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id="toc-Associated_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preterm_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preterm_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Preterm birth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preterm_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Term_infants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Term_infants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Term infants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Term_infants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Early childhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spastic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spastic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Spastic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spastic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ataxic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ataxic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Ataxic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ataxic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyskinetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyskinetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Dyskinetic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyskinetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Mixed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gait_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gait_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Gait classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gait_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthotics_in_the_concept_of_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthotics_in_the_concept_of_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Orthotics in the concept of therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthotics_in_the_concept_of_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prognosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prognosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Self-care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Productivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Productivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Productivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Productivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leisure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leisure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Leisure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leisure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation_and_barriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_and_barriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Participation and barriers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation_and_barriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Aging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Economic impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Use of the term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Notable cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Litigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cerebral palsy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" > 56 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%8A" title="شلل دماغي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شلل دماغي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE" title="Ուղեղային Կաթուած – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ուղեղային Կաթուած" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="بئیین چولاقلیگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بئیین چولاقلیگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A0lisi_cerebral" title="Paràlisi cerebral – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paràlisi cerebral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozkov%C3%A1_obrna" title="Mozková obrna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mozková obrna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlys_yr_ymennydd" title="Parlys yr ymennydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Parlys yr ymennydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_parese" title="Cerebral parese – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cerebral parese" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile_Zerebralparese" title="Infantile Zerebralparese – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Infantile Zerebralparese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laste_tserebraalparal%C3%BC%C3%BCs" title="Laste tserebraalparalüüs – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laste tserebraalparalüüs" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Εγκεφαλική παράλυση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εγκεφαλική παράλυση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A0li%C5%9B_serebr%C3%A8l_di_put%C3%A8in" title="Paràliś serebrèl di putèin – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Paràliś serebrèl di putèin" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1lisis_cerebral" title="Parálisis cerebral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parálisis cerebral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerba_paralizo" title="Cerba paralizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cerba paralizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garun-paralisi" title="Garun-paralisi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garun-paralisi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="فلج مغزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلج مغزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysie_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9brale" title="Paralysie cérébrale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paralysie cérébrale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairilis_cheirbreach" title="Pairilis cheirbreach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pairilis cheirbreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%87%8C%EC%84%B1%EB%A7%88%EB%B9%84" title="뇌성마비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뇌성마비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE" title="Մանկական ուղեղային կաթված – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանկական ուղեղային կաթված" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="प्रमस्तिष्क अंगघात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रमस्तिष्क अंगघात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebralna_paraliza" title="Cerebralna paraliza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cerebralna paraliza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpuh_otak" title="Lumpuh otak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lumpuh otak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilal%C3%B6mun" title="Heilalömun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heilalömun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralisi_cerebrale_infantile" title="Paralisi cerebrale infantile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paralisi cerebrale infantile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9F" title="שיתוק מוחין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיתוק מוחין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupooza_kwa_ubongo" title="Kupooza kwa ubongo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kupooza kwa ubongo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Балдардын церебралдык шалы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Балдардын церебралдык шалы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93rnu_cerebr%C4%81l%C4%81_trieka" title="Bērnu cerebrālā trieka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bērnu cerebrālā trieka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrinis_paraly%C5%BEius" title="Cerebrinis paralyžius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cerebrinis paralyžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Церебрална парализа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Церебрална парализа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="സെറിബ്രൽ പാൾസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെറിബ്രൽ പാൾസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="प्रमस्तिष्क घात – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रमस्तिष्क घात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palsi_serebrum" title="Palsi serebrum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Palsi serebrum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Тархины саажилт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тархины саажилт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersenverlamming" title="Hersenverlamming – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hersenverlamming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B3%E6%80%A7%E9%BA%BB%E7%97%BA" title="脳性麻痺 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脳性麻痺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Берийн церебралан паралич – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Берийн церебралан паралич" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_parese" title="Cerebral parese – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cerebral parese" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF" title="ସେରେବ୍ରାଲ୍ ପାଲ୍‌ସି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସେରେବ୍ରାଲ୍ ପାଲ୍‌ସି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolalar_falaji" title="Bolalar falaji – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bolalar falaji" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3zgowe_pora%C5%BCenie_dzieci%C4%99ce" title="Mózgowe porażenie dziecięce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mózgowe porażenie dziecięce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralisia_cerebral" title="Paralisia cerebral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paralisia cerebral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralizie_cerebral%C4%83" title="Paralizie cerebrală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paralizie cerebrală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Детский церебральный паралич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Детский церебральный паралич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraliza_cerebrale" title="Paraliza cerebrale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paraliza cerebrale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cerebral palsy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebralna_paraliza" title="Cerebralna paraliza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cerebralna paraliza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Церебрална парализа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Церебрална парализа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-vamma" title="CP-vamma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="CP-vamma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_pares" title="Cerebral pares – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cerebral pares" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெருமூளை வாதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெருமூளை வாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" title="อัมพาตสมองใหญ่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัมพาตสมองใหญ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serebral_palsi" title="Serebral palsi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Serebral palsi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87" title="Дитячий церебральний параліч – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дитячий церебральний параліч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1i_n%C3%A3o" title="Bại não – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bại não" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Cerebral palsy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Kearsarge_medical_team_treat_patients_at_Arima_District_Health_Facility_DVIDS126489.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/USS_Kearsarge_medical_team_treat_patients_at_Arima_District_Health_Facility_DVIDS126489.jpg/220px-USS_Kearsarge_medical_team_treat_patients_at_Arima_District_Health_Facility_DVIDS126489.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/USS_Kearsarge_medical_team_treat_patients_at_Arima_District_Health_Facility_DVIDS126489.jpg/330px-USS_Kearsarge_medical_team_treat_patients_at_Arima_District_Health_Facility_DVIDS126489.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/USS_Kearsarge_medical_team_treat_patients_at_Arima_District_Health_Facility_DVIDS126489.jpg/440px-USS_Kearsarge_medical_team_treat_patients_at_Arima_District_Health_Facility_DVIDS126489.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1528" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A child with cerebral palsy being assessed by a physician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiatry">Physiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Poor coordination</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasticity" title="Spasticity">Stiff</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">loose</a> muscles</li> <li>Weak muscles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremors</a><a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a><a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Prenatal to early childhood<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Lifelong<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Often unknown<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> or brain injury</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">Brain damage</a> during <a href="/wiki/Infancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Infancy">infancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li>Being a <a href="/wiki/Twin" title="Twin">twin</a></li> <li>Certain infections during pregnancy</li> <li>Difficult delivery<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on child's development<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech therapy">Speech therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_education" title="Conductive education">Conductive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_(orthopaedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brace (orthopaedic)">External braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a><a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizanidine" title="Tizanidine">Tizanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a><a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">2.1 per 1,000<a href="#cite_note-Osk2013-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of <a href="/wiki/Movement_disorder" title="Movement disorder">movement disorders</a> that appear in early childhood.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Signs and symptoms vary among people and over time,<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> but include poor coordination, <a href="/wiki/Spasticity" title="Spasticity">stiff muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paresis" title="Paresis">weak muscles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> There may be problems with <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Often, babies with cerebral palsy do not roll over, sit, crawl or walk as early as other children.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Other symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> and problems with <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">thinking or reasoning</a>. While symptoms may get more noticeable over the first years of life, underlying problems do not worsen over time.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Most often, the problems occur during pregnancy, but may occur during childbirth or shortly afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Often, the cause is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Risk factors include <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">preterm birth</a>, being a <a href="/wiki/Twin" title="Twin">twin</a>, certain infections or exposure to <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a> during pregnancy, a difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> New studies suggest that <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherited genetic causes</a> play a role in 25% of cases, where formerly it was believed that 2% of cases were genetically determined.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-omim-6">[6]</a> Sub-types are classified, based on the specific problems present.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> For example, those with stiff muscles have <a href="/wiki/Spastic_cerebral_palsy" title="Spastic cerebral palsy">spastic cerebral palsy</a>, poor coordination in locomotion have <a href="/wiki/Ataxic_cerebral_palsy" title="Ataxic cerebral palsy">ataxic cerebral palsy</a>, and writhing movements have <a href="/wiki/Athetoid_cerebral_palsy" title="Athetoid cerebral palsy">dyskinetic cerebral palsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Diagnosis is based on the child's development.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Blood tests and <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> may be used to rule out other possible causes.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Some causes of CP are preventable through immunization of the mother, and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as improved safety. There is no known cure for CP, but supportive treatments, medication and surgery may help individuals.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> This may include <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">occupational therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech therapy">speech therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Mouse <a href="/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor" title="Nerve growth factor">NGF</a> has been shown to improve outcomes<a href="#cite_note-Huiling2019-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhao2015-9">[9]</a> and has been available in China since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao2015-9">[9]</a> Medications such as <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">baclofen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">botulinum toxin</a> may help relax stiff muscles.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Farag2020-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blumetti2019-11">[11]</a> Surgery may include lengthening muscles and <a href="/wiki/Selective_dorsal_rhizotomy" title="Selective dorsal rhizotomy">cutting overly active nerves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Often, <a href="/wiki/Brace_(orthopaedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brace (orthopaedic)">external braces</a> and Lycra splints and other <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a> are helpful with mobility.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Some affected children can achieve near normal adult lives with appropriate treatment.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicines</a> are frequently used, there is no evidence to support their use.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Potential treatments are being examined, including <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cell therapy">stem cell therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> However, more research is required to determine if it is effective and safe.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Cerebral palsy is the most common movement disorder in children,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> occurring in about 2.1 per 1,000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-Osk2013-2">[2]</a> It has been documented throughout history, with the first known descriptions occurring in the work of <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> in the 5th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-History2013-14">[14]</a> Extensive study began in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/William_John_Little" title="William John Little">William John Little</a>, after whom spastic diplegia was called "Little's disease".<a href="#cite_note-History2013-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a> named it "cerebral palsy" from the German zerebrale Kinderlähmung (cerebral child-paralysis).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> Cerebral palsy is defined as "a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to non-progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain."<a href="#cite_note-pmid17370477-16">[16]</a> While movement problems are the central feature of CP, difficulties with thinking, learning, feeling, communication and behavior often co-occur,<a href="#cite_note-pmid17370477-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> with 28% having <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, 58% having difficulties with communication, at least 42% having problems with their vision, and 23–56% having <a href="/wiki/Learning_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning disabilities">learning disabilities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kent_2013-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contractions" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle contractions">Muscle contractions</a> in people with cerebral palsy-related high muscle tone are commonly thought to arise from overactivation.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Although most people with CP have problems with increased muscle tone, some have low muscle tone instead. High muscle tone can either be due to <a href="/wiki/Spasticity" title="Spasticity">spasticity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">dystonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Cerebral palsy is characterized by abnormal <a href="/wiki/Muscle_tone" title="Muscle tone">muscle tone</a>, reflexes, or motor development and coordination. The neurological lesion is primary and permanent while orthopedic manifestations are secondary to high muscle tone and progressive. In cerebral palsy with high muscle tone, unequal growth between muscle-tendon units and bone eventually leads to bone and joint deformities. At first, deformities are dynamic. Over time, deformities tend to become static, and joint contractures develop. Deformities in general and static deformities in specific (<a href="/wiki/Joint_contractures" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint contractures">joint contractures</a>) cause increasing gait difficulties in the form of <a href="/wiki/Toe_walking" title="Toe walking">tip-toeing gait</a>, due to tightness of the Achilles tendon, and <a href="/wiki/Scissor_gait" title="Scissor gait">scissoring gait</a>, due to tightness of the hip adductors. These gait patterns are among the most common gait abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy. However, orthopaedic manifestations of cerebral palsy are diverse.<a href="#cite_note-elsobky2017-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-argawal&verma2012-22">[22]</a> Additionally, crouch gait (also described as knee flexion gait)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> is prevalent among children who possess the ability to walk.<a href="#cite_note-Amen2018-24">[24]</a> The effects of cerebral palsy fall on a continuum of motor dysfunction, which may range from slight clumsiness at the mild end of the spectrum to impairments so severe that they render coordinated movement virtually impossible at the other end of the spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Babies born with severe cerebral palsy often have irregular posture; their bodies may be either very floppy or very stiff. Birth defects, such as spinal curvature, a small jawbone, or a small head sometimes occur along with CP. Symptoms may appear or change as a child gets older. Babies born with cerebral palsy do not immediately present with symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Classically, CP becomes evident when the baby reaches the developmental stage at 6 to 9 months and is starting to mobilise, where preferential use of limbs, asymmetry, or gross motor developmental delay is seen.<a href="#cite_note-argawal&verma2012-22">[22]</a> Drooling is common among children with cerebral palsy, which can have a variety of impacts including social rejection, impaired speaking, damage to clothing and books, and mouth infections.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-28">[28]</a> It can additionally cause choking.<a href="#cite_note-:2-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-29">[29]</a> An average of 55.5% of people with cerebral palsy experience <a href="/wiki/Lower_urinary_tract_symptoms" title="Lower urinary tract symptoms">lower urinary tract symptoms</a>, more commonly excessive storage issues than voiding issues. Those with voiding issues and <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor" title="Pelvic floor">pelvic floor</a> overactivity can deteriorate as adults and experience <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_urinary_tract_dysfunction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper urinary tract dysfunction (page does not exist)">upper urinary tract dysfunction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Children with CP may also have <a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing" title="Sensory processing">sensory processing</a> issues.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Adults with cerebral palsy have a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">respiratory failure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeleton">Skeleton</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Skeleton">edit</a>]</div> For bones to attain their normal shape and size, they require the stresses from normal musculature.<a href="#cite_note-Mughal2014-33">[33]</a> People with cerebral palsy are at risk of low <a href="/wiki/Bone_mineral_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone mineral density">bone mineral density</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The shafts of the bones are often thin (gracile),<a href="#cite_note-Mughal2014-33">[33]</a> and become thinner during growth. When compared to these thin shafts (<a href="/wiki/Diaphyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphyses">diaphyses</a>), the centres (<a href="/wiki/Metaphyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphyses">metaphyses</a>) often appear quite enlarged (ballooning).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Due to more than normal joint compression caused by muscular imbalances, <a href="/wiki/Articular_cartilage" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular cartilage">articular cartilage</a> may atrophy,<a href="#cite_note-Kerkovich,_D_2009,_pp._41-53-36">[36]</a>: 46  leading to narrowed joint spaces. Depending on the degree of spasticity, a person with the spastic form of CP may exhibit a variety of angular joint deformities. Because vertebral bodies need vertical gravitational loading forces to develop properly, spasticity and an abnormal gait can hinder proper or full bone and skeletal development. People with CP tend to be shorter in height than the average person because their bones are not allowed to grow to their full potential. Sometimes bones grow to different lengths, so the person may have one leg longer than the other.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Children with CP are prone to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_trauma_fractures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low trauma fractures (page does not exist)">low trauma fractures</a>, particularly children with higher <a href="/wiki/Gross_Motor_Function_Classification_System" title="Gross Motor Function Classification System">Gross Motor Function Classification System</a> (GMFCS) levels who cannot walk. This further affects a child's mobility, strength, and experience of pain, and can lead to missed schooling or child abuse suspicions.<a href="#cite_note-Mughal2014-33">[33]</a> These children generally have fractures in the legs, whereas non-affected children mostly fracture their arms in the context of sporting activities.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hip_dislocation" title="Hip dislocation">Hip dislocation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toe_walking" title="Toe walking">ankle equinus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pes_cavus" title="Pes cavus">plantar flexion deformity</a> are the two most common deformities among children with cerebral palsy. Additionally, flexion deformity of the hip and knee can occur. Torsional deformities of long bones such as the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> are also encountered, among others.<a href="#cite_note-elsobky2017-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-shore2010-40">[40]</a> Children may develop <a href="/wiki/Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">scoliosis</a> before the age of 10 – estimated <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of scoliosis in children with CP is between 21% and 64%.<a href="#cite_note-Cloake2016-41">[41]</a> Higher levels of impairment on the GMFCS are associated with scoliosis and hip dislocation.<a href="#cite_note-elsobky2017-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Scoliosis can be corrected with surgery, but CP makes surgical complications more likely, even with improved techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Cloake2016-41">[41]</a> Hip migration can be managed by soft tissue procedures such as adductor musculature release. Advanced degrees of hip migration or dislocation can be managed by more extensive procedures such as femoral and pelvic corrective <a href="/wiki/Osteotomy" title="Osteotomy">osteotomies</a>. Both soft tissue and bony procedures aim at prevention of hip dislocation in the early phases or aim at hip containment and restoration of anatomy in the late phases of disease.<a href="#cite_note-elsobky2017-21">[21]</a> Equinus deformity is managed by conservative methods especially when dynamic. If fixed/static deformity ensues surgery may become mandatory.<a href="#cite_note-shore2010-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolescence#Growth_spurt" title="Adolescence">Growth spurts</a> during <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> can make walking more difficult for people with CP and high muscle tone.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eating">Eating</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eating">edit</a>]</div> Due to sensory and motor impairments, those with CP may have difficulty preparing food, holding utensils, or chewing and swallowing. An infant with CP may not be able to suck, swallow or chew.<a href="#cite_note-Klingels2010-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastro-oesophageal_reflux" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastro-oesophageal reflux">Gastro-oesophageal reflux</a> is common in children with CP.<a href="#cite_note-auto-29">[29]</a> Children with CP may have too little or too much sensitivity around and in the mouth.<a href="#cite_note-Klingels2010-44">[44]</a> Poor balance when sitting, lack of control of the head, mouth, and trunk, not being able to bend the hips enough to allow the arms to stretch forward to reach and grasp food or utensils, and lack of <a href="/wiki/Hand-eye_coordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-eye coordination">hand-eye coordination</a> can make self-feeding difficult.<a href="#cite_note-oxfordnutritionchapter-45">[45]</a> Feeding difficulties are related to higher GMFCS levels.<a href="#cite_note-auto-29">[29]</a> Dental problems can also contribute to difficulties with eating.<a href="#cite_note-oxfordnutritionchapter-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a> is also common where eating difficulties exist, caused by undetected aspiration of food or liquids.<a href="#cite_note-auto-29">[29]</a> Fine finger dexterity, like that needed for picking up a utensil, is more frequently impaired than gross manual dexterity, like that needed for spooning food onto a plate.<a href="#cite_note-Donkervoort2007-46">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Grip strength impairments are less common.<a href="#cite_note-Donkervoort2007-46">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Children with severe cerebral palsy, particularly with <a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Oropharyngeal">oropharyngeal</a> issues, are at risk of <a href="/wiki/Undernutrition_in_children" title="Undernutrition in children">undernutrition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Triceps_skin_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps skin fold">Triceps skin fold</a> tests have been found to be a very reliable indicator of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> in children with cerebral palsy.<a href="#cite_note-oxfordnutritionchapter-45">[45]</a> Due to challenges in feeding, evidence has shown that children with cerebral palsy are at a greater risk of malnutrition.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> Speech and language disorders are common in people with cerebral palsy. The incidence of <a href="/wiki/Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">dysarthria</a> is estimated to range from 31% to 88%,<a href="#cite_note-hirsch_2013-49">[49]</a> and around a quarter of people with CP are non-verbal.<a href="#cite_note-Myrdenetal2014-50">[50]</a> Speech problems are associated with poor <a href="/wiki/Respiratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory">respiratory</a> control, <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">laryngeal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velopharyngeal_insufficiency" title="Velopharyngeal insufficiency">velopharyngeal</a> dysfunction, and oral <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">articulation</a> disorders that are due to restricted movement in the oral-facial muscles. There are three major types of dysarthria in cerebral palsy: spastic, dyskinetic (athetotic), and ataxic.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Early use of <a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">augmentative and alternative communication</a> systems may assist the child in developing spoken language skills.<a href="#cite_note-Myrdenetal2014-50">[50]</a> Overall <a href="/wiki/Language_delay" title="Language delay">language delay</a> is associated with problems of cognition, <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">deafness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Learned_helplessness" title="Learned helplessness">learned helplessness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CPBeuk-52">[52]</a> Children with cerebral palsy are at risk of learned helplessness and becoming passive communicators, initiating little communication.<a href="#cite_note-CPBeuk-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Early intervention with this clientele, and their parents, often targets situations in which children communicate with others so that they learn that they can control people and objects in their environment through this communication, including making choices, decisions, and mistakes.<a href="#cite_note-CPBeuk-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pain_and_sleep">Pain and sleep</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pain and sleep">edit</a>]</div> Pain is common and may result from the inherent deficits associated with the condition, along with the numerous procedures children typically face.<a href="#cite_note-McKearnan_2004-54">[54]</a> When children with cerebral palsy are in pain, they experience worse muscle spasms.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Pain is associated with tight or shortened muscles, abnormal posture, stiff joints, unsuitable <a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">orthosis</a>, etc. Hip migration or dislocation is a recognizable source of pain in CP children and especially in the adolescent population. Nevertheless, the adequate scoring and scaling of pain in CP children remains challenging.<a href="#cite_note-elsobky2017-21">[21]</a> Pain in CP has a number of different causes, and different pains respond to different treatments.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> There is also a high likelihood of chronic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">sleep disorders</a> secondary to both physical and environmental factors.<a href="#cite_note-newman_2006-57">[57]</a> Children with cerebral palsy have significantly higher rates of sleep disturbance than typically developing children.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Babies with cerebral palsy who have stiffness issues might cry more and be harder to put to sleep than non-disabled babies, or "floppy" babies might be lethargic.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">Chronic pain</a> is under-recognized in children with cerebral palsy,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> even though three out of four children with cerebral palsy experience pain.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Adults with CP also experience more pain than the general population.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_disorders">Associated disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Associated disorders">edit</a>]</div> Associated disorders include <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disabilities</a>, seizures, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contracture" title="Muscle contracture">muscle contractures</a>, abnormal gait, <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, communication disorders, malnutrition, sleep disorders, and mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Epilepsy is often found in the child before they are 1 year old, or also before they are four or five.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In addition to these, functional gastrointestinal abnormalities contributing to bowel obstruction, vomiting, and <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a> may also arise. Adults with cerebral palsy may have <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">ischemic heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">trauma</a> more often.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a> in people with cerebral palsy or a more severe <a href="/wiki/Gross_Motor_Function_Classification_System" title="Gross Motor Function Classification System">Gross Motor Function Classification System</a> assessment in particular are considered risk factors for <a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">multimorbidity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Other medical issues can be mistaken for being symptoms of cerebral palsy, and so may not be treated correctly.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Related conditions can include <a href="/wiki/Apraxia" title="Apraxia">apraxia</a>, sensory impairments, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">fecal incontinence</a>, or behavioural disorders.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Seizure management is more difficult in people with CP as seizures often last longer.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Epilepsy and <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> are common co-occurring diseases in adults with CP.<a href="#cite_note-The_epidemiology_of_cerebral_palsy-70">[70]</a> The associated disorders that co-occur with cerebral palsy may be more disabling than the motor function problems.<a href="#cite_note-auto-29">[29]</a> Managing respiratory illnesses in children with severe CP is considered complex due to the need to manage <a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_dysphagia" title="Oropharyngeal dysphagia">oropharyngeal dysphagia</a> of both food/drink and saliva, <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroesophageal reflux">gastroesophageal reflux</a>, motor disorders, <a href="/wiki/Upper_airway_obstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper airway obstruction">upper airway obstruction</a> during sleep, malnutrition, among other factors.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fetal_thrombotic_vasculopathy_-_intermed_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Fetal_thrombotic_vasculopathy_-_intermed_mag.jpg/220px-Fetal_thrombotic_vasculopathy_-_intermed_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Fetal_thrombotic_vasculopathy_-_intermed_mag.jpg/330px-Fetal_thrombotic_vasculopathy_-_intermed_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Fetal_thrombotic_vasculopathy_-_intermed_mag.jpg/440px-Fetal_thrombotic_vasculopathy_-_intermed_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> showing a fetal (<a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placental</a>) vein thrombosis, in a case of <a href="/wiki/Fetal_thrombotic_vasculopathy" title="Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy">fetal thrombotic vasculopathy</a>. This is associated with cerebral palsy and is suggestive of a <a href="/wiki/Hypercoagulable_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercoagulable state">hypercoagulable state</a> as the underlying cause.</figcaption></figure> Cerebral palsy is due to abnormal development or damage occurring to the developing brain.<a href="#cite_note-Yar2013-72">[72]</a> This damage can occur during pregnancy, delivery, the first month of life, or less commonly in early childhood.<a href="#cite_note-Yar2013-72">[72]</a> Structural problems in the brain are seen in 80% of cases, most commonly within the <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yar2013-72">[72]</a> More than three-quarters of cases are believed to result from issues that occur during pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-Yar2013-72">[72]</a> Most children who are born with cerebral palsy have more than one risk factor associated with CP.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Cerebral palsy is not contagious and cannot be contracted in adulthood. CP is almost always developed in utero, or prior to birth. While in certain cases there is no identifiable cause, typical causes include problems in intrauterine development (e.g. exposure to radiation, infection, <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction" title="Intrauterine growth restriction">fetal growth restriction</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a> of the brain (thrombotic events, <a href="/wiki/Placental_insufficiency" title="Placental insufficiency">placental insufficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord_prolapse" title="Umbilical cord prolapse">umbilical cord prolapse</a>), birth trauma during labor and delivery, and complications around birth or during childhood.<a href="#cite_note-CPBeuk-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-nejm915-75">[75]</a> In Africa <a href="/wiki/Birth_asphyxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth asphyxia">birth asphyxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kernicterus" title="Kernicterus">high bilirubin levels</a>, and infections in newborns of the central nervous system are main cause. Many cases of CP in Africa could be prevented with better resources available.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preterm_birth">Preterm birth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Preterm birth">edit</a>]</div> Between 40% and 50% of all children who develop cerebral palsy were born prematurely.<a href="#cite_note-dev_beh_peds_2009-77">[77]</a> Most of these cases (75–90%) are believed to be due to issues that occur around the time of birth, often just after birth.<a href="#cite_note-Yar2013-72">[72]</a> Multiple-birth infants are also more likely than single-birth infants to have CP.<a href="#cite_note-saunders_2011-78">[78]</a> They are also more likely to be born with a <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In those who are born with a weight between 1 kg (2.2 lbs) and 1.5 kg (3.3 lbs) CP occurs in 6%.<a href="#cite_note-Osk2013-2">[2]</a> Among those born before 28 weeks of <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> it occurs in 8%.<a href="#cite_note-Osk2016-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[a]</a> Genetic factors are believed to play an important role in prematurity and cerebral palsy generally.<a href="#cite_note-hallman_2012-82">[81]</a> In those who are born between 34 and 37 weeks the risk is 0.4% (three times normal).<a href="#cite_note-poets_2012-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Term_infants">Term infants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Term infants">edit</a>]</div> In babies who are born at term risk factors include problems with the placenta, <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a>, low birth weight, <a href="/wiki/Meconium_aspiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Meconium aspiration">breathing meconium into the lungs</a>, a delivery requiring either the use of instruments or an emergency <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean section</a>, birth asphyxia, <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> just after birth, <a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">respiratory distress syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoglycaemia">low blood sugar</a>, and infections in the baby.<a href="#cite_note-mcintyre_2013-84">[83]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit">[update]</a>, it was unclear how much of a role birth asphyxia plays as a cause.<a href="#cite_note-ellenberg_2013-85">[84]</a> It is unclear if the size of the placenta plays a role.<a href="#cite_note-teng_2012-86">[85]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit">[update]</a> it is evident that in advanced countries, most cases of cerebral palsy in term or near-term neonates have explanations other than asphyxia.<a href="#cite_note-nejm915-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg/220px-Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg/330px-Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg/440px-Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption>Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern</figcaption></figure> Cerebral palsy is not commonly considered a genetic disease. About 2% of all CP cases are expected to be inherited, with <a href="/wiki/GAD1" title="GAD1">glutamate decarboxylase-1</a> being one of the possible enzymes involved.<a href="#cite_note-omim-6">[6]</a> Most inherited cases are <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal recessive">autosomal recessive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-omim-6">[6]</a> However, the vast majority of CP cases are connected to brain damage during birth and in infancy. There is a small percentage of CP cases caused by brain damage that stemmed from the prenatal period, which is estimated to be less than 5% of CP cases overall.<a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-87">[86]</a> Moreover, there is no one reason why some CP cases come from prenatal brain damage, and it is not known if those cases have a genetic basis.<a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-87">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hypoplasia" title="Cerebellar hypoplasia">Cerebellar hypoplasia</a> is sometimes genetic<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> and can cause <a href="/wiki/Ataxic_cerebral_palsy" title="Ataxic cerebral palsy">ataxic cerebral palsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_childhood">Early childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early childhood">edit</a>]</div> After birth, other causes include toxins, severe <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cdccauses-90">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a>, physical brain injury, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abusive_head_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusive head trauma">abusive head trauma</a>, incidents involving hypoxia to the brain (such as <a href="/wiki/Near_drowning" class="mw-redirect" title="Near drowning">near drowning</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cdccauses-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> Infections in the mother, even those not easily detected, can triple the risk of the child developing cerebral palsy.<a href="#cite_note-ucpref_2004-92">[91]</a> Infection of the fetal membranes known as <a href="/wiki/Chorioamnionitis" title="Chorioamnionitis">chorioamnionitis</a> increases the risk.<a href="#cite_note-bersani_2012-93">[92]</a> Intrauterine and neonatal insults (many of which are infectious) increase the risk.<a href="#cite_note-mwaniki_2012-94">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rh_disease" title="Rh disease">Rh blood type incompatibility</a> can cause the mother's immune system to attack the baby's red blood cells.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> It has been hypothesised that some cases of cerebral palsy are caused by the death in very early pregnancy of an identical twin.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16354495-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> The diagnosis of cerebral palsy has historically rested on the person's history and physical examination and is generally assessed at a young age. A <a href="/wiki/General_movements_assessment" title="General movements assessment">general movements assessment</a>, which involves measuring movements that occur spontaneously among those less than four months of age, appears most accurate.<a href="#cite_note-McI2011-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-bosanquet_2013-97">[96]</a> Children who are more severely affected are more likely to be noticed and diagnosed earlier. Abnormal muscle tone, delayed motor development and persistence of <a href="/wiki/Primitive_reflexes" title="Primitive reflexes">primitive reflexes</a> are the main early symptoms of CP.<a href="#cite_note-oxfordnutritionchapter-45">[45]</a> Symptoms and diagnosis typically occur by the age of two,<a href="#cite_note-research_gaps_2016-98">[97]</a> although depending on factors like malformations and congenital issues,<a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[98]</a> persons with milder forms of cerebral palsy may be over the age of five, if not in adulthood, when finally diagnosed.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-100">[99]</a> Cognitive assessments and medical observations are also useful to help confirm a diagnosis. Additionally, evaluations of the child's mobility, speech and language, hearing, vision, gait, feeding and digestion are also useful to determine the extent of the disorder.<a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[98]</a> Early diagnosis and intervention are seen as being a key part of managing cerebral palsy.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Machine learning algorithms facilitate automatic early diagnosis, with methods such as deep neural network<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> and geometric feature fusion<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> producing high accuracy in predicting cerebral palsy from short videos. It is a <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McI2011-96">[95]</a> Once a person is diagnosed with cerebral palsy, further diagnostic tests are optional. <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a> with <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT</a> or <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> is warranted when the cause of a person's cerebral palsy has not been established. An MRI is preferred over CT, due to diagnostic yield and safety. When abnormal, evidence from neuroimaging may suggest the timing of the initial damage. The CT or MRI is also capable of revealing treatable conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">hydrocephalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porencephaly" title="Porencephaly">porencephaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_malformation" title="Arteriovenous malformation">arteriovenous malformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subdural_hematoma" title="Subdural hematoma">subdural hematomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subdural_hygroma" title="Subdural hygroma">hygromas</a>, and a vermian tumour<a href="#cite_note-pmid2602010-104">[103]</a> (which a few studies suggest are present 5–22% of the time). Furthermore, abnormalities detected by neuroimaging may indicate a high likelihood of associated conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> and intellectual disability.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> There is a small risk associated with sedating children to facilitate a clear MRI.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-100">[99]</a> The age when CP is diagnosed is important, but medical professionals disagree over the best age to make the diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-bosanquet_2013-97">[96]</a> The earlier CP is diagnosed correctly, the better the opportunities are to provide the child with physical and educational help, but there might be a greater chance of confusing CP with another problem, especially if the child is 18 months of age or younger.<a href="#cite_note-bosanquet_2013-97">[96]</a> Infants may have temporary problems with muscle tone or control that can be confused with CP, which is permanent.<a href="#cite_note-bosanquet_2013-97">[96]</a> A metabolism disorder or tumors in the nervous system may appear to be CP; metabolic disorders, in particular, can produce brain problems that look like CP on an MRI.<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> Disorders that deteriorate the <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a> in the brain and problems that cause spasms and weakness in the legs, may be mistaken for CP if they first appear early in life.<a href="#cite_note-bosanquet_2013-97">[96]</a> However, these disorders get worse over time, and CP does not<a href="#cite_note-bosanquet_2013-97">[96]</a> (although it may change in character).<a href="#cite_note-NINDS2013-1">[1]</a> In infancy it may not be possible to tell the difference between them.<a href="#cite_note-bosanquet_2013-97">[96]</a> In the UK, not being able to sit independently by the age of 8 months is regarded as a clinical sign for further monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-100">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X syndrome</a> (a cause of autism and intellectual disability) and general intellectual disability must also be ruled out.<a href="#cite_note-bosanquet_2013-97">[96]</a> Cerebral palsy specialist John McLaughlin recommends waiting until the child is 36 months of age before making a diagnosis because, by that age, motor capacity is easier to assess.<a href="#cite_note-bosanquet_2013-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> CP is classified by the types of motor impairment of the limbs or organs, and by restrictions to the activities an affected person may perform.<a href="#cite_note-rethlefsen_2010-106">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gross_Motor_Function_Classification_System" title="Gross Motor Function Classification System">Gross Motor Function Classification System</a>-Expanded and Revised and the <a href="/wiki/Manual_Ability_Classification_System" title="Manual Ability Classification System">Manual Ability Classification System</a> are used to describe mobility and manual dexterity in people with cerebral palsy, and recently the <a href="/wiki/Communication_Function_Classification_System" title="Communication Function Classification System">Communication Function Classification System</a>, and the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System have been proposed to describe those functions.<a href="#cite_note-multidisciplinary455-107">[106]</a> There are three main CP classifications by motor impairment: spastic, ataxic, and dyskinetic. Additionally, there is a mixed type that shows a combination of features of the other types. These classifications reflect the areas of the brain that are damaged.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Cerebral palsy is also classified according to the topographic distribution of muscle spasticity.<a href="#cite_note-Becher-109">[108]</a> This method classifies children as <a href="/wiki/Spastic_diplegia" title="Spastic diplegia">diplegic</a>, (bilateral involvement with leg involvement greater than arm involvement), <a href="/wiki/Spastic_hemiplegia" title="Spastic hemiplegia">hemiplegic</a> (unilateral involvement), or <a href="/wiki/Spastic_quadriplegia" title="Spastic quadriplegia">quadriplegic</a> (bilateral involvement with arm involvement equal to or greater than leg involvement).<a href="#cite_note-O'Shea-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Becher-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spastic">Spastic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Spastic">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spastic_cerebral_palsy" title="Spastic cerebral palsy">Spastic cerebral palsy</a></div> Spastic cerebral palsy is the type of cerebral palsy characterized by <a href="/wiki/Spasticity" title="Spasticity">spasticity</a> or high muscle tone often resulting in stiff, jerky movements.<a href="#cite_note-:0:-111">[110]</a> Itself an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> encompassing <a href="/wiki/Spastic_hemiplegia" title="Spastic hemiplegia">spastic hemiplegia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spastic_diplegia" title="Spastic diplegia">spastic diplegia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spastic_quadriplegia" title="Spastic quadriplegia">spastic quadriplegia</a> and – where solely one limb or one specific area of the body is affected – spastic monoplegia. Spastic cerebral palsy affects the <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">motor cortex</a><a href="#cite_note-:0:-111">[110]</a> of the brain, a specific portion of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> responsible for the planning and completion of voluntary movement.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Spastic CP is the most common type of overall cerebral palsy, representing about 80% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a> is effective in decreasing <a href="/wiki/Spasticity" title="Spasticity">spasticity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farag2020-10">[10]</a> It can help increase range of motion which could help mitigate CP's effects on the growing bones of children.<a href="#cite_note-Farag2020-10">[10]</a> There may be an improvement in motor functions in the children and ability to walk. However, the main benefit derived from botulinum toxin A comes from its ability to reduce muscle tone and spasticity and thus prevent or delay the development of fixed muscle contractures.<a href="#cite_note-Farag2020-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ataxic">Ataxic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ataxic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ataxic_cerebral_palsy" title="Ataxic cerebral palsy">Ataxic cerebral palsy</a></div> Ataxic cerebral palsy is observed in approximately 5–10% of all cases of cerebral palsy, making it the least frequent form of cerebral palsy.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Ataxic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to cerebellar structures.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Because of the damage to the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, which is essential for coordinating muscle movements and balance, patients with ataxic cerebral palsy experience problems in coordination, specifically in their arms, legs, and trunk. Ataxic cerebral palsy is known to decrease muscle tone.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The most common manifestation of ataxic cerebral palsy is intention (action) <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremor</a>, which is especially apparent when carrying out precise movements, such as tying shoe laces or writing with a pencil. This symptom gets progressively worse as the movement persists, making the hand shake. As the hand gets closer to accomplishing the intended task, the trembling intensifies, which makes it even more difficult to complete.<a href="#cite_note-O'Shea-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dyskinetic">Dyskinetic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dyskinetic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dyskinetic_cerebral_palsy" title="Dyskinetic cerebral palsy">Dyskinetic cerebral palsy</a></div> Dyskinetic cerebral palsy (sometimes abbreviated DCP) is primarily associated with damage to the <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">substantia nigra</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Lesions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesions">lesions</a> that occur during brain development due to <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> <a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a> and hypoxic-ischemic <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> injury.<a href="#cite_note-Hou_et_al-118">[117]</a> DCP is characterized by both <a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">hypertonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">hypotonia</a>, due to the affected individual's inability to control muscle tone.<a href="#cite_note-O'Shea-110">[109]</a> Clinical diagnosis of DCP typically occurs within 18 months of birth and is primarily based upon motor function and <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> techniques.<a href="#cite_note-ADCP-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mann-120">[119]</a> Dyskinetic cerebral palsy is an <a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">extrapyramidal</a> form of cerebral palsy.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-121">[120]</a> Dyskinetic cerebral palsy can be divided into two different groups; <a href="/wiki/Choreoathetosis" title="Choreoathetosis">choreoathetosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">dystonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-O'Shea-110">[109]</a> Choreo-athetotic CP is characterized by involuntary movements, whereas dystonic CP is characterized by slow, strong contractions, which may occur locally or encompass the whole body.<a href="#cite_note-Becher-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mixed">Mixed</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mixed">edit</a>]</div> Mixed cerebral palsy has symptoms of dyskinetic, ataxic and spastic CP appearing simultaneously, each to varying degrees, and both with and without symptoms of each. Mixed CP is the most difficult to treat as it is extremely heterogeneous and sometimes unpredictable in its symptoms and development over the lifespan.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-ninds.nih.gov-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gait_classification">Gait classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gait classification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_Gait_Classification_gb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Amsterdam_Gait_Classification_gb.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_Gait_Classification_gb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Amsterdam_Gait_Classification_gb.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_Gait_Classification_gb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Amsterdam_Gait_Classification_gb.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_Gait_Classification_gb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Orthotics#Definition_of_the_orthotic_functions_in_cases_of_paralysis_caused_by_cerebral_palsy_and_traumatic_brain_injury" title="Orthotics">Amsterdam Gait Classification</a> facilitates the assessment of the gait pattern in CP patients. It helps to facilitate communication in the interdisciplinary team between those affected, doctors, physiotherapists and orthotists.</figcaption></figure> In patients with spastic hemiplegia or diplegia, various gait patterns can be observed, the exact form of which can only be described with the help of complex gait analysis systems. In order to facilitate interdisciplinary communication in the interdisciplinary team between those affected, doctors, physiotherapists and orthotists, a simple description of the gait pattern is useful. J. Rodda and H. K. Graham already described in 2001 how gait patterns of CP patients can be more easily recognized and defined gait types which they compared in a classification. They also described that gait patterns can vary with age.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Building on this, the <a href="/wiki/Orthotics#Definition_of_the_orthotic_functions_in_cases_of_paralysis_caused_by_cerebral_palsy_and_traumatic_brain_injury" title="Orthotics">Amsterdam Gait Classification</a> was developed at the free university in Amsterdam, the VU medisch centrum. A special feature of this classification is that it makes different gait patterns very easy to recognize and can be used in CP patients in whom only one leg and both legs are affected. According to the Amsterdam Gait Classification, five gait types are described. To assess the gait pattern, the patient is viewed visually or via a video recording from the side of the leg to be assessed. At the point in time at which the leg to be viewed is in mid stance and the leg not to be viewed is in mid swing, the knee angle and the contact of the foot with the ground are assessed on the one hand.<a href="#cite_note-:0-127">[126]</a> Classification of the gait pattern according to the Amsterdam Gait Classification: In gait type 1, the knee angle is normal and the foot contact is complete. In gait type 2, the knee angle is hyperextended and the foot contact is complete. In gait type 3, the knee angle is hyperextended and foot contact is incomplete (only on the forefoot). In gait type 4, the knee angle is bent and foot contact is incomplete (only on the forefoot). With gait type 5, the knee angle is bent and the foot contact is complete.<a href="#cite_note-:0-127">[126]</a> Gait types 5 is also known as crouch gait.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> Because the causes of CP are varied, a broad range of preventive interventions have been investigated.<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd_et_al_2016-129">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_fetal_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic fetal monitoring">Electronic fetal monitoring</a> has not helped to prevent CP, and in 2014 the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynecologists" title="American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists">American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_and_New_Zealand_College_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynaecologists" title="Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists">Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynaecologists_of_Canada" title="Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada">Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada</a> have acknowledged that there are no long-term benefits of electronic fetal monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-nejm915-75">[75]</a> Before this, electronic fetal monitoring was widely used to prop up obstetric litigation.<a href="#cite_note-Sartwelle-130">[129]</a> In those at risk of an early delivery, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium sulphate">magnesium sulphate</a> appears to decrease the risk of cerebral palsy.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> It is unclear if it helps those who are born at term.<a href="#cite_note-Ngu2013-132">[131]</a> In those at high risk of preterm labor a review found that moderate to severe CP was reduced by the administration of magnesium sulphate, and that adverse effects on the babies from the magnesium sulphate were not significant. Mothers who received magnesium sulphate could experience side effects such as <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a> and nausea.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> However, guidelines for the use of magnesium sulfate in mothers at risk of preterm labour are not strongly adhered to;<a href="#cite_note-pmid29319155-134">[133]</a> in 2017 only 2 in 3 eligible women in the UK received the medication despite it being recommended by <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">NICE guidelines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2023-135">[134]</a> An <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a> quality improvement programme increased its usage in England from 71% in 2018 to 83% in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2023-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Apnea_of_prematurity" title="Apnea of prematurity">apnea of prematurity</a> and reduces the risk of cerebral palsy in premature babies, but there are also concerns of long term negative effects.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> A moderate quality level of evidence indicates that giving women <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> during preterm labor before her membranes have ruptured (water is not yet not broken) may increase the risk of cerebral palsy for the child.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28786098-138">[137]</a> Additionally, for preterm babies for whom there is a chance of fetal compromise, allowing the birth to proceed rather than trying to <a href="/wiki/Tocolytic" title="Tocolytic">delay the birth</a> may lead to an increased risk of cerebral palsy in the child.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28786098-138">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroids">Corticosteroids</a> are sometimes taken by pregnant women expecting a preterm birth to provide neuroprotection to their baby.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Taking corticosteroids during pregnancy is shown to have no significant correlation with developing cerebral palsy in preterm births.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28786098-138">[137]</a> Cooling high-risk full-term babies shortly after birth may reduce disability,<a href="#cite_note-jacobs_2013-140">[139]</a> but this may only be useful for some forms of the brain damage that causes CP.<a href="#cite_note-research_gaps_2016-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerebral_palsy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A girl wearing leg braces walks towards a woman in a gym, with a treadmill visible in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cerebral_palsy.jpg/220px-Cerebral_palsy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cerebral_palsy.jpg/330px-Cerebral_palsy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cerebral_palsy.jpg/440px-Cerebral_palsy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption> Researchers are developing an electrical stimulation device specifically for children with cerebral palsy, who have <a href="/wiki/Foot_drop" title="Foot drop">foot drop</a>, which causes tripping when walking.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Management_of_cerebral_palsy" title="Management of cerebral palsy">Management of cerebral palsy</a></div> Over time, the approach to CP management has shifted away from narrow attempts to fix individual physical problems – such as spasticity in a particular limb – to making such treatments part of a larger goal of maximizing the person's independence and community engagement.<a href="#cite_note-novak_2013-141">[140]</a>: 886  However, the evidence base for the effectiveness of intervention programs reflecting the philosophy of independence has not yet caught up: effective interventions for body structures and functions have a strong evidence base, but evidence is lacking for effective interventions targeted toward participation, environment, or personal factors.<a href="#cite_note-novak_2013-141">[140]</a> There is also no good evidence to show that an intervention that is effective at the body-specific level will result in an improvement at the activity level or vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-novak_2013-141">[140]</a> Although such cross-over benefit might happen, not enough high-quality studies have been done to demonstrate it.<a href="#cite_note-novak_2013-141">[140]</a> Because cerebral palsy has "varying severity and complexity" across the lifespan,<a href="#cite_note-multidisciplinary455-107">[106]</a> it can be considered a collection of conditions for management purposes.<a href="#cite_note-research_gaps_2016-98">[97]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Multidisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidisciplinary">multidisciplinary</a> approach for cerebral palsy management is recommended,<a href="#cite_note-multidisciplinary455-107">[106]</a> focusing on "maximising individual function, choice and independence" in line with the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health</a>'s goals.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-100">[99]</a> The team may include a paediatrician, a <a href="/wiki/Health_visitor" title="Health visitor">health visitor</a>, a social worker, a physiotherapist, an orthotist, a speech and language therapist, an <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapist" title="Occupational therapist">occupational therapist</a>, a teacher specialising in helping children with visual impairment, an educational psychologist, an <a href="/wiki/Orthopaedic_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopaedic surgeon">orthopaedic surgeon</a>, a neurologist and a neurosurgeon.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Various forms of therapy are available to people living with cerebral palsy as well as caregivers and parents. Treatment may include one or more of the following: physical therapy; occupational therapy; speech therapy; water therapy; drugs to control seizures, alleviate pain, or relax muscle spasms (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>); surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities or release tight muscles; <a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">braces and other orthotic devices</a>; rolling walkers; and communication aids such as computers with attached voice synthesisers.<a href="#cite_note-ninds.nih.gov-125">[124]</a> Intensive rehabilitation is practiced in certain countries, but obtaining reliable data on its medium and long-term effectiveness is challenging.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Surgical intervention in CP children may include various <a href="/wiki/Orthopaedic_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopaedic surgery">orthopaedic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurological surgeries</a> to improve quality of life, such as tendon releases, hip rotation, <a href="/wiki/Spinal_fusion" title="Spinal fusion">spinal fusion</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Selective_dorsal_rhizotomy" title="Selective dorsal rhizotomy">selective dorsal rhizotomy</a>) or placement of an <a href="/wiki/Intrathecal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrathecal">intrathecal</a> baclofen pump.<a href="#cite_note-Amen2018-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-novak_2013-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> A Cochrane review published in 2004 found a trend toward the benefit of speech and language therapy for children with cerebral palsy but noted the need for high-quality research.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> A 2013 systematic review found that many of the therapies used to treat CP have no good evidence base; the treatments with the best evidence are medications (<a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">botulinum toxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">bisphosphonates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>), therapy (bimanual training, <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_cast" title="Orthopedic cast">casting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constraint-induced_movement_therapy" title="Constraint-induced movement therapy">constraint-induced movement therapy</a>, context-focused therapy, fitness training, goal-directed training, hip surveillance, home programmes, occupational therapy after botulinum toxin, pressure care) and surgery. There is also research on whether the sleeping position might improve hip migration, but there are not yet high-quality evidence studies to support that theory.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Research papers also call for an agreed consensus on outcome measures which will allow researchers to cross-reference research. Also, the terminology used to describe orthoses<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> needs to be standardised to ensure studies can be reproduced and readily compared and evaluated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthotics_in_the_concept_of_therapy">Orthotics in the concept of therapy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Orthotics in the concept of therapy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerebralparese_Orthese_orthotics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cerebralparese_Orthese_orthotics.jpg/220px-Cerebralparese_Orthese_orthotics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cerebralparese_Orthese_orthotics.jpg/330px-Cerebralparese_Orthese_orthotics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cerebralparese_Orthese_orthotics.jpg/440px-Cerebralparese_Orthese_orthotics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Child with cerebral palsy and <a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">orthotics</a> with adjustable functional elements to improve safety when standing and walking</figcaption></figure> To improve the gait pattern, <a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">orthotics</a> can be included in the therapy concept. An orthosis can support physiotherapeutic treatment in setting the right motor impulses in order to create new cerebral connections.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> The orthosis must meet the requirements of the medical prescription. In addition, the orthosis must be designed by the orthotist in such a way that it achieves the effectiveness of the necessary levers, matching the gait pattern, in order to support the proprioceptive approaches of physiotherapy. The characteristics of the stiffness of the orthosis shells and the adjustable dynamics in the ankle joint are important elements of the orthosis to be considered.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Due to these requirements, the development of orthoses has changed significantly in recent years, especially since around 2010. At about the same time, care concepts were developed that deal intensively with the orthotic treatment of the lower extremities in cerebral palsy.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Modern materials and new functional elements enable the rigidity to be specifically adapted to the requirements that fits to the gait pattern of the CP patient.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> The adjustment of the stiffness has a decisive influence on the gait pattern and on the energy cost of walking.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> It is of great advantage if the stiffness of the orthosis can be adjusted separately from one another via resistances of the two functional elements in the two directions of movement, <a href="/wiki/Dorsiflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsiflexion">dorsiflexion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plantar_flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantar flexion">plantar flexion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Prognosis">edit</a>]</div> CP is not a <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegenerative disorder">progressive disorder</a> (meaning the brain damage does not worsen), but the symptoms can become more severe over time. A person with the disorder may improve somewhat during childhood if he or she receives extensive care, but once bones and musculature become more established, orthopedic surgery may be required. People with CP can have varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_impairment" title="Cognitive impairment">cognitive impairment</a> or none whatsoever. The full intellectual potential of a child born with CP is often not known until the child starts school. People with CP are more likely to have <a href="/wiki/Learning_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning disorders">learning disorders</a> but have normal intelligence. Intellectual level among people with CP varies from <a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">genius</a> to <a href="/wiki/Intellectually_disabled" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectually disabled">intellectually disabled</a>, as it does in the general population, and experts have stated that it is important not to underestimate the capabilities of a person with CP and to give them every opportunity to learn.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> The ability to live independently with CP varies widely, depending partly on the severity of each person's impairment and partly on the capability of each person to self-manage the logistics of life. Some individuals with CP require personal assistant services for all <a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">activities of daily living</a>. Others only need assistance with certain activities, and still others do not require any physical assistance. But regardless of the severity of a person's physical impairment, a person's ability to live independently often depends primarily on the person's capacity to manage the physical realities of his or her life autonomously. In some cases, people with CP recruit, hire, and manage a staff of <a href="/wiki/Personal_care_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal care assistant">personal care assistants</a> (PCAs). PCAs facilitate the independence of their employers by assisting them with their daily personal needs in a way that allows them to maintain control over their lives.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Puberty in young adults with cerebral palsy may be <a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">precocious</a> or <a href="/wiki/Delayed_puberty" title="Delayed puberty">delayed</a>. Delayed puberty is thought to be a consequence of nutritional deficiencies.<a href="#cite_note-Zaffuto-Sforza2005-157">[156]</a> There is currently no evidence that CP affects fertility, although some of the secondary symptoms have been shown to affect sexual desire and performance.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Adults with CP were less likely to get routine reproductive health screening as of 2005. <a href="/wiki/Gynecological_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecological examination">Gynecological examinations</a> may have to be performed under anesthesia due to spasticity, and equipment is often not accessible. <a href="/wiki/Breast_self-examination" title="Breast self-examination">Breast self-examination</a> may be difficult, so partners or carers may have to perform it. Men with CP have higher levels of <a href="/wiki/Cryptorchidism" title="Cryptorchidism">cryptorchidism</a> at the age of 21.<a href="#cite_note-Zaffuto-Sforza2005-157">[156]</a> CP can significantly reduce a person's life expectancy, depending on the severity of their condition and the quality of care they receive.<a href="#cite_note-Yar2013-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> 5–10% of children with CP die in childhood, particularly where seizures and intellectual disability also affect the child.<a href="#cite_note-multidisciplinary455-107">[106]</a> The ability to ambulate, roll, and self-feed has been associated with increased life expectancy.<a href="#cite_note-strauss_2008-160">[159]</a> While there is a lot of variation in how CP affects people, it has been found that "independent gross motor functional ability is a very strong determinant of life expectancy".<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>, in 2014, 104 <a href="/wiki/Australian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian people">Australians</a> died of cerebral palsy.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The most common causes of death in CP are related to respiratory causes, but in middle age cardiovascular issues and <a href="/wiki/Neoplastic_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplastic disorders">neoplastic disorders</a> become more prominent.<a href="#cite_note-rehabilitation443-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-care">Self-care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Self-care">edit</a>]</div> For many children with CP, parents are heavily involved in self-care activities. Self-care activities, such as bathing, dressing, and grooming, can be difficult for children with CP, as self-care depends primarily on the use of the upper limbs.<a href="#cite_note-vanzelst_2006-164">[163]</a> For those living with CP, impaired upper limb function affects almost 50% of children and is considered the main factor contributing to decreased activity and participation.<a href="#cite_note-Nieuwenhuijsen_2009-165">[164]</a> As the hands are used for many self-care tasks, sensory and motor impairments of the hands make daily self-care more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Donkervoort2007-46">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-arnould_2008-166">[165]</a> Motor impairments cause more problems than sensory impairments.<a href="#cite_note-Donkervoort2007-46">[46]</a> The most common impairment is that of finger dexterity, which is the ability to manipulate small objects with the fingers.<a href="#cite_note-Donkervoort2007-46">[46]</a> Compared to other disabilities, people with cerebral palsy generally need more help in performing daily tasks.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Occupational therapists are healthcare professionals that help individuals with disabilities gain or regain their independence through the use of meaningful activities.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Productivity">Productivity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Productivity">edit</a>]</div> The effects of sensory, motor, and cognitive impairments affect self-care occupations in children with CP and productivity occupations. Productivity can include but is not limited to, school, work, household chores, or contributing to the community.<a href="#cite_note-fedrizzi_2003-169">[168]</a> Play is included as a productive occupation as it is often the primary activity for children.<a href="#cite_note-Blesedell_CE_2003._p._705-709-170">[169]</a> If play becomes difficult due to a disability, like CP, this can cause problems for the child.<a href="#cite_note-Townsend_E_2002._p._34-171">[170]</a> These difficulties can affect a child's self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-Townsend_E_2002._p._34-171">[170]</a> In addition, the sensory and motor problems experienced by children with CP affect how the child interacts with their surroundings, including the environment and other people.<a href="#cite_note-Townsend_E_2002._p._34-171">[170]</a> Not only do physical limitations affect a child's ability to play, the limitations perceived by the child's caregivers and playmates also affect the child's play activities.<a href="#cite_note-parham_1997-172">[171]</a> Some children with disabilities spend more time playing by themselves.<a href="#cite_note-miller_2003-173">[172]</a> When a disability prevents a child from playing, there may be social, emotional and psychological problems,<a href="#cite_note-okimoto_2000-174">[173]</a> which can lead to increased dependence on others, less motivation, and poor social skills.<a href="#cite_note-hestenes_2000-175">[174]</a> In school, students are asked to complete many tasks and activities, many of which involve handwriting. Many children with CP have the capacity to learn and write in the school environment.<a href="#cite_note-Missiuna-176">[175]</a> However, students with CP may find it difficult to keep up with the handwriting demands of school and their writing may be difficult to read.<a href="#cite_note-Missiuna-176">[175]</a> In addition, writing may take longer and require greater effort on the student's part.<a href="#cite_note-Missiuna-176">[175]</a> Factors linked to handwriting include postural stability, sensory and perceptual abilities of the hand, and writing tool pressure.<a href="#cite_note-Missiuna-176">[175]</a> Speech impairments may be seen in children with CP depending on the severity of brain damage.<a href="#cite_note-howard_1996-177">[176]</a> Communication in a school setting is important because communicating with peers and teachers is very much a part of the "school experience" and enhances social interaction. Problems with language or motor dysfunction can lead to underestimating a student's intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-rigby_1999-178">[177]</a> In summary, children with CP may experience difficulties in school, such as difficulty with handwriting, carrying out school activities, communicating verbally, and interacting socially.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leisure">Leisure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Leisure">edit</a>]</div> Leisure activities can have several positive effects on physical health, mental health, life satisfaction, and psychological growth for people with physical disabilities like CP.<a href="#cite_note-smith_2009-179">[178]</a> Common benefits identified are stress reduction, development of coping skills, companionship, enjoyment, relaxation and a positive effect on life satisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-180">[179]</a> In addition, for children with CP, leisure appears to enhance adjustment to living with a disability.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-180">[179]</a> Leisure can be divided into structured (formal) and unstructured (informal) activities.<a href="#cite_note-cassidy_1996-181">[180]</a> Children and teens with CP engage in less habitual <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical activity</a> than their peers.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Children with CP primarily engage in physical activity through therapies aimed at managing their CP, or through <a href="/wiki/Organized_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized sport">organized sport</a> for people with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> It is difficult to sustain behavioural change in terms of increasing physical activity of children with CP.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Gender, manual dexterity, the child's preferences, cognitive impairment and epilepsy were found to affect children's leisure activities, with manual dexterity associated with more leisure activity.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Although leisure is important for children with CP, they may have difficulties carrying out leisure activities due to social and physical barriers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Children with cerebral palsy may face challenges when it comes to participating in sports. This comes with being discouraged from physical activity because of these perceived limitations imposed by their medical condition.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation_and_barriers">Participation and barriers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Participation and barriers">edit</a>]</div> Participation is involvement in life situations and everyday activities.<a href="#cite_note-King-187">[186]</a> Participation includes self-care, productivity, and leisure. In fact, communication, mobility, education, home life, leisure, and social relationships require participation, and indicate the extent to which children function in their environment.<a href="#cite_note-King-187">[186]</a> Barriers can exist on three levels: micro, meso, and macro.<a href="#cite_note-Aitchison-188">[187]</a> First, the barriers at the micro level involve the person.<a href="#cite_note-Aitchison-188">[187]</a> Barriers at the micro level include the child's physical limitations (motor, sensory and cognitive impairments) or their subjective feelings regarding their ability to participate.<a href="#cite_note-imms_2008-189">[188]</a> For example, the child may not participate in group activities due to lack of confidence. Second, barriers at the meso level include the family and community.<a href="#cite_note-Aitchison-188">[187]</a> These may include negative attitudes of people toward disability or lack of support within the family or in the community.<a href="#cite_note-Specht-190">[189]</a> One of the main reasons for this limited support appears to be the result of a lack of awareness and knowledge regarding the child's ability to engage in activities despite his or her disability.<a href="#cite_note-Specht-190">[189]</a> Third, barriers at the macro level incorporate the systems and policies that are not in place or hinder children with CP. These may be environmental barriers to participation such as architectural barriers, lack of relevant assistive technology, and transportation difficulties due to limited wheelchair access or public transit that can accommodate children with CP.<a href="#cite_note-Specht-190">[189]</a> For example, a building without an elevator can prevent the child from accessing higher floors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A 2013 review stated that outcomes for adults with cerebral palsy without intellectual disability in the 2000s were that "60–80% completed high school, 14–25% completed college, up to 61% were living independently in the community, 25–55% were competitively employed, and 14–28% were involved in long term relationships with partners or had established families".<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> Adults with cerebral palsy may not seek physical therapy due to transport issues, financial restrictions and practitioners not feeling like they know enough about cerebral palsy to take people with CP on as clients.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence2016-192">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aging">Aging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Aging">edit</a>]</div> Children with CP may not successfully transition into using adult services because they are not referred to one upon turning 18, and may decrease their use of services.<a href="#cite_note-rehabilitation443-163">[162]</a> Quality of life outcomes tend to decline for adults with cerebral palsy.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Because children with cerebral palsy are often told that it is a non-progressive disease, they may be unprepared for the greater effects of the <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a> process as they head into their 30s.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Young adults with cerebral palsy experience problems with aging that non-disabled adults experience "much later in life".<a href="#cite_note-Kerkovich,_D_2009,_pp._41-53-36">[36]</a>: 42  25% or more adults with cerebral palsy who can walk experience increasing difficulties walking with age.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Hand function does not seem to have similar declines.<a href="#cite_note-The_epidemiology_of_cerebral_palsy-70">[70]</a> Chronic disease risk, such as <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, is also higher among adults with cerebral palsy than the general population.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> Common problems include increased pain, reduced flexibility, increased spasms and contractures, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-impairment_syndrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-impairment syndrome (page does not exist)">post-impairment syndrome</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> and increasing problems with balance.<a href="#cite_note-hirsch_2013-49">[49]</a> Increased <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a> is also a problem.<a href="#cite_note-Developmental_Medicine_2011-198">[197]</a> When adulthood and cerebral palsy is discussed, as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit">[update]</a>, it is not discussed in terms of the different stages of adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Developmental_Medicine_2011-198">[197]</a> About half of people with CP report some loss of function as of their 40s.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Like they did in childhood, adults with cerebral palsy experience psychosocial issues related to their CP, chiefly the need for social support, self-acceptance, and acceptance by others. Workplace accommodations may be needed to enhance continued employment for adults with CP as they age. Rehabilitation or social programs that include <a href="/wiki/Salutogenesis" title="Salutogenesis">salutogenesis</a> may improve the coping potential of adults with CP as they age.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> Cerebral palsy occurs in about 2.1 per 1000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-Osk2013-2">[2]</a> In those born at term rates are lower at 1 per 1000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-Yar2013-72">[72]</a> Within a population it may occur more often in poorer people.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> The rate is higher in males than in females; in Europe it is 1.3 times more common in males.<a href="#cite_note-JohnsonPrevalence-202">[201]</a> There was a "moderate, but significant" rise in the prevalence of CP between the 1970s and 1990s. This is thought to be due to a rise in <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a> of infants and the increased survival rate of these infants. The increased survival rate of infants with CP in the 1970s and 80s may be indirectly due to the <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">disability rights movement</a> challenging perspectives around the worth of infants with a disability, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Baby_Doe_Law" title="Baby Doe Law">Baby Doe Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Between 1990 and 2003, rates of cerebral palsy remained the same.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> As of 2005, advances in the care of pregnant mothers and their babies did not result in a noticeable decrease in CP. This is generally attributed to medical advances in areas related to the care of premature babies (which results in a greater survival rate). Only the introduction of quality medical care to locations with less-than-adequate medical care has shown any decreases. The incidence of CP increases with premature or very low-weight babies regardless of the quality of care.<a href="#cite_note-bax_2005-205">[204]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit">[update]</a>, there is a suggestion that both incidence and severity are slightly decreasing – more research is needed to find out if this is significant, and if so, which interventions are effective.<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd_et_al_2016-129">[128]</a> It has been found that high-income countries have lower rates of children born with cerebral palsy than low or middle-income countries.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Prevalence of cerebral palsy is best calculated around the school entry age of about six years; the prevalence in the U.S. is estimated to be 2.4 out of 1000 children.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17261678-207">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Cerebral palsy has affected humans since antiquity. A decorated grave marker dating from around the 15th to 14th century BCE shows a figure with one small leg and using a crutch, possibly due to cerebral palsy. The oldest likely physical evidence of the condition comes from the mummy of <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a>, an Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> who ruled from about 1196 to 1190 BCE and died at about 20 years of age. The presence of cerebral palsy has been suspected due to his deformed foot and hands.<a href="#cite_note-History2013-14">[14]</a> The medical literature of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> discusses paralysis and weakness of the arms and legs; the modern word palsy comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> words παράλυση or πάρεση, meaning paralysis or paresis respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Corpus" title="Hippocratic Corpus">works of the school of Hippocrates</a> (460–c. 370 BCE), and the manuscript On the Sacred Disease in particular, describe a group of problems that matches up very well with the modern understanding of cerebral palsy. The Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> (10 BCE–54 CE) is suspected of having CP, as historical records describe him as having several physical problems in line with the condition. Medical historians have begun to suspect and find depictions of CP in much later art. Several paintings from the 16th century and later show individuals with problems consistent with it, such as <a href="/wiki/Jusepe_de_Ribera" title="Jusepe de Ribera">Jusepe de Ribera</a>'s 1642 painting <a href="/wiki/The_Clubfoot" title="The Clubfoot">The Clubfoot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History2013-14">[14]</a> The modern understanding of CP as resulting from problems within the brain began in the early decades of the 1800s with a number of publications on brain abnormalities by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Reil" title="Johann Christian Reil">Johann Christian Reil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lallemand" title="Claude François Lallemand">Claude François Lallemand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a>. Later physicians used this research to connect problems in the brain with specific symptoms. The English surgeon <a href="/wiki/William_John_Little" title="William John Little">William John Little</a> (1810–1894) was the first person to study CP extensively. In his doctoral thesis he stated that CP was a result of a problem around the time of birth. He later identified a difficult delivery, a <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">preterm birth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perinatal_asphyxia" title="Perinatal asphyxia">perinatal asphyxia</a> in particular as risk factors. The <a href="/wiki/Spastic_diplegia" title="Spastic diplegia">spastic diplegia</a> form of CP came to be known as Little's disease.<a href="#cite_note-History2013-14">[14]</a> At around this time, a German surgeon was also working on cerebral palsy, and distinguished it from polio.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> In the 1880s British neurologist <a href="/wiki/William_Gowers_(neurologist)" title="William Gowers (neurologist)">William Gowers</a> built on Little's work by linking paralysis in newborns to difficult births. He named the problem "birth palsy" and classified birth palsies into two types: peripheral and cerebral.<a href="#cite_note-History2013-14">[14]</a> Working in the US in the 1880s, Canadian-born physician <a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a> (1849–1919) reviewed dozens of CP cases to further classify the disorders by the site of the problems on the body and by the underlying cause. Osler made further observations tying problems around the time of delivery with CP, and concluded that problems causing bleeding inside the brain were likely the root cause. Osler also suspected polioencephalitis as an infectious cause. Through the 1890s, scientists commonly confused CP with <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">polio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History2013-14">[14]</a> Before moving to psychiatry, Austrian neurologist <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> (1856–1939) made further refinements to the classification of the disorder. He produced the system still being used today. Freud's system divides the causes of the disorder into problems present at birth, problems that develop during birth, and problems after birth. Freud also made a rough correlation between the location of the problem inside the brain and the location of the affected limbs on the body and documented the many kinds of movement disorders.<a href="#cite_note-History2013-14">[14]</a> In the early 20th century, the attention of the medical community generally turned away from CP until orthopedic surgeon Winthrop Phelps became the first physician to treat the disorder. He viewed CP from a <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal</a> perspective instead of a neurological one. Phelps developed surgical techniques for operating on the muscles to address issues such as spasticity and muscle rigidity. Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Physical_rehabilitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical rehabilitation">physical rehabilitation</a> practitioner <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Pet%C5%91" title="András Pető">András Pető</a> developed a system to teach children with CP how to walk and perform other basic movements. Pető's system became the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Conductive_education" title="Conductive education">conductive education</a>, widely used for children with CP today. Through the remaining decades, physical therapy for CP has evolved, and has become a core component of the CP management program.<a href="#cite_note-History2013-14">[14]</a> In 1997, Robert Palisano et al. introduced the <a href="/wiki/Gross_Motor_Function_Classification_System" title="Gross Motor Function Classification System">Gross Motor Function Classification System</a> (GMFCS) as an improvement over the previous rough assessment of limitation as either mild, moderate, or severe.<a href="#cite_note-rethlefsen_2010-106">[105]</a> The GMFCS grades limitation based on observed proficiency in specific basic mobility skills such as sitting, standing, and walking, and takes into account the level of dependency on aids such as wheelchairs or walkers. The GMFCS was further revised and expanded in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-rethlefsen_2010-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Economic impact">edit</a>]</div> It is difficult to directly compare the cost and cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent cerebral palsy or the cost of interventions to manage CP.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29319155-134">[133]</a> Access Economics has released a report on the economic impact of cerebral palsy in Australia. The report found that, in 2007, the financial cost of cerebral palsy (CP) in Australia was A$1.47 billion or 0.14% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-spasticcentre-209">[208]</a> Of this: <ul><li>A$1.03 billion (69.9%) was productivity lost due to lower employment, absenteeism, and premature death of Australians with CP</li> <li>A$141 million (9.6%) was the DWL from transfers including welfare payments and taxation forgone</li> <li>A$131 million (9.0%) was other indirect costs such as direct program services, aides and home modifications, and the bringing-forward of funeral costs</li> <li>A$129 million (8.8%) was the value of the informal care for people with CP</li> <li>A$40 million (2.8%) was direct health system expenditure</li></ul> The value of lost well-being (disability and premature death) was a further A$2.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-spasticcentre-209">[208]</a> In per capita terms, this amounts to a financial cost of A$43,431 per person with CP per annum. Including the value of lost well-being, the cost is over $115,000 per person per annum.<a href="#cite_note-spasticcentre-209">[208]</a> Individuals with CP bear 37% of the financial costs, and their families and friends bear a further 6%. The federal government bears around one-third (33%) of the financial costs (mainly through taxation revenues forgone and welfare payments). State governments bear under 1% of the costs, while employers bear 5% and the rest of society bears the remaining 19%. If the burden of disease (lost well-being) is included, individuals bear 76% of the costs.<a href="#cite_note-spasticcentre-209">[208]</a> The average lifetime cost for people with CP in the US is US$921,000 per individual, including lost income.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14749614-210">[209]</a> In the United States, many states allow <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> beneficiaries to use their Medicaid funds to hire their own PCAs, instead of forcing them to use institutional or managed care.<a href="#cite_note-medicaid-211">[210]</a> In India, the government-sponsored program called "NIRAMAYA" for the medical care of children with neurological and muscular deformities has proved to be an ameliorating economic measure for persons with such disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> It has shown that persons with mental or physically debilitating congenital disabilities can lead better lives if they have financial independence.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_the_term">Use of the term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Use of the term">edit</a>]</div> "Cerebral" means "of, or pertaining to, the cerebrum or the brain"<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> and "palsy" means "paralysis, generally partial, whereby a local body area is incapable of voluntary movement".<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> It has been proposed to change the name to "cerebral palsy spectrum disorder" to reflect the diversity of presentations of CP.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> Many people would rather be referred to as a person with a disability (<a href="/wiki/People-first_language" title="People-first language">people-first language</a>) instead of as "handicapped".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian20020522-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> "Cerebral Palsy: A Guide for Care" at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a> offers the following guidelines: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Impairment is the correct term to use to define a deviation from normal, such as not being able to make a muscle move or not being able to control an unwanted movement. Disability is the term used to define a restriction in the ability to perform a normal activity of daily living which someone of the same age can perform. For example, a three-year-old child who is not able to walk has a disability because a normal three-year-old can walk independently. A handicapped child or adult is one who, because of the disability, is unable to achieve the normal role in society commensurate with his age and socio-cultural milieu. As an example, a sixteen-year-old who is unable to prepare his own meal or care for his own toilet or hygiene needs is handicapped. On the other hand, a sixteen-year-old who can walk only with the assistance of crutches but who attends a regular school and is fully independent in activities of daily living is disabled but not handicapped. All disabled people are impaired, and all handicapped people are disabled, but a person can be impaired and not necessarily be disabled, and a person can be disabled without being handicapped.<a href="#cite_note-udel-219">[218]</a></blockquote> The term "<a href="/wiki/Spastic_(word)" title="Spastic (word)">spastic</a>" denotes the attribute of spasticity in types of spastic CP. In 1952 a UK charity called <a href="/wiki/The_Spastics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spastics Society">The Spastics Society</a> was formed.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian20020522-217">[216]</a> The term "spastics" was used by the charity as a term for people with CP. The word "spastic" has since been used extensively as a general insult to disabled people, which some see as extremely offensive. They are also frequently used to insult non-disabled people when they seem overly uncoordinated, anxious, or unskilled in sports. The charity changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Scope_(charity)" title="Scope (charity)">Scope</a> in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian20020522-217">[216]</a> In the United States the word spaz has the same usage as an insult but is not generally associated with CP.<a href="#cite_note-zimmer-220">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_cerebral_palsy_and_other_paralytic_syndromes" title="Category:Works about cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes">Category:Works about cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes</a></div> Maverick documentary filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Hara" title="Kazuo Hara">Kazuo Hara</a> criticises the mores and customs of Japanese society in an unsentimental portrait of adults with cerebral palsy in his 1972 film <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goodbye_CP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goodbye CP (page does not exist)">Goodbye CP</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%95%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89CP" class="extiw" title="ja:さようならCP">ja</a>]. Focusing on how people with cerebral palsy are generally ignored or disregarded in Japan, Hara challenges his society's taboos about physical handicaps. Using a deliberately harsh style, with grainy black-and-white photography and out-of-sync sound, Hara brings a stark realism to his subject.<a href="#cite_note-dvdtalk-221">[220]</a> Spandan (2012), a film by Vegitha Reddy and Aman Tripathi, delves into the dilemma of parents whose child has cerebral palsy. While films made with children with special needs as central characters have been attempted before, the predicament of parents dealing with the stigma associated with the condition and beyond is dealt in Spandan. In one of the songs of Spandan "Chal chaal chaal tu bala" more than 50 CP kids have acted. The famous classical singer <a href="/wiki/Devaki_Pandit" title="Devaki Pandit">Devaki Pandit</a> has given her voice to the song penned by Prof. Jayant Dhupkar and composed by <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Awards" title="National Film Awards">National Film Awards</a> winner Isaac Thomas Kottukapally.<a href="#cite_note-hindu-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindu2-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsleaks-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-deccan-225">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/My_Left_Foot_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Left Foot (film)">My Left Foot</a> (1989) is a drama film directed by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Sheridan" title="Jim Sheridan">Jim Sheridan</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis" title="Daniel Day-Lewis">Daniel Day-Lewis</a>. It tells the true story of <a href="/wiki/Christy_Brown" title="Christy Brown">Christy Brown</a>, an Irishman born with cerebral palsy, who could control only his left foot. Christy Brown grew up in a poor, working-class family, and became a writer and artist. It won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> for Best Actor (Daniel Day-Lewis) and Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Brenda Fricker). It was also nominated for Best Director, Best Picture and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium. It also won the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Film_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Best_Film" title="New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film">New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film</a> for 1989.<a href="#cite_note-latimes-226">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Call_the_Midwife" title="Call the Midwife">Call the Midwife</a> (2012–) has featured two episodes with actor Colin Young, who himself has cerebral palsy, playing a character with the same disability. His storylines have focused on the segregation of those with disabilities in the UK in the 1950s, and also romantic relationships between people with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Micah_Fowler" title="Micah Fowler">Micah Fowler</a>, an American actor with CP, stars in the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> sitcom <a href="/wiki/Speechless_(TV_series)" title="Speechless (TV series)">Speechless</a> (2016–2019), which explores both the serious and humorous challenges a family faces with a teenager with CP.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/9-1-1_(TV_series)" title="9-1-1 (TV series)">9-1-1</a> (2018–) is a procedural drama series on <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>. From season 2 onwards, it features Gavin McHugh (who himself has cerebral palsy) in the recurring role as Christopher Diaz – a young child who has cerebral palsy. <a href="/wiki/Special_(TV_series)" title="Special (TV series)">Special</a> (2019) is a <a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">comedy series</a> that premiered on <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> on 12 April 2019. It was written, produced and stars <a href="/wiki/Ryan_O%27Connell" title="Ryan O'Connell">Ryan O'Connell</a> as a young <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a> man with mild cerebral palsy. It is based on O'Connell's book I'm Special: And Other Lies We Tell Ourselves.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> Australian drama serial <a href="/wiki/The_Heights_(Australian_TV_series)" title="The Heights (Australian TV series)">The Heights</a> (2019–) features a character with mild cerebral palsy, teenage girl Sabine Rosso, depicted by an actor who herself has mild cerebral palsy, Bridie McKim.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> 6,000 Waiting (2021) is a documentary by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Joseph_McDonald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Joseph McDonald (page does not exist)">Michael Joseph McDonald</a>. It is the first film to depict a person with cerebral palsy parachuting. It tells the story of three men with cerebral palsy seeking to live in their communities instead of institutions.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> Upon seeing the film, American politician <a href="/wiki/Stacey_Abrams" title="Stacey Abrams">Stacey Abrams</a> interviewed one of the film's protagonists and publicly stated that her top priority was deinstitutionalization through Medicaid expansion.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notable cases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_with_cerebral_palsy" title="Category:People with cerebral palsy">Category:People with cerebral palsy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christy_Brown" title="Christy Brown">Christy Brown</a> was the basis for the Academy Award-winning film, <a href="/wiki/My_Left_Foot" title="My Left Foot">My Left Foot</a>.</li> <li>Two sons of Canadian rock musician <a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a>, Zeke and Ben.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> In 1986, Young helped found the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_School_(California)" title="Bridge School (California)">Bridge School</a>, an educational organization for children with severe verbal and physical disabilities, and its annual supporting <a href="/wiki/Bridge_School_Benefit" title="Bridge School Benefit">Bridge School Benefit</a> concerts, together with his wife Pegi.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Hamilton" title="Nicolas Hamilton">Nicolas Hamilton</a>, a British racing driver competing in <a href="/wiki/BTCC" class="mw-redirect" title="BTCC">BTCC</a>. He is the half-brother of <a href="/wiki/Formula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1">Formula 1</a> driver <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton" title="Lewis Hamilton">Lewis Hamilton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keynote_speaker_Geri_Jewell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Keynote_speaker_Geri_Jewell.jpg/220px-Keynote_speaker_Geri_Jewell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Keynote_speaker_Geri_Jewell.jpg/330px-Keynote_speaker_Geri_Jewell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Keynote_speaker_Geri_Jewell.jpg/440px-Keynote_speaker_Geri_Jewell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geri_Jewell" title="Geri Jewell">Geri Jewell</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geri_Jewell" title="Geri Jewell">Geri Jewell</a>, who had a regular role in the prime-time series <a href="/wiki/The_Facts_of_Life_(TV_series)" title="The Facts of Life (TV series)">The Facts of Life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gerijewell-237">[236]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Blue" title="Josh Blue">Josh Blue</a>, winner of the fourth season of NBC's Last Comic Standing, whose act revolves around his CP.<a href="#cite_note-joshblue-238">[237]</a> Blue was also on the 2004 U.S. Paralympic soccer team.<a href="#cite_note-joshblue2-239">[238]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Benetti" title="Jason Benetti">Jason Benetti</a>, play-by-play broadcaster for ESPN, Fox Sports, Westwood One, and Time Warner covering football, baseball, lacrosse, hockey, and basketball. From 2016 until 2023, he was the television play-by-play announcer for Chicago White Sox home games. Since 2024, Benetti has been the play-by-play announcer for the Detroit Tigers.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Carroll_(comedian)" title="Jack Carroll (comedian)">Jack Carroll</a>, British comedian and runner-up in the seventh season of <a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Got_Talent_(series_7)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain's Got Talent (series 7)">Britain's Got Talent</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jackcarroll-241">[240]</a> and winner of a <a href="/wiki/BAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFTA">BAFTA</a> Award for his <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Comedy, Mobility.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Beddard" title="Jamie Beddard">Jamie Beddard</a>, Producer and Stage Actor, known for Extraordinary Bodies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_Curran" title="Abbey Curran">Abbey Curran</a>, an American beauty queen who represented Iowa at <a href="/wiki/Miss_USA_2008" title="Miss USA 2008">Miss USA 2008</a> and was the first contestant with a disability to compete.<a href="#cite_note-curran-243">[242]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Clark_(comedian)" title="Laurence Clark (comedian)">Laurence Clarke</a>, British comedian, writer and activist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Griswold" title="Robert Griswold">Robert Griswold</a>, swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Martinez" title="Francesca Martinez">Francesca Martinez</a>, British stand-up comedian and actress.<a href="#cite_note-martinez-244">[243]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zak_Ford-Williams" title="Zak Ford-Williams">Zak Ford-Williams</a>, British stage and screen actor, known for Lord Remington in <a href="/wiki/Bridgerton" title="Bridgerton">Bridgerton</a>, Owen Davies in <a href="/wiki/Better_(British_TV_series)" title="Better (British TV series)">Better</a> and Harry Hardacre in The Hardacres, as well as <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Merrick" title="Joseph Merrick">Joseph Merrick</a> on stage<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_O%27Hanlon" title="Evan O'Hanlon">Evan O'Hanlon</a>, Australian Paralympian, the fastest athlete with cerebral palsy in the world.<a href="#cite_note-ohanlon-246">[245]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a>'s son Aditya, about whom he has written a <a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie#Publications" title="Arun Shourie">book</a> Does He Know a Mother's Heart<a href="#cite_note-shourie-247">[246]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysoon_Zayid" title="Maysoon Zayid">Maysoon Zayid</a>, the self-described "Palestinian Muslim virgin with cerebral palsy, from New Jersey", who is an actress, stand-up comedian, and activist.<a href="#cite_note-franks-248">[247]</a> Zayid has been a resident of <a href="/wiki/Cliffside_Park,_New_Jersey" title="Cliffside Park, New Jersey">Cliffside Park, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heydarpour-249">[248]</a> She is considered one of America's first Muslim women comedians and the first person to perform standup in Palestine and Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-imeu-250">[249]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RJ_Mitte_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RJ_Mitte_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/150px-RJ_Mitte_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RJ_Mitte_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/225px-RJ_Mitte_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RJ_Mitte_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/300px-RJ_Mitte_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RJ_Mitte" title="RJ Mitte">RJ Mitte</a> at the 2018 <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con" title="San Diego Comic-Con">San Diego Comic-Con</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RJ_Mitte" title="RJ Mitte">RJ Mitte</a>, an American actor best known for his role as <a href="/wiki/Walter_White_Jr." title="Walter White Jr.">Walter White Jr.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a>. He is also a celebrity ambassador for <a href="/wiki/United_Cerebral_Palsy" title="United Cerebral Palsy">United Cerebral Palsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zach_Anner" title="Zach Anner">Zach Anner</a>, an American comedian, actor, and writer. He had a television series on <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey_Network_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oprah Winfrey Network (U.S. TV channel)">OWN</a> called Rollin' With Zach and is the author of If at Birth You Don't Succeed.<a href="#cite_note-anner-252">[251]</a></li> <li>Kaine, a member of the American hip-hop duo <a href="/wiki/The_Ying_Yang_Twins" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ying Yang Twins">The Ying Yang Twins</a>, has a mild form of cerebral palsy that causes him to limp.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Cockroft" title="Hannah Cockroft">Hannah Cockroft</a>, is a British <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_racing" title="Wheelchair racing">wheelchair athlete</a> specialising in sprint distances in the <a href="/wiki/T34_(classification)" title="T34 (classification)">T34 classification</a>. She holds the <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_record" title="World record">world records</a> for the <a href="/wiki/100_metres" title="100 metres">100 metres</a>, <a href="/wiki/200_metres" title="200 metres">200 metres</a> and <a href="/wiki/400_metres" title="400 metres">400 metres</a> in her classification.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keah_Brown" title="Keah Brown">Keah Brown</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability rights">disability rights</a> activist, author and journalist.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuli_Kohli" title="Kuli Kohli">Kuli Kohli</a>, Indian-British writer, poet, activist.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_James_Stevens" title="Simon James Stevens">Simon James Stevens</a>, a British disability issues consultant and activist, who starred in <a href="/wiki/I%27m_Spazticus" title="I'm Spazticus">I'm Spazticus</a> and founded <a href="/wiki/Wheelies_(virtual_nightclub)" title="Wheelies (virtual nightclub)">Wheelies</a> virtual nightclub <a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> is hypothesized to have had cerebral palsy on the basis of his reported symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Renkow" title="Tim Renkow">Tim Renkow</a>, American comedian, comic actor and writer of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> comedy series, <a href="/wiki/Jerk_(TV_series)" title="Jerk (TV series)">Jerk</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Jones_(comedian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosie Jones (comedian)">Rosie Jones</a>, a British comedian and actress, is incorporating her cerebral palsy into her comedic style.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan_(author)" title="Christopher Nolan (author)">Christopher Nolan</a>, an Irish Poet and Author, he wrote Damn-Burst of Dreams, The Banyan Tree, and Under The Eye Of The Clock. He died in 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Voice_Guy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Voice Guy">Lost Voice Guy</a> British Comedian, went on Britain's Got Talent and won</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nujeen_Mustafa" title="Nujeen Mustafa">Nujeen Mustafa</a>, Author and disabiltiy right awareness refugee from Syria. In 2019 she became the first disabled person to brief the United Nations Security Council, and was the recipient of the Alison Des Forges Award for Extraordinary Activism from Human Rights Watch.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litigation">Litigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Litigation">edit</a>]</div> Because of the perception that cerebral palsy is mostly caused by trauma during birth, as of 2005, 60% of obstetric <a href="/wiki/Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigation">litigation</a> was about cerebral palsy, which <a href="/wiki/Alastair_MacLennan_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alastair MacLennan (medicine)">Alastair MacLennan</a>, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>, regards as causing an exodus from the profession.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> In the latter half of the 20th century, obstetric litigation about the cause of cerebral palsy became more common, leading to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Defensive_medicine" title="Defensive medicine">defensive medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sartwelle-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy_sport_classification" title="Cerebral palsy sport classification">Cerebral palsy sport classification</a> – describes the <a href="/wiki/Disability_sport_classification" title="Disability sport classification">disability sport classification</a> for cerebral palsy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_recreation" title="Inclusive recreation">Inclusive recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Cerebral_Palsy_Day" title="World Cerebral Palsy Day">World Cerebral Palsy Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Incorrectly stated as 11% in 2013 <a href="#cite_note-Osk2013-2">[2]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NINDS2013-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NINDS2013_1-33">ah</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Hope-Through-Research/Cerebral-Palsy-Hope-Through-Research">"Cerebral Palsy: Hope Through Research"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke" title="National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke">National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke</a>. 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Retrieved 4 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27They+wanted+to+drown+me+at+birth+-+now+I%27m+a+poet%27&rft.date=2020-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fstories-53749629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerebral+palsy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010519205627/http://www.simonstevens.com:80/">"Lord of Glencoe Simon Stevens"</a>. simonstevens.com. Archived from the original on 19 May 2001. Retrieved 1 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=simonstevens.com&rft.atitle=Lord+of+Glencoe+Simon+Stevens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonstevens.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerebral+palsy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeon1948" class="citation journal cs1">Leon EF (January 1948). "The imbecillitas of the emperor Claudius". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 79: 79–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283354">10.2307/283354</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283354">283354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+imbecillitas+of+the+emperor+Claudius.&rft.volume=79&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1948-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283354&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Leon&rft.aufirst=EF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerebral+palsy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/cerebral-palsy-litigation/3370924#transcript">"Cerebral Palsy Litigation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_National" title="Radio National">Radio National</a>. 10 October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222061659/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/cerebral-palsy-litigation/3370924#transcript">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+National&rft.atitle=Cerebral+Palsy+Litigation&rft.date=2005-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2Fhealthreport%2Fcerebral-palsy-litigation%2F3370924%23transcript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerebral+palsy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cerebral_palsy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cerebral palsy">Cerebral palsy</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/cerebral_palsy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.8em 0.8em; width: 18.55em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 87%; clear: right; line-height:1.3em; background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;float:right;"><div style="float:left;"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App" title="meta:Wiki Project Med/App"><img alt="The offline app allows you to download all of Wikipedia's medical articles in an app to access them when you have no Internet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/42px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/63px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/84px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="47" /></a></div><div style="float:left;width:6px;padding:1px;height:47px;"></div>Wikipedia's health care articles can be viewed offline with the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App" class="extiw" title="meta:Wiki Project Med/App">Medical Wikipedia app</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Cerebral palsy <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Cerebral+palsy">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/cerebral-palsy">Cerebral Palsy Information Page</a> at <a href="/wiki/NINDS" class="mw-redirect" title="NINDS">NINDS</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210427" class="extiw" title="d:Q210427">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/G80">G80</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=343">343</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/603513">603513</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/605388">605388</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002547">D002547</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb2232.htm">2232</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000716.htm">000716</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/neuro/533-overview">neuro/533</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/pmr/topic24.htm#">pmr/24</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/cerebral-palsy">Cerebral palsy</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cerebral_palsy111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebral_palsy" title="Template:Cerebral palsy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cerebral_palsy" title="Template talk:Cerebral palsy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebral_palsy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebral palsy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cerebral_palsy111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cerebral palsy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symptoms and signs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spasticity" title="Spasticity">Spasticity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron_lesion" title="Upper motor neuron lesion">Upper motor neuron lesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spastic_cerebral_palsy" title="Spastic cerebral palsy">Spastic cerebral palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissor_gait" title="Scissor gait">Scissor gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spastic_diplegia" title="Spastic diplegia">Spastic diplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spastic_hemiplegia" title="Spastic hemiplegia">Spastic hemiplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spastic_quadriplegia" title="Spastic quadriplegia">Spastic quadriplegia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ataxia and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataxic_cerebral_palsy" title="Ataxic cerebral palsy">Ataxic cerebral palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athetoid_cerebral_palsy" title="Athetoid cerebral palsy">Athetoid cerebral palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyskinetic_cerebral_palsy" title="Dyskinetic cerebral palsy">Dyskinetic cerebral palsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diagnosis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/General_movements_assessment" title="General movements assessment">General movements assessment</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_Motor_Function_Classification_System_-_Expanded_%26_Revised" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Motor Function Classification System - Expanded & Revised">Gross Motor Function Classification System - Expanded & Revised</a> (gross motor function)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_Ability_Classification_System" title="Manual Ability Classification System">Manual Ability Classification System</a> (manual dexterity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_Function_Classification_System" title="Communication Function Classification System">Communication Function Classification System</a> (communication)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Ashworth_scale" title="Modified Ashworth scale">Modified Ashworth scale</a> (spasticity)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Management_of_cerebral_palsy" title="Management of cerebral palsy">Management</a></th><td 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