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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekskorpus" title="Tekskorpus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tekskorpus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مدونة نصية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدونة نصية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AD-li%C4%81u-kh%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Gí-liāu-khò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gí-liāu-khò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Корпус тэкстаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Корпус тэкстаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Корпус тэкстаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Корпус тэкстаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Корпус (лингвистика) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корпус (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic" title="Corpus lingüístic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corpus lingüístic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Текстсен хапи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Текстсен хапи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazykov%C3%BD_korpus" title="Jazykový korpus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jazykový korpus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpws_(ieithyddiaeth)" title="Corpws (ieithyddiaeth) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Corpws (ieithyddiaeth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstkorpus" title="Tekstkorpus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tekstkorpus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textkorpus" title="Textkorpus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Textkorpus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelekorpus" title="Keelekorpus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keelekorpus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Σώμα κειμένων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σώμα κειμένων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" title="Corpus lingüístico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corpus lingüístico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpuso" title="Korpuso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korpuso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testu_corpus" title="Testu corpus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Testu corpus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پیکره متنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیکره متنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus" title="Corpus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corpus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpas_t%C3%A9acs" title="Corpas téacs – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Corpas téacs" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" title="Corpus lingüístico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Corpus lingüístico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%AD%89%EC%B9%98" title="말뭉치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말뭉치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Տեքստի կորպուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեքստի կորպուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="पाठसंग्रह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाठसंग्रह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texto_korpo" title="Texto korpo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Texto korpo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpus_teks" title="Korpus teks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Korpus teks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus" title="Corpus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corpus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valodas_korpuss" title="Valodas korpuss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valodas korpuss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstynas" title="Tekstynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tekstynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpusz" title="Korpusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Korpusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Корпус текстови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корпус текстови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഭാഷാ കോർപ്പസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭാഷാ കോർപ്പസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpus" title="Korpus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Korpus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_(taalkunde)" title="Corpus (taalkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Corpus (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%82%B9" title="コーパス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーパス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstkorpus" title="Tekstkorpus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tekstkorpus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstkorpus" title="Tekstkorpus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tekstkorpus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matn_korpusi" title="Matn korpusi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Matn korpusi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpus_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Korpus (językoznawstwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korpus (językoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_lingu%C3%ADstico" title="Corpus linguístico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corpus linguístico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Корпус текстов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корпус текстов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpus_(jazykoveda)" title="Korpus (jazykoveda) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Korpus (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besedilni_korpus" title="Besedilni korpus – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Besedilni korpus" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B3" title="کۆرپەس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆرپەس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpus" title="Korpus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korpus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="คลังข้อความ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลังข้อความ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Корпус текстів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корпус текстів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_li%E1%BB%87u_v%C4%83n_b%E1%BA%A3n" title="Ngữ liệu văn bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ liệu văn bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="語料庫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語料庫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%99%E5%BA%93" title="语料库 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="语料库" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81" title="Текстуални корпус – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Текстуални корпус" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Digital collections of natural language data</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>, a <b>corpus</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>corpora</b>) or <b>text corpus</b> is a dataset, consisting of natively digital and older, digitalized, <a href="/wiki/Language_resource" title="Language resource">language resources</a>, either annotated or unannotated. </p><p>Annotated, they have been used in <a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">corpus linguistics</a> for statistical <a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">hypothesis testing</a>, checking occurrences or validating linguistic rules within a specific language territory. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_corpus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A corpus may contain texts in a single language (<i>monolingual corpus</i>) or text data in multiple languages (<i>multilingual corpus</i>). </p><p>In order to make the corpora more useful for doing linguistic research, they are often subjected to a process known as <a href="/wiki/Annotation" title="Annotation">annotation</a>. An example of annotating a corpus is <a href="/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging" title="Part-of-speech tagging">part-of-speech tagging</a>, or <i>POS-tagging</i>, in which information about each word's part of speech (verb, noun, adjective, etc.) is added to the corpus in the form of <i>tags</i>. Another example is indicating the <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">lemma</a> (base) form of each word. When the language of the corpus is not a working language of the researchers who use it, <a href="/wiki/Interlinear_gloss" title="Interlinear gloss">interlinear glossing</a> is used to make the annotation bilingual. </p><p>Some corpora have further <i>structured</i> levels of analysis applied. In particular, smaller corpora may be fully <a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parsed</a>. Such corpora are usually called <a href="/wiki/Treebank" title="Treebank">Treebanks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Treebank" title="Treebank">Parsed Corpora</a>. The difficulty of ensuring that the entire corpus is completely and consistently annotated means that these corpora are usually smaller, containing around one to three million words. Other levels of linguistic structured analysis are possible, including annotations for <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_corpus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corpora are the main knowledge base in <a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">corpus linguistics</a>. Other notable areas of application include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_technology" title="Language technology">Language technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a> <ul><li>The analysis and processing of various types of corpora are also the subject of much work in <a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a>, where they are often used to create <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model" title="Hidden Markov model">hidden Markov models</a> for part of speech tagging and other purposes. Corpora and <a href="/wiki/Frequency_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency list">frequency lists</a> derived from them are useful for <a href="/wiki/Language_teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Language teaching">language teaching</a>. Corpora can be considered as a type of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language_writing_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign language writing aid">foreign language writing aid</a> as the contextualised grammatical knowledge acquired by non-native language users through exposure to authentic texts in corpora allows learners to grasp the manner of sentence formation in the target language, enabling effective writing.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a> <ul><li>Multilingual corpora that have been specially formatted for side-by-side comparison are called <i>aligned parallel corpora</i>. There are two main types of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_corpora" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel corpora">parallel corpora</a> which contain texts in two languages. In a <i>translation corpus</i>, the texts in one language are translations of texts in the other language. In a <i>comparable corpus</i>, the texts are of the same kind and cover the same content, but they are not translations of each other.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To exploit a parallel text, some kind of text alignment identifying equivalent text segments (phrases or sentences) is a prerequisite for analysis. <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a> algorithms for translating between two languages are often trained using parallel fragments comprising a first-language corpus and a second-language corpus, which is an element-for-element translation of the first-language corpus.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philologies</a> <ul><li>Text corpora are also used in the study of <a href="/wiki/Historical_document" title="Historical document">historical documents</a>, for example in attempts to <a href="/wiki/Decipherment" title="Decipherment">decipher</a> ancient scripts, or in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholarship">Biblical scholarship</a>. Some archaeological corpora can be of such short duration that they provide a snapshot in time. One of the shortest corpora in time may be the 15–30 year <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a> texts (<a href="/wiki/1350_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="1350 BC">1350 BC</a>). The <i>corpus</i> of an ancient city, (for example the "<a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a> Texts" of Turkey), may go through a series of corpora, determined by their find site dates.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Some_notable_text_corpora">Some notable text corpora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_corpus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Some notable text corpora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_text_corpora" title="List of text corpora">List of text corpora</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_corpus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordance_(publishing)" title="Concordance (publishing)">Concordance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturomics" title="Culturomics">Culturomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributional%E2%80%93relational_database" title="Distributional–relational database">Distributional–relational database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Data_Consortium" title="Linguistic Data Consortium">Linguistic Data Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Language_Toolkit" title="Natural Language Toolkit">Natural Language Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_text" title="Parallel text">Parallel text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_corpus" title="Speech corpus">Speech corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_memory" title="Translation memory">Translation memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treebank" title="Treebank">Treebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipf%27s_law" title="Zipf's law">Zipf's law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_corpus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yoon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yoon_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoon, H., & Hirvela, A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1073.2322&rep=rep1&type=pdf">ESL Student Attitudes toward Corpus Use in L2 Writing</a>. <i>Journal of Second Language Writing, 13</i>(4), 257–283. Retrieved 21 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWołkMarasek2014" class="citation book cs1">Wołk, K.; Marasek, K. (7 April 2014). "Real-Time Statistical Speech Translation". <i>New Perspectives in Information Systems and Technologies, Volume 1</i>. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 275. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.09090">1509.09090</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-05951-8_11">10.1007/978-3-319-05951-8_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-05950-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-05950-1"><bdi>978-3-319-05950-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2194-5357">2194-5357</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15361632">15361632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Real-Time+Statistical+Speech+Translation&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+in+Information+Systems+and+Technologies%2C+Volume+1&rft.series=Advances+in+Intelligent+Systems+and+Computing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15361632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-05951-8_11&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1509.09090&rft.issn=2194-5357&rft.isbn=978-3-319-05950-1&rft.aulast=Wo%C5%82k&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Marasek%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+corpus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolkMarasek2015" class="citation conference cs1">Wolk, Krzysztof; Marasek, Krzysztof (2015). "Tuned and GPU-accelerated parallel data mining from comparable corpora". In Král, Pavel; Matoušek, Václav (eds.). <i>Text, Speech, and Dialogue – 18th International Conference, TSD 2015, Plzeň, Czech Republic, September 14–17, 2015, Proceedings</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9302. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.08639">1509.08639</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-24033-6_4">10.1007/978-3-319-24033-6_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-24032-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-24032-9"><bdi>978-3-319-24032-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Tuned+and+GPU-accelerated+parallel+data+mining+from+comparable+corpora&rft.btitle=Text%2C+Speech%2C+and+Dialogue+%E2%80%93+18th+International+Conference%2C+TSD+2015%2C+Plze%C5%88%2C+Czech+Republic%2C+September+14%E2%80%9317%2C+2015%2C+Proceedings&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1509.08639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-24033-6_4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-24032-9&rft.aulast=Wolk&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft.au=Marasek%2C+Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AText+corpus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_corpus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clres.com/corp.html">ACL SIGLEX Resource Links: Text Corpora</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813141813/http://www.clres.com/corp.html">Archived</a> 2013-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121222193153/http://www.ahds.ac.uk/linguistic-corpora">Developing Linguistic Corpora: a Guide to Good Practice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corpus.byu.edu/">Free samples (not free), web-based corpora (45-425 million words each): American (COCA, COHA, TIME), British (BNC), Spanish, Portuguese</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucnk.korpus.cz/intercorp/?lang=en">Intercorp</a> Building synchronous parallel corpora of the languages taught at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the.sketchengine.co.uk/open/">Sketch Engine: Open corpora with free access</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tscorpus.com/">TS Corpus – A Turkish Corpus freely available for academic research.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnc.org.tr/">Turkish National Corpus – A general-purpose corpus for contemporary Turkish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.hkbu.edu.hk/corpus/index.php">Corpus of Political Speeches</a>, Free access to political speeches by American and Chinese politicians, developed by Hong Kong Baptist University Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruscorpora.ru/en/">Russian National Corpus</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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language processing">Natural language processing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI-complete" title="AI-complete">AI-complete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag-of-words_model" title="Bag-of-words model">Bag-of-words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram">n-gram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigram" title="Bigram">Bigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigram" title="Trigram">Trigram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_understanding" title="Natural language understanding">Natural language understanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_word" title="Stop word">Stop words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_processing" title="Text processing">Text processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_mining" title="Argument mining">Argument mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collocation_extraction" title="Collocation extraction">Collocation extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_mining" title="Concept mining">Concept mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreference#Coreference_resolution" title="Coreference">Coreference resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_linguistic_processing" title="Deep linguistic processing">Deep linguistic processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_reading" title="Distant reading">Distant reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">Information extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Named-entity_recognition" title="Named-entity recognition">Named-entity recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_learning" title="Ontology learning">Ontology learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">Parsing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_parsing_(computational_linguistics)" title="Syntactic parsing (computational linguistics)">Syntactic parsing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging" title="Part-of-speech tagging">Part-of-speech tagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning)" title="Semantic analysis (machine learning)">Semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_role_labeling" title="Semantic role labeling">Semantic role labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_decomposition_(natural_language_processing)" title="Semantic decomposition (natural language processing)">Semantic decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">Semantic similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_extraction" title="Terminology extraction">Terminology extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_entailment" title="Textual entailment">Textual entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truecasing" title="Truecasing">Truecasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">Word-sense disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-sense_induction" title="Word-sense induction">Word-sense induction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Text_segmentation21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text_segmentation" title="Text segmentation">Text segmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compound-term_processing" title="Compound-term processing">Compound-term processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemmatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemmatisation">Lemmatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">Lexical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_parsing" title="Shallow parsing">Text chunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemming" title="Stemming">Stemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_boundary_disambiguation" title="Sentence boundary disambiguation">Sentence segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word#Word_boundaries" title="Word">Word segmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automatic_summarization" title="Automatic summarization">Automatic summarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-document_summarization" title="Multi-document summarization">Multi-document summarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_extraction" title="Sentence extraction">Sentence extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_simplification" title="Text simplification">Text simplification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">Computer-assisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Example-based_machine_translation" title="Example-based machine translation">Example-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_machine_translation" title="Rule-based machine translation">Rule-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_machine_translation" title="Statistical machine translation">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer-based_machine_translation" title="Transfer-based machine translation">Transfer-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">Neural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Distributional_semantics" title="Distributional semantics">Distributional semantics</a> models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document-term_matrix" title="Document-term matrix">Document-term matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_semantic_analysis" title="Explicit semantic analysis">Explicit semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastText" title="FastText">fastText</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a> (<a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_semantic_analysis" title="Latent semantic analysis">Latent semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq2seq" title="Seq2seq">Seq2seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_resource" title="Language resource">Language resources</a>,<br />datasets and corpora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br />standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_resource" title="Lexical resource">Lexical resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data" title="Linguistic Linked Open Data">Linguistic Linked Open Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary" title="Machine-readable dictionary">Machine-readable dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_text" title="Parallel text">Parallel text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PropBank" title="PropBank">PropBank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">Simple Knowledge Organization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_corpus" title="Speech corpus">Speech corpus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Text corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval)" title="Thesaurus (information retrieval)">Thesaurus (information retrieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treebank" title="Treebank">Treebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Dependencies" title="Universal Dependencies">Universal Dependencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BabelNet" title="BabelNet">BabelNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_English" title="Bank of English">Bank of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrameNet" title="FrameNet">FrameNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ngram_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Ngram Viewer">Google Ngram Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBY" title="UBY">UBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification<br />and data capture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_segmentation" title="Speech segmentation">Speech segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_generation" title="Natural language generation">Natural language generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">Optical character recognition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Topic_model" title="Topic model">Topic model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Document_classification" title="Document classification">Document classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_Dirichlet_allocation" title="Latent Dirichlet allocation">Latent Dirichlet allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachinko_allocation" title="Pachinko allocation">Pachinko allocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_reviewing" title="Computer-assisted reviewing">Computer-assisted<br />reviewing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_essay_scoring" title="Automated essay scoring">Automated essay scoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordancer" title="Concordancer">Concordancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_checker" title="Grammar checker">Grammar checker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictive_text" title="Predictive text">Predictive text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_assessment" title="Pronunciation assessment">Pronunciation assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_checker" title="Spell checker">Spell checker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural-language_user_interface" title="Natural-language user interface">Natural language<br />user interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a> (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Syntax_guessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax guessing">Syntax guessing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_answering" title="Question answering">Question answering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">Virtual assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">Voice user interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Language_Toolkit" title="Natural Language Toolkit">Natural Language Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaCy" title="SpaCy">spaCy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Text_corpus&oldid=1257324423">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Text_corpus&oldid=1257324423</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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