायशास्त्र के सिद्धांत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्लामी न्यायशास्त्र के सिद्धांत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushul_Fikih" title="Ushul Fikih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ushul Fikih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-fiqh" title="Usul al-fiqh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Usul al-fiqh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D)" title="שורשי ההלכה (אסלאם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שורשי ההלכה (אסלאם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushul_fiqih" title="Ushul fiqih – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ushul fiqih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D2%9B%D2%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Фиқһ негіздері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фиқһ негіздері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushul_Fikkih" title="Ushul Fikkih – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ushul Fikkih" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Usul al-Fiqh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Usul al-Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Usul al-Fiqh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Usul al-Fiqh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%82%DB%81" title="اصول فقہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اصول فقہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Principles of<br />Islamic jurisprudence<br /><small>(<i>Usul al-Fiqh</i>)</small></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="background-color:#fff; padding-top:0.25em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:UsulALFiqh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/130px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/195px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/260px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#d1e9d2; padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em; background-color:#fff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhtilaf" title="Ikhtilaf">Ikhtilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihlal" title="Istihlal">Istihlal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">Istihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishab" title="Istishab">Istishab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">Urf</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#d1e9d2; padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">Ahkam</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em; background-color:#fff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">Fard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustahabb" title="Mustahabb">Mustahabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubah" title="Mubah">Mubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">Makruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batil" title="Batil">Batil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">Bid'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahisha" title="Fahisha">Fahisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasiq" title="Fasiq">Fasiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad">Fasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghibah" title="Ghibah">Ghibah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">Gunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Hirabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasd" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasd">Qasd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Taghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">Taqiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawbah">Tawbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation_in_Islam" title="Moderation in Islam">Wasat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#d1e9d2; padding-bottom:0.1em;"> Legal vocations and titles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em; background-color:#fff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashraf">Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrat" title="Hadrat">Hadrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqeeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqeeh">Faqeeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohyeddin" title="Mohyeddin">Mohyeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujjat_al-Islam" title="Hujjat al-Islam">Hujjat al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">Mujtahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seghatoleslam" title="Seghatoleslam">Seghatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_(title)" title="Hakim (title)">Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">Mullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlawi_(Islamic_title)" title="Mawlawi (Islamic title)">Mawlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib">Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja" title="Khawaja">Khawaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawl%C4%81n%C4%81" title="Mawlānā">Mawlānā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">Mawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Mufassir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhund" title="Akhund">Akhund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">Mujaddid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Marabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu%27l-amr" title="Ulu'l-amr">Ulu'l-amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustad" title="Ustad">Ustad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27azzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'azzin">Mu'azzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed">Shaheed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom in Islam">Martyrdom in Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Hajji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">Tabi'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in" title="Tabi' al-Tabi'in">Tabi' al-Tabi'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawla" title="Al-Dawla">al-Dawla</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template talk:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Principles of Islamic jurisprudence</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أصول الفقه</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾUṣūl al-Fiqh</i></span>) are traditional methodological principles used in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a> (<i>fiqh</i>) for deriving the rulings of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlén2003chpt._4c_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlén2003chpt._4c-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional theory of Islamic jurisprudence elaborates how the scriptures (<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>) should be <a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">interpreted</a> from the standpoint of linguistics and rhetoric.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalder2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also comprises methods for establishing authenticity of hadith and for determining when the legal force of a scriptural passage is <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">abrogated</a> by a passage revealed at a later date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalder2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and hadith, the classical theory of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> jurisprudence recognizes secondary sources of law: juristic consensus (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijm%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ijmā (page does not exist)">ijma</a>ʿ</i>) and analogical reasoning (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiy%C4%81s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiyās (page does not exist)">qiyas</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It therefore studies the application and limits of analogy, as well as the value and limits of consensus, along with other methodological principles, some of which are accepted by only certain legal schools (<i><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhahib</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalder2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretive apparatus is brought together under the rubric of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a>, which refers to a jurist's exertion in an attempt to arrive at a ruling on a particular question.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalder2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory of <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shia">Twelver Shia</a> jurisprudence parallels that of Sunni schools with some differences, such as recognition of reason (<i><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">ʿaql</a></i>) as a source of law in place of <i>qiyās</i> and extension of the notions of hadith and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a> to include traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">imams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlén2003chpt._4c_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlén2003chpt._4c-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamali1999121–22_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamali1999121–22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Uṣūl al-fiqh</i> is a genitive construction with two Arabic terms, <i>uṣūl</i> and <i>fiqh</i>. <i>Uṣūl</i> means roots or basis. Some says, <i>Uṣūl</i>, the plural form of <i>Aṣl</i>, means <i>Rājih</i> (preponderant). It also signifies <i>Qā’idah</i> (rules), which is the real-world application of the word. For example: "every sentence must contain a verb" is a rule of Grammar. <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></i> linguistically refers to knowledge, deep understanding or comprehension. In the context of Islamic law, it refers to traditional <a href="/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical jurists held that human reason is a gift from God which should be exercised to its fullest capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200915_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200915-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they believed that use of reason alone is insufficient to distinguish right from wrong, and that rational argumentation must draw its content from the body of transcendental knowledge revealed in the Quran and through the sunnah of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200915_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200915-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_of_sharia">Sources of sharia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources of sharia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of sharia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Quran">Quran</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Quran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Islam, the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is considered to be the most sacred source of law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical jurists held its textual integrity to be beyond doubt on account of it having been handed down by many people in each generation, which is known as "recurrence" or "concurrent transmission" (<i>tawātur</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only several hundred verses of the Quran have direct legal relevance, and they are concentrated in a few specific areas such as inheritance, though other passages have been used as a source for general principles whose legal ramifications were elaborated by other means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hadith">Hadith</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hadith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The body of <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> provides more detailed and practical legal guidance, but it was recognized early on that not all of them were authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Islamic scholars developed a methodology for evaluating their authenticity by assessing trustworthiness of the individuals listed in their transmission chains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These criteria narrowed down the vast corpus of prophetic traditions to several thousand "sound" hadiths, which were collected in several canonical compilations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hadiths which enjoyed concurrent transmission were deemed unquestionably authentic; however, the vast majority of hadiths were handed down by only one or a few transmitters and were therefore seen to yield only probable knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uncertainty was further compounded by ambiguity of the language contained in some hadiths and Quranic passages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disagreements on the relative merits and interpretation of the textual sources allowed legal scholars considerable leeway in formulating alternative rulings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ijmā'_(consensus)"><span id="Ijm.C4.81.27_.28consensus.29"></span>Ijmā' (consensus)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ijmā' (consensus)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consensus (<i><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a></i>) could in principle elevate a ruling based on probable evidence to absolute certainty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This classical doctrine drew its authority from a series of hadiths stating that the Islamic community could never agree on an error.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of consensus was technically defined as agreement of all competent jurists in any particular generation, acting as representatives of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamali1999146_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamali1999146-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the practical difficulty of obtaining and ascertaining such an agreement meant that it had little impact on legal development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more pragmatic form of consensus, which could be determined by consulting works of prominent jurists, was used to confirm a ruling so that it could not be reopened for further discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cases for which there was a consensus account for less than 1 percent of the body of classical jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Qiyās_(analogical_reasoning)_and_'aql_(reason)"><span id="Qiy.C4.81s_.28analogical_reasoning.29_and_.27aql_.28reason.29"></span>Qiyās (analogical reasoning) and 'aql (reason)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Qiyās (analogical reasoning) and 'aql (reason)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analogical reasoning (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiy%C4%81s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiyās (page does not exist)">qiyas</a></i>) is used to derive a ruling for a situation not addressed in the scripture by analogy with a scripturally-based rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a classic example, the Quranic prohibition of drinking wine is extended to all intoxicating substances, on the basis of the "cause" (<i>ʿilla</i>) shared by these situations, which in this case is identified to be intoxication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the cause of a rule may not be apparent, its selection commonly occasioned controversy and extensive debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200923–24_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200923–24-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelver Shia jurisprudence does not recognize the use of qiyās, but relies on reason (<i>ʿaql</i>) in its place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ijtihād"><span id="Ijtih.C4.81d"></span>Ijtihād</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ijtihād"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%BCrkischer_Mufti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/T%C3%BCrkischer_Mufti.jpg/220px-T%C3%BCrkischer_Mufti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/T%C3%BCrkischer_Mufti.jpg/330px-T%C3%BCrkischer_Mufti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/T%C3%BCrkischer_Mufti.jpg/440px-T%C3%BCrkischer_Mufti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1803" /></a><figcaption>Turkish mufti (17th-century Spanish drawing)</figcaption></figure> <p>The classical process of <i>ijtihād</i> combined these generally recognized principles with other methods, which were not adopted by all legal schools, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">istiḥsān</a></i> (juristic preference), <i><a href="/wiki/Istislah" title="Istislah">istiṣlāḥ</a></i> (consideration of public interest) and <i><a href="/wiki/Istishab" title="Istishab">istiṣḥāb</a></i> (presumption of continuity).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A jurist who is qualified to practice ijtihad is known as a <i>mujtahid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabb2009b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of independent reasoning to arrive at a ruling is contrasted with <i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlīd</a></i> (imitation), which refers to following the rulings of a mujtahid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabb2009b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of the 10th century, development of Sunni jurisprudence prompted leading jurists to state that the main legal questions had been addressed and the scope of ijtihad was gradually restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabb2009b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009c_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabb2009c-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 18th century on, leading Muslim reformers began calling for abandonment of taqlid and renewed emphasis on ijtihad, which they saw as a return to the vitality of early Islamic jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009c_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabb2009c-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decision_types_(aḥkām)"><span id="Decision_types_.28a.E1.B8.A5k.C4.81m.29"></span>Decision types (<i>aḥkām</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Decision types (aḥkām)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">Ahkam</a></div> <p>Sharia rulings fall into one of five categories known as "the five rulings" (<i>al-aḥkām al-khamsa</i>): <a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">mandatory</a> (<i>farḍ</i> or <i>wājib</i>), <a href="/wiki/Mustahabb" title="Mustahabb">recommended</a> (<i>mandūb</i> or <i>mustaḥabb</i>), <a href="/wiki/Mubah" title="Mubah">neutral</a> (<i>mubāḥ</i>), <a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">reprehensible</a> (<i>makrūh</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">forbidden</a> (<i>ḥarām</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2014_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a sin or a crime to perform a forbidden action or not to perform a mandatory action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reprehensible acts should be avoided, but they are not considered to be sinful or punishable in court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200920_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200920-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avoiding reprehensible acts and performing recommended acts is held to be subject of reward in the afterlife, while neutral actions entail no judgement from God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200920_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200920-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurists disagree on whether the term <i><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">ḥalāl</a></i> covers the first three or the first four categories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legal and moral verdict depends on whether the action is committed out of necessity (<i>ḍarūra</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aims_of_sharia_and_public_interest">Aims of sharia and public interest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aims of sharia and public interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maqasid" title="Maqasid">Maqasid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></div> <p><i>Maqāṣid</i> (aims or purposes) of sharia and <i>maṣlaḥa</i> (welfare or public interest) are two related classical doctrines which have come to play an increasingly prominent role in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were first clearly articulated by <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a> (d. 1111 C.E/ 505 A.H), who argued that <i><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">maslaha</a></i> was God's general purpose in revealing the divine law, and that its specific aim was preservation of five essentials of human well-being: religion, life, intellect, offspring, and property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpwis200765_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpwis200765-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most classical-era jurists recognized <i>maslaha</i> and <i>maqāsid</i> as important legal principles, they held different views regarding the role they should play in Islamic law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2012_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some jurists viewed them as auxiliary rationales constrained by scriptural sources and analogical reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpwis200766–68_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpwis200766–68-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others regarded them as an independent source of law, whose general principles could override specific inferences based on the letter of scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpwis200768–69_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpwis200768–69-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the latter view was held by a minority of classical jurists, in modern times it came to be championed in different forms by prominent scholars who sought to adapt Islamic law to changing social conditions by drawing on the intellectual heritage of traditional jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These scholars expanded the inventory of <i>maqāsid</i> to include such aims of sharia as reform and women's rights (<a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>); justice and freedom (<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Ghazali" title="Mohammed al-Ghazali">Mohammed al-Ghazali</a>); and human dignity and rights (<a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools_of_law">Schools of law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Schools of law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madhhab_Map3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/300px-Madhhab_Map3.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/450px-Madhhab_Map3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madhhab_Map3.png/600px-Madhhab_Map3.png 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="3882" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quranist" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranist">Quranist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Muslim">Nondenominational Muslim</a> branches</figcaption></figure> <p>The main Sunni schools of law (<i>madhhabs</i>) are the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> madhhabs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabb2009b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They grew out of differences of opinion and methodology between the sahāba and each generation of students after them. Initially there were hundreds of schools of thought which eventually contracted into the prominent four.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabb2009b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rulings of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabb2009b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Maliki school is predominant in North and West Africa; the Hanafi school in South and Central Asia; the Shafi'i school in Lower Egypt, East Africa, and Southeast Asia; and the Hanbali school in North and Central Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabb2009b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni madhhabs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalder2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> school, which is commonly identified as extinct, continues to exert influence over legal thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalder2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabb2009b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of Shia legal schools occurred along the lines of theological differences and resulted in formation of the <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> madhhabs, whose differences from Sunni legal schools are roughly of the same order as the differences among Sunni schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalder2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> legal school, distinct from Sunni and Shia madhhabs, is predominant in Oman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabb2009b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the madhhab system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal practice in most of the Muslim world has come to be controlled by government policy and state law, so that the influence of the madhhabs beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State law codification commonly used the methods of <i>takhayyur</i> (selection of rulings without restriction to a particular madhhab) and <i>talfiq</i> (combining parts of different rulings on the same question).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> as interpreters of the resulting laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global Islamic movements have at times drawn on different madhhabs and at other times placed greater focus on the scriptural sources rather than classical jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hanbali school, with its particularly strict adherence to the Quran and hadith, has inspired conservative currents of direct scriptural interpretation by the <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal interpretations of Islamic law</a> include Indonesian ulema and Islamic scholars residing in Muslim-minority countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles_within_Sunni_Islam">Principles within Sunni Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Principles within Sunni Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #d1e9d2;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; padding-top:0.2em; display:block; margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence<br />(<i>fiqh</i>)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ALFiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/130px-ALFiqh.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/195px-ALFiqh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/260px-ALFiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ritual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">Raka'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a></i> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Nafl prayer</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj"><i>Mut'ah</i></a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">and <i>Hajj</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis-ash-Shura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-faqih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aman_(Islam)" title="Aman (Islam)">Aman</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Contract</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Halala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Urfi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Mut‘ah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">Khula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihar" title="Zihar">Zihar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafa%27ah" title="Kafa'ah">Kafa'ah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Islam">Abortion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Purification_and_hygiene" title="Sexuality in Islam">Hygiene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Masturbation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir"><i>Maisir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(gambling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina"><i>Zina</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(illicit sex)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah"><i>Hirabah</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(unlawful warfare and banditry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad"><i>Fasad</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("mischief")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("spreading corruption")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("sedition")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm"><i>Rajm</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(stoning)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir"><i>Tazir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(discretionary)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas"><i>Qisas</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(retaliation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)"><i>Diya</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(compensation)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></i>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam#Hygienical_Jurisprudence" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Hygiene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual hygienical jurisprudence">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Taharah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masah" title="Masah">Masah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Dietary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Pork" title="Islamic dietary laws">Pork</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_dietary_laws" title="Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison with <i>kashrut</i></a></span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">Hudna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istijarah" title="Istijarah"><i>Istijarah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(asylum)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fiqh" title="Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fiqh" title="Template talk:Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Sayyid Rashid Rida</a> (1865 – 1935 C.E) lists the four basic principles of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>, agreed upon by all <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a>:</p><blockquote><p>"the [well-known] sources of legislation in Islam are four: the <i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">consensus</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i> undertaken by competent jurists"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_contribution_of_al-Shafi'i"><span id="The_contribution_of_al-Shafi.27i"></span>The contribution of al-Shafi'i</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The contribution of al-Shafi'i"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sh%C4%81fi%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Shāfi'i (page does not exist)">Al-Shafi'i</a> documented a systematized set of principles, developing a cohesive procedure for legal <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">derivation of verdicts</a>. His approach contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Hanafite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafite">Hanafite</a> methodology that determined the sources from the sayings and rulings of the companions and successors. Furthermore, he raised the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> to a place of prominence and restricted its legal use. According to Shafi'i, only practices directly passed down from <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> were valid, eliminating the legitimacy of practices of Muhammad's followers. Prior to Shafi'i, legal reasoning included personal reasoning thus suffering from inconsistency. Shafi'i is probably best known for writing <a href="/wiki/Al-Risala_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Risala (book)">al-Risala</a>, a prime example of applying logic and order to Islamic jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_methods">Evolution of methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Evolution of methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between Shāfi'i's <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Risala_(al-Shafi%CA%BDi_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Risala (al-Shafiʽi book)">Al-Risala</a></i> and the next attested works of <i>Usul al-Fiqh</i> is a gap of several hundred years. These later works were significantly different from Shafi'is book, likely due to the insertion of <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazilite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'arite</a> theology into works of jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-devin102_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devin102-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference between Shafi'i's work and these later works  –  in terms of both content and the large chronological gap between which they were all composed  –  is so great that modern scholarship has questioned the status of Shafi'i as the founder of Islamic jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, even the division of the sources of Sunni law into four  –  Qur'an, <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">prophetic tradition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">consensus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">analogical reason</a>  –  was not present in Shafi'is books at all, despite Muslim scholarship generally attributing this division to him.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Qadi_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi al-Nu'man">Qadi al-Nu'man</a>, one of the earliest jurists to write about usul after Shafi'i did – perhaps during Shafi'is lifetime – was Abū 'Ubaid al-Qāsim b. Sallām, who actually considered the sources of law to consist of only three  –  the Qur'an, the prophetic tradition, and consensus consisting of either scholarly consensus or consensus of the early generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart,_pg._105_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart,_pg._105-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This division into four sources is most often attributed to later jurists upon whose work most Sunni jurisprudence has been modeled such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Baqillani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Ash'arite and Mu'tazilite schools respectively. Thus, the four main sources often attributed to Shafi'i evolved into popular usage long after his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application_of_sources">Application of sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Application of sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even after this evolution, there are still some disputes among Sunni <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurists</a> regarding these four sources and their application. <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> and in particular <a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a> rejected all forms of analogical reason in authentic narrations from them,<sup id="cite_ref-ali280_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ali280-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mansoor_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mansoor-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet the later <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Malikites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbalites</a>  –  and in some cases, even <a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahirites</a>  –  gravitated toward the acceptance of varying levels of analogical reason already accepted by <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'ites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mansoor_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mansoor-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malik and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a> both accepted pure reason as a source of law; Ahmad and Shafi'i did not, and Shafi'i was especially hostile to <a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">juristic preference</a> as implemented by Abu Hanifa, yet pure reason later found its way into all Sunni schools of law. </p><p>The question of consensus has evolved considerably. Abu Hanifa, Ahmad and Zahiri only accepted the consensus of the <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">first generation</a> of Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-farooq_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farooq-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Malik was willing to accept the consensus of the first generation in general or the consensus of later generations within the community of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mansoor_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mansoor-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shafi'i insinuated that consensus was not practically possible to confirm.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later scholars of all schools eventually followed the views of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> in expanding the definition of accepted consensus to include scholarly consensus and silent consensus as well.<sup id="cite_ref-farooq_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farooq-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles_within_Shia_Islam">Principles within Shia Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Principles within Shia Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> legal theory, analogical reason is not recognised as a source of law; pure reason is, however. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlén2003chpt._4c_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlén2003chpt._4c-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shi'ites may differ in the exact application of principles depending on whether they follow the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari">Ja'fari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismaili</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidi</a> subdivisions of Shi'ism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ja'fari_principles"><span id="Ja.27fari_principles"></span>Ja'fari principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ja'fari principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Usul_Fiqh_in_Ja%27fari_school" title="Usul Fiqh in Ja'fari school">Usul Fiqh in Ja'fari school</a></div> <p>There are two interpretations of what constitutes sources of law among jurists of the Ja'fari school. </p> <ul><li>According to the <a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> view, the only sources of law are the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, and any case not explicitly covered by one of these must be regarded as not having been provided for.</li> <li>According to the majority <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> view, it is legitimate to seek general principles by induction, to provide for cases not expressly provided for. This process is known as <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">intellect</a> is recognised as a source of law. It differs from the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">qiyas</a> in that it does not simply extend existing laws on a test of factual resemblance: it is necessary to formulate a general principle that can be rationally supported.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Javadi_Amoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Javadi Amoli">Javadi Amoli</a> wrote about source of revelation in Shiism: </p> <ol><li>The most important source in <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> law is the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> itself, which interprets itself</li> <li>The other source is the tradition of the "infallibles" (the family of Muhammad), according to the successive tradition (Saqalain) passed down by the family of Muhammad as well as according to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> itself: to accept one without the other is equivalent to rejecting both of them.</li> <li>A third source is theoretical wisdom where it is impossible to conceive the contrary, which proves the existence of God and the necessity of his unity, eternity, pre-existence, power, will and other exalted attributes: this cannot be denied with any verse.</li> <li>Although we cannot impose science upon the Quran, we can use verified scientific, experimental, historical, artistic, logical and other evidence to interpret the subject addressed in a given passage, rather than through another verse.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In doubtful cases the law is often derived not from substantive principles induced from existing rules, but from procedural presumptions (<i>usul 'amaliyyah</i>) concerning factual probability. An example is the presumption of continuity: if one knows that a given state of affairs, such as ritual purity, existed at some point in the past but one has no evidence one way or the other whether it exists now, one can presume that the situation has not changed.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The analysis of probability forms a large part of the Shiite science of <i>usul al-fiqh</i>, and was developed by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_Behbahani" title="Muhammad Baqir Behbahani">Muhammad Baqir Behbahani</a> (1706–1792) and Shaykh <a href="/wiki/Murtada_al-Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Murtada al-Ansari">Murtada al-Ansari</a> (died 1864). The only primary text on Shi'ite principles of jurisprudence in English is the translation of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_as-Sadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr">Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr</a>'s <i>Durus fi 'Ilm al-'Usul</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parts_of_the_Shiite_Uṣūl_al-Fiqh"><span id="Parts_of_the_Shiite_U.E1.B9.A3.C5.ABl_al-Fiqh"></span>Parts of the Shiite Uṣūl al-Fiqh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parts of the Shiite Uṣūl al-Fiqh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discussions of this science are presented in various parts in the works of uṣūl al-fiqh. However, the best division is presented by al-Muhaqqiq al-Isfahani (d. 1940) in his last course of teaching (as narrated by his great student Muhammad Rida al-Muzaffar in his Uṣūl al-Fiqh, p. 11) according to which all uṣūlī topics are discussed in the four following parts: Discussions of "terms," of "intellectual implications," of "the authority," and of "practical principles." Discussions of terms deal with denotations and appearances of terms from a general aspect, such as appearance of the imperative in the obligation, that of the prohibition in the unlawfulness, and the like. Discussions of intellectual implications survey implications of precepts even though such precepts may not be inferred from terms, such as discussing truthfulness of mutual implication of intellectual judgments and juristic precepts, of obligation of something necessitating obligation of its preliminaries (known as "the problem of preliminary of the mandatory act"), of obligation of something necessitating unlawfulness of its opposite (known as "the problem of the opposite"), of possibility of conjunction of the command and the prohibition, and so on. Discussions of the authority investigate whether some specific thing is juristically treated as a proof; for instance, whether report of a single transmitter, appearances, appearances of the Quran, Sunna, consensus, intellect, and the like are authoritative proofs. Discussions of practical principles deal with what the jurist refers to when he cannot find a persuasive proof, such as the principle of clearance from obligation, that of precaution, and so forth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ismaili_principles">Ismaili principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ismaili principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most early Ismaili works within the field of the principles of jurisprudence were actually responses to Sunni works on the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qadi_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi al-Nu'man">Qadi al-Nu'man</a>'s <i>Differences Among the Schools of Law</i> is most likely the first of such written responses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_classical_Muslim_jurists_(usulis)"><span id="Famous_classical_Muslim_jurists_.28usulis.29"></span>Famous classical Muslim jurists (usulis)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Famous classical Muslim jurists (usulis)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Al-Amidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Isnawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Isnawi">Al-Isnawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf" title="Abu Yusuf">Abu Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani" title="Muhammad Shaybani">Shaybani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurtubi" title="Al-Qurtubi">Al-Qurtubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Layth_ibn_Sa%27d" title="Al-Layth ibn Sa'd">Al-Layth ibn Sa'd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyan_ibn_%CA%BDUyaynah" title="Sufyan ibn ʽUyaynah">Sufyan ibn ʽUyaynah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Mubarak">Abdullah ibn Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyan_al-Thawri" title="Sufyan al-Thawri">Sufyan al-Thawri</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_contemporary_Muslim_jurists_(usoolis)"><span id="Famous_contemporary_Muslim_jurists_.28usoolis.29"></span>Famous contemporary Muslim jurists (usoolis)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Famous contemporary Muslim jurists (usoolis)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sheikh Abdur Rahman Nasir as sathi</li> <li>Sheikh Adam Al ethiyopie</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of Islamic law">Sources of Islamic law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy-three_Sects_(Hadith)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-three Sects (Hadith)">Seventy-three Sects (Hadith)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlén2003chpt._4c-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlén2003chpt._4c_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlén2003chpt._4c_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlén2003chpt._4c_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlén2003">Dahlén 2003</a>, chpt. 4c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalder2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalder2009_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalder2009">Calder 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiadeh2009_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZiadeh2009">Ziadeh 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamali1999121–22-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamali1999121–22_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamali1999">Kamali 1999</a>, pp. 121–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200915-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200915_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200915_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallaq2009">Hallaq 2009</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200916–18_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallaq2009">Hallaq 2009</a>, pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVikør2014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVikør2014_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVikør2014">Vikør 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200921–22_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallaq2009">Hallaq 2009</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamali1999146-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamali1999146_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamali1999">Kamali 1999</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200923–24-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200923–24_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallaq2009">Hallaq 2009</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2014_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2014_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2014">Schneider 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabb2009b-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009b_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabb2009b">Rabb 2009b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabb2009c-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009c_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabb2009c_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabb2009c">Rabb 2009c</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallaq200920-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200920_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallaq200920_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallaq2009">Hallaq 2009</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuderija20142–6_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuderija2014">Duderija 2014</a>, pp. 2–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2012_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2012_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGleave2012">Gleave 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpwis200765-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpwis200765_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpwis2007">Opwis 2007</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpwis200766–68-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpwis200766–68_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpwis2007">Opwis 2007</a>, pp. 66–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpwis200768–69-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpwis200768–69_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOpwis2007">Opwis 2007</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussin2014-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussin2014_21-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussin2014">Hussin 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRashīd_Riḍā1996" class="citation book cs1">Rashīd Riḍā, Muhammad (1996). <i>The Muhammadan Revelation</i>. Alexandria, VA: Al-Saadawi Publications. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881963-55-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-881963-55-1"><bdi>1-881963-55-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muhammadan+Revelation&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+VA&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Al-Saadawi+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-881963-55-1&rft.aulast=Rash%C4%ABd+Ri%E1%B8%8D%C4%81&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciples+of+Islamic+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216121204/http://islambasics.com/view.php?bkID=166&chapter=5">"Usul Al Fiqh After Al Imam Al Shafi'i"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islambasics.com/view.php?bkID=166&chapter=5">the original</a> on 2010-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usul+Al+Fiqh+After+Al+Imam+Al+Shafi%27i&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islambasics.com%2Fview.php%3FbkID%3D166%26chapter%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciples+of+Islamic+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-devin102-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-devin102_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Devin_J._Stewart" title="Devin J. Stewart">Devin J. Stewart</a>, "Muhammad b. Dawud al-Zahiri's Manual of Jurisprudence." Taken from Studies in Islamic Law and Society Volume 15: Studies in Islamic Legal Theory. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_G._Weiss" title="Bernard G. Weiss">Bernard G. Weiss</a>. Pg. 102. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: 2002. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wael_Hallaq" title="Wael Hallaq">Wael Hallaq</a>, <i>Was al-Shafi'i the Master Architect of Islamic Jurisprudence?</i>, <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a>, 4 (November 1993), pg. 587–605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Makdisi, <i>Juridical Theology</i>, pg. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, pg. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Does Shafi'i Have a Theory of 'Four Sources' of Law?, taken from the PhD dissertation of Joseph E. Lowry, <i>The Legal-Theoretical Content of the Risala of Muhammad B. Idris al-Shafi'i</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart,_pg._105-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart,_pg._105_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, pg. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallaq, A history of Islamic legal theories : an introduction to Sunnī uṣūl al-fiqh. Pg. 30–35. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ali280-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ali280_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chiragh_Ali" title="Chiragh Ali">Chiragh Ali</a>, The Proposed Political, Legal and Social Reforms. Taken from Modernist Islam 1840–1940: A Sourcebook, pg. 280. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kurzman" title="Charles Kurzman">Charles Kurzman</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mansoor-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mansoor_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansoor_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansoor_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mansoor Moaddel, <i>Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse</i>, pg. 32. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Levy" title="Reuben Levy">Reuben Levy</a>, <i>Introduction to the Sociology of Islam</i>, pg. 237, 239 and 245. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Williams and Norgate, 1931–1933.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Muslehuddin, "Philosophy of Islamic Law and Orientalists," Kazi Publications, 1985, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farooq-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farooq_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farooq_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammad Omar Farooq, "The Doctrine of Ijma: Is there a consensus?," June 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muslehuddin, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Majid_Khadduri" title="Majid Khadduri">Majid Khadduri</a>, Introduction to <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Al-Risala_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Risala (book)">al-Risala</a>, pg.33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khadduri, pg. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moaddel, pg. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tasnim" title="Tasnim">Tasnim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a>), Vol 1, Page 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One can compare, in Western legal systems, the presumption of innocence and the presumption in favour of possession. Similarly Catholic moral theology distinguishes between "direct principles" and "reflex principles", the latter being the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Murtada_al-Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Murtada al-Ansari">Murtada al-Ansari</a>'s <i>usul 'amaliyyah</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, pg. 116.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brown, Jonathan A. C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011133948/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0514">"Maṣlaḥah"</a>. In John L. Esposito (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0514">the original</a> on October 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ma%E1%B9%A3la%E1%B8%A5ah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciples+of+Islamic+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalder2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Calder, Norman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473">"Law. Legal Thought and Jurisprudence"</a>. In John L. Esposito (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473">the original</a> on November 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law.+Legal+Thought+and+Jurisprudence&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciples+of+Islamic+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlén2003" class="citation cs2">Dahlén, Ashk (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QARHBQAAQBAJ"><i>Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran</i></a>, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415945295" title="Special:BookSources/9780415945295"><bdi>9780415945295</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Law%2C+Epistemology+and+Modernity.+Legal+Philosophy+in+Contemporary+Iran&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415945295&rft.aulast=Dahl%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Ashk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQARHBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciples+of+Islamic+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuderija2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Duderija, Adis (2014). Adis Duderija (ed.). <i>Contemporary Muslim Reformist Thought and Maqāṣid cum Maṣlaḥa Approaches to Islamic Law: An Introduction</i>. Vol. Maqasid al-Shari'a and Contemporary Reformist Muslim Thought: An Examination. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Muslim+Reformist+Thought+and+Maq%C4%81%E1%B9%A3id+cum+Ma%E1%B9%A3la%E1%B8%A5a+Approaches+to+Islamic+Law%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Duderija&rft.aufirst=Adis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciples+of+Islamic+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleave2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gleave, R.M. (2012). "Maḳāṣid al-Sharīʿa". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2nd ed.). 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(2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054116/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226">"Sharīʿah"</a>. In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226">the original</a> on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shar%C4%AB%CA%BFah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Vik%C3%B8r&rft.aufirst=Knut+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbridgingcultures.neh.gov%2Fmuslimjourneys%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciples+of+Islamic+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiadeh2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ziadeh, Farhat J. (2009). "Uṣūl al-fiqh". In John L. Esposito (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305135" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305135"><bdi>9780195305135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=U%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABl+al-fiqh&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195305135&rft.aulast=Ziadeh&rft.aufirst=Farhat+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciples+of+Islamic+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiadeh2009b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ziadeh, Farhat J. (2009b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473">"Law. Sunnī Schools of Law"</a>. In John L. Esposito (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473">the original</a> on November 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Law.+Sunn%C4%AB+Schools+of+Law&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ziadeh&rft.aufirst=Farhat+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinciples+of+Islamic+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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