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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Industrial sectors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industrial_sectors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industrial sectors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industrial_sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battery_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Battery manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battery_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centralized_waste_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centralized_waste_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Centralized waste treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centralized_waste_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chemical manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organic_chemicals_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_chemicals_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Organic chemicals manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_chemicals_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inorganic_chemicals_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inorganic_chemicals_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Inorganic chemicals manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inorganic_chemicals_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_power_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_power_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Electric power plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_power_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Food industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glass_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glass_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Glass manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glass_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_and_steel_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_and_steel_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Iron and steel industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_and_steel_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_working" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_working"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Metal working</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_working-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mines_and_quarries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mines_and_quarries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Mines and quarries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mines_and_quarries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Nuclear industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas_extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas_extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Oil and gas extraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas_extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petroleum_refining_and_petrochemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum_refining_and_petrochemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Petroleum refining and petrochemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum_refining_and_petrochemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceutical_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceutical_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Pharmaceutical manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceutical_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulp_and_paper_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulp_and_paper_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Pulp and paper industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulp_and_paper_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smelters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smelters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Smelters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smelters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textile_mills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textile_mills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Textile mills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textile_mills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_oil_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_oil_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Industrial oil contamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_oil_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Water treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood_preserving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_preserving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Wood preserving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_preserving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Treatment methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brine_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brine_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Brine treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brine_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brine_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brine_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Brine management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brine_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solids_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solids_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Solids removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solids_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oils_and_grease_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oils_and_grease_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Oils and grease removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oils_and_grease_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-API_oil-water_separators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#API_oil-water_separators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>API oil-water separators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-API_oil-water_separators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrocyclone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrocyclone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Hydrocyclone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrocyclone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_of_biodegradable_organics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_of_biodegradable_organics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Removal of biodegradable organics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_of_biodegradable_organics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activated_sludge_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activated_sludge_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Activated sludge process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activated_sludge_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trickling_filter_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trickling_filter_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Trickling filter process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trickling_filter_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_of_other_organics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_of_other_organics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Removal of other organics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_of_other_organics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_of_acids_and_alkalis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_of_acids_and_alkalis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Removal of acids and alkalis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_of_acids_and_alkalis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_of_toxic_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_of_toxic_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Removal of toxic materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_of_toxic_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smart_capsules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smart_capsules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Smart capsules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smart_capsules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_of_thermal_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_of_thermal_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Removal of thermal pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_of_thermal_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_disposal_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_disposal_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Other disposal methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_disposal_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs_and_trade_waste_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs_and_trade_waste_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Costs and trade waste charges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs_and_trade_waste_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Global goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9" title="معالجة المخلفات الصناعية السائلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معالجة المخلفات الصناعية السائلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijske_otpadne_vode" title="Industrijske otpadne vode – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Industrijske otpadne vode" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_odpadn%C3%ADch_vod" title="Čištění odpadních vod – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čištění odpadních vod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratamiento_de_aguas_residuales_industriales" title="Tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="تصفیه پساب صنعتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تصفیه پساب صنعتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traitement_des_eaux_us%C3%A9es_industrielles" title="Traitement des eaux usées industrielles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traitement des eaux usées industrielles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="दूषित जल उपचार संयंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दूषित जल उपचार संयंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengolahan_air_limbah_industri" title="Pengolahan air limbah industri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengolahan air limbah industri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:What_is_Zero_Liquid_Discharge_Diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/What_is_Zero_Liquid_Discharge_Diagram.png/440px-What_is_Zero_Liquid_Discharge_Diagram.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="143" class="mw-file-element" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/220px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/440px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Industrial wastewater treatment</b> describes the processes used for <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">treating wastewater</a> that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sanitary sewer</a> or to a <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment plants</a>. Most industrial processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum refineries">petroleum refineries</a>, chemical and <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewers</a> or into rivers, lakes or <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1412">: 1412 </span></sup> This applies to industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">volatile organic compounds</a>) or nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180">: 180 </span></sup> Some industries install a pre-treatment system to remove some pollutants (e.g., toxic compounds), and then discharge the partially treated wastewater to the municipal sewer system.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> </p><p>Most industries produce some <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>. Recent trends have been to minimize such production or to recycle treated wastewater within the production process. Some industries have been successful at redesigning their manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources of industrial wastewater include battery manufacturing, chemical manufacturing, electric power plants, <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a>, iron and steel industry, metal working, mines and quarries, nuclear industry, <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas extraction">oil and gas extraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum refining">petroleum refining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemicals">petrochemicals</a>, pharmaceutical manufacturing, <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper industry</a>, smelters, <a href="/wiki/Textile_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile mill">textile mills</a>, industrial <a href="/wiki/Oil_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil contamination">oil contamination</a>, water treatment and <a href="/wiki/Wood_preserving" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood preserving">wood preserving</a>. Treatment processes include brine treatment, solids removal (e.g. chemical precipitation, filtration), oils and grease removal, removal of biodegradable organics, removal of other organics, removal of acids and alkalis, and removal of toxic materials. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Industrial facilities may generate the following industrial wastewater flows:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Manufacturing process wastestreams, which can include <a href="/wiki/Conventional_pollutant" title="Conventional pollutant">conventional pollutants</a> (i.e. controllable with <a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">secondary treatment</a> systems), <a href="/wiki/Toxicant" title="Toxicant">toxic</a> pollutants (e.g. solvents, heavy metals), and other harmful compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrients</a></li> <li>Non-process wastestreams: <a href="/wiki/Boiler_blowdown" title="Boiler blowdown">boiler blowdown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooling_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling water">cooling water</a>, which produce <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">thermal pollution</a> and other pollutants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_stormwater" title="Industrial stormwater">Industrial site drainage</a>, generated both by manufacturing facilities, service industries and energy and mining sites</li> <li>Wastestreams from the energy and mining sectors: <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Produced_water" title="Produced water">produced water</a> from oil and gas extraction, <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclides</a></li> <li>Wastestreams that are by-products of treatment or cooling processes: <a href="/wiki/Backwashing_(water_treatment)" title="Backwashing (water treatment)">backwashing (water treatment)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contaminants">Contaminants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contaminants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution#Pollutants_in_industrial_wastewater" title="Water pollution">Water pollution § Pollutants in industrial wastewater</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_pollution&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Industrial wastewater could add the following pollutants to receiving water bodies if the wastewater is not treated and managed properly: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">Heavy metals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic material">Organic</a> matter and nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a>: Certain industries (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouse</a> waste, paper fibers, plant material, etc.) discharge high concentrations of BOD, ammonia nitrogen and oil and grease.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180">: 180 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Water_pollution_Laws-aquatic_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_pollution_Laws-aquatic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">Inorganic</a> particles such as <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, grit, metal particles, rubber residues from tires, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, etc.;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">Toxins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</a>, endocrine disrupting compounds, hormones, perfluorinated compounds, siloxanes, drugs of abuse and other hazardous substances<sup id="cite_ref-Water_pollution_pmid25889547_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_pollution_pmid25889547-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Water_pollution_pmid23320453_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_pollution_pmid23320453-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Water_pollution_pmid27236142_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_pollution_pmid27236142-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a> such as polyethylene and polypropylene beads, polyester and polyamide<sup id="cite_ref-Water_pollution_pmid30620926_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_pollution_pmid30620926-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a> from <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a> and industrial manufacturers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">Radionuclides</a> from <a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">uranium mining</a>, processing <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a>, operating <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>, or disposal of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a>.</li> <li>Some industrial discharges include <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances" title="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances">per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances</a> (PFAS).<sup id="cite_ref-Water_pollution_ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_pollution_ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Water_pollution_linkinghub.elsevier.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_pollution_linkinghub.elsevier.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_sectors">Industrial sectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industrial sectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The specific pollutants generated and the resultant effluent concentrations can vary widely among the industrial sectors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battery_manufacturing">Battery manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battery manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Battery</a> manufacturers specialize in fabricating small devices for electronics and portable equipment (e.g., power tools), or larger, high-powered units for cars, trucks and other motorized vehicles. Pollutants generated at manufacturing plants includes cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, cyanide, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, zinc, oil and grease.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centralized_waste_treatment">Centralized waste treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Centralized waste treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A centralized waste treatment (CWT) facility processes liquid or solid industrial wastes generated by off-site manufacturing facilities. A manufacturer may send its wastes to a CWT plant, rather than perform treatment on site, due to constraints such as limited land availability, difficulty in designing and operating an on-site system, or limitations imposed by environmental regulations and permits. A manufacturer may determine that using a CWT is more cost-effective than treating the waste itself; this is often the case where the manufacturer is a small business.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CWT plants often receive wastes from a wide variety of manufacturers, including chemical plants, metal fabrication and finishing; and used oil and petroleum products from various manufacturing sectors. The wastes may be classified as <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous</a>, have high pollutant concentrations or otherwise be difficult to treat. In 2000 the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> published wastewater regulations for CWT facilities in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_manufacturing">Chemical manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemical manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HARSHAW_CHEMICAL_COMPANY_DISCHARGES_WASTE_WATER_INTO_THE_CUYAHOGA_RIVER_-_NARA_-_550193.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HARSHAW_CHEMICAL_COMPANY_DISCHARGES_WASTE_WATER_INTO_THE_CUYAHOGA_RIVER_-_NARA_-_550193.jpg/220px-HARSHAW_CHEMICAL_COMPANY_DISCHARGES_WASTE_WATER_INTO_THE_CUYAHOGA_RIVER_-_NARA_-_550193.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HARSHAW_CHEMICAL_COMPANY_DISCHARGES_WASTE_WATER_INTO_THE_CUYAHOGA_RIVER_-_NARA_-_550193.jpg/330px-HARSHAW_CHEMICAL_COMPANY_DISCHARGES_WASTE_WATER_INTO_THE_CUYAHOGA_RIVER_-_NARA_-_550193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HARSHAW_CHEMICAL_COMPANY_DISCHARGES_WASTE_WATER_INTO_THE_CUYAHOGA_RIVER_-_NARA_-_550193.jpg/440px-HARSHAW_CHEMICAL_COMPANY_DISCHARGES_WASTE_WATER_INTO_THE_CUYAHOGA_RIVER_-_NARA_-_550193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption>Chemical manufacturing discharge into the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organic_chemicals_manufacturing">Organic chemicals manufacturing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organic chemicals manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The specific pollutants discharged by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">organic chemical manufacturers</a> vary widely from plant to plant, depending on the types of products manufactured, such as bulk organic chemicals, resins, pesticides, plastics, or synthetic fibers. Some of the organic compounds that may be discharged are <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">vinyl chloride</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical oxygen demand</a> (BOD), which is a gross measurement of a range of organic pollutants, may be used to gauge the effectiveness of a biological wastewater treatment system, and is used as a regulatory parameter in some discharge permits. Metal pollutant discharges may include <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-OCPSF_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-OCPSF-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inorganic_chemicals_manufacturing">Inorganic chemicals manufacturing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inorganic chemicals manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic chemicals</a> sector covers a wide variety of products and processes, although an individual plant may produce a narrow range of products and pollutants. Products include aluminum compounds; calcium carbide and calcium chloride; hydrofluoric acid; potassium compounds; borax; chrome and fluorine-based compounds; cadmium and zinc-based compounds. The pollutants discharged vary by product sector and individual plant, and may include arsenic, chlorine, cyanide, fluoride; and heavy metals such as chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_power_plants">Electric power plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electric power plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png/330px-Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png/495px-Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png/660px-Coal_power_plant_wastestreams_-_EPA.png 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of wastewater streams discharged by typical coal-fired electric power plants in the United States</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil-fuel power station">Fossil-fuel power stations</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>-fired plants, are a major source of industrial wastewater. Many of these plants discharge wastewater with significant levels of metals such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> compounds (<a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a>). Wastewater streams include <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">flue-gas desulfurization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottom_ash" title="Bottom ash">bottom ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gas</a> mercury control. Plants with air pollution controls such as <a href="/wiki/Wet_scrubber" title="Wet scrubber">wet scrubbers</a> typically transfer the captured pollutants to the wastewater stream.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-steam-electric_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-steam-electric-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">Ash ponds</a>, a type of surface impoundment, are a widely used treatment technology at coal-fired plants. These ponds use gravity to <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">settle out</a> large particulates (measured as <a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">total suspended solids</a>) from power plant wastewater. This technology does not treat dissolved pollutants. Power stations use additional technologies to control pollutants, depending on the particular wastestream in the plant. These include dry ash handling, closed-loop ash recycling, <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">chemical precipitation</a>, biological treatment (such as an <a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">activated sludge</a> process), membrane systems, and evaporation-crystallization systems.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-steam-electric_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-steam-electric-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technological advancements in <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange_membrane" title="Ion-exchange membrane">ion-exchange membranes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrodialysis" title="Electrodialysis">electrodialysis</a> systems has enabled high efficiency treatment of <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">flue-gas desulfurization</a> wastewater to meet recent EPA discharge limits.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treatment approach is similar for other highly scaling industrial wastewaters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_industry">Food industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Food industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seafood_waste_Sitka_AK_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Seafood_waste_Sitka_AK_2003.jpg/170px-Seafood_waste_Sitka_AK_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Seafood_waste_Sitka_AK_2003.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Seafood processing waste discharged to the town harbor in <a href="/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska" title="Sitka, Alaska">Sitka, Alaska</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wastewater generated from agricultural and <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a> operations has distinctive characteristics that set it apart from common municipal wastewater managed by public or private <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plants throughout the world: it is <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">biodegradable</a> and non-toxic, but has high Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and <a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">suspended solids</a> (SS).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constituents of food and agriculture wastewater are often complex to predict, due to the differences in BOD and <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> in effluents from vegetable, fruit, and meat products and due to the seasonal nature of food processing and post-harvesting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Processing of food from raw materials requires large volumes of high grade water. Vegetable washing generates water with high loads of <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">particulate matter</a> and some dissolved <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a>. It may also contain surfactants and pesticides. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> facilities (fish farms) often discharge large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as suspended solids. Some facilities use drugs and pesticides, which may be present in the wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dairy processing plants generate <a href="/wiki/Conventional_pollutant" title="Conventional pollutant">conventional pollutants</a> (BOD, SS).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter</a> and processing produces organic waste from body fluids, such as <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gut_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut (zoology)">gut</a> contents. Pollutants generated include BOD, SS, <a href="/wiki/Coliform_bacteria" title="Coliform bacteria">coliform bacteria</a>, oil and grease, <a href="/wiki/Organic_nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic nitrogen">organic nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Processing food for sale produces wastes generated from cooking which are often rich in plant organic material and may also contain <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavouring" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavouring">flavourings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colouring</a> material and <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a>. Large quantities of fats, oil and grease ("FOG") may also be present, which in sufficient concentrations can clog sewer lines. Some municipalities require restaurants and food processing businesses to use <a href="/wiki/Grease_interceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Grease interceptor">grease interceptors</a> and regulate the disposal of FOG in the sewer system.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food processing activities such as plant cleaning, material conveying, bottling, and product washing create wastewater. Many food processing facilities require on-site treatment before operational wastewater can be land applied or discharged to a waterway or a sewer system. High suspended solids levels of organic particles increase BOD and can result in significant sewer surcharge fees. Sedimentation, wedge wire screening, or rotating belt filtration (microscreening) are commonly used methods to reduce suspended organic solids loading prior to discharge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CONTAMINATED_WATER_IN_DRAINAGE_DITCH_BEHIND_PITTSBURG_GLASS_COMPANY_-_NARA_-_546206.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/CONTAMINATED_WATER_IN_DRAINAGE_DITCH_BEHIND_PITTSBURG_GLASS_COMPANY_-_NARA_-_546206.jpg/220px-CONTAMINATED_WATER_IN_DRAINAGE_DITCH_BEHIND_PITTSBURG_GLASS_COMPANY_-_NARA_-_546206.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/CONTAMINATED_WATER_IN_DRAINAGE_DITCH_BEHIND_PITTSBURG_GLASS_COMPANY_-_NARA_-_546206.jpg/330px-CONTAMINATED_WATER_IN_DRAINAGE_DITCH_BEHIND_PITTSBURG_GLASS_COMPANY_-_NARA_-_546206.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/CONTAMINATED_WATER_IN_DRAINAGE_DITCH_BEHIND_PITTSBURG_GLASS_COMPANY_-_NARA_-_546206.jpg/440px-CONTAMINATED_WATER_IN_DRAINAGE_DITCH_BEHIND_PITTSBURG_GLASS_COMPANY_-_NARA_-_546206.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2039" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Glass manufacturing wastewater in Louisiana</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass_manufacturing">Glass manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Glass manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glass manufacturing wastes vary with the type of glass manufactured, which includes <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plate_glass" title="Plate glass">plate glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolled_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolled glass">rolled glass</a>, and glass containers, among others. The wastewater discharged by glass plants may include ammonia, BOD, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">chemical oxygen demand</a> (COD), <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>, lead, oil, phenol, and/or phosphorus. The discharges may also be highly acidic (low pH) or alkaline (high pH).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_and_steel_industry">Iron and steel industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iron and steel industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iron#Production_of_metallic_iron" title="Iron">production of iron</a> from its ores involves powerful <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a> reactions in blast furnaces. Cooling waters are inevitably contaminated with products especially <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>. Production of <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> from coal in coking plants also requires <a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">water cooling</a> and the use of water in by-products separation. Contamination of waste streams includes gasification products such as <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">anthracene</a>, cyanide, ammonia, <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cresol" title="Cresol">cresols</a> together with a range of more complex <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> known collectively as <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAH).<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_ironsteel_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_ironsteel-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conversion of iron or steel into sheet, wire or rods requires hot and cold mechanical transformation stages frequently employing water as a lubricant and coolant. Contaminants include <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic oil">hydraulic oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a> and particulate solids. Final treatment of iron and steel products before onward sale into manufacturing includes <i>pickling</i> in strong mineral acid to remove rust and prepare the surface for <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> plating or for other surface treatments such as <a href="/wiki/Galvanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanisation">galvanisation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">painting</a>. The two acids commonly used are <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>. Wastewater include acidic rinse waters together with waste acid. Although many plants operate acid recovery plants (particularly those using hydrochloric acid), where the mineral acid is boiled away from the iron salts, there remains a large volume of highly acid <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">ferrous sulfate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous chloride">ferrous chloride</a> to be disposed of. Many steel industry wastewaters are contaminated by hydraulic oil, also known as <i>soluble oil.</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_working">Metal working</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Metal working"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many industries perform work on metal feedstocks (e.g. sheet metal, <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingots</a>) as they fabricate their final products. The industries include automobile, truck and aircraft manufacturing; tools and hardware manufacturing; electronic equipment and office machines; ships and boats; appliances and other household products; and stationary industrial equipment (e.g. compressors, pumps, boilers). Typical processes conducted at these plants include <a href="/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">grinding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">coating</a> and painting, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_milling" title="Chemical milling">chemical etching and milling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solvent_degreasing" title="Solvent degreasing">solvent degreasing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anodizing" title="Anodizing">anodizing</a>. Wastewater generated from these industries may contain <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> (common heavy metal pollutants from these industries include cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, silver and zinc), cyanide and various chemical solvents, oil, and grease.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mines_and_quarries">Mines and quarries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mines and quarries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wastewater_effluent.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Wastewater_effluent.JPG/220px-Wastewater_effluent.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Wastewater_effluent.JPG/330px-Wastewater_effluent.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Wastewater_effluent.JPG/440px-Wastewater_effluent.JPG 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Mine wastewater effluent in Peru, with neutralized pH from tailing runoff</figcaption></figure> <p>The principal waste-waters associated with <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarries</a> are slurries of rock particles in water. These arise from rainfall washing exposed surfaces and haul roads and also from rock washing and grading processes. Volumes of water can be very high, especially rainfall related arisings on large sites.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-mineral_mining_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-mineral_mining-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some specialized separation operations, such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> washing to separate coal from native rock using <a href="/wiki/Density_Gradient" class="mw-redirect" title="Density Gradient">density gradients</a>, can produce wastewater contaminated by fine particulate <a href="/wiki/Haematite" class="mw-redirect" title="Haematite">haematite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surfactants" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfactants">surfactants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oils</a> and hydraulic oils are also common contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-coal_mining_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-coal_mining-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wastewater from metal mines and ore recovery plants are inevitably contaminated by the minerals present in the native rock formations. Following crushing and extraction of the desirable materials, undesirable materials may enter the wastewater stream. For metal mines, this can include unwanted metals such as <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and other materials such as <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>. Extraction of high value metals such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> may generate <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slime" class="extiw" title="wikt:slime">slimes</a> containing very fine particles in where physical removal of contaminants becomes particularly difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-ore_mining_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-ore_mining-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, the geologic formations that harbour economically valuable metals such as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and gold very often consist of sulphide-type ores. The processing entails grinding the rock into fine particles and then extracting the desired metal(s), with the leftover rock being known as tailings. These tailings contain a combination of not only undesirable leftover metals, but also sulphide components which eventually form sulphuric acid upon the exposure to air and water that inevitably occurs when the tailings are disposed of in large impoundments. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a>, which is often rich in heavy metals (because acids dissolve metals), is one of the many <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_mining" title="Environmental impact of mining">environmental impacts of mining</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-ore_mining_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-ore_mining-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_industry">Nuclear industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nuclear industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The waste production from the nuclear and radio-chemicals industry is dealt with as <i><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a>.</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Researchers have looked at the bioaccumulation of <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/Scenedesmus" title="Scenedesmus">Scenedesmus spinosus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>) in simulated wastewater. The study claims a highly selective <a href="/wiki/Biosorption" title="Biosorption">biosorption</a> capacity for strontium of S. spinosus, suggesting that it may be appropriate for use of nuclear wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas_extraction">Oil and gas extraction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Oil and gas extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Oil and gas well operations</a> generate <a href="/wiki/Produced_water" title="Produced water">produced water</a>, which may contain oils, toxic metals (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, mercury, lead), salts, organic chemicals and solids. Some produced water contains traces of <a href="/wiki/Naturally_occurring_radioactive_material" title="Naturally occurring radioactive material">naturally occurring radioactive material</a>. <a href="/wiki/Offshore_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore oil">Offshore oil</a> and gas platforms also generate deck drainage, domestic waste and sanitary waste. During the drilling process, well sites typically discharge <a href="/wiki/Drill_cuttings" title="Drill cuttings">drill cuttings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drilling_mud" class="mw-redirect" title="Drilling mud">drilling mud</a> (drilling fluid).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum_refining_and_petrochemicals">Petroleum refining and petrochemicals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Petroleum refining and petrochemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pollutants discharged at <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">petroleum refineries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> plants include <a href="/wiki/Conventional_pollutant" title="Conventional pollutant">conventional pollutants</a> (BOD, oil and grease, <a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">suspended solids</a>), ammonia, chromium, phenols and sulfides.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_refineries_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_refineries-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceutical_manufacturing">Pharmaceutical manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pharmaceutical manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pharmaceutical plants typically generate a variety of process wastewaters, including solvents, spent acid and caustic solutions, water from chemical reactions, product wash water, condensed steam, blowdown from air pollution control scrubbers, and equipment washwater. Non-process wastewaters typically include cooling water and site runoff. Pollutants generated by the industry include <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, ammonia, benzene, BOD, chloroform, cyanide, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_acetate" title="Ethyl acetate">ethyl acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">isopropanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylene_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylene chloride">methylene chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, phenol and toluene. Treatment technologies used include advanced biological treatment (e.g. activated sludge with nitrification), <a href="/wiki/Media_filter" title="Media filter">multimedia filtration</a>, cyanide destruction (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Steam_stripping" title="Steam stripping">steam stripping</a> and wastewater recycling.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulp_and_paper_industry">Pulp and paper industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pulp and paper industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EFFLUENT_FROM_THE_INTERNATIONAL_PAPER_COMPANY_MILL_AT_JAY_GUSHES_INTO_ALLEN_BROOK_NEAR_CONFLUENCE_OF_THE_BROOK_AND..._-_NARA_-_550713_color_adj1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/EFFLUENT_FROM_THE_INTERNATIONAL_PAPER_COMPANY_MILL_AT_JAY_GUSHES_INTO_ALLEN_BROOK_NEAR_CONFLUENCE_OF_THE_BROOK_AND..._-_NARA_-_550713_color_adj1.jpg/170px-EFFLUENT_FROM_THE_INTERNATIONAL_PAPER_COMPANY_MILL_AT_JAY_GUSHES_INTO_ALLEN_BROOK_NEAR_CONFLUENCE_OF_THE_BROOK_AND..._-_NARA_-_550713_color_adj1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/EFFLUENT_FROM_THE_INTERNATIONAL_PAPER_COMPANY_MILL_AT_JAY_GUSHES_INTO_ALLEN_BROOK_NEAR_CONFLUENCE_OF_THE_BROOK_AND..._-_NARA_-_550713_color_adj1.jpg/255px-EFFLUENT_FROM_THE_INTERNATIONAL_PAPER_COMPANY_MILL_AT_JAY_GUSHES_INTO_ALLEN_BROOK_NEAR_CONFLUENCE_OF_THE_BROOK_AND..._-_NARA_-_550713_color_adj1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/EFFLUENT_FROM_THE_INTERNATIONAL_PAPER_COMPANY_MILL_AT_JAY_GUSHES_INTO_ALLEN_BROOK_NEAR_CONFLUENCE_OF_THE_BROOK_AND..._-_NARA_-_550713_color_adj1.jpg/340px-EFFLUENT_FROM_THE_INTERNATIONAL_PAPER_COMPANY_MILL_AT_JAY_GUSHES_INTO_ALLEN_BROOK_NEAR_CONFLUENCE_OF_THE_BROOK_AND..._-_NARA_-_550713_color_adj1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="2768" /></a><figcaption>Wastewater discharge from a paper mill in the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Effluent from the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper industry</a> is generally high in <a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">suspended solids</a> and BOD. Plants that <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleach wood pulp</a> for paper making may generate <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxins">dioxins</a> (including <a href="/wiki/2,3,7,8-TCDD" class="mw-redirect" title="2,3,7,8-TCDD">2,3,7,8-TCDD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Furans" class="mw-redirect" title="Furans">furans</a>, phenols and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">chemical oxygen demand</a> (COD).<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_pulppaper_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_pulppaper-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stand-alone paper mills using imported pulp may only require simple primary treatment, such as <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">sedimentation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotation" title="Dissolved air flotation">dissolved air flotation</a>. Increased BOD or COD loadings, as well as organic pollutants, may require biological treatment such as <a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">activated sludge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestion" title="Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion">upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors</a>. For mills with high inorganic loadings like salt, tertiary treatments may be required, either general membrane treatments like <a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltration" title="Ultrafiltration">ultrafiltration</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a> or treatments to remove specific contaminants, such as nutrients. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smelters">Smelters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Smelters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pollutants discharged by nonferrous <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelters</a> vary with the base metal ore. <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">Bauxite</a> smelters generate <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenols</a><sup id="cite_ref-EPA-NFMM_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-NFMM-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> but typically use <a href="/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">settling basins</a> and evaporation to manage these wastes, with no need to routinely discharge wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-NFMM_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-NFMM-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 395">: 395 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">Aluminum</a> smelters typically discharge <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene" title="Benzo(a)pyrene">benzo(a)pyrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, as well as aluminum. Copper smelters typically generate <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, lead, zinc, arsenic and nickel, in addition to copper, in their wastewater. Lead smelters discharge lead and zinc. Nickel and cobalt smelters discharge ammonia and copper in addition to the base metals. Zinc smelters discharge arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, selenium and zinc.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical treatment processes used in the industry are chemical precipitation, sedimentation and filtration.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-NFMM_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-NFMM-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145">: 145 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textile_mills">Textile mills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Textile mills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Textile mills</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">carpet</a> manufacturers, generate wastewater from a wide variety of processes, including <a href="/wiki/Scouring_(textiles)" title="Scouring (textiles)">cleaning</a> and finishing, <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> manufacturing and fabric finishing (such as <a href="/wiki/Bleaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleaching">bleaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> treatment, <a href="/wiki/Waterproof_fabric" title="Waterproof fabric">waterproofing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">retardant flameproofing</a>). Pollutants generated by textile mills include BOD, SS, oil and grease, sulfide, phenols and chromium.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a> residues in fleeces are a particular problem in treating waters generated in wool processing. Animal fats may be present in the wastewater, which if not contaminated, can be recovered for the production of tallow or further rendering.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Textile dyeing plants generate wastewater that contain synthetic (e.g., reactive dyes, acid dyes, basic dyes, disperse dyes, vat dyes, sulphur dyes, mordant dyes, direct dyes, ingrain dyes, solvent dyes, pigment dyes)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and natural dyestuff, gum thickener (guar) and various wetting agents, pH buffers and dye retardants or accelerators. Following treatment with polymer-based flocculants and settling agents, typical monitoring parameters include BOD, COD, color (ADMI), sulfide, oil and grease, phenol, <a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">TSS</a> and heavy metals (chromium, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, lead, copper). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_oil_contamination">Industrial oil contamination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Industrial oil contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Industrial applications where oil enters the wastewater stream may include vehicle wash bays, workshops, fuel storage depots, transport hubs and power generation. Often the wastewater is discharged into local sewer or trade waste systems and must meet local environmental specifications. Typical contaminants can include solvents, detergents, grit, lubricants and hydrocarbons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_treatment">Water treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Water treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many industries have a need to treat water to obtain very high quality water for their processes. This might include pure chemical synthesis or boiler feed water. Also, some water treatment processes produce organic and mineral sludges from <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">sedimentation</a> which require treatment. <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a> using natural or synthetic resins removes <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> ions from water, typically replacing them with <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> and/or other ions. Regeneration of ion-exchange columns with strong acids and alkalis produces a wastewater rich in hardness ions which are readily precipitated out, especially when in admixture with other wastewater constituents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood_preserving">Wood preserving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Wood preserving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preserving</a> plants generate conventional and toxic pollutants, including arsenic, COD, copper, chromium, abnormally high or low pH, phenols, suspended solids, oil and grease.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_methods">Treatment methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Treatment methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:REDOX_DAF_unit_225_m3-h-1000_GPM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/REDOX_DAF_unit_225_m3-h-1000_GPM.jpg/220px-REDOX_DAF_unit_225_m3-h-1000_GPM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/REDOX_DAF_unit_225_m3-h-1000_GPM.jpg/330px-REDOX_DAF_unit_225_m3-h-1000_GPM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/REDOX_DAF_unit_225_m3-h-1000_GPM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotation" title="Dissolved air flotation">Dissolved air flotation</a> systems are widely used at <a href="/wiki/Oil_refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refineries">oil refineries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mills</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The various types of contamination of wastewater require a variety of strategies to remove the contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most industrial processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum refineries">petroleum refineries</a>, chemical and <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1412">: 1412 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetlands</a> are being used in an increasing number of cases as they provided high quality and productive on-site treatment. Other industrial processes that produce a lot of waste-waters such as <a href="/wiki/Paper_and_pulp_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper and pulp production">paper and pulp production</a> have created environmental concern, leading to development of processes to recycle water use within plants before they have to be cleaned and disposed.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An industrial wastewater treatment plant may include one or more of the following rather than the conventional treatment sequence of sewage treatment plants: </p> <ul><li>An <a href="/wiki/API_oil-water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="API oil-water separator">API oil-water separator</a>, for removing separate phase oil from wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180">: 180 </span></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Clarifier" title="Clarifier">clarifier</a>, for removing solids from wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemmer_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemmer-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41–15">: 41–15 </span></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Trickling_filter" title="Trickling filter">roughing filter</a>, to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">biochemical oxygen demand</a> of wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemmer_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemmer-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23–11">: 23–11 </span></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Carbon_filtration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon filtration">carbon filtration</a> plant, to remove toxic dissolved organic compounds from wastewater.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 210">: 210 </span></sup></li> <li>An advanced <a href="/wiki/Electrodialysis_reversal" title="Electrodialysis reversal">electrodialysis reversal</a> (EDR) system with <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange_membrane" title="Ion-exchange membrane">ion-exchange membranes</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brine_treatment">Brine treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Brine treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Special:EditPage/Industrial wastewater treatment">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">Brine</a> treatment involves removing dissolved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_ion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salt ion (page does not exist)">salt ions</a> from the waste stream. Although similarities to seawater or brackish water <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> exist, industrial brine treatment may contain unique combinations of dissolved ions, such as hardness ions or other metals, necessitating specific processes and equipment. </p><p>Brine treatment systems are typically optimized to either reduce the volume of the final discharge for more economic disposal (as disposal costs are often based on volume) or maximize the recovery of fresh water or salts. Brine treatment systems may also be optimized to reduce electricity consumption, chemical usage, or physical footprint. </p><p>Brine treatment is commonly encountered when treating cooling tower blowdown, <a href="/wiki/Produced_water" title="Produced water">produced water</a> from <a href="/wiki/Steam-assisted_gravity_drainage" title="Steam-assisted gravity drainage">steam-assisted gravity drainage</a> (SAGD), produced water from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> extraction such as <a href="/wiki/Coalbed_methane" title="Coalbed methane">coal seam gas</a>, frac flowback water, <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine or acid rock drainage</a>, reverse osmosis reject, <a href="/wiki/Chloralkali_process" title="Chloralkali process">chlor-alkali</a> wastewater, pulp and paper mill effluent, and waste streams from food and beverage processing. </p><p>Brine treatment technologies may include: membrane filtration processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion-exchange">ion-exchange</a> processes such as <a href="/wiki/Electrodialysis" title="Electrodialysis">electrodialysis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin" title="Ion-exchange resin">weak acid cation exchange</a>; or evaporation processes, such as brine concentrators and <a href="/wiki/Crystallization#Evaporative_crystallizers" title="Crystallization">crystallizers</a> employing <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_vapour_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical vapour recompression">mechanical vapour recompression</a> and steam. Due to the ever increasing discharge standards, there has been an emergence of the use of <a href="/wiki/Advanced_oxidation_process" title="Advanced oxidation process">advance oxidation processes</a> for the treatment of brine. Some notable examples such as <a href="/wiki/Fenton%27s_reagent" title="Fenton's reagent">Fenton's oxidation</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozonation</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been employed for degradation of recalcitrant compounds in brine from industrial plants. </p><p>Reverse osmosis may not be viable for brine treatment, due to the potential for fouling caused by hardness salts or organic contaminants, or damage to the reverse osmosis membranes from <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a>. </p><p>Evaporation processes are the most widespread for brine treatment as they enable the highest degree of concentration, as high as solid salt. They also produce the highest purity effluent, even distillate-quality. Evaporation processes are also more tolerant of organics, hydrocarbons, or hardness salts. However, energy consumption is high and corrosion may be an issue as the prime mover is concentrated salt water. As a result, evaporation systems typically employ <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel#Types_of_stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">duplex stainless steel</a> materials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brine_management">Brine management</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Brine management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brine management examines the broader context of brine treatment and may include consideration of government policy and regulations, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_sustainability" title="Corporate sustainability">corporate sustainability</a>, environmental impact, recycling, handling and transport, containment, centralized compared to on-site treatment, avoidance and reduction, technologies, and economics. Brine management shares some issues with <a href="/wiki/Leachate#Leachate_management" title="Leachate">leachate management</a> and more general <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>. In the recent years, there has been greater prevalence in brine management due to global push for zero liquid discharge (ZLD)/minimal liquid discharge (MLD).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ZLD/MLD techniques, a closed water cycle is used to minimize water discharges from a system for <a href="/wiki/Water_reuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Water reuse">water reuse</a>. This concept has been gaining traction in recent years, due to increased water discharges and recent advancement in membrane technology. Increasingly, there has been also greater efforts to increase the recovery of materials from brines, especially from mining, geothermal wastewater or desalination brines.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various literature demosntrates the vaibility of extraction of valuable materials like sodium bicarbonates, sodium chlorides and precious metals (like rubidium, cesium and lithium). The concept of ZLD/MLD encompasses the downstream management of wastewater brines, to reduce discharges and also derive valuable products from it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solids_removal">Solids removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Solids removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most solids can be removed using simple sedimentation techniques with the solids recovered as <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurry</a> or sludge. Very fine solids and solids with densities close to the density of water pose special problems. In such case filtration or <a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltration" title="Ultrafiltration">ultrafiltration</a> may be required. Although <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">flocculation</a> may be used, using <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a> salts or the addition of <a href="/wiki/Polyelectrolyte" title="Polyelectrolyte">polyelectrolytes</a>. Wastewater from industrial food processing often requires on-site treatment before it can be discharged to prevent or reduce sewer surcharge fees. The type of industry and specific operational practices determine what types of wastewater is generated and what type of treatment is required. Reducing solids such as waste product, organic materials, and sand is often a goal of industrial wastewater treatment. Some common ways to reduce solids include primary sedimentation (clarification), <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotation" title="Dissolved air flotation">dissolved air flotation</a> (DAF), belt filtration (microscreening), and drum screening. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oils_and_grease_removal">Oils and grease removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Oils and grease removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effective removal of oils and grease is dependent on the characteristics of the oil in terms of its suspension state and droplet size, which will in turn affect the choice of separator technology. Oil in industrial waste water may be free light oil, heavy oil, which tends to sink, and emulsified oil, often referred to as soluble oil. Emulsified or soluble oils will typically required "cracking" to free the oil from its emulsion. In most cases this is achieved by lowering the pH of the water matrix. </p><p>Most separator technologies will have an optimum range of oil droplet sizes that can be effectively treated. Each separator technology will have its own performance curve outlining optimum performance based on oil droplet size. the most common separators are gravity tanks or pits, API oil-water separators or plate packs, chemical treatment via dissolved air flotations, centrifuges, media filters and hydrocyclones. </p><p>Analyzing the oily water to determine droplet size can be performed with a video particle analyser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="API_oil-water_separators">API oil-water separators</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: API oil-water separators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> An <a href="/wiki/API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a> is a device designed to separate gross amounts of oil and suspended solids from industrial wastewater produced at <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">natural gas processing plants</a> and other industrial oily water sources. The API separator is a gravity separation device designed by using <a href="/wiki/Stokes_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes Law">Stokes Law</a> to define the rise velocity of oil droplets based on their <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> and size. The design is based on the <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> difference between the oil and the wastewater because that difference is much smaller than the specific gravity difference between the suspended solids and water. The suspended solids settles to the bottom of the separator as a sediment layer, the oil rises to top of the separator and the cleansed wastewater is the middle layer between the oil layer and the solids.<sup id="cite_ref-API_oil–water_separator_Aqueous2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-API_oil–water_separator_Aqueous2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydrocyclone">Hydrocyclone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Hydrocyclone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydrocyclone" title="Hydrocyclone">Hydrocyclone separators</a> operate on the process where wastewater enters the cyclone chamber and is spun under extreme centrifugal forces more than 1000 times the force of gravity. This force causes the water and oil droplets (or solid particles) to separate. The separated materials is discharged from one end of the cyclone where treated water is discharged through the opposite end for further treatment, filtration or discharge. Hydrocyclones can also be utilised in a variety of context from solid-liquid separation to oil-water separation.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_of_biodegradable_organics">Removal of biodegradable organics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Removal of biodegradable organics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">Secondary treatment</a></div> <p>Biodegradable organic material of plant or animal origin is usually possible to treat using extended conventional <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> processes such as <a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">activated sludge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trickling_filter" title="Trickling filter">trickling filter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aqueous_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aqueous-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problems can arise if the wastewater is excessively diluted with washing water or is highly concentrated such as undiluted blood or milk. The presence of cleaning agents, disinfectants, pesticides, or antibiotics can have detrimental impacts on treatment processes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Activated_sludge_process">Activated sludge process</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Activated sludge process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">Activated sludge</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Activated_sludge&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beckton_STP,_Activated_Sludge_Tank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1481906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Beckton_STP%2C_Activated_Sludge_Tank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1481906.jpg/170px-Beckton_STP%2C_Activated_Sludge_Tank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1481906.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Beckton_STP%2C_Activated_Sludge_Tank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1481906.jpg/255px-Beckton_STP%2C_Activated_Sludge_Tank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1481906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Beckton_STP%2C_Activated_Sludge_Tank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1481906.jpg/340px-Beckton_STP%2C_Activated_Sludge_Tank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1481906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Activated sludge tank at Beckton <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage treatment plant">sewage treatment plant</a>, UK. The white bubbles are due to the diffused air aeration system.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">activated sludge</a> process is a type of biological <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a> process for treating <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> or industrial wastewaters using <a href="/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a> and a biological <a href="/wiki/Floc_(biofilm)" title="Floc (biofilm)">floc</a> composed of bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>. It is one of several biological wastewater treatment alternatives in <a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">secondary treatment</a>, which deals with the removal of biodegradable organic matter and suspended solids. It uses air (or <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> to <a href="/wiki/Biological_oxidizer" title="Biological oxidizer">biologically oxidize</a> organic pollutants, producing a waste sludge (or <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">floc</a>) containing the oxidized material. </p> The activated sludge process for removing carbonaceous pollution begins with an aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is injected into the waste water. This is followed by a settling tank to allow the biological flocs (the sludge blanket) to settle, thus separating the biological sludge from the clear treated water. Part of the waste sludge is recycled to the aeration tank and the remaining waste sludge is removed for further treatment and ultimate disposal.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trickling_filter_process">Trickling filter process</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Trickling filter process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trickling_filter" title="Trickling filter">Trickling filter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trickle_Filter_Cross-section.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Trickle_Filter_Cross-section.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>A schematic cross-section of the contact face of the bed media in a trickling filter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trickle_Filter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Trickle_Filter.svg/250px-Trickle_Filter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Trickle_Filter.svg/375px-Trickle_Filter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Trickle_Filter.svg/500px-Trickle_Filter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>A typical complete trickling filter system</figcaption></figure> <p>A trickling filter consists of a bed of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peat_moss" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat moss">peat moss</a>, or plastic media over which wastewater flows downward and contacts a layer (or film) of <a href="/wiki/Microbial" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial">microbial</a> slime covering the bed media. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aerobic" class="extiw" title="wikt:aerobic">Aerobic</a> conditions are maintained by forced air flowing through the bed or by natural convection of air. The process involves <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> of organic compounds in the wastewater by the microbial slime layer, diffusion of air into the slime layer to provide the oxygen required for the biochemical <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of the organic compounds. The end products include <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> gas, water and other products of the oxidation. As the slime layer thickens, it becomes difficult for the air to penetrate the layer and an inner anaerobic layer is formed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_of_other_organics">Removal of other organics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Removal of other organics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synthetic organic materials including solvents, paints, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, products from <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> production and so forth can be very difficult to treat. Treatment methods are often specific to the material being treated. Methods include <a href="/wiki/Advanced_oxidation_process" title="Advanced oxidation process">advanced oxidation processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, adsorption, <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition" title="Glass transition">ozonation, vitrification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">incineration</a>, chemical immobilisation or landfill disposal. Some materials such as some detergents may be capable of biological degradation and in such cases, a modified form of wastewater treatment can be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_of_acids_and_alkalis">Removal of acids and alkalis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Removal of acids and alkalis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acids and alkalis can usually be <a href="/wiki/Neutralization_(chemistry)" title="Neutralization (chemistry)">neutralised</a> under controlled conditions. Neutralisation frequently produces a <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitate</a> that will require treatment as a solid residue that may also be toxic. In some cases, gases may be evolved requiring treatment for the gas stream. Some other forms of treatment are usually required following neutralisation. </p><p>Waste streams rich in <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">hardness</a> ions as from de-ionisation processes can readily lose the hardness ions in a buildup of precipitated calcium and magnesium salts. This precipitation process can cause severe <i>furring</i> of pipes and can, in extreme cases, cause the blockage of disposal pipes. A 1-metre diameter industrial marine discharge pipe serving a major chemicals complex was blocked by such salts in the 1970s. Treatment is by concentration of de-ionisation waste waters and disposal to landfill or by careful pH management of the released wastewater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_of_toxic_materials">Removal of toxic materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Removal of toxic materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toxic materials including many organic materials, metals (such as zinc, silver, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>, etc.) acids, alkalis, non-metallic elements (such as arsenic or <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>) are generally resistant to biological processes unless very dilute. Metals can often be precipitated out by changing the pH or by treatment with other chemicals. Many, however, are resistant to treatment or mitigation and may require concentration followed by landfilling or recycling. Dissolved organics can be <i>incinerated</i> within the wastewater by the advanced oxidation process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smart_capsules">Smart capsules</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Smart capsules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Molecular_encapsulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular encapsulation">Molecular encapsulation</a> is a technology that has the potential to provide a system for the recyclable removal of lead and other ions from polluted sources. Nano-, micro- and milli- capsules, with sizes in the ranges 10 nm–1μm,1μm–1mm and >1mm, respectively, are particles that have an active reagent (core) surrounded by a carrier (shell).There are three types of capsule under investigation: <a href="/wiki/Alginate" class="mw-redirect" title="Alginate">alginate</a>-based capsules, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon nanotubes">carbon nanotubes</a>, polymer swelling capsules. These capsules provide a possible means for the remediation of contaminated water.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_of_thermal_pollution">Removal of thermal pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Removal of thermal pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To remove heat from wastewater generated by <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power plants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">manufacturing plants</a>, and thus to reduce <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">thermal pollution</a>, the following technologies are used: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_pond" title="Cooling pond">cooling ponds</a>, engineered bodies of water designed for cooling by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling towers</a>, which transfer <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> through <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a>, a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic or industrial heating purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_disposal_methods">Other disposal methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Other disposal methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some facilities such as oil and gas wells may be permitted to pump their wastewater underground through <a href="/wiki/Injection_well" title="Injection well">injection wells</a>. However, wastewater injection has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity" title="Induced seismicity">induced seismicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs_and_trade_waste_charges">Costs and trade waste charges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Costs and trade waste charges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">Economies of scale</a> may favor a situation where industrial wastewater (with pre-treatment or without treatment) is discharged to the sewer and then treated at a large municipal sewage treatment plant. Typically, trade waste charges are applied in that case. Or it might be more economical to have full treatment of industrial wastewater on the same site where it is generated and then discharging this treated industrial wastewater to a suitable surface water body. This effectively reduces wastewater treatment charges collected by municipal sewage treatment plants by pre-treating wastewaters to reduce concentrations of pollutants measured to determine user fees.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 300–302">: 300–302 </span></sup> </p><p>Industrial wastewater plants may also reduce raw water costs by converting selected wastewaters to reclaimed water used for different purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_goals">Global goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Global goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> has defined the treatment of industrial wastewater as an important part of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> by including it in <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_6" title="Sustainable Development Goal 6">Sustainable Development Goal 6</a>. Target 6.3 of this goal is to "By 2030, improve <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> by reducing <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">pollution</a>, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">hazardous chemicals</a> and materials, halving the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">untreated wastewater</a> and substantially increasing recycling and <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">safe reuse</a> globally".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the indicators for this target is the "proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater flows safely treated".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_management_practice_for_water_pollution" title="Best management practice for water pollution">Best management practice for water pollution</a> (BMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_water_treatment_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waste water treatment technologies">List of waste water treatment technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purified_water" title="Purified water">Purified water</a> (for industrial use)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a> (for drinking water)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Metcalf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTchobanoglousBurtonStensel2003" class="citation book cs1">Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel HD (2003). <i>Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering: treatment and reuse</i> (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-041878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-041878-0"><bdi>0-07-041878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metcalf+%26+Eddy+Wastewater+Engineering%3A+treatment+and+reuse&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Book+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-07-041878-0&rft.aulast=Tchobanoglous&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Burton%2C+FL&rft.au=Stensel%2C+HD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+wastewater+treatment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_TchobanoglousFranklin_L._BurtonH._David_Stensel2003" class="citation book cs1">George Tchobanoglous; Franklin L. Burton; H. David Stensel (2003). "Chapter 3: Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings". <i>Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse</i> (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-041878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-041878-0"><bdi>0-07-041878-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48053912">48053912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Analysis+and+Selection+of+Wastewater+Flowrates+and+Constituent+Loadings&rft.btitle=Metcalf+%26+Eddy+Wastewater+engineering%3A+treatment+and+reuse&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48053912&rft.isbn=0-07-041878-0&rft.au=George+Tchobanoglous&rft.au=Franklin+L.+Burton&rft.au=H.+David+Stensel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+wastewater+treatment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Sperling2007" class="citation journal cs1">Von Sperling, M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwapublishing.com/books/9781843391616/wastewater-characteristics-treatment-and-disposal">"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"</a>. <i>Water Intelligence Online</i>. <b>6</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2166%2F9781780402086">10.2166/9781780402086</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-1777">1476-1777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Intelligence+Online&rft.atitle=Wastewater+Characteristics%2C+Treatment+and+Disposal&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2166%2F9781780402086&rft.issn=1476-1777&rft.aulast=Von+Sperling&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwapublishing.com%2Fbooks%2F9781843391616%2Fwastewater-characteristics-treatment-and-disposal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+wastewater+treatment" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/p2/pollution-prevention-case-studies">"Pollution Prevention Case Studies"</a>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 11 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pollution+Prevention+Case+Studies&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency+%28EPA%29&rft.date=2021-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fp2%2Fpollution-prevention-case-studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+wastewater+treatment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchobanoglousBurtonStensel2003" class="citation book cs1">Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel HD (2003). "Chapter 3: Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48053912"><i>Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse</i></a> (4th ed.). 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Gonçalves, Suélen Mara; Kyriakidis, Yanne Novais; de Souza Barrozo, Marcos Antonio; Vieira, Luiz Gustavo Martins (15 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892687521002958">"Optimization study of thickener hydrocyclones"</a>. <i>Minerals Engineering</i>. <b>170</b>: 107066. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mineng.2021.107066">10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107066</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-6875">0892-6875</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237698803">237698803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerals+Engineering&rft.atitle=Optimization+study+of+thickener+hydrocyclones&rft.volume=170&rft.pages=107066&rft.date=2021-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237698803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0892-6875&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mineng.2021.107066&rft.aulast=Ullmann&rft.aufirst=Gr%C3%A9gori&rft.au=Gon%C3%A7alves%2C+Su%C3%A9len+Mara&rft.au=Kyriakidis%2C+Yanne+Novais&rft.au=de+Souza+Barrozo%2C+Marcos+Antonio&rft.au=Vieira%2C+Luiz+Gustavo+Martins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0892687521002958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+wastewater+treatment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToprakAltun2021" class="citation journal cs1">Toprak, Nurettin Alper; Altun, Okay (1 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892687521004052">"Considering hydrocyclone operation for tailings dewatering purpose and its effects on product specifications of paste backfill operations"</a>. <i>Minerals Engineering</i>. <b>173</b>: 107176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mineng.2021.107176">10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107176</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-6875">0892-6875</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240531707">240531707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerals+Engineering&rft.atitle=Considering+hydrocyclone+operation+for+tailings+dewatering+purpose+and+its+effects+on+product+specifications+of+paste+backfill+operations&rft.volume=173&rft.pages=107176&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240531707%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0892-6875&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mineng.2021.107176&rft.aulast=Toprak&rft.aufirst=Nurettin+Alper&rft.au=Altun%2C+Okay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0892687521004052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+wastewater+treatment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusvegRambeauDrengstigBilstad2007" class="citation journal cs1">Husveg, Trygve; Rambeau, Odile; Drengstig, Tormod; Bilstad, Torleiv (1 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089268750600313X">"Performance of a deoiling hydrocyclone during variable flow rates"</a>. <i>Minerals Engineering</i>. SPECIAL ISSUE: Selected papers from Ultrafine Grinding ’06 and Hydrocyclones ’06, held in Falmouth, UK in June 2006. <b>20</b> (4): 368–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mineng.2006.12.002">10.1016/j.mineng.2006.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-6875">0892-6875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerals+Engineering&rft.atitle=Performance+of+a+deoiling+hydrocyclone+during+variable+flow+rates&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=368-379&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mineng.2006.12.002&rft.issn=0892-6875&rft.aulast=Husveg&rft.aufirst=Trygve&rft.au=Rambeau%2C+Odile&rft.au=Drengstig%2C+Tormod&rft.au=Bilstad%2C+Torleiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS089268750600313X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+wastewater+treatment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aqueous-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aqueous_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeychok,_Milton_R.1967" class="citation book cs1">Beychok, Milton R. (1967). <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_Wastes_from_Petroleum_and_Petrochemical_Plants" title="Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants"><i>Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants</i></a> (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67019834">67019834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aqueous+Wastes+from+Petroleum+and+Petrochemical+Plants&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67019834&rft.au=Beychok%2C+Milton+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+wastewater+treatment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylkowskiJastrząb2017" class="citation book cs1">Tylkowski, Bartosz; Jastrząb, Renata (2017). "Smart Capsules for Lead Removal from Industrial Wastewater". In Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Sigel, Roland K.O (eds.). <i>Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health</i>. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 17. pp. 61–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110434330-004">10.1515/9783110434330-004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-043433-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-043433-0"><bdi>978-3-11-043433-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28731297">28731297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smart+Capsules+for+Lead+Removal+from+Industrial+Wastewater&rft.btitle=Lead%3A+Its+Effects+on+Environment+and+Health&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=61-78&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28731297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110434330-004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-043433-0&rft.aulast=Tylkowski&rft.aufirst=Bartosz&rft.au=Jastrz%C4%85b%2C+Renata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+wastewater+treatment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=50000H5P.txt">Profile of the Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Industry</a> (Report). EPA. September 1997. p. 24. EPA/310-R-97-007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Profile+of+the+Fossil+Fuel+Electric+Power+Generation+Industry&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnepis.epa.gov%2FExe%2FZyPURL.cgi%3FDockey%3D50000H5P.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+wastewater+treatment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_BaanCalixto2017" class="citation journal cs1">van der Baan, Mirko; Calixto, Frank J. (1 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017gc006915">"Human-induced seismicity and large-scale hydrocarbon production in the USA and Canada"</a>. <i>Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</i>. <b>18</b> (7): 2467–2485. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GGG....18.2467V">2017GGG....18.2467V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017gc006915">10.1002/2017gc006915</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1525-2027">1525-2027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochemistry%2C+Geophysics%2C+Geosystems&rft.atitle=Human-induced+seismicity+and+large-scale+hydrocarbon+production+in+the+USA+and+Canada&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2467-2485&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft.issn=1525-2027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2017gc006915&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017GGG....18.2467V&rft.aulast=van+der+Baan&rft.aufirst=Mirko&rft.au=Calixto%2C+Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F2017gc006915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+wastewater+treatment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer1975" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Mark J. (1975). <i>Water and waste-water technology</i>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-34726-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-34726-4"><bdi>0-471-34726-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1176821">1176821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+and+waste-water+technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1176821&rft.isbn=0-471-34726-4&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+wastewater+treatment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, <a href="/wiki/File:A_RES_71_313_E.pdf" title="File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf">Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313">A/RES/71/313</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation">Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 6</a>" <i>SDG-Tracker.org, website</i> (2018).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWater_Environment_Federation2020" class="citation book cs1">Water Environment Federation (2020). <i>Industrial Wastewater Management, Treatment & Disposal; Manual of Practice FD-3</i> (3rd ed.). Alexandria, VA: Water Environment Federation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57278-369-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57278-369-0"><bdi>978-1-57278-369-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Wastewater+Management%2C+Treatment+%26+Disposal%3B+Manual+of+Practice+FD-3&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+VA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Water+Environment+Federation&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-57278-369-0&rft.au=Water+Environment+Federation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+wastewater+treatment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_wastewater_treatment&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wef.org/Home">Water Environment Federation</a> - Professional society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://watersgeo.epa.gov/iwtt/">Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology Database</a> - EPA</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wastewater" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wastewater" title="Template talk:Wastewater"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wastewater" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wastewater" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">Acid mine drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_water_discharge_and_the_environment" title="Ballast water discharge and the environment">Ballast water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(coal)" title="Blackwater (coal)">Blackwater (coal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">Blackwater (waste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_blowdown" title="Boiler blowdown">Boiler blowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">Brine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower#Wet_cooling_tower_material_balance" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Cooling water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration/Inflow" title="Infiltration/Inflow">Infiltration/Inflow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sources_of_industrial_wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange#Regeneration_wastewater" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">Leachate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper#Water_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Produced_water" title="Produced water">Produced water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_flow" title="Return flow">Return flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis#Waste_stream_considerations" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septage" class="mw-redirect" title="Septage">Septage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">Sewage sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" title="Wastewater quality indicators">Quality indicators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adsorbable_organic_halides" title="Adsorbable organic halides">Adsorbable organic halides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">Chemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliform_index" title="Coliform index">Coliform index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">Oxygen saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">Salinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">Total suspended solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_surveillance" title="Wastewater surveillance">Wastewater surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">Treatment options</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">Activated sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerated_lagoon" title="Aerated lagoon">Aerated lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_filtering" title="Carbon filtering">Carbon filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">Chlorination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarifier" title="Clarifier">Clarifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_wastewater_system" title="Decentralized wastewater system">Decentralized wastewater system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_aeration" title="Extended aeration">Extended aeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facultative_lagoon" title="Facultative lagoon">Facultative lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhoff_tank" title="Imhoff tank">Imhoff tank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_bioreactor" title="Membrane bioreactor">Membrane bioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactor" title="Rotating biological contactor">Rotating biological contactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">Secondary treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Settling basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment" title="Sewage sludge treatment">Sewage sludge treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_mining" title="Sewer mining">Sewer mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilization_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilization pond">Stabilization pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickling_filter" title="Trickling filter">Trickling filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestion" title="Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion">UASB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermifilter" title="Vermifilter">Vermifilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plant">Wastewater treatment plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disposal options</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation_pond" title="Evaporation pond">Evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">Groundwater recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_well" title="Injection well">Injection well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_dumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine dumping">Marine dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">Marine outfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_drain_field" title="Septic drain field">Septic drain field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">Sewage farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_sewer" title="Vacuum sewer">Vacuum sewer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sewerage" title="Category:Sewerage">Category: Sewerage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_technology" title="Template:Environmental technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_technology" title="Template talk:Environmental technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_smart_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate smart agriculture">Climate smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-innovation" title="Eco-innovation">Eco-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Design">Environmental Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Environmentally healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Sustainability science</a></li> <li>Sustainable (<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable food systems">food systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/100px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/150px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/200px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="3831" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Air pollution (<a href="/wiki/Emission_standard" title="Emission standard">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">dispersion modeling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid_waste_treatment_technologies" title="List of solid waste treatment technologies">Solid waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li>Water (<a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste-water_treatment_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waste-water treatment technologies">waste-water treatment technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li>Fuel (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_technologies" title="Hydrogen technologies">hydrogen technologies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of energy storage projects">List of energy storage projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_lighting" title="Sustainable lighting">Sustainable lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Building (<a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Environmental remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Green computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_buildings" title="High-performance buildings">High-performance buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">Land rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Waste" title="Template:Waste"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Waste" title="Template talk:Waste"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waste" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Waste"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_types" title="List of waste types">Major types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_waste" title="Demolition waste">Demolition waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country" title="Electronic waste by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">Heat waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharps_waste" title="Sharps waste">Sharps waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedrijfsafval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/120px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/180px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/240px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balefill" title="Balefill">Balefill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_waste_dumping" title="Garden waste dumping">Garden waste dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_dumping" title="Illegal dumping">Illegal dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">Incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_mining" title="Landfill mining">Landfill mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Mechanical biological treatment">Mechanical biological treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Mechanical sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">Photodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">appliance recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">battery recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">fluorescent lamp recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">textile recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">tire recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_mining" title="Urban mining">Urban mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_waste_trade" title="Global waste trade">Waste trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">Waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waste_by_country" title="Waste by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bangladesh" title="Waste management in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil#Waste" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Hong_Kong" title="Waste management in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_India#Solid_waste_policy" title="Waste management in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Japan" title="Waste management in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_South_Korea" title="Waste management in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_States" title="Waste in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Convention" title="Bamako Convention">Bamako Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">EU directives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Directive" title="Battery Directive">batteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_framework_directive" title="Waste framework directive">framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Incineration_Directive" title="Waste Incineration Directive">incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_Directive" title="Landfill Directive">landfills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">RoHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Life_Vehicles_Directive" title="End of Life Vehicles Directive">vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive">waste water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">WEEE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Dumping_Convention" title="Oslo Dumping Convention">Oslo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSPAR_Convention" title="OSPAR Convention">OSPAR Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">Street sweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collector" title="Waste collector">Waste collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_waste_import_ban" title="China's waste import ban">China's waste import ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management" title="High-level radioactive waste management">High-level radioactive waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_waste_management" title="History of waste management">History of waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_fire" title="Landfill fire">Landfill fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration" title="Sewage regulation and administration">Sewage regulation and administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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