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<span>Toggle Historical usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Crafts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Soapstone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B3" title="حجر أملس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حجر أملس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF" title="শিলখড়ি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিলখড়ি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Стеатит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стеатит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedtsten" title="Fedtsten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fedtsten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckstein" title="Speckstein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Speckstein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Στεατίτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στεατίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteatita" title="Esteatita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esteatita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatito" title="Steatito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Steatito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="سنگ صابون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ صابون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9atite" title="Stéatite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stéatite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%84%9D" title="동석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatit" title="Steatit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Steatit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatito" title="Steatito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Steatito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_sabun" title="Batu sabun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu sabun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A9berg" title="Kléberg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kléberg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatite" title="Steatite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Steatite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98" title="סטיאטיט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטיאטיט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಬಳಪದ ಕಲ್ಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಳಪದ ಕಲ್ಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatite" title="Steatite – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Steatite" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%86%E1%80%B6" title="ကန့်ကူဆံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကန့်ကူဆံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleberstein" title="Kleberstein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kleberstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleberstein" title="Kleberstein – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kleberstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatit" title="Steatit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Steatit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatyt" title="Steatyt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Steatyt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteatito" title="Esteatito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esteatito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatit" title="Steatit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Steatit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Талькохлорит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Талькохлорит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Soapstone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastencov%C3%A1_bridlica" title="Mastencová bridlica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mastencová bridlica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuolukivi" title="Vuolukivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vuolukivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ljsten" title="Täljsten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Täljsten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabunang_bato" title="Sabunang bato – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sabunang bato" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சோப்புக்கல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோப்புக்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabunta%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Sabuntaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sabuntaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Жировик (мінералогія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жировик (мінералогія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%82%E7%9F%B3" title="皂石 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皂石" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/wiki/File:Soapstone_(Speckstein)_-_several_colored_samples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Soapstone_%28Speckstein%29_-_several_colored_samples.jpg/300px-Soapstone_%28Speckstein%29_-_several_colored_samples.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Soapstone_%28Speckstein%29_-_several_colored_samples.jpg/450px-Soapstone_%28Speckstein%29_-_several_colored_samples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Soapstone_%28Speckstein%29_-_several_colored_samples.jpg/600px-Soapstone_%28Speckstein%29_-_several_colored_samples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Samples of soapstone</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Soapstone</b> (also known as <b>steatite</b> or <b>soaprock</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a>-<a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>, which is a type of <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a>. It is composed largely of the <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>-rich mineral <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a>. It is produced by dynamothermal <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metasomatism" title="Metasomatism">metasomatism</a>, which occur in <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction zones</a>, changing rocks by heat and pressure, with influx of fluids but without melting. It has been a carving medium for thousands of years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definitions of the terms "steatite" and "soapstone" vary with the field of study. In geology, steatite is a rock that is, to a very large extent, composed of talc. The mining industry defines steatite as a high-purity talc rock that is suitable for the manufacturing of, for example, <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulators</a>; the lesser grades of the mineral can be called simply "<b>talc rock</b>". Steatite can be used both in lumps ("block steatite", "lava steatite", "lava grade talc"), and in the ground form. While the geologists logically will use "steatite" to designate both forms, in the industry, "steatite" without additional qualifications typically means the steatite that is either already ground or to be used in the ground form in the future. If the ground steatite is pressed together into blocks, these are called "synthetic block steatite", "artificial block steatite", or "artificial lava talc".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChidesterEngelWright19638_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidesterEngelWright19638-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In industrial applications <i>soapstone</i> refers to <a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">dimension stone</a> that consists of either amphibole-chlorite-carbonate-talc rock, talc-carbonate rock, or simply talc rock and is sold in the form of sawn <a href="/wiki/Stone_slab" title="Stone slab">slabs</a>. "Ground soapstone" sometimes designates the ground waste product of the slab manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChidesterEngelWright19638_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidesterEngelWright19638-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Petrology">Petrology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Petrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talc_block.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Talc_block.jpg/220px-Talc_block.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Talc_block.jpg/330px-Talc_block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Talc_block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>A block of talc</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrologically</a>, soapstone is composed predominantly of talc, with varying amounts of <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphiboles</a> (typically <a href="/wiki/Tremolite" title="Tremolite">tremolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthophyllite" title="Anthophyllite">anthophyllite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cummingtonite" title="Cummingtonite">cummingtonite</a>, hence its obsolete name, magnesiocummingtonite), and traces of minor iron-chromium <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>. It may be <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schistose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">massive</a>. Soapstone is formed by the metamorphism of <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic</a> <a href="/wiki/Protolith" title="Protolith">protoliths</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">dunite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinite</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Metasomatism" title="Metasomatism">metasomatism</a> of siliceous <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomites</a>. </p><p>By mass, "pure" steatite is roughly 63.37% <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, 31.88% <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesia</a>, and 4.74% water.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It commonly contains minor quantities of other oxides such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">CaO</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">Pyrophyllite</a>, a mineral very similar to talc, is sometimes called soapstone in the generic sense, since its physical characteristics and industrial uses are similar,<sup id="cite_ref-Virta_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virta-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because it is also commonly used as a carving material. However, this mineral typically does not have such a soapy feel as soapstone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soapstone is relatively soft because of its high talc content—talc has a definitional value of 1 on the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness scale</a>. Softer grades may feel similar to <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> when touched, hence the name. No fixed hardness is given for soapstone because the amount of talc it contains varies widely, from as little as 30% for architectural grades such as those used on countertops, to as much as 80% for carving grades. </p><p>Soapstone is easy to carve; it is also durable and heat-resistant and has a high heat storage capacity. It has therefore been used for cooking and heating equipment for thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-hansen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soapstone is often used as an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulator</a> for housing and electrical components, due to its durability and electrical characteristics and because it can be pressed into complex shapes before firing. Soapstone undergoes transformations when heated to temperatures of 1,000–1,200 °C (1,830–2,190 °F) into <a href="/wiki/Enstatite" title="Enstatite">enstatite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cristobalite" title="Cristobalite">cristobalite</a>; on the Mohs scale, this corresponds to an increase in hardness to 5.5–6.5.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting material, harder than glass, is sometimes called "lava".<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_usage">Historical usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">scarab</a> signets and amulets were most commonly made from glazed steatite.<sup id="cite_ref-aldred_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aldred-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a> of West <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> used soapstone for several statues, most notably at <a href="/wiki/Esie" class="mw-redirect" title="Esie">Esie</a>, where archaeologists have uncovered hundreds of male and female statues about half of life size. The Yoruba of <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ife</a> also produced a miniature soapstone obelisk with metal studs called "the staff of <a href="/wiki/Oranmiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oranmiyan">Oranmiyan</a>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Soapstone_mining_in_Tabaka,_Kenya" title="Soapstone mining in Tabaka, Kenya">Soapstone mining in Tabaka, Kenya</a> occurs in relatively shallow and accessible quarries in the surrounding areas of Sameta, Nyabigege and Bomware.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were at the time open to all to access provided they had the labor resources to do so. This mostly meant the men did the mining as they were custodian to the community land, meaning ancestral lands in Riamosioma, Itumbe, Nyatike etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> have used soapstone since the Late Archaic period. During the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic archaeological period</a> (8000–1000 BC), bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects were made from soapstone.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of soapstone cooking vessels during this period has been attributed to the rock's thermal qualities; compared to clay or metal containers, soapstone retains heat more effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of soapstone in native American cultures continue to the modern day. Later, other cultures carved soapstone <a href="/wiki/Smoking_pipe_(tobacco)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking pipe (tobacco)">smoking pipes</a>, a practice that continues today. The soapstone's low heat conduction allows for prolonged smoking without the pipe heating up uncomfortably.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mythological_figures_by_Kayasark,_Inuit,_Pelly_Bay,_Canada,_steatite,_HAA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mythological_figures_by_Kayasark%2C_Inuit%2C_Pelly_Bay%2C_Canada%2C_steatite%2C_HAA.JPG/220px-Mythological_figures_by_Kayasark%2C_Inuit%2C_Pelly_Bay%2C_Canada%2C_steatite%2C_HAA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mythological_figures_by_Kayasark%2C_Inuit%2C_Pelly_Bay%2C_Canada%2C_steatite%2C_HAA.JPG/330px-Mythological_figures_by_Kayasark%2C_Inuit%2C_Pelly_Bay%2C_Canada%2C_steatite%2C_HAA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mythological_figures_by_Kayasark%2C_Inuit%2C_Pelly_Bay%2C_Canada%2C_steatite%2C_HAA.JPG/440px-Mythological_figures_by_Kayasark%2C_Inuit%2C_Pelly_Bay%2C_Canada%2C_steatite%2C_HAA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2852" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>Mythological figures carved in soapstone by Kayasark, Inuit carver, held in the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu Academy of Arts">Honolulu Academy of Arts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Indigenous peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> have traditionally used soapstone for carvings of both practical objects and art. The <a href="/wiki/Qulliq" title="Qulliq">qulliq</a>, a type of oil lamp, is carved out of soapstone and used by the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soapstone oil lamps indicate these people had easy access to oils derived from marine mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the modern period, soapstone is commonly used for carvings in <a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Inuit art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, locally quarried soapstone was used for gravemarkers in 19th century northeast <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia" title="Dahlonega, Georgia">Dahlonega</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Georgia" title="Cleveland, Georgia">Cleveland</a> as simple field stone and "slot and tab" tombs. </p><p>In Canada, soapstone was quarried in the Arctic regions like the western part of the Ungava Bay and the Appalachian Mountain System from Newfoundland.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idi-ilum_Louvre_AO_19486_n01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Idi-ilum_Louvre_AO_19486_n01.jpg/170px-Idi-ilum_Louvre_AO_19486_n01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Idi-ilum_Louvre_AO_19486_n01.jpg/255px-Idi-ilum_Louvre_AO_19486_n01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Idi-ilum_Louvre_AO_19486_n01.jpg/340px-Idi-ilum_Louvre_AO_19486_n01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="4163" /></a><figcaption>The 21st-century BC <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Iddi-Ilum" title="Statue of Iddi-Ilum">statue of Iddi-Ilum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, Syria, is made of soapstone.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient trading city of <a href="/wiki/Tepe_Yahya" title="Tepe Yahya">Tepe Yahya</a> in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> was a center for the production and distribution of soapstone in the 5th to 3rd millennia BC.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soapstone has been used in India as a medium for sculptures since at least the time of the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a> and to an extent <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even earlier, steatite was used as the substrate for Indus-Harappan <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soapstone_sculptures_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soapstone_sculptures-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the intricate carvings of icons and (yet undeciphered) symbols, the seals were heated above 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) for several days to make them hard and durable to make the final seals used for making impressions on clay. </p><p>In China, during the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> (771–476 BC), soapstone was carved into ceremonial knives.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soapstone was also used to carve <a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Chinese seals</a>. </p><p>Soapstone was used as a writing pencil in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> as early as the 11th-century Pagan period. After that, it was still used as a pencil to write on Black <a href="/wiki/Folding-book_manuscript" title="Folding-book manuscript">Parabaik</a> until the end of the Mandalay period (19th century). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pipes and decorative carvings of local animals were made out of soapstone by <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal">Australian Aboriginal</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Erlikilyika" title="Erlikilyika">Erlikilyika</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1865</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1930</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Megg_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Megg-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a> on <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> used soapstone. At the Palace of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, a steatite <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a> table was found.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soapstone is relatively abundant in northern Europe. <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> hewed soapstone directly from the stone face, shaped it into cooking pots, and sold these at home and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, there is evidence that these vessels were used for processing marine and dairy fats.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several surviving medieval buildings in northern Europe are constructed with soapstone, amongst them <a href="/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral" title="Nidaros Cathedral">Nidaros Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hansen_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O_Cristo_Redentor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/O_Cristo_Redentor.JPG/220px-O_Cristo_Redentor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/O_Cristo_Redentor.JPG/330px-O_Cristo_Redentor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/O_Cristo_Redentor.JPG/440px-O_Cristo_Redentor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The outer layers of the <i><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)" title="Christ the Redeemer (statue)">Christ the Redeemer</a></i> sculpture in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> are made of soapstone.</figcaption></figure> <p>In modern times, soapstone is most commonly used for architectural applications, such as counter tops, floor tiles, showerbases, and interior surfacing. </p><p>Soapstone is sometimes used for construction of fireplace surrounds, cladding on <a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stoves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-burning stoves">wood-burning stoves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sfnm_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfnm-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the preferred material for woodburning masonry heaters because it can absorb, store, and evenly radiate heat due to its high density and <a href="/wiki/Magnesite" title="Magnesite">magnesite</a> (MgCO<sub>3</sub>) content.<sup id="cite_ref-sfnm_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfnm-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used for countertops and bathroom tiling because of the ease of working the material and its property as the "quiet stone". A weathered or aged appearance occurs naturally over time as the patina is enhanced. </p><p>Soapstone can be used to create molds for <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">casting</a> objects from soft metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">pewter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>. The soft stone is easily carved and is not degraded by heating. The slick surface of soapstone allows the finished object to be easily removed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fabrication_(metal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrication (metal)">fabricators</a> use soapstone as a marker due to its resistance to heat; it remains visible when heat is applied. It has also been used for many years by seamstresses, carpenters, and other craftspeople as a marking tool, because its marks are visible but not permanent. </p><p>Resistance to heat made steatite suitable for manufacturing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_burner_tip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gas burner tip (page does not exist)">gas burner tips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">spark plugs</a>, and electrical switchboards.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramics"><span class="anchor" id="SteatiteCeramicAnchor"></span>Ceramics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steatite <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a> are low-cost biaxial <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelains</a> of nominal composition (MgO)<sub>3</sub>(SiO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>4</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steatite is used primarily for its <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> and thermally-insulating properties in applications such as tile, substrates, washers, bushings, beads, and pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used for high-voltage insulators, which have to stand large mechanical loads, such as insulators of <a href="/wiki/Mast_radiator" title="Mast radiator">mast radiators</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crafts">Crafts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Crafts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soapstone continues to be used for carvings and sculptures by artists and indigenous peoples. In Brazil, especially in the state of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, the abundance of soapstone mines allow local artisans to craft pots, pans, wine glasses, statues, jewel boxes, coasters, and vases from soapstone. These handicrafts are commonly sold in street markets found in cities across the state. Some of the oldest towns, notably <a href="/wiki/Congonhas" title="Congonhas">Congonhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiradentes,_Minas_Gerais" title="Tiradentes, Minas Gerais">Tiradentes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a>, still have some of their streets paved with soapstone from colonial times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Architectural soapstone is mined in Canada, Brazil, India, and Finland and imported into the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Active North American mines include one south of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> with products marketed by Canadian Soapstone, the Treasure and Regal mines in <a href="/wiki/Beaverhead_County,_Montana" title="Beaverhead County, Montana">Beaverhead County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> mined by the Barretts Minerals Company, and another in central <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> operated by the Alberene Soapstone Company. </p><p>Mining to meet worldwide demand for soapstone is threatening the habitat of India's tigers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soapstones can be put in a freezer and later used in place of ice cubes to chill alcoholic beverages without diluting. Sometimes called whiskey stones, these were first introduced around 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most whiskey stones feature a semipolished finish, retaining the soft look of natural soapstone, while others are highly polished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People can be exposed to soapstone dust in the workplace via inhalation and skin or eye contact. Exposure above safe limits can lead to symptoms including <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">coughing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crackles" title="Crackles">crackles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_heart_disease" title="Pulmonary heart disease">pulmonary heart disease</a>. Due to the potential presence of <a href="/wiki/Tremolite" title="Tremolite">tremolite</a> and crystalline <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> in the dust, precautions should be taken to avoid occupational diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">asbestosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">mesothelioma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> has set the legal limit (<a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>) for soapstone exposure in the workplace as 20 million particles per cubic foot over an 8-hour workday. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> of 6 mg/m<sup>3</sup> total exposure and 3 mg/m<sup>3</sup> respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 3000 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, soapstone is <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">immediately dangerous to life and health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_names">Other names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The local names for the soapstone vary: in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, "grit" is used, in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> "white-grinding" and "dark-grinding" varieties are distinguished, and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> has "soft", "hard", and "blue" talc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChidesterEngelWright19638–9_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidesterEngelWright19638–9-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also: </p> <ul><li>Combarbalite stone, exclusively mined in <a href="/wiki/Combarbal%C3%A1" title="Combarbalá">Combarbalá</a>, Chile, is known for its many colors. While they are not visible during mining, they appear after refining.</li> <li>Palewa and gorara stones are types of Indian soapstone.</li> <li>A variety of other regional and marketing names for soapstone are used.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_-_St_George_and_the_Dragon_-_Walters_41205.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 12th-century Byzantine relief of Saint George and the Dragon"><img alt="A 12th-century Byzantine relief of Saint George and the Dragon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Byzantine_-_St_George_and_the_Dragon_-_Walters_41205.jpg/105px-Byzantine_-_St_George_and_the_Dragon_-_Walters_41205.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Byzantine_-_St_George_and_the_Dragon_-_Walters_41205.jpg/157px-Byzantine_-_St_George_and_the_Dragon_-_Walters_41205.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Byzantine_-_St_George_and_the_Dragon_-_Walters_41205.jpg/210px-Byzantine_-_St_George_and_the_Dragon_-_Walters_41205.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 12th-century Byzantine relief of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon" title="Saint George and the Dragon">Saint George and the Dragon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belur2_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soapstone sculpture on the Hoysala temple at Belur, India[20]"><img alt="Soapstone sculpture on the Hoysala temple at Belur, India[20]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Belur2_retouched.jpg/120px-Belur2_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Belur2_retouched.jpg/180px-Belur2_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Belur2_retouched.jpg/240px-Belur2_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Soapstone sculpture on the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a> <a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Belur" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Belur">temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a>, India<sup id="cite_ref-Soapstone_sculptures_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soapstone_sculptures-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slot_and_tab.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soapstone slot-and-tab tomb in Dahlonega, Georgia"><img alt="Soapstone slot-and-tab tomb in Dahlonega, Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Slot_and_tab.jpg/120px-Slot_and_tab.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Slot_and_tab.jpg/180px-Slot_and_tab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Slot_and_tab.jpg/240px-Slot_and_tab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Soapstone slot-and-tab tomb in <a href="/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia" title="Dahlonega, Georgia">Dahlonega, Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavatoriopedrasabao.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A fountain made with soapstone, near Our Lady of Good Voyage Cathedral, in Belo Horizonte, Brazil"><img alt="A fountain made with soapstone, near Our Lady of Good Voyage Cathedral, in Belo Horizonte, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lavatoriopedrasabao.jpg/67px-Lavatoriopedrasabao.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lavatoriopedrasabao.jpg/101px-Lavatoriopedrasabao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lavatoriopedrasabao.jpg/135px-Lavatoriopedrasabao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A fountain made with soapstone, near <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Voyage_Cathedral,_Belo_Horizonte" title="Our Lady of Good Voyage Cathedral, Belo Horizonte">Our Lady of Good Voyage Cathedral</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarab550bc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Egyptian carved and glazed steatite scarab amulet"><img alt="An Egyptian carved and glazed steatite scarab amulet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scarab550bc.jpg/77px-Scarab550bc.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scarab550bc.jpg/116px-Scarab550bc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scarab550bc.jpg/155px-Scarab550bc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> An Egyptian carved and glazed steatite <a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">scarab</a> amulet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaanite_-_Scarab_with_%22Udjat%22_Eyes_-_Walters_4239_-_Bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steatite scarab at the Walters Art Museum"><img alt="Steatite scarab at the Walters Art Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Canaanite_-_Scarab_with_%22Udjat%22_Eyes_-_Walters_4239_-_Bottom.jpg/90px-Canaanite_-_Scarab_with_%22Udjat%22_Eyes_-_Walters_4239_-_Bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Canaanite_-_Scarab_with_%22Udjat%22_Eyes_-_Walters_4239_-_Bottom.jpg/135px-Canaanite_-_Scarab_with_%22Udjat%22_Eyes_-_Walters_4239_-_Bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Canaanite_-_Scarab_with_%22Udjat%22_Eyes_-_Walters_4239_-_Bottom.jpg/180px-Canaanite_-_Scarab_with_%22Udjat%22_Eyes_-_Walters_4239_-_Bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Steatite scarab at <a href="/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walters Art Museum">the Walters Art Museum</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Nidaros_Kathedrale_in_Trondheim._05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway, constructed mainly of soapstone"><img alt="Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, Norway, constructed mainly of soapstone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Die_Nidaros_Kathedrale_in_Trondheim._05.jpg/103px-Die_Nidaros_Kathedrale_in_Trondheim._05.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Die_Nidaros_Kathedrale_in_Trondheim._05.jpg/154px-Die_Nidaros_Kathedrale_in_Trondheim._05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Die_Nidaros_Kathedrale_in_Trondheim._05.jpg/206px-Die_Nidaros_Kathedrale_in_Trondheim._05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="4134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral" title="Nidaros Cathedral">Nidaros Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>, Norway, constructed mainly of soapstone</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals" title="List of minerals">List of minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rocks">List of rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archeological_Site_38CK1" title="Archeological Site 38CK1">Archeological Site 38CK1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archeological_Site_38CK44" title="Archeological Site 38CK44">Archeological Site 38CK44</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archeological_Site_38CK45" title="Archeological Site 38CK45">Archeological Site 38CK45</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidesterEngelWright19638-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChidesterEngelWright19638_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChidesterEngelWright19638_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChidesterEngelWright1963">Chidester, Engel & Wright 1963</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnthony,_John_W.Bideaux,_Richard_A.Bladh,_Kenneth_W.Nichols,_Monte_C.1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/talc.pdf">"Talc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Handbook of Mineralogy</i>. Vol. II (Silica, Silicates). Chantilly, VA: Mineralogical Society of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0962209716" title="Special:BookSources/0962209716"><bdi>0962209716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Talc&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Mineralogy&rft.place=Chantilly%2C+VA&rft.pub=Mineralogical+Society+of+America&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0962209716&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frruff.geo.arizona.edu%2Fdoclib%2Fhom%2Ftalc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Virta-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Virta_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVirta2017" class="citation book cs1">Virta, Robert L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bora.uib.no/handle/1956/16580"><i>Minerals Yearbook Metals and Minerals 2010</i></a>. Government Printing Office. p. 75.1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788290273908" title="Special:BookSources/9788290273908"><bdi>9788290273908</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minerals+Yearbook+Metals+and+Minerals+2010&rft.pages=75.1&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9788290273908&rft.aulast=Virta&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbora.uib.no%2Fhandle%2F1956%2F16580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hansen_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hansen_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansenStoremyr2017" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Gitte; Storemyr, Per (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bora.uib.no/handle/1956/16580"><i>A Versatile Resource – The Procurement and Use of Soapstone in Norway and The North Atlantic Region. In: Soapstone in the North Quarries, Products and People 7000 BC – AD 1700. UBAS – University of Bergen Archaeological Series 9</i></a>. Bergen, Norway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-90273-90-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-90273-90-8"><bdi>978-82-90273-90-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Versatile+Resource+%E2%80%93+The+Procurement+and+Use+of+Soapstone+in+Norway+and+The+North+Atlantic+Region.+In%3A+Soapstone+in+the+North+Quarries%2C+Products+and+People+7000+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+1700.+UBAS+%E2%80%93+University+of+Bergen+Archaeological+Series+9.&rft.place=Bergen%2C+Norway&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-82-90273-90-8&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Gitte&rft.au=Storemyr%2C+Per&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbora.uib.no%2Fhandle%2F1956%2F16580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Some Important Aspects of the Harappan Technological Tradition," Bhan KK, Vidale M and Kenoyer JM, in <i>Indian Archaeology in Retrospect</i>/edited by S. Settar and Ravi Korisettar, Manohar Press, New Delhi, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1927" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, A. L. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA10120750_1652">"On the talc deposits near Kaapmuiden, in the Eastern Transvaal"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa</i>. <b>30</b>: 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Geological+Society+of+South+Africa&rft.atitle=On+the+talc+deposits+near+Kaapmuiden%2C+in+the+Eastern+Transvaal&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.10520%2FAJA10120750_1652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aldred-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aldred_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAldred1971" class="citation book cs1">Aldred, Cyril (1971). <i>Jewels of the Pharaohs Egyptian Jewellery of the Dynastic Period</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Territory+Stories&rft.atitle=A+museum+in+Finke%3A+An+Aputula+Heritage+project&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2010-11&rft.aulast=Kelham&rft.aufirst=Megg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.territorystories.nt.gov.au%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F10070%2F230199%2F1%2FAputula_Heritage_Final_Report_Megg_Kelham.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.Michael Hogan (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10854/knossos.html#fieldnotes">"Knossos Fieldnotes"</a>, <i>The Modern Antiquarian</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Else Rosendahl, <i>The Vikings</i>, The Penguin Press, 1987, page 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteele" class="citation web cs1">Steele, Val. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shetlandamenity.org/assets/files/Viking%20Unst/Belmont%20Steatite%20Vessel%20Residues%20Report.pdf">"Report on the analysis of residues from steatite and ceramic vessels from the site of Belmont, Shetland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Shetland Amenity</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shetland+Amenity&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+analysis+of+residues+from+steatite+and+ceramic+vessels+from+the+site+of+Belmont%2C+Shetland&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Val&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shetlandamenity.org%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2FViking%2520Unst%2FBelmont%2520Steatite%2520Vessel%2520Residues%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfnm-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfnm_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfnm_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeideman,_Paul2017" class="citation web cs1">Weideman, Paul (2017-11-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santafenewmexican.com/life/home/there-s-a-stove-for-every-taste/article_6ad9bf86-cbbb-5d31-88f0-34c1a6c1238b.html">"There's a stove for every taste"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Santa_Fe_New_Mexican" title="The Santa Fe New Mexican">The Santa Fe New Mexican</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Santa+Fe+New+Mexican&rft.atitle=There%27s+a+stove+for+every+taste&rft.date=2017-11-05&rft.au=Weideman%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santafenewmexican.com%2Flife%2Fhome%2Fthere-s-a-stove-for-every-taste%2Farticle_6ad9bf86-cbbb-5d31-88f0-34c1a6c1238b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapo_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDamrosch,_Barbara2017" class="citation news cs1">Damrosch, Barbara (2017-01-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/home/the-enduring-appeal-of-wood-stoves/2017/01/17/b08c2698-d690-11e6-9f9f-5cdb4b7f8dd7_story.html">"The enduring appeal of wood stoves"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+enduring+appeal+of+wood+stoves&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft.au=Damrosch%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fhome%2Fthe-enduring-appeal-of-wood-stoves%2F2017%2F01%2F17%2Fb08c2698-d690-11e6-9f9f-5cdb4b7f8dd7_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royaltyminerals.in">"Royalty Minerals"</a>. <i>royaltyminerals.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Soapstone+gives+countertops%2C+tiles+a+look+that%27s+both+new+and+old&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Frealestate%2Fsoapstone-gives-countertops-tiles-a-look-thats-both-new-and-old%2F2013%2F05%2F30%2F48f500c2-bc1d-11e2-89c9-3be8095fe767_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2003" class="citation news cs1">Barnett, Antony (2003-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,982537,00.html">"West's love of talc threatens India's tigers"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=West%27s+love+of+talc+threatens+India%27s+tigers&rft.date=2003-06-22&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Finternational%2Fstory%2F0%2C6903%2C982537%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whiskystones.com/blogs/news/taste-the-dram-interviews-the-inventor-of-whisky-stones-andrew-hellman">"Interview with the Inventor of Whisky Stones, Andrew Hellman"</a>. <i>Whisky Stones</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whisky+Stones&rft.atitle=Interview+with+the+Inventor+of+Whisky+Stones%2C+Andrew+Hellman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhiskystones.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2Ftaste-the-dram-interviews-the-inventor-of-whisky-stones-andrew-hellman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProctorHughesHathaway2004" class="citation book cs1">Proctor, Nick H.; Hughes, James P.; Hathaway, Gloria J. (2004). <i>Proctor and Hughes' Chemical hazards of the workplace</i> (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26883-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26883-3"><bdi>978-0-471-26883-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proctor+and+Hughes%27+Chemical+hazards+of+the+workplace&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-471-26883-3&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=Nick+H.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+James+P.&rft.au=Hathaway%2C+Gloria+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0558.html">"CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Soapstone (containing less than 1% quartz)"</a>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+-+NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+-+Soapstone+%28containing+less+than+1%25+quartz%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0558.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChidesterEngelWright19638–9-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChidesterEngelWright19638–9_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChidesterEngelWright1963">Chidester, Engel & Wright 1963</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cst.cmich.edu/USERS/DIETR1RV/soapstone.htm">"CST Personal Home Pages"</a>. <i>cst.cmich.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cst.cmich.edu&rft.atitle=CST+Personal+Home+Pages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cst.cmich.edu%2FUSERS%2FDIETR1RV%2Fsoapstone.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChidesterEngelWright1963" class="citation book cs1">Chidester, Alfred Herman; Engel, Albert Edward John; Wright, Lauren Albert (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1167/report.pdf"><i>Talc resources of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talc+resources+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=U.S.+Govt.+Print.+Off.&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Chidester&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Herman&rft.au=Engel%2C+Albert+Edward+John&rft.au=Wright%2C+Lauren+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fbul%2F1167%2Freport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoapstone" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Felce, Robert (2011). <i>Soaprock Coast... The origins of English porcelain</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-956-9895-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-956-9895-0-5">978-0-956-9895-0-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soapstone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soapstone" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Soapstone">Soapstone</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.traditionaloven.com/articles/691/soapstone-data-info">Soapstone Calculated Refractory Data w/ Technical Properties Converter</a> (Incl. Soapstone Volume vs. Weight measuring units)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222204934/http://www.csasi.org/1998_october_journal/pg201.htm">Ancient soapstone bowl</a> (The Central States Archaeological Journal)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2006AM/finalprogram/abstract_111461.htm">Soapstone Native American quarries, Maryland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706194011/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2006AM/finalprogram/abstract_111461.htm">Archived</a> 2017-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/shaffer297/">Prehistoric soapstone use in northeastern Maryland</a> (Antiquity Journal)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeology.ncdcr.gov/get-involved/archaeological-sites-sample/blue-rock-quarry">The Blue Rock Soapstone Quarry, Yancey County, NC</a> (North Carolina Office of State Archaeology)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0558.html">CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/dekalb/steatite-boulder">Steatite</a> historical marker in <a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Georgia" title="Decatur, Georgia">Decatur, Georgia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q707896#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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