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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Movement_disorders&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Movement_Disorders_(journal)" title="Movement Disorders (journal)">Movement Disorders (journal)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Movement disorder</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Movement disorders</b> are clinical <a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndromes</a> with either an excess of movement or a <a href="/wiki/Scarcity" title="Scarcity">paucity</a> of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or <a href="/wiki/Spasticity" title="Spasticity">spasticity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Movement disorders present with <a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms" title="Extrapyramidal symptoms">extrapyramidal symptoms</a> and are caused by <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia_disease" title="Basal ganglia disease">basal ganglia disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Movement disorders are conventionally divided into two major categories- <i><a href="/wiki/Hyperkinesia" title="Hyperkinesia">hyperkinetic</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hypokinesia" title="Hypokinesia">hypokinetic</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hyperkinetic_disorder" title="Hyperkinetic disorder">Hyperkinetic</a> movement disorders refer to <a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">dyskinesia</a>, or excessive, often repetitive, involuntary movements that intrude upon the normal flow of <a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">motor activity</a>. </p><p>Hypokinetic movement disorders fall into one of four subcategories: <a href="/wiki/Akinesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Akinesia">akinesia</a> (lack of movement), <a href="/wiki/Hypokinesia" title="Hypokinesia">hypokinesia</a> (reduced amplitude of movements), <a href="/wiki/Bradykinesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradykinesia">bradykinesia</a> (slow movement), and rigidity. In primary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is the primary manifestation of the disorder. In secondary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is a manifestation of another systemic or <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">neurological disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment depends upon the underlying disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-urlMedlinePlus:_Movement_Disorders_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlMedlinePlus:_Movement_Disorders-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Movement_disorder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Movement Disorders<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>ICD-9-CM </th> <th>ICD-10-CM </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Hypokinesia" title="Hypokinesia">Hypokinetic</a> Movement disorders </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Poliomyelitis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dodgepark_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodgepark-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acute </td> <td>045 </td> <td>A80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ALS" title="ALS">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dodgepark_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodgepark-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Lou Gehrig's disease) </td> <td>335.20 </td> <td>G12.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> (Primary or Idiopathic Parkinsonism) </td> <td>332 </td> <td>G20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secondary <a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">Parkinsonism</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>G21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parkinson_plus_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkinson plus syndrome">Parkinson plus syndromes</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase-associated_neurodegeneration" title="Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration">Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>G23.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">Progressive Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>G23.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">Striatonigral degeneration</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>G23.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dodgepark_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodgepark-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>340 </td> <td>G35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radiation-induced polyneuropathy (brachial and <a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_lumbar_plexopathy" title="Radiation-induced lumbar plexopathy">lumbar plexopathies</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td>G62.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy" title="Muscular dystrophy">Muscular dystrophy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dodgepark_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodgepark-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>359.0 </td> <td>G71.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">Cerebral palsy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dodgepark_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodgepark-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>343 </td> <td>G80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dodgepark_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodgepark-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>714 </td> <td>M05 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Hyperkinesia" title="Hyperkinesia">Hyperkinetic</a> Movement disorders </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GLUT1_deficiency" title="GLUT1 deficiency">GLUT1 deficiency syndrome</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>E74.810 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (<i>with hyperactivity</i>) </td> <td>314.01 </td> <td>F90 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorders</a> (<i>involuntary, compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped</i>) </td> <td> </td> <td>F95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette's syndrome</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>F95.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic movement disorder</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>F98.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a> (Huntington's chorea) </td> <td>333.4 </td> <td>G10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">Dystonia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>G24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_dystonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug-induced dystonia">Drug induced dystonia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>G24.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Idiopathic familial dystonia </td> <td>333.6 </td> <td>G24.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Idiopathic nonfamilial dystonia </td> <td>333.7 </td> <td>G24.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis" title="Spasmodic torticollis">Spasmodic torticollis</a> </td> <td>333.83 </td> <td>G24.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meige%27s_syndrome" title="Meige's syndrome">Idiopathic orofacial dystonia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>G24.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blepharospasm" title="Blepharospasm">Blepharospasm</a> </td> <td>333.81 </td> <td>G24.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other dystonias </td> <td> </td> <td>G24.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other extrapyramidal movement disorders </td> <td> </td> <td>G25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a> </td> <td>333.1 </td> <td>G25.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Drug induced tremor </td> <td> </td> <td>G25.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other specified form of tremor </td> <td> </td> <td>G25.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">Myoclonus</a> </td> <td>333.2 </td> <td>G25.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Chorea</a> (<i>rapid, involuntary movement</i>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Drug induced <a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">chorea</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>G25.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Drug-induced tics and tics of organic origin </td> <td>333.3 </td> <td>G25.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paroxysmal nocturnal limb movement </td> <td> </td> <td>G25.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Painful legs (or arms), moving toes (or fingers) syndrome </td> <td> </td> <td>G25.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sporadic <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless leg syndrome</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>G25.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Familial restless leg syndrome </td> <td> </td> <td>G25.83 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stiff_person_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Stiff person syndrome">Stiff-person syndrome</a> </td> <td>333.91 </td> <td>G25.84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ballismus (<i>violent involuntary rapid and irregular movements</i>) </td> <td> </td> <td>G25.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemiballismus" title="Hemiballismus">Hemiballismus</a> (<i>affecting only one side of the body</i>) </td> <td> </td> <td>G25.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Myokymia" title="Myokymia">Myokymia</a>, facial </td> <td> </td> <td>G51.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neuromyotonia" title="Neuromyotonia">Neuromyotonia</a> (Isaacs Syndrome) </td> <td>359.29 </td> <td>G71.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Opsoclonus" title="Opsoclonus">Opsoclonus</a> </td> <td>379.59 </td> <td>H57 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydenham%27s_chorea" title="Sydenham's chorea">Rheumatic chorea</a> (Sydenham's chorea) </td> <td> </td> <td>I02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abnormal head movements </td> <td> </td> <td>R25.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tremor unspecified </td> <td> </td> <td>R25.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a> and spasm </td> <td> </td> <td>R25.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fasciculation" title="Fasciculation">Fasciculation</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>R25.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">Athetosis</a> (<i>contorted torsion or twisting</i>) </td> <td>333.71 </td> <td>R25.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">Dyskinesia</a> (<i>abnormal, involuntary movement</i>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia" title="Tardive dyskinesia">Tardive dyskinesia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Movement_disorder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Step I : Decide the dominant type of movement disorder<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Step II : Make differential diagnosis of the particular disorder<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Step II: Confirm the diagnosis by lab tests<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Metabolic screening</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">CSF</a> examination</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging" title="Imaging">Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiological</a> tests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacological">Pharmacological</a> tests</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Movement_disorder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vesalius and Piccolomini in 16th century distinguished subcortical <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nuclei</a> from cortex and <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a>. However Willis' conceptualized the <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">corpus striatum</a> as the seat of motor power in the late 17th century. In mid-19th-century movement disorders were localized to striatum by Choreaby Broadbent and Jackson, and <a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">athetosis</a> by Hammond. By the late 19th century, many movement disorders were described, but for most no pathologic correlate was known.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Movement_disorder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFahnJankovicHallett2011" class="citation book cs1">Fahn, Stanley; Jankovic, Joseph; Hallett, Mark (2011-08-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkXsXr2HKPwC"><i>Principles and Practice of Movement Disorders</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1437737707" title="Special:BookSources/978-1437737707"><bdi>978-1437737707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+and+Practice+of+Movement+Disorders&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft.isbn=978-1437737707&rft.aulast=Fahn&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Jankovic%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Hallett%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkXsXr2HKPwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMovement+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2004" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Walter George (2004-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vOQqyNhTDl0C"><i>Neurology in Clinical Practice: Principles of diagnosis and management</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789997625885" title="Special:BookSources/9789997625885"><bdi>9789997625885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neurology+in+Clinical+Practice%3A+Principles+of+diagnosis+and+management&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=9789997625885&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Walter+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvOQqyNhTDl0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMovement+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlemmingJones2015" class="citation book cs1">Flemming, Kelly; Jones, Lyell (2015-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FMPNCQAAQBAJ"><i>Mayo Clinic Neurology Board Review: Clinical Neurology for Initial Certification and MOC</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190244934" title="Special:BookSources/9780190244934"><bdi>9780190244934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mayo+Clinic+Neurology+Board+Review%3A+Clinical+Neurology+for+Initial+Certification+and+MOC&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft.isbn=9780190244934&rft.aulast=Flemming&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft.au=Jones%2C+Lyell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFMPNCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMovement+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlMedlinePlus:_Movement_Disorders-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlMedlinePlus:_Movement_Disorders_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/movementdisorders.html">"MedlinePlus: Movement Disorders"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MedlinePlus%3A+Movement+Disorders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fmovementdisorders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMovement+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingerMinkGilbertJankovic2015" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Harvey S.; Mink, Jonathan; Gilbert, Donald L.; Jankovic, Joseph (2015-10-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bdGcBAAAQBAJ"><i>Movement Disorders in Childhood</i></a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780124115804" title="Special:BookSources/9780124115804"><bdi>9780124115804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Movement+Disorders+in+Childhood&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft.isbn=9780124115804&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Harvey+S.&rft.au=Mink%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Donald+L.&rft.au=Jankovic%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbdGcBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMovement+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodgepark-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dodgepark_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodgepark_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodgepark_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodgepark_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodgepark_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodgepark_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dodgepark.com/health/debilitating-diseases/">"Debilitating Diseases – 12 Diseases that change millions of lives"</a>. <i>dodgepark.com</i>. Dodge Park. 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dodgepark.com&rft.atitle=Debilitating+Diseases+%E2%80%93+12+Diseases+that+change+millions+of+lives&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdodgepark.com%2Fhealth%2Fdebilitating-diseases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMovement+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoeweJankovic2014" class="citation book cs1">Poewe, Werner; Jankovic, Joseph (2014-02-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2VytAgAAQBAJ"><i>Movement Disorders in Neurologic and Systemic Disease</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107024618" title="Special:BookSources/9781107024618"><bdi>9781107024618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Movement+Disorders+in+Neurologic+and+Systemic+Disease&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft.isbn=9781107024618&rft.aulast=Poewe&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Jankovic%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2VytAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMovement+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanska2010" class="citation book cs1">Lanska, Douglas J. (2010-01-01). "Chapter 33 the history of movement disorders". <i>History of Neurology</i>. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 95. pp. 501–546. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0072-9752%2808%2902133-7">10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02133-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444520098" title="Special:BookSources/9780444520098"><bdi>9780444520098</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0072-9752">0072-9752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19892136">19892136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+33+the+history+of+movement+disorders&rft.btitle=History+of+Neurology&rft.series=Handbook+of+Clinical+Neurology&rft.pages=501-546&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0072-9752%2808%2902133-7&rft.issn=0072-9752&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19892136&rft.isbn=9780444520098&rft.aulast=Lanska&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMovement+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Movement_disorder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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disorders</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional/behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">Oppositional defiant disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional/behavioral disorder</a> (EBD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety</a></li> <li><i>Social functioning</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Tic disorders">Tic disorders</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech disorders">Speech disorders</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic movement disorder</a></li> <li><i>Elimination disorders</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enuresis" title="Enuresis">Enuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encopresis" title="Encopresis">Encopresis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="View this 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title="Brain abscess">Brain abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_brain_abscess" title="Amoebic brain abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brain and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" title="Encephalomyelitis">Encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_disseminated_encephalomyelitis" title="Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis">Acute disseminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">Meningoencephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">movement disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia_disease" title="Basal ganglia disease">Basal ganglia disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">Parkinsonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">PD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postencephalitic_parkinsonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postencephalitic parkinsonism">Postencephalitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" title="Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">NMS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration_with_brain_iron_accumulation" title="Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation">NBIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase-associated_neurodegeneration" title="Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration">PKAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">PSP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">Striatonigral degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiballismus" title="Hemiballismus">Hemiballismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivopontocerebellar_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivopontocerebellar atrophy">OA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">Dyskinesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">Dystonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_dystonicus" title="Status dystonicus">Status dystonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis" title="Spasmodic torticollis">Spasmodic torticollis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meige%27s_syndrome" title="Meige's syndrome">Meige's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharospasm" title="Blepharospasm">Blepharospasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">Athetosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Chorea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choreoathetosis" title="Choreoathetosis">Choreoathetosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">Myoclonus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">Akathisia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_tremor" title="Intention tremor">Intention tremor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">Restless legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff-person_syndrome" title="Stiff-person syndrome">Stiff-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">Early-onset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia" title="Primary progressive aphasia">Primary progressive aphasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_lobar_degeneration" title="Frontotemporal lobar degeneration">Frontotemporal lobar degeneration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewy_bodies_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewy bodies dementia">Lewy bodies dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy" title="Posterior cortical atrophy">Posterior cortical atrophy</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_disease" title="Mitochondrial disease">Mitochondrial disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_syndrome" title="Leigh syndrome">Leigh syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">Demyelinating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNS_demyelinating_autoimmune_diseases" title="CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases">Autoimmune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_demyelinating_diseases_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system">Inflammatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS" title="Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS">Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Episodic/<br /><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_attack" title="Paroxysmal attack">paroxysmal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focal_seizure" title="Focal seizure">Focal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_epilepsy" title="Generalized epilepsy">Generalised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">Status epilepticus</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Epilepsy">Template:Epilepsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_headache" title="Cluster headache">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_headache" title="Tension headache">Tension</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Headache" title="Template:Headache">Template:Headache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">Cerebrovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">TIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebrovascular_diseases" title="Template:Cerebrovascular diseases">Template:Cerebrovascular diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">Sleep disorders</a> <ul><li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sleep" title="Template:Sleep">Template:Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">Intracranial hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">Hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">Normal pressure hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid_plexus_papilloma" title="Choroid plexus papilloma">Choroid plexus papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension" title="Idiopathic intracranial hypertension">Idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">Cerebral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_cerebrospinal_fluid_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak">Intracranial hypotension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_herniation" title="Brain herniation">Brain herniation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reye_syndrome" title="Reye syndrome">Reye syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_encephalopathy" title="Toxic encephalopathy">Toxic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_encephalopathy" title="Hashimoto's encephalopathy">Hashimoto's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Static encephalopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both/either</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Degenerative" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">SA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">Ataxia–telangiectasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron_diseases" title="Motor neuron diseases">MND</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" title="Upper motor neuron">UMN</a> only:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_lateral_sclerosis" title="Primary lateral sclerosis">Primary lateral sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobulbar_palsy" title="Pseudobulbar palsy">Pseudobulbar palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spastic_paraplegia" title="Hereditary spastic paraplegia">Hereditary spastic paraplegia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">LMN</a> only:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distal_hereditary_motor_neuronopathies" title="Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies">Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophies" title="Spinal muscular atrophies">Spinal muscular atrophies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy">SMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_and_bulbar_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy">SMAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_2" title="X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2">SMAX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1" title="Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1">DSMA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy">Congenital DSMA</a></li> <li>Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_1" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 1">SMALED1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2A" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2A">SMALED2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2B" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2B">SMALED2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_hypoplasia" title="Pontocerebellar hypoplasia">SMA-PCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_progressive_myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy">SMA-PME</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_muscular_atrophy" title="Progressive muscular atrophy">Progressive muscular atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Progressive bulbar palsy">Progressive bulbar palsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazio%E2%80%93Londe_disease" title="Fazio–Londe disease">Fazio–Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Infantile progressive bulbar palsy">Infantile progressive bulbar palsy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>both:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_movement_and_gait" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Movement_and_gait_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Movement and gait symptoms and signs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Movement_and_gait_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template talk:Movement and gait symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Movement_and_gait_symptoms_and_signs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Movement and gait symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_movement_and_gait" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a> relating to movement and <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gait_abnormality" title="Gait abnormality">Gait abnormality</a></li> <li>CNS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scissor_gait" title="Scissor gait">Scissor gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_ataxia" title="Cerebellar ataxia">Cerebellar ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Choreic gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinsonian_gait" title="Parkinsonian gait">Festinating gait/Parkinsonian gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_gait" title="Magnetic gait">Magnetic gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marche_%C3%A0_petit_pas" title="Marche à petit pas">Marche à petit pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propulsive_gait" title="Propulsive gait">Propulsive gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomping_gait" title="Stomping gait">Stomping gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spastic_gait" title="Spastic gait">Spastic gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncal_ataxia" title="Truncal ataxia">Truncal ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_disorder" title="Balance disorder">Vestibular gait</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muscular <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myopathic_gait" title="Myopathic gait">Myopathic gait/Waddling gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendelenburg_gait" title="Trendelenburg gait">Trendelenburg gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_gait" title="Pigeon gait">Pigeon gait</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drop" title="Foot drop">Foot drop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steppage_gait" title="Steppage gait">Steppage gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_walking" title="Toe walking">Toe walking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Asymmetric gait <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gait#Variables" title="Gait">Leaping gait</a></li></ul></li> <li>Asynchronous gait <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunslinger%27s_gait" title="Gunslinger's gait">Gunslinger's gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiparesis" title="Hemiparesis">Hemiparetic gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limp" title="Limp">Limp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalgic_gait" title="Antalgic gait">Antalgic gait</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deformity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_gait" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus gait">Lotus gait</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interlimb_coordination" title="Interlimb coordination">Coordination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">Ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_ataxia" title="Cerebellar ataxia">Cerebellar ataxia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysmetria" title="Dysmetria">Dysmetria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysdiadochokinesia" title="Dysdiadochokinesia">Dysdiadochokinesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronator_drift" title="Pronator drift">Pronator drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssynergia" title="Dyssynergia">Dyssynergia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_ataxia" title="Sensory ataxia">Sensory ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterixis" title="Asterixis">Asterixis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abasia" title="Abasia">Abasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimotor_neglect" title="Hemimotor neglect">Hemimotor neglect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">Abnormal movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">Athetosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Chorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciculation" title="Fasciculation">Fasciculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrillation" title="Fibrillation">Fibrillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myokymia" title="Myokymia">Myokymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">Myoclonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperkinesia" title="Hyperkinesia">Hyperkinesia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hypokinesia" title="Hypokinesia">Hypokinesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myotonia" title="Myotonia">Myotonia / Pseudomyotonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">Hypotonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">Akathisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echopraxia" title="Echopraxia">Echopraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echolalia" title="Echolalia">Echolalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posturing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_posturing" title="Abnormal posturing">Abnormal posturing</a></li> <li>Stooped posture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camptocormia" title="Camptocormia">Camptocormia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonus" title="Opisthotonus">Opisthotonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasm" title="Spasm">Spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trismus" title="Trismus">Trismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetany" title="Tetany">Tetany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">Hypertonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_locking_(symptom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint locking (symptom)">Joint locking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalepsy" title="Catalepsy">Catalepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxy_flexibility" title="Waxy flexibility">Waxy flexibility</a></li> <li>Grimacing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death#Humans" title="Apparent death">Tonic immobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">Paralysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flaccid_paralysis" title="Flaccid paralysis">Flaccid paralysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_paralysis" title="Periodic paralysis">Periodic paralysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spastic_paraplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spastic paraplegia">Spastic paraplegia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spastic_diplegia" title="Spastic diplegia">Spastic diplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spastic_paraplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spastic paraplegia">Spastic paraplegia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syndromes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoplegia" title="Monoplegia">Monoplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplegia" title="Diplegia">Diplegia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paraplegia" title="Paraplegia">Paraplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemiplegia">Hemiplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triplegia" title="Triplegia">Triplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraplegia" title="Tetraplegia">Tetraplegia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Quadruplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruplegia">Quadruplegia</a></li></ul></li> <li>General causes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron_lesion" title="Upper motor neuron lesion">Upper motor neuron lesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron_lesion" title="Lower motor neuron lesion">Lower motor neuron lesion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">Sleep paralysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle_weakness" title="Muscle weakness">Weakness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemiparesis" title="Hemiparesis">Hemiparesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowers%27_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowers' sign">Gowers' sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive_syndrome" title="Locomotive syndrome">Locomotive syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptosis_(eyelid)" title="Ptosis (eyelid)">Ptosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Range_of_motion" title="Range of motion">Range of motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contracture" title="Contracture">Contracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlem_myopathy" title="Bethlem myopathy">Bethlem sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Club foot">Club foot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_stiffness" title="Joint stiffness">Joint stiffness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankylosis" title="Ankylosis">Ankylosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(joints)" title="Hypermobility (joints)">Hypermobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorlin_sign" title="Gorlin sign">Gorlin sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehlers-Danlos_syndromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ehlers-Danlos syndromes">EDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_spectrum_disorder" title="Hypermobility spectrum disorder">HSD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutonniere_deformity" title="Boutonniere deformity">Boutonniere deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_neck_deformity" title="Swan neck deformity">Swan neck deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">Scoliosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyphosis" title="Kyphosis">Kyphosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachitic_rosary" title="Rachitic rosary">Rachitic rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_feet" title="Flat feet">Flat feet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronation_of_the_foot#overpronation" title="Pronation of the foot">Overpronation/Flexible flat feet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knock-knee" class="mw-redirect" title="Knock-knee">Knock-knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow-leggedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow-leggedness">Bow-leggedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_knee" class="mw-redirect" title="Back knee">Back knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyporeflexia" title="Hyporeflexia">Hyporeflexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperreflexia" title="Hyperreflexia">Hyperreflexia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clasp-knife_response" title="Clasp-knife response">Clasp-knife response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivering" title="Shivering">Shivering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnic_jerk" title="Hypnic jerk">Hypnic jerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astasia-abasia" title="Astasia-abasia">Astasia-abasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">Vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_shock" title="Shell shock">Shell shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">Stupor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_mania" title="Dancing mania">Dancing mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neuroscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuroscience" title="Template:Neuroscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuroscience" title="Template talk:Neuroscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuroscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuroscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neuroscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience" title="Outline of neuroscience">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_neuroscience" title="History of neuroscience">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Basic<br />science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_mapping" title="Brain mapping">Brain mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-reading" title="Brain-reading">Brain-reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_neuroscience" title="Cellular neuroscience">Cellular neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectomics" title="Connectomics">Connectomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_genetics" title="Imaging genetics">Imaging genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_neuroscience" title="Integrative neuroscience">Integrative neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_neuroscience" title="Molecular neuroscience">Molecular neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_decoding" title="Neural decoding">Neural decoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">Neurobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrinology" title="Neuroendocrinology">Neuroendocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenetics" title="Neurogenetics">Neurogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurometrics" title="Neurometrics">Neurometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphology" title="Neuromorphology">Neuromorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysics" title="Neurophysics">Neurophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Systems neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray739.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/130px-Gray739.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/195px-Gray739.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/260px-Gray739.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience" title="Clinical neuroscience">Clinical<br />neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neurology" title="Behavioral neurology">Behavioral neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptology" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptology">Epileptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocardiology" title="Neurocardiology">Neurocardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroepidemiology" title="Neuroepidemiology">Neuroepidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system#Function" title="Enteric nervous system">Neurogastroenterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimmunology" title="Neuroimmunology">Neuroimmunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurointensive_care" title="Neurointensive care">Neurointensive care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-oncology" title="Neuro-oncology">Neuro-oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-ophthalmology" title="Neuro-ophthalmology">Neuro-ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">Neuropathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropharmacology" title="Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurorehabilitation" title="Neurorehabilitation">Neurorehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotology" title="Neurotology">Neurotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurovirology" title="Neurovirology">Neurovirology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_neuroscience" title="Nutritional neuroscience">Nutritional neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive<br />neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cellular_cognition" title="Molecular cellular cognition">Molecular cellular cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuroscience" title="Sensory neuroscience">Sensory neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social cognitive neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_neuroscience" title="Consumer neuroscience">Consumer neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_neuroscience" title="Educational neuroscience">Educational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_neurosurgery" title="Global neurosurgery">Global neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanthropology" title="Neuroanthropology">Neuroanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurobiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocriminology" title="Neurocriminology">Neurocriminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroeconomics" title="Neuroeconomics">Neuroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroepistemology" title="Neuroepistemology">Neuroepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurohistory" title="Neurohistory">Neurohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolaw" title="Neurolaw">Neurolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromarketing" title="Neuromarketing">Neuromarketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophilosophy" title="Neurophilosophy">Neurophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropolitics" title="Neuropolitics">Neuropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurorobotics" title="Neurorobotics">Neurorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoneurobiology" title="Paleoneurobiology">Paleoneurobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_neuroscience" title="Social neuroscience">Social neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system" title="Development of the nervous system">Development of the nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Neural network (artificial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_circuit" title="Neural circuit">Neural network (biological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_theory" title="Detection theory">Detection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraoperative_neurophysiological_monitoring" title="Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring">Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochip" title="Neurochip">Neurochip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Neurodegenerative disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">Neurodevelopmental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">Neurogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimmune_system" title="Neuroimmune system">Neuroimmune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromanagement" title="Neuromanagement">Neuromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromodulation" title="Neuromodulation">Neuromodulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_basis_of_self" title="Neural basis of self">Self-awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Neuroscience" title="Category:Neuroscience">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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