CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sandstone - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b946d0b5-3f6a-48c0-8f53-36013e891f53","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sandstone","wgTitle":"Sandstone","wgCurRevisionId":1257710380,"wgRevisionId":1257710380,"wgArticleId":27772,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use American English from September 2021","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024", "Commons category link is on Wikidata","Sandstone","Industrial minerals","Building stone"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sandstone","wgRelevantArticleId":27772,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q13085","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/USDA_Mineral_Sandstone_93c3955.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="818"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/USDA_Mineral_Sandstone_93c3955.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="545"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="436"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sandstone - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sandstone rootpage-Sandstone skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sandstone" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sandstone" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sandstone" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sandstone" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Framework_grains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Framework_grains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Framework grains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Framework_grains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matrix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Matrix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pore_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pore_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pore space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pore_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_sandstone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_sandstone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of sandstone</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_sandstone-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of sandstone subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_sandstone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dott's_classification_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dott's_classification_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dott's classification scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dott's_classification_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quartzite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quartzite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Quartzite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quartzite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sandstone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandsteen" title="Sandsteen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sandsteen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="बलुआ पत्थर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बलुआ पत्थर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A" title="حجر رملي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حجر رملي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedra_d%27arena" title="Piedra d'arena – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Piedra d'arena" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gres" title="Gres – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gres" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Пясчанік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пясчанік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Пяшчанік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пяшчанік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пясъчник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пясъчник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstoa" title="Sandstoa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sandstoa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gres" title="Gres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%83%D0%B9%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хăйăрла – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хăйăрла" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADskovec" title="Pískovec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pískovec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tywodfaen" title="Tywodfaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tywodfaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandsten" title="Sandsten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sandsten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstein" title="Sandstein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sandstein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivakivi" title="Liivakivi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liivakivi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ψαμμίτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψαμμίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenisca" title="Arenisca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arenisca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grejso" title="Grejso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grejso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hareharri" title="Hareharri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hareharri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ماسه‌سنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماسه‌سنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8s_(g%C3%A9ologie)" title="Grès (géologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grès (géologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaineamhchloch" title="Gaineamhchloch – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gaineamhchloch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clach-ghainmhich" title="Clach-ghainmhich – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clach-ghainmhich" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenito" title="Arenito – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arenito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%95%94" title="사암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ավազաքար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավազաքար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="बलुआ पत्थर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बलुआ पत्थर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pje%C5%A1%C4%8Denjak" title="Pješčenjak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pješčenjak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greso" title="Greso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Greso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_pasir" title="Batu pasir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu pasir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80" title="Змисдур – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Змисдур" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandsteinn" title="Sandsteinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sandsteinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenaria" title="Arenaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arenaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C" title="אבן חול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן חול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಮರಳು ಶಿಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮರಳು ಶಿಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ქვიშაქვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქვიშაქვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Құмтас – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құмтас" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragen" title="Kragen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kragen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiwe_mchanga" title="Jiwe mchanga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jiwe mchanga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Кумдук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кумдук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxum_arenaceum" title="Saxum arenaceum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saxum arenaceum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smil%C5%A1akmens" title="Smilšakmens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Smilšakmens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandsteen" title="Sandsteen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sandsteen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiltainis" title="Smiltainis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Smiltainis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandjsjtein" title="Zandjsjtein – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zandjsjtein" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homokk%C5%91" title="Homokkő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Homokkő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Песочник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Песочник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatovary" title="Vatovary – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vatovary" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_pasir" title="Batu pasir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Batu pasir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandsteen" title="Zandsteen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zandsteen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E5%B2%A9" title="砂岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="砂岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3" title="ГӀамара тӀулг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀамара тӀулг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunstian" title="Sunstian – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sunstian" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstein" title="Sandstein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sandstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstein" title="Sandstein – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sandstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gres" title="Gres – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gres" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumtosh" title="Qumtosh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qumtosh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="ریتلا پتھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریتلا پتھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B" title="ថ្មភក់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ថ្មភក់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaskowiec" title="Piaskowiec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piaskowiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenito" title="Arenito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arenito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresie_(geologie)" title="Gresie (geologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gresie (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Песчаник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Песчаник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="වැලිගල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වැලිගල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sandstone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieskovec" title="Pieskovec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pieskovec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C5%A1%C4%8Denjak" title="Peščenjak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Peščenjak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пешчар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пешчар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C5%A1%C4%8Dar" title="Peščar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Peščar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiekkakivi" title="Hiekkakivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiekkakivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandsten" title="Sandsten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sandsten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மணற்கல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மணற்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="หินทราย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หินทราย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%AF%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%AF" title="ᏃᏯᏅᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏃᏯᏅᏯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೊಯ್ಯೆದ ಕಲ್ಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪೊಯ್ಯೆದ ಕಲ್ಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumta%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Kumtaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kumtaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пісковик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пісковик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa_th%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Sa thạch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sa thạch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivakivi" title="Liivakivi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Liivakivi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8s" title="Grès – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Grès" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E5%B2%A9" title="砂岩 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="砂岩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E5%B2%A9" title="砂岩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="砂岩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E5%B2%A9" title="砂岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="砂岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13085#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sandstone" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sandstone"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sandstone"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sandstone" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sandstone" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&oldid=1257710380" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sandstone&id=1257710380&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSandstone"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSandstone"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sandstone&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandstone" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13085" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of sedimentary rock</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the geological rock type. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sandstone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sandstone (disambiguation)">Sandstone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sandstone</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff"><b><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">Sedimentary rock</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_Mineral_Sandstone_93c3955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/USDA_Mineral_Sandstone_93c3955.jpg/220px-USDA_Mineral_Sandstone_93c3955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/USDA_Mineral_Sandstone_93c3955.jpg/330px-USDA_Mineral_Sandstone_93c3955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/USDA_Mineral_Sandstone_93c3955.jpg/440px-USDA_Mineral_Sandstone_93c3955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="436" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cut slab of sandstone</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Composition</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Typically <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lithic_fragment_(geology)" title="Lithic fragment (geology)">lithic</a> fragments are also common. Other minerals may be found in particularly mature sandstone.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sandstone</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Clastic_rock#Sedimentary_clastic_rocks" title="Clastic rock">clastic sedimentary rock</a> composed mainly of <a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">sand-sized</a> (0.0625 to 2 mm) <a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">silicate</a> grains, <a href="/wiki/Cementation_(geology)" title="Cementation (geology)">cemented</a> together by another mineral. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most sandstone is composed of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, because they are the most resistant <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> processes at the Earth's surface. Like uncemented <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, sandstone may be imparted any color by impurities within the minerals, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, pink, white, and black. Because sandstone beds can form highly visible cliffs and other <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topographic</a> features, certain colors of sandstone have become strongly identified with certain regions, such as the red rock deserts of <a href="/wiki/Arches_National_Park" title="Arches National Park">Arches National Park</a> and other areas of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">American Southwest</a>. </p><p>Rock formations composed of sandstone usually allow the <a href="/wiki/Percolation" title="Percolation">percolation</a> of water and other fluids and are <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porous</a> enough to store large quantities, making them valuable <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">petroleum reservoirs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quartz-bearing sandstone can be changed into <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> through <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a>, usually related to tectonic compression within <a href="/wiki/Orogenic_belts" class="mw-redirect" title="Orogenic belts">orogenic belts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EG_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MII_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MII-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sediments</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG/190px-Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG/285px-Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG/380px-Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1809" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By origin</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrigenous_sediment" title="Terrigenous sediment">Terrigenous (lithogenous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogenous_sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogenous sediment">Biogenous</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Cosmogenous</li> <li>Hydrogenous</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By texture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roundness_(geology)" title="Roundness (geology)">Roundness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorting_(sediment)" title="Sorting (sediment)">Sorting</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">scree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">till</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By composition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese nodules">Manganese nodules</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oolitic_aragonite_sand" title="Oolitic aragonite sand">Oolitic aragonite sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektites" class="mw-redirect" title="Tektites">Tektites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">By process</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_budget" title="Sedimentary budget">Sedimentary budget</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_transport" title="Coastal sediment transport">coastal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolian transport">Aeolian (windborne) transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">Biomineralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">Bioturbation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concretion" title="Concretion">Concretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial processes">Fluvial processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier flow">Glacier flow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice-sheet_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice-sheet dynamics">ice-sheet dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_rafting" title="Ice rafting">ice rafting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithification" title="Lithification">Lithification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbidity currents">Turbidity currents</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">By structure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">Sedimentary structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedforms">Bedforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-bedding" title="Cross-bedding">cross-bedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunes">duness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_bedding" title="Graded bedding">graded bedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">ripple marks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocurrent" title="Paleocurrent">Paleocurrent indicators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sole_markings" title="Sole markings">sole markings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbrication_(sedimentology)" title="Imbrication (sedimentology)">imbrication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment%E2%80%93water_interface" title="Sediment–water interface">Sediment–water interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-sediment_deformation_structures" title="Soft-sediment deformation structures">Soft-sediment deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconformity" title="Unconformity">Unconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation-induced_sedimentary_structures" title="Vegetation-induced sedimentary structures">Vegetation-induced</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Soil sediment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_matrix" title="Soil matrix">matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore_space_in_soil" title="Pore space in soil">pore space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_of_soils" title="Permeability of soils">permeability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_morphology" title="Soil morphology">morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_texture" title="Soil texture">texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_value" title="Soil value">value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_color" title="Soil color">color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catena_(soil)" title="Catena (soil)">Catena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_horizon" title="Soil horizon">Soil horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">Humus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humin" title="Humin">Humin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">Soil salinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropedology" title="Hydropedology">Hydropedology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralization_(soil_science)" title="Mineralization (soil science)">Mineralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiologically_induced_calcite_precipitation" title="Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation">Microbial calcite precipitation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">Marine sediment</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">Aragonite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonite_sea" title="Aragonite sea">aragonite sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolitic_aragonite_sand" title="Oolitic aragonite sand">oolitic aragonite sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcite_sea" title="Calcite sea">calcite sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_calcium_carbonate" title="Amorphous calcium carbonate">Amorphous calcium carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">Calcification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioirrigation" title="Bioirrigation">Bioirrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_transport" title="Coastal sediment transport">Coastal sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_supply" title="Coastal sediment supply">Coastal sediment supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_clay" title="Marine clay">Marine clay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_red_clay" title="Pelagic red clay">pelagic red clay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">transgression</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemipelagic_sediment" title="Hemipelagic sediment">hemipelagite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_tectonics" title="Salt tectonics">Salt tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bundle" title="Tidal bundle">Tidal bundle</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biogenous_sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogenous sediment">Biogenous sediments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_ooze" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcareous ooze">Calcareous ooze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogenic_calcification" title="Marine biogenic calcification">biogenic calcification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_nannoplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcareous nannoplankton">calcareous nannoplankton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siliceous_ooze" title="Siliceous ooze">Siliceous ooze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_silica" title="Biogenic silica">biogenic silica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicification" title="Silicification">silicification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">diatomaceous earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiolarite" title="Radiolarite">radiolarite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microfossil" title="Microfossil">Microfossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_weathering" title="Reverse weathering">Reverse weathering</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Sedimentary ecology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biomantle" title="Soil biomantle">Soil biomantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_zoology" title="Soil zoology">Soil zoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_borne_pathogen" title="Soil borne pathogen">soil pathogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedodiversity" title="Pedodiversity">Pedodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biodiversity" title="Soil biodiversity">Soil biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">Rhizosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Root_microbiome" title="Root microbiome">root microbiome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">Sedimentary carbon</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi_and_soil_carbon_storage" title="Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage">Soil carbon storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">Soil carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badlands" title="Badlands">Badlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">Carbonates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clastic_rock" title="Clastic rock">Clastic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudrock" title="Mudrock">mudrock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-rich_sedimentary_rocks" title="Iron-rich sedimentary rocks">Iron-rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic-rich_sedimentary_rocks" title="Organic-rich sedimentary rocks">Organic-rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliceous_rock" title="Siliceous rock">Siliceous</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_soil_science" title="History of soil science">soil science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_sediment" title="Legacy sediment">Legacy sediment</a></li> <li>Principles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cutting_relationships" title="Cross-cutting relationships">cross-cutting relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_lateral_continuity" title="Principle of lateral continuity">lateral continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_original_horizontality" title="Principle of original horizontality">original horizontality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance_(geology)" title="Provenance (geology)">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">Sedimentary record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">Sedimentology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cycle" title="Rock cycle">Rock cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_cycle" title="Calcium cycle">calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_cycle" title="Silica cycle">silica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate-silicate_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate-silicate cycle">carbonate-silicate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolimnology" title="Paleolimnology">Paleolimnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sediments" title="Category:Sediments">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sediment_sidebar" title="Template:Sediment sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Sediment_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Sediment sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sediment_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sediment sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sandstones are <i><a href="/wiki/Clastic_rock" title="Clastic rock">clastic</a></i> in origin (as opposed to either <i>organic</i>, like <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, or <i>chemical</i>, like <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-LF_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The silicate sand grains from which they form are the product of physical and chemical <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of bedrock.<sup id="cite_ref-leeder-2011-3-28_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeder-2011-3-28-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weathering and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> are most rapid in areas of high relief, such as <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arcs</a>, areas of <a href="/wiki/Continental_rifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental rifting">continental rifting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orogenic_belt" title="Orogenic belt">orogenic belts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blatt-tracy-1996-241-242c258-260_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blatt-tracy-1996-241-242c258-260-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eroded sand is transported by rivers or by the wind from its source areas to <a href="/wiki/Depositional_environment" title="Depositional environment">depositional environments</a> where <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a> has created <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(geology)" title="Accommodation (geology)">accommodation space</a> for sediments to accumulate. <a href="/wiki/Forearc_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Forearc basin">Forearc basins</a> tend to accumulate sand rich in lithic grains and <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>. <a href="/wiki/Intracontinental_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracontinental basin">Intracontinental basins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">grabens</a> along continental margins are also common environments for deposition of sand.<sup id="cite_ref-blatt-tracy-1996-220-227_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blatt-tracy-1996-220-227-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As sediments continue to accumulate in the depositional environment, older sand is buried by younger sediments, and it undergoes <a href="/wiki/Diagenesis" title="Diagenesis">diagenesis</a>. This mostly consists of <a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">compaction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithification" title="Lithification">lithification</a> of the sand.<sup id="cite_ref-blatt-tracy-1996-265-280_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blatt-tracy-1996-265-280-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-147-154_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-147-154-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early stages of diagenesis, described as <i>eogenesis</i>, take place at shallow depths (a few tens of meters) and are characterized by <a href="/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">bioturbation</a> and mineralogical changes in the sands, with only slight compaction.<sup id="cite_ref-choquette-pray-1970_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choquette-pray-1970-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The red <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> that gives <a href="/wiki/Red_beds" title="Red beds">red bed</a> sandstones their color is likely formed during eogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-148_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-148-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deeper burial is accompanied by <i>mesogenesis</i>, during which most of the compaction and lithification takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-147-154_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-147-154-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compaction takes place as the sand comes under increasing pressure from overlying sediments. Sediment grains move into more compact arrangements, ductile grains (such as <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> grains) are deformed, and pore space is reduced. In addition to this physical compaction, chemical compaction may take place via <a href="/wiki/Pressure_solution" title="Pressure solution">pressure solution</a>. Points of contact between grains are under the greatest strain, and the strained mineral is more soluble than the rest of the grain. As a result, the contact points are dissolved away, allowing the grains to come into closer contact.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-147-154_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-147-154-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lithification follows closely on compaction, as increased temperatures at depth hasten deposition of <a href="/wiki/Cementation_(geology)" title="Cementation (geology)">cement</a> that binds the grains together. Pressure solution contributes to cementing, as the mineral dissolved from strained contact points is redeposited in the unstrained pore spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-147-154_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-147-154-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mechanical compaction takes place primarily at depths less than 1,000 meters (3,300 ft). Chemical compaction continues to depths of 2,000 meters (6,600 ft), and most cementation takes place at depths of 2,000–5,000 meters (6,600–16,400 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unroofing of buried sandstone is accompanied by <i>telogenesis</i>, the third and final stage of diagenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-choquette-pray-1970_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choquette-pray-1970-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As erosion reduces the depth of burial, renewed exposure to <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_water" title="Meteoric water">meteoric water</a> produces additional changes to the sandstone, such as dissolution of some of the cement to produce <a href="/wiki/Secondary_porosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary porosity">secondary porosity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-147-154_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-147-154-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="float:left;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MoabAlcove.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Alcove in the Navajo Sandstone"><img alt="Alcove in the Navajo Sandstone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/MoabAlcove.JPG/340px-MoabAlcove.JPG" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/MoabAlcove.JPG/511px-MoabAlcove.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/MoabAlcove.JPG/680px-MoabAlcove.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alcove_(landform)" title="Alcove (landform)">Alcove</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Sandstone" title="Navajo Sandstone">Navajo Sandstone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PetraSandStoneRock-cut_tombs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kokh-type tombs cut into the multicoloured sandstone of Petra"><img alt="Kokh-type tombs cut into the multicoloured sandstone of Petra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PetraSandStoneRock-cut_tombs.jpg/340px-PetraSandStoneRock-cut_tombs.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PetraSandStoneRock-cut_tombs.jpg/511px-PetraSandStoneRock-cut_tombs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PetraSandStoneRock-cut_tombs.jpg/680px-PetraSandStoneRock-cut_tombs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kokh_(tomb)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokh (tomb)">Kokh-type</a> tombs cut into the multicoloured sandstone of <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoralPinkSandDunesSand.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sand grains of quartz with hematite coating providing an orange colour"><img alt="Sand grains of quartz with hematite coating providing an orange colour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CoralPinkSandDunesSand.JPG/340px-CoralPinkSandDunesSand.JPG" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CoralPinkSandDunesSand.JPG/511px-CoralPinkSandDunesSand.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CoralPinkSandDunesSand.JPG/680px-CoralPinkSandDunesSand.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sand grains of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> coating providing an orange colour</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-bedding and scour in sandstone of the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Jackson County, Ohio"><img alt="Cross-bedding and scour in sandstone of the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Jackson County, Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg/324px-Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg/486px-Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg/647px-Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2716" data-file-height="2140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-bedding and scour in sandstone of the <a href="/wiki/Logan_Formation" title="Logan Formation">Logan Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Carboniferous">Lower Carboniferous</a>) of Jackson County, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_antelope_2_md.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, worn smooth by erosion from flash flooding over thousands of years"><img alt="Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, worn smooth by erosion from flash flooding over thousands of years" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lower_antelope_2_md.jpg/170px-Lower_antelope_2_md.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lower_antelope_2_md.jpg/255px-Lower_antelope_2_md.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lower_antelope_2_md.jpg/340px-Lower_antelope_2_md.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1231" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red sandstone interior of <a href="/wiki/Antelope_Canyon" title="Antelope Canyon">Lower Antelope Canyon</a>, Arizona, worn smooth by erosion from <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash flooding</a> over thousands of years</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Framework_grains">Framework grains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Framework grains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(1)Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%281%29Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg/240px-%281%29Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%281%29Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg/360px-%281%29Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%281%29Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg/480px-%281%29Saunders_Quarry-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Paradise Quarry, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrusSand.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GrusSand.JPG/220px-GrusSand.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GrusSand.JPG/330px-GrusSand.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GrusSand.JPG/440px-GrusSand.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grus_(geology)" title="Grus (geology)">Grus</a> sand and the granitoid from which it is derived</figcaption></figure> <p>Framework grains are sand-sized (0.0625-to-2-millimeter (0.00246 to 0.07874 in) diameter) detrital fragments that make up the bulk of a sandstone.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pettijohn_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pettijohn-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most framework grains are composed of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, which are the common minerals most resistant to <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> processes at the Earth's surface, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Goldich_dissolution_series" title="Goldich dissolution series">Goldich dissolution series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Framework grains can be classified into several different categories based on their mineral composition: </p> <ul><li>Quartz framework grains are the dominant minerals in most <a href="/wiki/Clastic_sedimentary_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic sedimentary rock">clastic sedimentary rocks</a>; this is because they have exceptional physical properties, such as <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a> and chemical stability.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These physical properties allow the quartz grains to survive multiple recycling events, while also allowing the grains to display some degree of rounding.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quartz grains evolve from plutonic rock, which are felsic in origin and also from older sandstones that have been recycled.</li> <li>Feldspathic framework grains are commonly the second most abundant mineral in sandstones.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feldspar can be divided into alkali feldspars and plagioclase feldspars, which can be distinguished under a petrographic microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali feldspar">Alkali feldspar</a> range in chemical composition from KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> to NaAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plagioclase_feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagioclase feldspar">Plagioclase feldspar</a> range in composition from NaAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> to CaAl<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LvMS-Lvm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LvMS-Lvm.jpg/220px-LvMS-Lvm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LvMS-Lvm.jpg/330px-LvMS-Lvm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/LvMS-Lvm.jpg/440px-LvMS-Lvm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption>Photomicrograph of a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> sand grain; upper picture is plane-polarised light, bottom picture is cross-polarised light, scale box at left-centre is 0.25 millimeter. This type of <a href="/wiki/Sand_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand grain">grain</a> would be a main component of a lithic sandstone.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Lithic framework grains (also called lithic fragments or lithic clasts) are pieces of ancient source rock that have yet to weather away to individual mineral grains.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lithic fragments can be any fine-grained or coarse-grained igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock,<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the most common lithic fragments found in sedimentary rocks are clasts of volcanic rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Accessory minerals are all other mineral grains in a sandstone. These minerals usually make up just a small percentage of the grains in a sandstone. Common accessory minerals include micas (<a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">muscovite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a>), <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prothero_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these accessory grains are more dense than the silicates that make up the bulk of the rock. These <i><a href="/wiki/Heavy_mineral" title="Heavy mineral">heavy minerals</a></i> are commonly resistant to weathering and can be used as an indicator of sandstone maturity through the <a href="/wiki/ZTR_index" title="ZTR index">ZTR index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common heavy minerals include <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">tourmaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> (hence <i>ZTR</i>), <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>, or other dense, resistant minerals derived from the source rock.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrix">Matrix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Matrix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">Matrix</a> is very fine material, which is present within interstitial pore space between the framework grains.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of the matrix within the interstitial pore space results in a twofold classification: </p> <ul><li>Arenites are texturally <i>clean</i> sandstones that are free of or have very little matrix.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wackes are texturally <i>dirty</i> sandstones that have a significant amount of matrix.<sup id="cite_ref-Pettijohn_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pettijohn-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cement">Cement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cement is what binds the siliciclastic framework grains together. Cement is a secondary mineral that forms after deposition and during burial of the sandstone.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cementing materials may be either silicate minerals or non-silicate minerals, such as calcite.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Silica cement can consist of either quartz or <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a> minerals. Quartz is the most common silicate mineral that acts as cement. In sandstone where there is silica cement present, the quartz grains are attached to cement, which creates a rim around the quartz grain called overgrowth. The overgrowth retains the same crystallographic continuity of quartz framework grain that is being cemented. Opal cement is found in sandstones that are rich in <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanogenic</a> materials, and very rarely is in other sandstones.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Calcite cement is the most common carbonate cement. Calcite cement is an assortment of smaller calcite crystals. The cement adheres to the framework grains, cementing the framework grains together.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other minerals that act as cements include: <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limonite" title="Limonite">limonite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhydrite" title="Anhydrite">anhydrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barite" class="mw-redirect" title="Barite">barite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay minerals">clay minerals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolite</a> minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Sandstone that becomes depleted of its cement binder through weathering gradually becomes friable and unstable. This process can be somewhat reversed by the application of tetraethyl orthosilicate (Si(OC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>) which will deposit amorphous silicon dioxide between the sand grains.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reaction is as follows. </p> <dl><dd>Si(OC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (l) + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → SiO<sub>2</sub> (s) + 4 C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH (g)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pore_space">Pore space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pore space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pore space includes the open spaces within a rock or a soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pore space in a rock has a direct relationship to the <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">permeability</a> of the rock. The porosity and permeability are directly influenced by the way the sand grains are packed together.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Porosity is the percentage of bulk volume that is inhabited by interstices within a given rock.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porosity is directly influenced by the packing of even-sized spherical grains, rearranged from loosely packed to tightest packed in sandstones.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Permeability is the rate in which water or other fluids flow through the rock. For <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, work permeability may be measured in gallons per day through a one square foot cross section under a unit <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_gradient" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic gradient">hydraulic gradient</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_sandstone">Types of sandstone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types of sandstone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sandstones are typically classified by point-counting a <a href="/wiki/Thin_section" title="Thin section">thin section</a> using a method like the <a href="/wiki/Gazzi-Dickinson_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazzi-Dickinson Method">Gazzi-Dickinson Method</a>. This yields the relative percentages of quartz, feldspar, and lithic grains and the amount of clay matrix. The composition of a sandstone can provide important information on the genesis of the sediments when used with a triangular <i>Q</i>uartz, <i>F</i>eldspar, <i>L</i>ithic fragment (<a href="/wiki/QFL_diagrams" class="mw-redirect" title="QFL diagrams">QFL diagrams</a>). However, geologist have not been able to agree on a set of boundaries separating regions of the QFL triangle.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QFL_Ternary_Plot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/QFL_Ternary_Plot.jpg/220px-QFL_Ternary_Plot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/QFL_Ternary_Plot.jpg/330px-QFL_Ternary_Plot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/QFL_Ternary_Plot.jpg/440px-QFL_Ternary_Plot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2249" /></a><figcaption>Ternary plot showing the relative abundance of quartz, feldspar, and lithic grains in a sandstone</figcaption></figure> <p>Visual aids are diagrams that allow geologists to interpret different characteristics of a sandstone. For example, a QFL chart can be marked with a <a href="/wiki/Provenance_(geology)" title="Provenance (geology)">provenance</a> model that shows the likely tectonic origin of sandstones with various compositions of framework grains. Likewise, the stage of textural maturity chart illustrates the different stages that a sandstone goes through as the degree of kinetic processing of the sediments increases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006130–131_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006130–131-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QFLtriangle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/QFLtriangle.svg/220px-QFLtriangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/QFLtriangle.svg/330px-QFLtriangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/QFLtriangle.svg/440px-QFLtriangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Schematic QFL diagram showing tectonic provinces and sandstone provenance</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A QFL chart is a representation of the framework grains and matrix that is present in a sandstone. This chart is similar to those used in igneous petrology. When plotted correctly, this model of analysis creates for a meaningful quantitative classification of sandstones.<sup id="cite_ref-Carozzi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carozzi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A sandstone provenance chart is typically based on a QFL chart but allows geologists to visually interpret the different types of places from which sandstones can originate.</li> <li>A stage of textural maturity chart shows the differences between immature, submature, mature, and supermature sandstones. As the sandstone becomes more mature, grains become more rounded, and there is less clay in the matrix of the rock.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dott's_classification_scheme"><span id="Dott.27s_classification_scheme"></span>Dott's classification scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dott's classification scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandstone_Classification_modified_from_Dott,_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sandstone_Classification_modified_from_Dott%2C_1964.jpg/220px-Sandstone_Classification_modified_from_Dott%2C_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sandstone_Classification_modified_from_Dott%2C_1964.jpg/330px-Sandstone_Classification_modified_from_Dott%2C_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sandstone_Classification_modified_from_Dott%2C_1964.jpg/440px-Sandstone_Classification_modified_from_Dott%2C_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3295" data-file-height="2239" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing a slightly modified version of the Dott (1964) classification scheme</figcaption></figure> <p>Dott's (1964) sandstone classification scheme is one of many such schemes used by geologists for classifying sandstones. Dott's scheme is a modification of Gilbert's classification of silicate sandstones, and it incorporates R.L. Folk's dual textural and compositional maturity concepts into one classification system.<sup id="cite_ref-Dott_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dott-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosophy behind combining Gilbert's and R. L. Folk's schemes is that it is better able to "portray the continuous nature of textural variation from mudstone to arenite and from stable to unstable grain composition".<sup id="cite_ref-Dott_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dott-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dott's classification scheme is based on the mineralogy of framework grains, and on the type of matrix present in between the framework grains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In this specific classification scheme, Dott has set the boundary between arenite and wackes at 15% matrix. In addition, Dott also breaks up the different types of framework grains that can be present in a sandstone into three major categories: quartz, feldspar, and lithic grains.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Arenites are types of sandstone that have less than 15% clay matrix in between the framework grains. <ul><li>Quartz arenites are sandstones that contain more than 90% of siliceous grains. Grains can include <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a> rock fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quartz arenites are texturally mature to supermature sandstones. These pure quartz sands result from extensive <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> that occurred before and during transport. This weathering removed everything but quartz grains, the most stable <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a>. They are commonly affiliated with rocks that are deposited in a stable cratonic environment, such as aeolian <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beaches</a> or shelf environments.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quartz arenites emanate from multiple recycling of quartz grains, generally as sedimentary source rocks and less regularly as first-cycle deposits derived from primary <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Feldspathic arenites are sandstones that contain less than 90% quartz, and more feldspar than unstable lithic fragments, and minor accessory minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feldspathic sandstones are commonly immature or sub-mature.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sandstones occur in association with cratonic or stable shelf settings.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feldspathic sandstones are derived from granitic-type, primary crystalline, rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the sandstone is dominantly plagioclase, then it is igneous in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lithic arenites are characterised by generally high content of unstable lithic fragments. Examples include volcanic and metamorphic clasts, though stable clasts such as chert are common in lithic arenites.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of rock contains less than 90% quartz grains and more unstable rock fragments than feldspars.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are commonly immature to submature texturally.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are associated with fluvial conglomerates and other fluvial deposits, or in deeper water marine conglomerates.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are formed under conditions that produce large volumes of unstable material, derived from fine-grained rocks, mostly <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rocks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Wackes are sandstones that contain more than 15% clay matrix between framework grains. <ul><li>Quartz wackes are uncommon because quartz arenites are texturally mature to supermature.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Felspathic wackes are feldspathic sandstone that contain a matrix that is greater than 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lithic wacke is a sandstone in which the matrix greater than 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a> sandstones are more than 25 percent <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LF_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grains tend to be poorly rounded and less well sorted than those of pure quartz sandstones. These feldspar-rich sandstones come from rapidly eroding <a href="/wiki/Granitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Granitic">granitic</a> and metamorphic <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrains</a> where <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weathering">chemical weathering</a> is <a href="/wiki/Subordinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinate">subordinate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Physical_weathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical weathering">physical weathering</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a> sandstones are a <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneous">heterogeneous</a> mixture of <a href="/wiki/Lithic_Fragment_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithic Fragment (geology)">lithic fragments</a> and angular grains of quartz and feldspar or grains surrounded by a fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">clay</a> matrix. Much of this <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a> is formed by relatively soft fragments, such as <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> and some volcanic rocks, that are chemically altered and physically compacted after deep burial of the sandstone formation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quartzite">Quartzite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Quartzite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></div> <p>When sandstone is subjected to the great heat and pressure associated with <a href="/wiki/Regional_metamorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional metamorphism">regional metamorphism</a>, the individual quartz grains recrystallize, along with the former cementing material, to form the <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> called <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>. Most or all of the original texture and sedimentary structures of the sandstone are erased by the metamorphism.<sup id="cite_ref-EG_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grains are so tightly interlocked that when the rock is broken, it fractures through the grains to form an irregular or conchoidal fracture.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geologists had recognized by 1941 that some rocks show the macroscopic characteristics of quartzite, even though they have not undergone metamorphism at high pressure and temperature. These rocks have been subject only to the much lower temperatures and pressures associated with <a href="/wiki/Diagenesis" title="Diagenesis">diagenesis</a> of sedimentary rock, but diagenesis has cemented the rock so thoroughly that microscopic examination is necessary to distinguish it from metamorphic quartzite. The term <i>orthoquartzite</i> is used to distinguish such sedimentary rock from <i>metaquartzite</i> produced by metamorphism. By extension, the term <i>orthoquartzite</i> has occasionally been more generally applied to any quartz-cemented <a href="/wiki/Quartz_arenite" title="Quartz arenite">quartz arenite</a>. Orthoquartzite (in the narrow sense) is often 99% SiO<sub>2</sub> with only very minor amounts of iron oxide and trace resistant minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>. Although few <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> are normally present, the original texture and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</a> structures are preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-Ireland-1974_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ireland-1974-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxford2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The typical distinction between a true orthoquartzite and an ordinary quartz sandstone is that an orthoquartzite is so highly cemented that it will fracture across grains, not around them.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson1997_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson1997-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a distinction that can be recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Field_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Field work">field</a>. In turn, the distinction between an orthoquartzite and a metaquartzite is the onset of recrystallization of existing grains. The dividing line may be placed at the point where strained quartz grains begin to be replaced by new, unstrained, small quartz grains, producing a <i>mortar texture</i> that can be identified in thin sections under a polarizing microscope. With increasing grade of metamorphism, further recrystallization produces <i>foam texture</i>, characterized by polygonal grains meeting at triple junctions, and then <i>porphyroblastic texture</i>, characterized by coarse, irregular grains, including some larger grains (<a href="/wiki/Porphyroblast" title="Porphyroblast">porphyroblasts</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-Howard2005_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A panoramic photograph of the Quadrangle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama.jpg/310px-SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama.jpg/465px-SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama.jpg/620px-SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8179" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>The Main Quadrangle of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>, a so-called <a href="/wiki/Sandstone_universities" title="Sandstone universities">sandstone university</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MariaImmaculatal_Augustiner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MariaImmaculatal_Augustiner.jpg/110px-MariaImmaculatal_Augustiner.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MariaImmaculatal_Augustiner.jpg/165px-MariaImmaculatal_Augustiner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MariaImmaculatal_Augustiner.jpg/220px-MariaImmaculatal_Augustiner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>Sandstone statue <i>Maria Immaculata</i> by Fidelis Sporer, around 1770, in <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a>, Germany </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lampe_a_graisse_-_Lascaux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lampe_a_graisse_-_Lascaux.jpg/170px-Lampe_a_graisse_-_Lascaux.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lampe_a_graisse_-_Lascaux.jpg/255px-Lampe_a_graisse_-_Lascaux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lampe_a_graisse_-_Lascaux.jpg/340px-Lampe_a_graisse_-_Lascaux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2175" /></a><figcaption>17,000 yr old sandstone <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamp</a> discovered at the caves of <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, France </figcaption></figure> <p>Sandstone has been used since prehistoric times for construction,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Calderstones_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Calderstones-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decorative art works<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tools.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been widely employed around the world in constructing temples,<sup id="cite_ref-Study_and_consolidation_of_sandston_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Study_and_consolidation_of_sandston-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> churches,<sup id="cite_ref-Study_and_consolidation_of_sandston_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Study_and_consolidation_of_sandston-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> homes and other buildings, and in <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although its resistance to <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> varies, sandstone is easy to work. That makes it a common <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavement_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavement (material)">paving</a> material, including in <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt concrete</a>. However, some types that have been used in the past, such as the <a href="/wiki/Collyhurst_sandstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Collyhurst sandstone">Collyhurst sandstone</a> used in <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West England</a>, have had poor long-term weather resistance, necessitating repair and replacement in older buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the hardness of individual grains, uniformity of grain size and <a href="/wiki/Friability" title="Friability">friability</a> of their structure, some types of sandstone are excellent materials from which to make <a href="/wiki/Grindstone_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grindstone (tool)">grindstones</a>, for sharpening blades and other implements.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-friable sandstone can be used to make grindstones for grinding grain, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">gritstone</a>. </p><p>A type of pure quartz sandstone, orthoquartzite, with more of 90–95 percent of quartz,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been proposed for nomination to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Heritage_Stone_Resource" title="Global Heritage Stone Resource">Global Heritage Stone Resource</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some regions of Argentina, the orthoquartzite-stoned <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">facade</a> is one of the main features of the <a href="/wiki/Mar_del_Plata_style" title="Mar del Plata style">Mar del Plata style</a> bungalows.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/28px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/42px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/56px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a> – Natural stone that has been finished to specific sizes and shapes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sandstones" title="List of sandstones">List of sandstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurkar" title="Kurkar">Kurkar</a> – Regional name for an aeolian quartz calcrete on the Levantine coast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a> – Regions of long-term subsidence creating space for infilling by sediments</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_sandstone" title="Sydney sandstone">Sydney sandstone</a> – Medium to coarse-grained quartz sandstone with minor shale and laminite lenses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkstone" title="Yorkstone">Yorkstone</a> – Variety of sandstone from Yorkshire, England</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-boggs-2006-119-135-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-119-135_1-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoggs2006" class="citation book cs1">Boggs, Sam (2006). <i>Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy</i> (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 119–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131547283" title="Special:BookSources/0131547283"><bdi>0131547283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+sedimentology+and+stratigraphy&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=119-135&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0131547283&rft.aulast=Boggs&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwansonBahrBradburyAnderson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Swanson, Susan K.; Bahr, Jean M.; Bradbury, Kenneth R.; Anderson, Kristin M. (February 2006). "Evidence for preferential flow through sandstone aquifers in Southern Wisconsin". <i>Sedimentary Geology</i>. <b>184</b> (3–4): 331–342. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SedG..184..331S">2006SedG..184..331S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sedgeo.2005.11.008">10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.11.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentary+Geology&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+preferential+flow+through+sandstone+aquifers+in+Southern+Wisconsin&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=331-342&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sedgeo.2005.11.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006SedG..184..331S&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Susan+K.&rft.au=Bahr%2C+Jean+M.&rft.au=Bradbury%2C+Kenneth+R.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Kristin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjørlykkeJahren2010" class="citation book cs1">Bjørlykke, Knut; Jahren, Jens (2010). "Sandstones and Sandstone Reservoirs". <i>Petroleum Geoscience</i>. pp. 113–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-02332-3_4">10.1007/978-3-642-02332-3_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-02331-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-02331-6"><bdi>978-3-642-02331-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sandstones+and+Sandstone+Reservoirs&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Geoscience&rft.pages=113-140&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-02332-3_4&rft.isbn=978-3-642-02331-6&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B8rlykke&rft.aufirst=Knut&rft.au=Jahren%2C+Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EG-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EG_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EG_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshak" class="citation book cs1">Marshak, Stephen. <i>Essentials of Geology</i> (3rd ed.). p. 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Geology&rft.pages=182&rft.edition=3rd&rft.aulast=Marshak&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MII-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MII_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Darryl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302072709/http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photoquartzite.html">"Quartzite"</a>. Mineral Information Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photoquartzite.html">the original</a> on 2009-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quartzite&rft.pub=Mineral+Information+Institute&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Darryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mii.org%2FMinerals%2Fphotoquartzite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LF-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LF_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LF_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Basic Sedimentary Rock Classification", L.S. Fichter, Department of Geology/Environmental Science, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a> (JMU), Harrisonburg, Virginia, October 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/fichter/SedRx/sedclass.html">JMU-sed-classif</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723075119/http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/fichter/SedRx/sedclass.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed: March 2009): separates clastic, chemical & biochemical (organic).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leeder-2011-3-28-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leeder-2011-3-28_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeder2011" class="citation book cs1">Leeder, M. R. (2011). <i>Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics</i> (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405177832" title="Special:BookSources/9781405177832"><bdi>9781405177832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedimentology+and+sedimentary+basins+%3A+from+turbulence+to+tectonics&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pages=3-28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781405177832&rft.aulast=Leeder&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blatt-tracy-1996-241-242c258-260-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blatt-tracy-1996-241-242c258-260_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlattTracy1996" class="citation book cs1">Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). <i>Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic</i> (2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 241–242, 258–260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716724383" title="Special:BookSources/0716724383"><bdi>0716724383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrology+%3A+igneous%2C+sedimentary%2C+and+metamorphic.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=241-242%2C+258-260&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0716724383&rft.aulast=Blatt&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Tracy%2C+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blatt-tracy-1996-220-227-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blatt-tracy-1996-220-227_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blatt and Tracy 1996, pp. 220-227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blatt-tracy-1996-265-280-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blatt-tracy-1996-265-280_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blatt and Tracy 1996, pp. 265-280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boggs-2006-147-154-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-147-154_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-147-154_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-147-154_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-147-154_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-147-154_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boggs 2006, pp. 147-154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-choquette-pray-1970-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-choquette-pray-1970_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-choquette-pray-1970_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoquettePray1970" class="citation journal cs1">Choquette, P.W.; Pray, L.C. (1970). "Geologic Nomenclature and Classification of Porosity in Sedimentary Carbonates". <i>AAPG Bulletin</i>. <b>54</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1306%2F5D25C98B-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D">10.1306/5D25C98B-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAPG+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Geologic+Nomenclature+and+Classification+of+Porosity+in+Sedimentary+Carbonates&rft.volume=54&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1306%2F5D25C98B-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D&rft.aulast=Choquette&rft.aufirst=P.W.&rft.au=Pray%2C+L.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerWaughGrone1978" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Theodore R.; Waugh, Brian; Grone, Anthony J. (1 January 1978). "Diagenesis in first-cycle desert alluvium of Cenozoic age, southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico". <i>GSA Bulletin</i>. <b>89</b> (1): 19–32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978GSAB...89...19W">1978GSAB...89...19W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281978%2989%3C19%3ADIFDAO%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<19:DIFDAO>2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GSA+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Diagenesis+in+first-cycle+desert+alluvium+of+Cenozoic+age%2C+southwestern+United+States+and+northwestern+Mexico&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-32&rft.date=1978-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0016-7606%281978%2989%3C19%3ADIFDAO%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978GSAB...89...19W&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Theodore+R.&rft.au=Waugh%2C+Brian&rft.au=Grone%2C+Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boggs-2006-148-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boggs-2006-148_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boggs 2006, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneSiever1996" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, W. Naylor; Siever, Naylor (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.datapages.com/data/sepm_sp/SP55/Quantifying_Compaction_Pressure_Solution.htm">"Quantifying compaction, pressure solution and quartz cementation in moderately-and deeply-buried quartzose sandstones from the Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming"</a>. <i>Special Publications of SEPM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Special+Publications+of+SEPM&rft.atitle=Quantifying+compaction%2C+pressure+solution+and+quartz+cementation+in+moderately-and+deeply-buried+quartzose+sandstones+from+the+Greater+Green+River+Basin%2C+Wyoming&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=W.+Naylor&rft.au=Siever%2C+Naylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.datapages.com%2Fdata%2Fsepm_sp%2FSP55%2FQuantifying_Compaction_Pressure_Solution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stow-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stow_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorrik_A._V._Stow2005" class="citation book cs1">Dorrik A. V. Stow (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CRfXEf0Q9q8C"><i>Sedimentary Rocks in the Field: A Colour Guide</i></a>. Manson Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874545-69-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874545-69-9"><bdi>978-1-874545-69-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedimentary+Rocks+in+the+Field%3A+A+Colour+Guide&rft.pub=Manson+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-874545-69-9&rft.au=Dorrik+A.+V.+Stow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCRfXEf0Q9q8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pettijohn-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pettijohn_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pettijohn_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_John_PettijohnPaul_Edwin_PotterRaymond_Siever1987" class="citation book cs1">Francis John Pettijohn; Paul Edwin Potter; Raymond Siever (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnpYqGksckwC"><i>Sand and Sandstone</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-96350-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-96350-1"><bdi>978-0-387-96350-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sand+and+Sandstone&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-387-96350-1&rft.au=Francis+John+Pettijohn&rft.au=Paul+Edwin+Potter&rft.au=Raymond+Siever&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnpYqGksckwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero_&_Schwab1996" class="citation book cs1">Prothero & Schwab, Donald R. & Fred (1996). <i>Sedimentary Geology</i>. W. H. Freeman. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2726-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2726-9"><bdi>0-7167-2726-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedimentary+Geology&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7167-2726-9&rft.aulast=Prothero+%26+Schwab&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.+%26+Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prothero_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prothero_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prothero, D. (2004). Sedimentary Geology. New York, NN: W.H. Freeman and Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prothero, D. R. and Schwab, F., 1996, Sedimentary Geology, p. 460, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2726-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2726-9">0-7167-2726-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZárragaAlvarez-GascaCervantes2002" class="citation journal cs1">Zárraga, Ramón; Alvarez-Gasca, Dolores E.; Cervantes, Jorge (1 September 2002). "Solvent effect on TEOS film formation in the sandstone consolidation process". <i>Silicon Chemistry</i>. <b>1</b> (5): 397–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3ASILC.0000025602.64965.e7">10.1023/B:SILC.0000025602.64965.e7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:93736643">93736643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Silicon+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Solvent+effect+on+TEOS+film+formation+in+the+sandstone+consolidation+process&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=397-402&rft.date=2002-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3ASILC.0000025602.64965.e7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A93736643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Z%C3%A1rraga&rft.aufirst=Ram%C3%B3n&rft.au=Alvarez-Gasca%2C+Dolores+E.&rft.au=Cervantes%2C+Jorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, J. (1997). Glossary of Geology. Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-27951-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-27951-2">3-540-27951-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006130–131-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006130–131_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoggs2006">Boggs 2006</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carozzi-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carozzi_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carozzi, A. (1993). Sedimentary petrography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-799438-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-799438-9">0-13-799438-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dott-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dott_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dott_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_H._Dott1964" class="citation journal cs1">Robert H. Dott (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsedres.geoscienceworld.org/content/34/3/625.abstract">"Wacke, greywacke and matrix; what approach to immature sandstone classification?"</a>. <i>SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 625–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1306%2F74D71109-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D">10.1306/74D71109-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SEPM+Journal+of+Sedimentary+Research&rft.atitle=Wacke%2C+greywacke+and+matrix%3B+what+approach+to+immature+sandstone+classification%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=625-32&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1306%2F74D71109-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D&rft.au=Robert+H.+Dott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjsedres.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcontent%2F34%2F3%2F625.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard2005-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard2005_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard2005_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2005" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, Jeffrey L. (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1077&context=geofrp">"The Quartzite Problem Revisited"</a>. <i>The Journal of Geology</i>. <b>113</b> (6): 707–713. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JG....113..707H">2005JG....113..707H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F449328">10.1086/449328</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128463511">128463511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Geology&rft.atitle=The+Quartzite+Problem+Revisited&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=707-713&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128463511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F449328&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JG....113..707H&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wayne.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1077%26context%3Dgeofrp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ireland-1974-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ireland-1974_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreland,_H._A.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Ireland, H. A. (1974). "Query: Orthoquartzite????". <i>Journal of Sedimentary Petrology</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 264–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1306%2F74D729F0-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D">10.1306/74D729F0-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sedimentary+Petrology&rft.atitle=Query%3A+Orthoquartzite%3F%3F%3F%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=264-265&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1306%2F74D729F0-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D&rft.au=Ireland%2C+H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford2013-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxford2013_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllaby2013" class="citation book cs1">Allaby, Michael (2013). <i>A dictionary of geology and earth sciences</i> (Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199653065" title="Special:BookSources/9780199653065"><bdi>9780199653065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+geology+and+earth+sciences&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199653065&rft.aulast=Allaby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jackson1997-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jackson1997_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1997" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). <i>Glossary of geology</i> (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 525. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0922152349" title="Special:BookSources/0922152349"><bdi>0922152349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+geology.&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=525&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=American+Geological+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0922152349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplegateZedeño2001" class="citation book cs1">Applegate, Alex; Zedeño, Nieves (2001). "Site E-92-8: A Late Prehistoric C-Group Component at Nabta Playa". <i>Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara</i>. pp. 529–533. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0653-9_19">10.1007/978-1-4615-0653-9_19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-5178-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-5178-8"><bdi>978-1-4613-5178-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Site+E-92-8%3A+A+Late+Prehistoric+C-Group+Component+at+Nabta+Playa&rft.btitle=Holocene+Settlement+of+the+Egyptian+Sahara&rft.pages=529-533&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0653-9_19&rft.isbn=978-1-4613-5178-8&rft.aulast=Applegate&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Zede%C3%B1o%2C+Nieves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Calderstones-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Calderstones_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyden" class="citation web cs1">Royden, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725022240/http://www.btinternet.com/~m.royden/mrlhp/local/calders/calders.htm">"The Calderstones"</a>. Mike Royden. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btinternet.com/~m.royden/mrlhp/local/calders/calders.htm">the original</a> on 2008-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Calderstones&rft.pub=Mike+Royden&rft.aulast=Royden&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btinternet.com%2F~m.royden%2Fmrlhp%2Flocal%2Fcalders%2Fcalders.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahn1998" class="citation book cs1">Bahn, Paul G. (1998). <i>The Cambridge illustrated history of prehistoric art</i>. Cambridge, U.K.: New York. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521454735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521454735"><bdi>978-0521454735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+illustrated+history+of+prehistoric+art&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=New+York&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0521454735&rft.aulast=Bahn&rft.aufirst=Paul+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithVellanowethSholtsWärmländer2018" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Kevin N.; Vellanoweth, René L.; Sholts, Sabrina B.; Wärmländer, Sebastian K.T.S. (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.05.011">"Residue analysis, use-wear patterns, and replicative studies indicate that sandstone tools were used as reamers when producing shell fishhooks on San Nicolas Island, California"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>20</b>: 502–505. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JArSR..20..502S">2018JArSR..20..502S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.05.011">10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.05.011</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=Residue+analysis%2C+use-wear+patterns%2C+and+replicative+studies+indicate+that+sandstone+tools+were+used+as+reamers+when+producing+shell+fishhooks+on+San+Nicolas+Island%2C+California&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=502-505&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.05.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JArSR..20..502S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kevin+N.&rft.au=Vellanoweth%2C+Ren%C3%A9+L.&rft.au=Sholts%2C+Sabrina+B.&rft.au=W%C3%A4rml%C3%A4nder%2C+Sebastian+K.T.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jasrep.2018.05.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Study_and_consolidation_of_sandston-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Study_and_consolidation_of_sandston_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Study_and_consolidation_of_sandston_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalehHelmiKamalE._El-Banna-a11992" class="citation journal cs1">Saleh, Saleh A.; Helmi, Fatma M.; Kamal, Monir M.; E. El-Banna-a1, Abdel-Fattah (May 1992). "Study and consolidation of sandstone: Temple of Karnak, Luxor, Egypt". <i>Studies in Conservation</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 93–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fsic.1992.37.2.93">10.1179/sic.1992.37.2.93</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conservation&rft.atitle=Study+and+consolidation+of+sandstone%3A+Temple+of+Karnak%2C+Luxor%2C+Egypt&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-104&rft.date=1992-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fsic.1992.37.2.93&rft.aulast=Saleh&rft.aufirst=Saleh+A.&rft.au=Helmi%2C+Fatma+M.&rft.au=Kamal%2C+Monir+M.&rft.au=E.+El-Banna-a1%2C+Abdel-Fattah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrissomAloizVicenziLivingston2020" class="citation journal cs1">Grissom, Carol A.; Aloiz, Emily M.; Vicenzi, Edward P.; Livingston, Richard A. (2020). "Seneca sandstone: a heritage stone from the USA". <i>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</i>. <b>486</b> (1): 163–176. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020GSLSP.486..163G">2020GSLSP.486..163G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FSP486.4">10.1144/SP486.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134230768">134230768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society%2C+London%2C+Special+Publications&rft.atitle=Seneca+sandstone%3A+a+heritage+stone+from+the+USA&rft.volume=486&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-176&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134230768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FSP486.4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020GSLSP.486..163G&rft.aulast=Grissom&rft.aufirst=Carol+A.&rft.au=Aloiz%2C+Emily+M.&rft.au=Vicenzi%2C+Edward+P.&rft.au=Livingston%2C+Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci-eng.mmu.ac.uk/manchester_stone/images.asp?page1=2&vartype=building&id=&offset=0#">Edensor, T. & Drew, I. <i>Building stone in the City of Manchester: St Ann's Church</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611202432/http://www.sci-eng.mmu.ac.uk/manchester_stone/images.asp?page1=2&vartype=building&id=&offset=0">Archived</a> 2016-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sci-eng.mmu.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2012-05-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannibal2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hannibal, Joseph T. (2020). "Berea sandstone: A heritage stone of international significance from Ohio, USA". <i>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</i>. <b>486</b> (1): 177–204. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020GSLSP.486..177H">2020GSLSP.486..177H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FSP486-2019-33">10.1144/SP486-2019-33</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210265062">210265062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society%2C+London%2C+Special+Publications&rft.atitle=Berea+sandstone%3A+A+heritage+stone+of+international+significance+from+Ohio%2C+USA&rft.volume=486&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=177-204&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210265062%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FSP486-2019-33&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020GSLSP.486..177H&rft.aulast=Hannibal&rft.aufirst=Joseph+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/glossary/orthoquartzite">"Definition of orthoquartzite – mindat.org glossary"</a>. <i>www.mindat.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mindat.org&rft.atitle=Definition+of+orthoquartzite+%E2%80%93+mindat.org+glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fglossary%2Forthoquartzite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCravero2014" class="citation web cs1">Cravero, Fernanda; et al. (8 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150409151134/http://www.segemar.gov.ar/bibliotecaintemin/LIBROSDIGITALES/GeologicalSocietyLondonSpecialPublications2014CraveroSP4079.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Piedra Mar del Plata': An Argentine orthoquartzite worthy of being considered as a 'Global Heritage Stone Resource'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geological Society, London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.segemar.gov.ar/bibliotecaintemin/LIBROSDIGITALES/GeologicalSocietyLondonSpecialPublications2014CraveroSP4079.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Piedra+Mar+del+Plata%27%3A+An+Argentine+orthoquartzite+worthy+of+being+considered+as+a+%27Global+Heritage+Stone+Resource%27&rft.pub=Geological+Society%2C+London&rft.date=2014-07-08&rft.aulast=Cravero&rft.aufirst=Fernanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.segemar.gov.ar%2Fbibliotecaintemin%2FLIBROSDIGITALES%2FGeologicalSocietyLondonSpecialPublications2014CraveroSP4079.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandstone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Folk, R.L., 1965, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060214063526/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/geo/folkready/folkprefrev.html"><i>Petrology of sedimentary rocks</i> PDF version</a>. Austin: Hemphill's Bookstore. 2nd ed. 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914696-14-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-914696-14-9">0-914696-14-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Pettijohn" title="Francis J. Pettijohn">Pettijohn F. J.</a>, P.E. Potter and R. Siever, 1987, <i>Sand and sandstone</i>, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-96350-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-96350-2">0-387-96350-2</a>.</li> <li>Scholle, P.A., 1978, <i>A Color illustrated guide to constituents, textures, cements, and porosities of sandstones and associated rocks</i>, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no. 28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89181-304-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89181-304-7">0-89181-304-7</a>.</li> <li>Scholle, P.A., and D. Spearing, 1982, <i>Sandstone depositional environments: clastic terrigenous sediments </i>, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no. 31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89181-307-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89181-307-1">0-89181-307-1</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_dimension/dstonmyb05.pdf">USGS Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Dimension</a>, Thomas P. Dolley, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2005 (format: PDF).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sandstone" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sandstone">Sandstone</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Webb, Jonathan. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-28365410">Sandstone shapes 'forged by gravity'</a></i> (July 2014), <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stonemasonry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stonemasonry" title="Template talk:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stonemasonry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stonemasonry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">Ashlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">Rustication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">Dry stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_cutting" title="Letter cutting">Letter cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tensioned_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-tensioned stone">Post-tensioned stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_precut_stone" title="Massive precut stone">Massive precut stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_masonry" title="Monumental masonry">Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_masonry" title="Rubble masonry">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipform_stonemasonry" title="Slipform stonemasonry">Slipform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snecked_masonry" title="Snecked masonry">Snecked</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_stone" title="Artificial stone">Artificial stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_stone" title="Cast stone">Cast stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decorative_stones" title="List of decorative stones">Decorative stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldstone" title="Fieldstone">Fieldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">Flagstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">Grout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_mortar" title="Lime mortar">Lime mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_limestone" title="List of types of limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_marble" title="List of types of marble">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sandstone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sandstones" title="List of sandstones">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_veneer" title="Stone veneer">Stone veneer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_hammer" title="Bush hammer">Bush hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_tile_cutter" title="Ceramic tile cutter">Ceramic tile cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_blade" title="Diamond blade">Diamond blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_(lifting_appliance)" title="Lewis (lifting appliance)">Lewis (lifting appliance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_trowel" title="Masonry trowel">Trowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-explosive_demolition_agents" title="Non-explosive demolition agents">Non-explosive demolition agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_feather" title="Plug and feather">Plug and feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemason%27s_hammer" title="Stonemason's hammer">Stonemason's hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_flaming" title="Stone flaming">Flaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">Flushwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">Knapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_masonry" title="Polygonal masonry">Polygonal masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repointing" title="Repointing">Repointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabbling" title="Scabbling">Scabbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckpointing" title="Tuckpointing">Tuckpointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_veneer" title="Masonry veneer">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">Brickwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wythe" title="Wythe">Wythe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">Headstone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Footstone" title="Footstone">Footstone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_wall" title="Stone wall">Stone wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Bricklayers_and_Allied_Craftworkers" title="International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers">International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Work_to_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland">Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Contractors_Association_of_America" title="Mason Contractors Association of America">Mason Contractors Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operative_Plasterers%27_and_Cement_Masons%27_International_Association" title="Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association">Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Masons" title="Worshipful Company of Masons">Worshipful Company of Masons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13085#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4127360-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sandstone"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85117245">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Grès"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961094h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Grès"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961094h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569937">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pískovce"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph156600&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555802205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&oldid=1257710380">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&oldid=1257710380</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sandstone" title="Category:Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_minerals" title="Category:Industrial minerals">Industrial minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Building_stone" title="Category:Building stone">Building stone</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2023">Articles with dead external links from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_September_2021" title="Category:Use American English from September 2021">Use American English from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 07:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandstone&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6ddcd447b9-76824","wgBackendResponseTime":191,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.944","walltime":"1.259","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6742,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":142540,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13228,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":320701,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1020.487 1 -total"," 27.30% 278.639 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.76% 130.179 6 Template:Annotated_link"," 12.07% 123.204 1 Template:Sediment_sidebar"," 11.74% 119.788 12 Template:Cite_book"," 6.68% 68.173 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.37% 64.973 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.23% 53.332 1 Template:Commons_category"," 5.05% 51.491 1 Template:Sister_project"," 4.89% 49.875 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.547","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28577766,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllaby2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApplegateZedeño2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBjørlykkeJahren2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlattTracy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoggs2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoquettePray1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCravero2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorrik_A._V._Stow2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis_John_PettijohnPaul_Edwin_PotterRaymond_Siever1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrissomAloizVicenziLivingston2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannibal2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIreland,_H._A.1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeder2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshak\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProthero_\u0026amp;_Schwab1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_H._Dott1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyden\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalehHelmiKamalE._El-Banna-a11992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithVellanowethSholtsWärmländer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoneSiever1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwansonBahrBradburyAnderson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerWaughGrone1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZárragaAlvarez-GascaCervantes2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Infobox rock\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rock type\"] = 1,\n [\"Sediment sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Stonemasonry\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-7mq5n","timestamp":"20241125142841","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sandstone","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sandstone","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13085","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13085","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-02T15:36:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T07:51:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/af\/USDA_Mineral_Sandstone_93c3955.jpg","headline":"type of sedimentary rock"}</script> </body> </html>